Accep ed Manusc ip
Sec o al and echnological sys ems o en i onmen al inno a ion:
he case o ma ine sc ubbe sys ems
Teemu Makkonen, Tommi Inkinen
PII: S0959-6526(18)32152-8
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclep o.2018.07.163
Re e ence: JCLP 13617
To appea in:
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion
Recei ed Da e: 28 No embe 2017
Accep ed Da e: 16 July 2018
Please ci e his a icle as: Teemu Makkonen, Tommi Inkinen, Sec o al and echnological sys ems
o en i onmen al inno a ion: he case o ma ine sc ubbe sys ems,
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion
(2018), doi: 10.1016/j.jclep o.2018.07.163
This is he pos p in e sion o he a icle, which has been published in
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, 2018, Volume 200, 110-121.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2018.07.163
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Sec o al and echnological sys ems o en i onmen al inno a ion: he case o ma ine
sc ubbe sys ems
TEEMU MAKKONEN
Co esponding au ho
Ins i u e o Ad anced Social Resea ch, Uni e si y o Tampe e; FI-33014 Tampe e, Finland; Tel.
+358505099133; [email p o ec ed]
Depa men o Business and Economics, Uni e si y o Sou he n Denma k; DK-6400 Sønde bo g, Denma k
TOMMI INKINEN
Cen e o Ma i ime S udies, B ahea Cen e a he Uni e si y o Tu ku; FI-20014 Tu ku, Finland; Tel:
+358400882818; [email p o ec ed]
Acknowledgemen s
We a e hank ul o he in e iewees o hei ime and e o as well as o he colleagues a he Ins i u e o
Ad anced Social Resea ch and o he anonymous e iewe s o hei cons uc i e commen s on imp o ing
he pape .
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Sec o al and echnological sys ems o en i onmen al inno a ion: The case o ma ine
sc ubbe sys ems
ABSTRACT: The ma u ing li e a u e on inno a ion has ecognized he p ocesses o sec o al and echnological
sys ems o inno a ion as help ul amewo ks o analyze en i onmen al inno a ion – a ield whose impo ance
con inues o g ow amids con empo a y egula o y p essu es, o example, on ma i ime indus y and
shipping. This pape in e wines hese key inno a ion concep s and applies hem o classi y and sys ema ize
an en i onmen al p oduc inno a ion: ma ine sc ubbe sys ems. The pape also add esses he linkage
be ween inno a ion policy and en i onmen al egula ion and p esen s an o e all amewo k o isualize and
sys ema ize concep ual connec ions be ween sec o al and echnological sys ems o inno a ion o u he
de elop and manage hese complex sys ems o en i onmen al inno a ion inducemen . The pape applies
echnological and legal ma e ials depic ing he con ex o ma i ime sc ubbe sys ems as echnological
esponses o mo e igid en i onmen al egula ion by add essing hei implica ions o ma ke po en ial and
change. The esul s unde line he impo ance o en i onmen al egula ions as he d i e o he de elopmen
o echnological inno a ion sys ems cen e ed on en i onmen al inno a ion.
KEYWORDS: En i onmen al inno a ion; ma ine sc ubbe sys em; ma i ime indus y; sec o al sys em o
inno a ion; echnological sys em o inno a ion
1 INTRODUCTION
En i onmen al inno a ion – de ined as “inno a ions ha consis o new o modi ied p ocesses,
p ac ices, sys ems and p oduc s, which bene i he en i onmen and so con ibu e o en i onmen al
sus ainabili y” (Ol a and Sain Jean, 2009: p.567) – a e o en conside ed as a esponse o egula o y
p essu e induced by policy measu es. Howe e , ecen s udies ha e sugges ed ha en i onmen al
inno a ion a e also engende ed by he echnological egime o sec o s and ma ke demand (Ol a
and Sain Jean, 2009). S ill, he majo i y o he li e a u e on en i onmen al inno a ion om an
inno a ion sys ems pe spec i e has gene ally ocused on he inducemen impac o egula ions and
o he policy measu es (Bee epoo and Bee epoo , 2007; Rogge and Ho mann, 2010) a he han
on ac ual inno a ion p ocesses (Ol a and Sain Jean, 2009; Galliano and Nadel, 2015). The e o e,
much in line wi h Köhle e al. (2013), his pape adop s an in eg a ed app oach o analyzing
esponses o en i onmen al/inno a ion policies by add essing how he combina ion o wo (closely
ela ed) inno a ion sys ems app oaches – sec o al sys ems o inno a ion (SSIs) and echnological
sys ems o inno a ion (TSIs) (Ca lsson and S ankiewicz, 1991; Male ba, 2002) – can con ibu e o
he analysis o en i onmen al inno a ion. Howe e , his app oach goes beyond he adi ional ocus
on policy measu es and inno a ion inducemen by inco po a ing o he echnological and demand
ac o s a ec ing sec o al inno a ion p ocesses and he adop ion o new echnologies.
