Ene gy Resea ch & Social Science 11 (2016) 92–96
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Ene gy Resea ch & Social Science
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/e ss
Sho communica ion
The new In e na ional Ene gy Cha e : Ins umen al o inc emen al
p og ess in go e nance?
Pami Aal o∗
School o Managemen /Poli ics, 33014 Uni e si y o Tampe e, Finland
a i c l e i n o
A icle his o y:
Recei ed 4 Sep embe 2015
Accep ed 17 Sep embe 2015
A ailable online 26 Sep embe 2015
Keywo ds:
Ene gy go e nance
Ene gy ansi ions
Ins i u ions
In e na ional Ene gy Cha e
a b s a c
The In e na ional Ene gy Cha e , signed by 64 s a es in May 2015, is analysed he e agains he s uc u e
o he exis ing o mal ins i u ions o in e na ional ene gy go e nance as ou lined in he li e a u e. In
e ms o ac o s, he Cha e has a Eu ope/Eu asia cen ed nucleus o signa o y s a es accompanied by he
Uni ed S a es, China and some u he ‘ egional ambassado coun ies’ in A ica, Asia and La in Ame -
ica. Howe e , e e ences o non-s a e ac o s a e scan . In e ms o he dimensions o ene gy policy, he
Cha e is ela i ely comp ehensi e, pe aining o all main sou ces o ene gy, add essing he mode nisa-
ion o in as uc u e and echnology; s essing non-disc imina o y owne ship and axa ion o esou ces,
likewise acili a ion o ene gy ade and in es men ; while emaining a non-binding poli ical amewo k
e aining so e eign y o e esou ces; and omi ing clima e change issues om i s e e ences o ma ke -
based measu es in en i onmen al p o ec ion. The Cha e emains ins umen al o p o ec he ma ke
in e es s o la ge ene gy consume s and ep esen s a bes inc emen al p og ess is-à- is linking he
in e es s o p oduce s, ansi s a es and consume s a es. Howe e , i o e s ew building blocks o a
mo e p ecise oadmap o e en ual T ea y.
© 2015 The Au ho . Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND
license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. In oduc ion
Du ing he pas hal decade, se e al obse e s ha e lamen ed
he absence o p ope in e na ional ene gy go e nance [1]. I is
o en claimed ha we ha e a ‘complex and agmen ed land-
scape o pa allel, o e lapping, and nes ed ins i u ions’ which ails
o espond o cu en in e na ional ene gy challenges [2]. These
challenges con ey he ilemma o mul iple p oblems o ene gy
secu i y, access o ene gy, and he nega i e en i onmen al and
clima ic ex e nali ies c ea ed by he ex ac ion, p oduc ion, ans-
po and consump ion o ene gy [3]. Faced wi h such challenges,
he exis ing in e na ional ins i u ions a e ‘u e ly ou da ed’, espe-
cially when compa ed o in e na ional go e nance in o he a eas
[1]. Mo eo e , he exis ing ins i u ions ha e a ‘pa ial scope, lim-
i ed membe ship and/o weak au ho i y’ [4]. Thei weakness s ems
om he hyb id na u e o in e na ional ene gy go e nance, whe e
mul ila e al ins i u ions co-exis and compe e wi h s ong bila e al
and bloc ela ions [5].
Gi en he alleged sho comings o in e na ional ene gy go e -
nance, i is deba able i 64 s a es signing he new In e na ional
∗Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: pami.aal o@u a.fi
Ene gy Cha e in May 2015 will imp o e ma e s [6]. In his
sho communica ion, I will a gue ha he e en eflec s a bes
ins umen al o inc emen al p og ess in in e na ional ene gy go -
e nance. While he Cha e is likely o a ac u he deba e, I
will highligh h ee issues: he ac o s in ol ed; he dimensions
o ene gy policy co e ed; i s unc ions ega ding cu en ene gy
challenges and ene gy ansi ions; hen conclude by summa ising
b iefly men ioning some emaining p oblems in he u he ins i-
u ionalisa ion o in e na ional ene gy go e nance.