Ma ine sc ubbe sys ems (MSSs) a e u ilized he e as an example o how o apply he SSI and TSI
amewo ks o analyzing en i onmen al inno a ion. MSSs, cleaning uni s i ed in o exhaus pipes
o ships o educe emissions, a e hus a i ing example o en i onmen al inno a ion (o eco-
inno a ion), in ha hey ma ch pe ec ly wi h he abo e gi en de ini ion o en i onmen al (p oduc )
inno a ion (Ol a and Sain Jean, 2009; Makkonen and Repka, 2016). Thei p oduc ion includes, as
will be shown in his pape , he in e play be ween sec o al condi ions, ma ke s, and policies
g ounding hei use as an applicable empi ical s udy subjec . Thei de elopmen and cu en
demand can be aced back o he e o s o he ma i ime sec o o comply wi h ecen
en i onmen al egula ions in oducing mo e s ingen emission limi s o shipping se in mo ion by
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he In e na ional Ma i ime O ganiza ion (IMO) o p o ec human heal h and he en i onmen in
endange ed geog aphical se ings.
As s a ed by Neely (2005), he o e eliance on a single concep o amewo k can impede he
empi ical and heo e ical alidi y o scien i ic esea ch, hus c ea ing a need o in eg a ing di e en
app oaches. This pape ollows ha guideline and p esen s he ollowing goals o i sel : 1) b ing he
TSI and SSI amewo ks concep ually close oge he o o m an o e a ching heu is ic o acili a e
he in es iga ion o inno a ion dynamics in eme ging indus ies ha a e no well cap u ed wi h
con en ional TSI o SSI app oaches, and 2) o gi e an empi ical example o how he de eloped
in eg a ed amewo k can be u ilized by mapping he SSI o he ma i ime indus y and pa icula ly
he TSI o MSSs; iden i ying he ac o s ha ha e led o he de elopmen o MSSs; and pinpoin ing
he key p ocesses in he o ma ion o MSS echnology. In doing so he pape is answe ing he call
oiced by Ol a and Sain Jean (2009) o in es iga e en i onmen al inno a ion mo e ho oughly and
mo e o mally h ough he coe olu ion o he building blocks ha cons i u e sec o s, and h ough
he e olu ion o he bounda ies be ween hese sec o s. This aspi a ion is in line wi h a ious ecen
inno a ion sys em s udies (e.g. Coenen and Díaz López, 2010, Coenen e al., 2012; Qui zow, 2015;
S ephan e al., 2017), which ha e a gued ha , especially in he ealm o en i onmen al inno a ion,
such in eg a ed app oaches a e u gen ly needed.
The pape p oceeds as ollows. Fi s , a b ie o e iew and a syn hesis o he concep ual backg ounds
o SSIs and TSIs a e gi en o jus i y he need o in eg a ed app oaches, ollowed by he desc ip ion
o he employed amewo k ha b idges SSI and TSI pe spec i es oge he . Second, he employed
empi ical app oach is ou lined and i s limi a ions discussed. Thi d, he esul s showing how he TSI
o MSSs, induced by egula o y p essu es, has e ol ed h ough in e linked en i onmen al and
inno a ion policies, echnology condi ions and ma ke demand o a solu ion ha now o e s a iable
me hod o shipping emission aba emen a e p esen ed. Finally, he pape concludes wi h a
discussion o i s mos pe inen implica ions by summing up i s empi ical, heo e ical, and policy
ele ance.
2 CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUNDS
2.1 Sec o al sys ems o inno a ion
Obse a ions o he majo di e ences be ween he pa e ns o inno a i e ac i i ies in dis inc
sec o s and hei simila i y ac oss di e en coun ies has led o he coining o he concep o SSI.
The concep was ho oughly in oduced in o he li e a u e by Male ba (2002, 2004). In con as o
i s closely ela ed geog aphically delinea ed coun e pa s, ha is, na ional sys ems o inno a ion
(NSIs) and egional sys ems o inno a ion (RSIs) (Lund all, 1992; Cooke, 1992), in his app oach
sec o s a e u ilized as uni s o analysis. SSIs ha e been de ined as “a se o new and es ablished
p oduc s o speci ic uses and he se o agen s ca ying ou ma ke and non-ma ke in e ac ions o
he c ea ion, p oduc ion and sale o hose p oduc s” (Male ba, 2002: p.250). He e, ollowing Ol a
and Sain Jean (2009) and Fabe and Hoppe (2013), SSIs a e discussed h ough he ollowing
in e linked hemes: agen s, in e ac ions, and ne wo ks; echnological egimes; ma ke demand; and
policy condi ions.
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Agen s, in e ac ions, and ne wo ks: As s a ed by Fabe and Hoppe (2013: p.631), “any sec o al
sys em analysis in ol es an o e iew o he main agen s in he sec o , including hei in e ac ions
and o mal as well as in o mal ne wo ks.” The basic cha ac e is ics o an SSI can hus be desc ibed
h ough he agen s ( i ms, uni e si ies, inancial ins i u ions, go e nmen , local au ho i ies,
indi iduals, e c.) in ol ed, hei in e ac ions, and he ne wo ks ha ha e been o med due o hese
in e ac ions (Male ba, 2002). The agen s can be u he di ided in o p ima y and seconda y agen s.
P ima y agen s a e he key playe s o inno a ion wi hin he sec o , ha is, (commonly) inno a i e
i ms. Seconda y agen s a e suppo ing o ganiza ions such as he go e nmen , banks, esea ch
ins i u es, consul ancies, and in e media ies (Fabe and Hoppe, 2013).
Technological egimes: Fi ms ope a e wi hin sec o s cha ac e ized by dis inc echnological
en i onmen s, ha is, echnological egimes, which play a key ole in de e mining hei pa e ns o
inno a i e ac i i ies. The e a e wo ypes o echnological egimes: 1) an en ep eneu ial egime
(cha ac e ized by a con inuous enla gemen o he inno a ion base h ough he en y o new
inno a o s) and 2) a ou inized egime (cha ac e ized by he dominance o a ew es ablished
con inuously inno a ing i ms) (Male ba and O senigo, 1997; Ol a and Sain Jean, 2009). Since new
echnologies can open up oppo uni ies o i ms o ake ad an age o , he discussion ela ed o he
ole o echnological ba ie s o en y has led Ma sili (2002) o he a gumen ha he complexi y o
he echnology ( he knowledge base upon which i is based) in ol ed wi hin a sec o de e mines o
a la ge ex en he likelihood o he eme gence o new ac o s en e ing in o he sec o ( he highe he
complexi y, he highe he en y ba ie s). The anspo a ion sec o , also discussed in his pape , is
cha ac e ized by high complexi y, which hus se s en y-ba ie s o new i m (cen e ed on eco-
inno a ion) o ma ion.
Ma ke demand: T adi ionally, inno a ion s udies ha e concen a ed on supply side dynamics,
whe eas he demand side o inno a ion a ac ed li le schola ly a en ion (Ol a and Sain Jean,
2009). Two no ions challenged his passi e oice gi en o ma ke demand: 1) he no ion o he
eme gence o dominan design (Abe na hy and U e back, 1978) and 2) he no ion o inc easing
e u ns on inno a ion adop ion ela ed o, o example, scale economies in p oduc ion and
echnological in e ela edness (A hu , 1988). I was ealized ha ma ke demand condi ions can
po en ially lead o a echnological monopoly and an e a o inc emen al imp o emen s (Ol a and
Sain Jean, 2009). Howe e , new dis up i e inno a ion can displace a dominan echnology i he e
is a willing g oup o niche consume s adop ing and expe imen ing wi h new echnologies (Male ba
e al., 2007). The incen i e o i ms o de elop en i onmen al inno a ion can hus come om he
ma ke h ough he non- egula o y p essu e o “g een consume s” (Fos e and G een, 2002; Ol a
and Sain Jean, 2009). Fi ms should also conside he ma ke as a po en ial coope a ion pa ne by
in eg a ing use s in o he de elopmen p ocesses o en i onmen al inno a ion (Wagne , 2009;
Ca illo-He mosilla e al., 2010).