2. Ma e ial and me hods
The ma e ial u ilised in his sho communica ion is es ic ed
o he ex o he In e na ional Ene gy Cha e and he ele an li -
e a u e. The me hod employed is a quali a i e con en analysis o
he Cha e ’s con en in ligh o he s uc u e o he exis ing o -
mal ins i u ions o in e na ional ene gy go e nance as ou lined in
he li e a u e. Mo e specifically, I will ea he Cha e as ep e-
sen ing he so law end o o mal egula ion in his a ea. In o he
wo ds, i is ye ano he non-binding poli ical decla a ion wi h lim-
i ed p ecision, egula o y au ho i y and powe o issue obliga ions.
Ne e heless, gi en he end o an enhancing ole o s a es and
poli ics in in e na ional ene gy issues, e en as a so law egula-
ion, he Cha e is impo an in ha i a icula es a poli ical will o
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1016/j.e ss.2015.09.006
2214-6296/© 2015 The Au ho . Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
P.
Aal o
/
Ene gy
Resea ch
&
Social
Science
11
(2016)
92–96
93
Table
1
Signa o y
s a es
o
he
Eu opean
Ene gy
Cha e ,
Ene gy
Cha e
T ea y
and
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e .
Signa o y
s a e
Eu opean
Ene gy
Cha e
1991
Ene gy
Cha e
T ea y
1994
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e
2015
EU
Membe
S a es
(n
=
28)
X
X
X
EEA
Membe
S a es
Iceland
X
X
Liech ens ein
X
X
No way
X
X
(did
no
a i y)
X
Swi ze land
(no
a ified)
X
X
X
Ene gy
communi y
Albania
X
X
A menia
(obse e ) X
Bosnia
and
He zego ina
X
Fo me
Yugosla
Republic
o
Macedonia
X
X
Geo gia
(candida e)
X
Moldo a
X
X
Mon eneg o
X
Se bia
X
X
Tu key
(obse e )
X
X
X
Uk aine
X
X
X
Eu o-Medi e anean
Pa ne ship
(EUROMED)
Alge ia
Egyp
Is ael
(adop ed,
no
signed)
Jo dan
X
X
Lebanon
(adop ed,
no
signed)
Mau i ania
X
X
Mo occo
X
X
Pales ine
X
X
Sy ia
(suspended)
X
Tunisia
O he
Eu asian
s a es
Aze baijan
X
X
Bela us
X
X
(did
no
a i y,
applies
p o isionally)
X
Kazakhs an
X
X
X
Ky gyzs an
X
X
(adop ed,
no
signed)
Russia
X
X
(did
no
a i y)
Tajikis an
X
X
(adop ed,
no
signed)
Tu kmenis an
X
X
X
Uzbekis an
X
X
X
O he
s a es
A ghanis an
X
X
X
Aus alia
X
X
(did
no
a i y)
Bu undi
X
X
Canada
X
Chad
X
X
Indonesia
X
Japan
X
X
X
Mongolia
X
X
X
Nige
X
X
Pakis an
X
X
Uni ed
S a es
o
Ame ica
X
X
Yemen
X
X
educe
ansac ion
cos s,
c ea e
he
necessa y
o de
and
mi iga e
he
nega i e
ex e nali ies
o
he
ene gy
sec o .
These
a e
highly
wa an ed
unc ions
o
in e na ional
ins i u ions
[7].
3.
Resul s
3.1.
Ac o s
included
The
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e
was
signed
a
a
minis e ial
con e ence
a
The
Hague
in
he
Ne he lands,
which
emains
a
key
Eu opean
na u al
gas
and
oil
p oduce .
The
p epa a ion
o
he
Cha -
e
in ol ed
he
signa o y
s a es
o
he
1991
Eu opean
Ene gy
Cha e ,
and
he
esul ing
1994
Ene gy
Cha e
T ea y,
bo h
o
which
ep esen ed
e o s
o
suppo
ene gy
ade
in
he
a e ma h
o
he
Cold
Wa .
Fu he
in i ees
included
he
obse e
S a es
o
he
Ene gy
Cha e
Con e ence,
and
a
dozen
u he
s a es
including
he
eme ging
powe s
B azil,
India,
Mexico
and
Sou h
A ica.
Such
wide- anging
consul a ion
among
s a es
was
impo an
gi en
he
ela i ely
di e se
g oup
o
signa o ies
o
he
Eu opean
Ene gy
Cha e
diminished
o
a
p ac ically
Eu asian
co e
g oup
o
coun ies
when
i s
binding
supplemen ,
he
Ene gy
Cha e
T ea y,
was
signed
in
1994.