Policy condi ions: Since echnology-push wi hin a sec o and ma ke -pull alone do no seem o be
s ong enough incen i es o en i onmen al inno a ion, public policies aimed a acili a ing
sus ainabili y ( egula o y push/pull e ec s) a e commonly needed (Rennings, 2000). Policies can be
aimed a acili a ing demand-pull o echnology-push condi ions o en i onmen al inno a ion
depending on how hey a e designed (Ol a and Sain Jean, 2009). Demand-pull policy ins umen s
a e measu es aimed a aising he payo o success ul inno a ions h ough ac i i ies such as
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en i onmen al egula ions, s anda ds, and axes on compe ing echnologies. Technology-push
policy ins umen s a e measu es a ge ed a incen i izing inno a i e ac i i ies by educing he cos s
o de eloping en i onmen ally iendly p oduc s, se ices, and p ocesses h ough, o example, ax
c edi s and di ec unding o esea ch and de elopmen (R&D) (Neme , 2009; Makkonen and
Repka, 2016). The combina ions o hese policy ins umen s de ine he en i onmen al inno a ion
policy mix ha is u ilized o p omo ing sus ainable sec o al sys ems o p oduc ion and consump ion
(Ol a and Sain Jean, 2009). This policy mix is in luenced by a ying geog aphical scales, since he
policies can be designed a local, na ional, o in e na ional le els. I is a he unsu p ising ha he
exac policy mix o indi idual measu es ha would be he mos e ec i e a p oducing he bes
esul s emain elusi e (Cos an ini e al., 2017). Despi e his unce ain y, i is commonly ag eed ha
egula ions (and o he policy ins umen s) play an impo an ole in shaping he unc ioning o SSIs
in connec ion o en i onmen al inno a ion (Ol a and Sain Jean, 2009; Fabe and Hoppe, 2013).
2.2 Technological sys ems o inno a ion
Dis inc om i s geog aphical (RSIs and NSIs) and sec o al (SSIs) coun e pa s, in TSIs he uni o
analysis is a speci ic echnology o p oduc . The concep was coined by Ca lsson and S ankiewicz
(1991: p.111) and was de ined as “a ne wo k o agen s in e ac ing in a speci ic economic/indus ial
a ea unde a pa icula ins i u ional in as uc u e o se o in as uc u es and in ol ed in he
gene a ion, di usion, and u iliza ion o echnology.” A TSI does no necessa ily exis in e e y
a bi a ily chosen ield, a he a TSI needs o mee a ce ain se o condi ions. The e should be 1) a
a ie y o di e en ac o s pu suing di e en inno a ion s a egies, 2) a ce ain di ision o labo
be ween hese ac o s, 3) a a ie y o (lobbying and classi ica ion) ins i u ions, and 4) a leas some
ma ke ansac ions (Ma ka d and T u e , 2008).
Hekke e al. (2007) and Be gek e al. (2008) ha e in oduced p ac ical schemes o e alua ing he
o e all unc ioning o a TSI, which is impac ed by key p ocesses ( e med unc ions) ha can be
po en ially in luenced by policy-make s. This “ unc ions app oach” has been ex ensi ely applied in
a wide ange o s udies o en i onmen al inno a ion, sus ainabili y, and echnological change (e.g.
Neg o e al., 2008; Suu s and Hekke , 2009; Foxon e al., 2010; Suu s e al., 2010; Tigabu e al.,
2015; Reicha d e al., 2016). The unc ions app oach is employed he e as an analy ical amewo k
o desc ibing he TSI o MSSs by acing he ollowing s eps: s uc u al componen s; unc ional
pa e ns; and policy issues.
S uc u al componen s: The ocus o esea ch on TSIs can be placed on a dis inc knowledge ield o
p oduc (he e he emphasis is placed on a p oduc , namely MSSs). Thus, he analysis s a s wi h
iden i ying he ac o s in ol ed as well as he ne wo ks ha exis be ween hem. The ac o s
commonly include i ms, uni e si ies, esea ch ins i u es, public bodies, e c. Mo eo e , ins i u ions
( h ough laws and egula ions) in luence he TSI in ques ion (Jacobsson and Be gek, 2004; Be gek e
al., 2008).
Func ional pa e ns: Fo any analysis o go beyond he me e desc ip ion o he s uc u e o a TSI i
is necessa y o mo e on o analyzing i s unc ions (o key p ocesses). These unc ions include he
ollowing (Hekke e al., 2007; Be gek e al., 2008): 1) knowledge de elopmen and di usion, 2)
in luence on he di ec ion o sea ch, 3) en ep eneu ial ac i i ies/expe imen a ion, 4) ma ke
o ma ion, 5) legi ima ion, 6) esou ce mobiliza ion, and 7) de elopmen o posi i e ex e nali ies.
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The i s unc ion na u ally e e s o he knowledge base o he TSI ( ypes and sou ces o knowledge).
The second e e s o incen i es o en e in o he sec o and he selec ion be ween a ious
echnological op ions including belie s in u u e g ow h po en ial due o egula o y p essu es and/o
a icula ion o in e es by cus ome s. This unc ion can be ul illed by a a ie y o agen s such as he
go e nmen and/o he ma ke . The hi d unc ion is abou p obing in o he new echnology and
applica ions h ough expe imen a ion, po en ially u ning new knowledge in o conc e e ac ions.
The ou h unc ion conce ns he e olu ion o ma ke s and demand o a speci ic p oduc o
echnology h ough h ee (po en ial) phases: om an ea ly nu sing ma ke o con empo a y niche
p oduc s, h ough a mo e oluminous b idging ma ke , and e en ually in o a dominan ma u e (o
mass) ma ke . The i h unc ion is a ma e o accep ance o he new echnology by ele an
ins i u ions. The six h unc ion is ela ed o pa ne ships and he human and inancial capi al ha
he TSI can mobilize. Finally, he de elopmen o posi i e ex e nali ies om new i ms en e ing he
TSI conce ns he eme gence o pooled labo ma ke s, eme gence o specialized goods and se ice
p o ide s as well as knowledge spillo e s. Some au ho s (e.g. And easen and So acool, 2015)
include bene i s ha occu o he socie y as a whole, such as educed emissions, o his lis . These
unc ions a e no comple ely independen om each o he , a he hey o m a sequence o
p ocesses whe e he indi idual unc ions coe ol e (Hekke e al., 2007; Be gek e al., 2008).
Policy issues: The in e nal dynamics o a TSI alone a e only a pa ial explana ion o i s success:
inducemen and blocking mechanisms in luence he unc ioning o a TSI. Fo example, a s ong belie
in he g ow h po en ial o a speci ic echnology o a new go e nmen policy (such as ax c edi s o
cheap loans) on conduc ing R&D can ac as an incen i e ha p omo es he de elopmen o a TSI. In
con as , blocking mechanisms, such as a poo ly de eloped ma ke o a p oduc , can ha e s ong
nega i e impac s (Jacobsson and Be gek, 2004; Neg o e al., 2012). Policies should a ge TSIs by
measu es ha s eng hen inducemen mechanisms and emo e blocking mechanisms (Be gek e
al., 2008).
2.3 Concep ual amewo k: Bounda ies o sec o al and echnological sys ems o inno a ion
As discussed by Male ba (2002) and Ol a and Sain Jean (2009) he li e a u e on SSIs should pay
close a en ion o he e olu ion o ans o ma ion o bounda ies be ween sec o s. This is
pa icula ly ele an o en i onmen al inno a ion, which can o en be a p oduc o combining
di e en echnologies p esen in a ious dis inc sec o s (Cooke, 2008). The e o e, when discussing
en i onmen al inno a ion, one commonly s udies a ield ha has combined exis ing echnology
om a ious sec o s in an in eg a i e manne . Simila ly, TSIs commonly c oss sec o al and
geog aphic bounda ies (Figu e 1) (Ma ka d and T u e , 2008; S ephan e al., 2017). The e o e,
cau ion is equi ed when se ing (de ini e) sec o al and/o e i o ial bounda ies o TSIs (Be gek e
al., 2015).
A TSI can be a subsys em o a SSI (a knowledge base which is exclusi e o an indi idual sec o ) o an
amalgama ion o se e al ela ed sec o s (a mo e gene ic knowledge ield in ol ing many sec o s)
(Be gek e al., 2008; Ma ka d and T u e , 2008). TSIs can be geog aphically bounded in a egion
(RSI) o a na ion (NSI) bu a e mo e commonly in e na ional, o e en global, in na u e (Binz e al.,
2014; Binz and Tu e , 2017). In ac , Be gek e al. (2015) ha e no ed ha de ini e delinea ions o
TSIs acco ding o, o example, he bo de s o coun ies do no ollow he ac ual de ini ion o he
concep .
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<Figu e_1>
The di e en inno a ion sys em app oaches a e, hus, closely in e wined. The e o e, also he wo
app oaches discussed he e ine i ably o e lap. This is e iden , o example, when conside ing he
ac o s and in e ac ions necessa y o bo h SSI and TSI eme gence: “agen s, in e ac ions and
ne wo ks” o he SSI app oach a e concep ually ( ela i ely) simila o “s uc u al componen s” (i.e.
a ne wo k o agen s) iden i ied in TSI. Mo eo e , he unc ional pa e ns o he TSI app oach can be
shown o ela e o one o mo e o he h ee building blocks cons i u ing SSIs, o ice e sa (Figu e
2). S ill, in he li e a u e on en i onmen al inno a ion i has been qui e common o concep ually
delinea e a heo e ical app oach ha “ i s bes ” o he in e es /pu poses o he s udy (Hekke and
Neg o, 2009). He e, howe e , nei he he SSI no he TSI app oach is p esen ed as he only sui able
ool o analyzing en i onmen al inno a ion. Con a ily, hey a e discussed side-by-side in he
esul s sec ion (Sec ion 4) o showcase how hese wo app oaches, a he han being exclusi e, can
analy ically complemen each o he (dos San os Sil es e and Dalcol, 2009).
<Figu e_2>
Figu e 2 indica es he main connec ions be ween he SSI and TSI app oaches. Clea cu dis inc ions
a e na u ally ha d o make. Fo example, public policy could be linked o he o he unc ions o TIS
no highligh ed in he igu e: ma ke o ma ion e.g. by imposing highe axes o compe ing
echnologies, knowledge di usion e.g. by suppo ing he implemen a ion o he echnology,
en ep eneu ial ac i i y/expe imen a ion e.g. by suppo ing s a -ups and pilo p ojec s, and
de elopmen o posi i e ex e nali ies e.g. ia educa ional and aining p og ams. Howe e , o he
sake o cla i y, he e only he mos “ob ious” connec ions iden i ied in ou empi ical case (Sec ion 4)
we e signaled ou and, o example, he ole o public policy is la gely discussed h ough i s in luence
on he di ec ion o sea ch ( egula o y p essu es), legi ima ion ( he accep ance o MSS as an
aba emen me hod by ele an ins i u ions) and esou ce mobiliza ion ( he success o he TSI in
ecei ing inancial suppo ia public policies). These p esen ed in e dependencies be ween he wo
app oaches unc ion he e as an amalgama ed amewo k guiding he analysis o he o ma ion o
he TSI o MSSs.
3 SCHEME OF ANALYSIS
A e sc u inizing al e na i es, we decided ha he mos iable app oach, in line wi h Laaksonen
and Mäkinen (2013), o he pu poses o his pape ( o analyze he in e play be ween MSS
echnologies, en i onmen al egula ions, echnologies, and ma ke demand) was a desk s udy. The
app oach combines and applies exis ing academic li e a u e, documen s and da a on TSI and SSI
concep s oge he wi h empi ical examples o MSSs (supplemen ed he e wi h in e iews wi h
indus y expe s). This was accomplished by e iewing documen s and exis ing s udies o legisla ion
equi emen s, MSS p ope ies, and hei implica ions o inno a ion. Speci ically, we ga he ed and
in e p e ed he ele an ma e ial ia accessing:
1) The academic li e a u e (sea ch p ocedu es in Scopus and Google Schola by employing
keywo ds such as “sc ubbe ”, “emission con ol”, “emission educ ion”, “emission
egula ion”, and “exhaus gas cleaning”)
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2) Web pages and associa ed documen s o ele an indus y and classi ica ion
associa ions/socie ies including DNV LG (www.dn gl.com) and Exhaus Gas Cleaning Sys ems
Associa ion (EGCSA) (www.egcsa.com)
3) Rele an policy documen a ion by IMO and he Eu opean Union (EU)
4) Web pages, annual epo s, p ess eleases and associa ed news o MSS manu ac u e s
(membe o EGCSA)
5) Leading indus y expe s in he ield based on in e iews and e-mail co espondence wi h
ep esen a i es o Finnish MSS manu ac u e s: Langh Tech (P oduc Manage , 17.11.2017),
Valme (Senio Manage , 13.12.2017), and Wä silä (Senio Ad iso , 7.11.2017)
These documen s and insigh s gi e us a cohe en pic u e o he his o y, miles ones, and in e play
be ween he policy condi ions, echnology, and ma ke demand ha has led o he de elopmen o
he TSI o MSSs.
I has o be no ed ha he commonly iden i ied ca ea s o case s udies apply also he e. Fo ins ance,
i is o en s a ed ha case s udy esul s a e ha d o gene alize beyond he case add essed and ha
hei objec i i y is ques ionable (Hodkinson and Hodkinson, 2001). Howe e , hese “ adi ional”
iews ha e been e u ed by schola s, who alue he ole o case s udies as an educa ional ool o
knowledge c ea ion. Fo example, Fly bje g (2006) ega ds he abo e-men ioned ca ea s mo e as
“misunde s andings” and he e o e has co ec ed hem by s a ing ha one can o en gene alize on
he basis o a single case and ha case s udy esea ch con ains no g ea e bias owa ds subjec i i y
han any o he me hod o scien i ic inqui y.
4 THE CASE OF MARINE SCRUBBER SYSTEMS
4.1 Backg ounds and easibili y
The a ionale o combining he domain o legisla ion in o discussion o en i onmen al inno a ion
comes o h om he unde s anding o public go e ning o gans (na ional and in e na ional) as
ac o s ha can, on he one hand, suppo g een echnologies and, on he o he hand, di ec he
de elopmen o SSIs and TSIs in o a mo e sus ainable di ec ion. This e y much applies in he case
o MSSs, since hei “o igin” can be aced back o in e na ional policy measu es. IMO is a speci ic
Uni ed Na ions o gan ha egula es global ma i ime issues and shipping.
The agenda o he In e na ional Con en ion o he P e en ion o Pollu ion om Ships (MARPOL)
has p oduced a numbe o annexes s a ing guiding egula ions on shipping. Ai pollu ion is co e ed
in Annex VI (p o iding guidelines o he cu en egula ions and he con inuous dec ease o sul u
con en in ma ine uels and emissions), which was adop ed by IMO in 1997 (ma king he s a o he
discussions on how o mee he es ic ions), a i ied in 2004 and came in o o ce in 2005. A e ised
e sion o Annex VI (pe mi ing MSSs as an aba emen me hod) was adop ed in 2008. EU obliga ed
i membe s a es o ollow i , ei he ia uel-based o echnology-based compliance, h ough
Di ec i e 2012/33/EU. Since Janua y 1, 2015, ships ope a ing in he ou designa ed Sulphu
Emission Con ol A eas (SECAs) – No h Ame ican (coas s o Canada and USA), US Ca ibbean Sea
(Pue o Rico and US Vi gin Islands), Bal ic Sea and No h Sea – a e expec ed o educe hei
emissions o a limi equi alen o ha ing no mo e han 0.1% sul u con en in hei ma ine uel
(Figu e 3). Globally, he limi will be lowe ed o 0.5% in 2020. A mo e s ingen 0.1% limi (se in
Di ec i e 2016/802/EU) will be implemen ed in EU-po s. Mo eo e , since 2016 China has s a ed
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6. Resou ce mobiliza ion: has been accomplished i s ia he human capi al – ha had he
knowledge o combine expe ise on sc ubbe echnologies o i he speci ic needs o
shipping – inhe en in he MSS manu ac u e s ( echnological egime), second ia he
pa ne ships o MSS manu ac u e s and shipping ope a o s o es he i s pilo p ojec s
(ma ke demand), and hi d ia success ul (lobbying) ac i i ies o und he de elopmen and
es ing o MSSs, and hei ( e o) i ing in o essels (public policy).
7. De elopmen o posi i e ex e nali ies: is mos e iden in he way ha he TSI o MSSs has
been able o inc ease i s economic impac – esul ing e.g. in posi i e knowledge spillo e s
( echnological egime) – ia inc easing demand ha has led o he g ow h o es ablished
ac o s, bu also o he eme gence o new MSS manu ac u e s (e.g. in China).
5 CONCLUSIONS
This pape has ocused on MSSs as an example o en i onmen al inno a ion by b idging he SSI and
TSI amewo ks and by mapping he de elopmen and e olu ion o he TSI o MSSs in o a easible
me hod o shipping emission aba emen . The main empi ical conclusions o he pape can be
summa ized as ollows:
Fo MSSs o eme ge as an en i onmen al inno a ion, exis ing echnology in elec ic powe , clean
ech, and manu ac u ing indus ies was needed o cons i u e he echnological egime on which
p oduc de elopmen was based. The demand ose g adually as he da e o IMO egula ions
closed in due o necessi y and go e nmen suppo o adop ing his echnology. Howe e , in he
end i can be s a ed ha in he case o MSSs he ini ial and mos powe ul impe us o he
echnology has come om en i onmen al policies es ic ing sul u emissions. This c ea ed a
s ong belie in u u e g ow h po en ial o MSSs. The de elopmen has been u he p omo ed
wi h policies o suppo ing MSS manu ac u e s in hei R&D and shipping ope a o s in ins alling
MSSs on hei essels. In sho , he exis ing echnological egime and eme ging ma ke s played a
ole in he de elopmen o his new echnology, bu MSSs can mos ly be seen as a esponse o
policy measu es – as has been commonly he case wi h en i onmen al inno a ion (Köhle e al.,
2013; Makkonen and Repka, 2016). Thus, IMO egula ions pa ed he way o MSSs o de elop
in o a TSI. The equi ed echnology had exis ed on land o decades, bu companies we e no
willing o ake ad an age o his echnology be o e he announcemen o he (upcoming) IMO
egula ions. Simila ly, he e we e only a ew g een consume s willing o es he echnology – he
demand o MSSs did no eally g ow un il he implemen a ion o IMO egula ions was almos a
hand. The e o e, he ole o policies in he c ea ion o he TSI o MSSs was o pi o al impo ance.
This is likely o be he case wi h o he TSIs cen e ed on en i onmen al inno a ion.
These poin s b ing o h a numbe o in e es ing implica ions. F om a heo e ical and analy ical poin
o iew he ele ance o his pape has o do wi h i s e o s in combining TSI and SSI pe spec i es
in o a cohe en desc ip ion o he de elopmen and e olu ion o an en i onmen al inno a ion. As
was shown he e, aken oge he hese aspec s complemen each o he and unc ion as a use ul
amewo k o his ype o explo a i e s udy design. In e ms o policy implica ions, i can be
unde lined ha , i s ly, en i onmen al egula ions can induce inno a ion. Secondly, go e nmen al
suppo o R&D o p oduce hese inno a ions is ex emely impo an , since ma ke demand alone
migh no be enough – p io o he en o cemen o en i onmen al egula ions – o con ince
manu ac u e s o de elop new en i onmen ally sound echnologies. Thi dly, in cases whe e
16

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inno a ion is induced by en i onmen al egula ions, go e nmen al suppo is also needed o i s
adop ion and implemen a ion, since he highe ini ial pu chasing p ices commonly complica e he
assessmen o he economic easibili y o en i onmen al inno a ion, compa ed o es ablished
echnologies, leading o esis ance o adop o implemen hem. I should be gua an eed ha he
suppo is signi ican enough o i o make sense o he cus ome s (in he case o MSSs he
unde de eloped ma ke o he echnology has been he o emos blocking mechanism o he TSI)
o s a using he new echnologies, a he han choosing o he (en i onmen ally in e io )
al e na i es, abandoning he ield, o mo ing o o he egions wi h less s ingen egula ions.
This pape opened up ways o unde s and he po en ial o in eg a ing he SSI and TSI app oaches.
The empi ical pa s o he pape ely on a single case. The e o e, in u u e s udies mo e empi ically
de ailed app oaches wi h bo h quan i a i e and quali a i e me hods a e needed. In addi ion,
compa a i e s udies on o he TSIs based on en i onmen al inno a ion po en ially b oaden ou
unde s anding o he complex ela ionships be ween na ional and in e na ional egula ions, a ious
concep ions o inno a ion sys ems, he en i onmen , and he economy. Since MSS manu ac u e s
a e al eady acing compe i ion om al e na i e uel sou ces, while i is also likely ha new
al e na i e aba emen me hods will eme ge in he u u e, he enewal o shipping equipmen will
emain a ele an ield o u u e en i onmen al inno a ion s udies.
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HIGHLIGHTS:
Sec o al and echnological sys ems o (en i onmen al) inno a ion a e b idged
En i onmen al egula ions led o he de elopmen o ma ine sc ubbe sys ems
Knowledge om o he sec o s was needed o he echnological egime
Ma ke demand om ea ly expe imen e s was impo an o he e olu ion o he sys em
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Figu e 1. Geog aphical (na ional sys ems o inno a ion, NSIs) and sec o al (sec o al sys ems o inno a ion,
SSIs) bounda ies o po en ial echnological sys ems o inno a ion (TSIs). Modi ied om: Ma ka d and T u e
(2008).
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Figu e 2. In e dependencies be ween he building blocks o sec o al sys ems o inno a ion (SSI) and he
unc ional pa e ns o echnological sys ems o inno a ion (TSI). Sou ce: Au ho s.
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Figu e 3. The geog aphical and egula o y aspec s (sul u con en in bunke uel) o Sulphu Emission Con ol
A eas (SECAs). Sou ce: Au ho s; based on da a om Makkonen and Repka (2016).
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Figu e 4. We and d y ma ine sc ubbe sys ems. Sou ce: Au ho s; based on da a om Be gq is e al. (2015)
and S ae ichin and Inkinen (2017).
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Figu e 5. The ne wo k o ac o s in ol ed in he de elopmen and p oduc ion o ma ine sc ubbe sys ems
(MSS): agen s, in e ac ions and sec o s in ol ed (EU = Eu opean Union; IMO = In e na ional Ma i ime
O ganiza ion; R&D = esea ch and de elopmen ). Modi ied om: Ka onen e al. (2016).
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