The
subsequen
loss
o
momen um
in
he
Ene gy
Cha e
p ocess
necessi a ed
new
diploma ic
e o s
[2].
Se e al
s uc u al
changes
unde pinned
his
enewed
demand
o
diplomacy.
Many
eme ging
s a es
empowe ed
hemsel es
by
inc easing
hei
ene gy
expo s,
while
many
o he s
became
mo e
dependen
on
hese
new
expo e s.
An icipa ed
inc easing
sca ci y
al e ed
p oduce –consume
ela ions
and
ende ed
ene gy
com-
modi ies
s a egic.
The
o e all
s uc u e
o
in e na ional
ela ions
became
mo e
mul ipola .
Compe ing
ins i u ions
also
eme ged,
including
he
EU-Russia
Ene gy
Dialogue
and
he
Ene gy
Commu-
ni y
[5,8].
The
64
signa o y
s a es
o
he
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e
as
o
Augus
2015
exceeds
he
numbe
o
o iginal
signa o ies
o
he
94
P.
Aal o
/
Ene gy
Resea ch
&
Social
Science
11
(2016)
92–96
Table
2
Signa o y
s a es
o
he
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e
no
p e iously
pa
o
he
Eu o-
pean
Ene gy
Cha e
o
Ene gy
Cha e
T ea y.
Bangladesh
X
Benin
X
Bo swana
(adop ed,
no
signed)
Bu kina
Faso
(adop ed,
no
signed)
Cambodia
(adop ed,
no
signed)
Chile
X
China
X
Colombia
X
I an
(adop ed,
no
signed)
Nige ia
(adop ed,
no
signed)
Philippines
(adop ed,
no
signed)
Republic
o
Ko ea
(adop ed,
no
signed)
Tanzania
X
Uganda
X
Eu opean
Ene gy
Cha e
(o iginally
49
s a es
plus
he
EU;
as
o
Augus
2015,
66
s a es)
o
he
Ene gy
Cha e
T ea y
(o iginally
49
s a es
plus
he
EU;
oday
52).
Ye
i
alls
sho
o
he
numbe
o
signa o ies
o
he
S a u e
o
he
In e na ional
Renewable
Ene gy
Agency
(IRENA).
Se en y-fi e
s a es
signed
he
IRENA
S a u e
in
2009.
Today
i
has
143
membe s,
wi h
a
u he
29
s a es
in
acces-
sion.
By
compa ison,
as
o
Augus
2015,
11
s a es
in end
soon
o
sign
he
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e
al hough
ha
numbe
is
likely
o
g ow.
The
28
Membe
S a es
o
he
EU
a e
he
co e
signa o ies
o
he
new
Cha e .
O
he
Eu opean
Economic
A ea,
which
ex ends
he
EU’s
common
ma ke
egula ion
beyond
he
Union,
also
la gely
is-à- is
ene gy
ma ke s,
No way
and
Swi ze land
signed.
O
he
Ene gy
Communi y,
which
mo e
specifically
ex ends
he
EU’s
ene gy
acquis
u he
beyond
i s
bo de s,
fi e
coun ies
ha e
signed
(Albania,
he
Fo me
Yugosla
Republic
o
Macedonia,
Moldo a,
Se bia,
Uk aine),
likewise
a
candida e
coun y
o
he
Ene gy
Com-
muni y
T ea y
(Geo gia)
and
wo
obse e s
(A menia,
Tu key).
Mo eo e ,
some
signa o y
s a es
o
he
Cha e
a e
he
EU’s
pa -
ne s
h ough
i s
neighbou hood
policy,
whe e
ene gy
ela ions
a e
also
significan
(Jo dan,
Mo occo
and
Pales ine).
A
u he
g oup
o
signa o ies
consis s
o
Eu asian
coun ies
in
a ea
o
he
o me
So ie
Union;
mos
o
hese
we e
al eady
signa-
o ies
o
bo h
he
Eu opean
Ene gy
Cha e
and
he
Ene gy
Cha e
T ea y.
Finally,
some
signa o ies
in
A ica,
Asia
and
La in
Ame ica
ha e
a
his o y
wi h
he
Eu opean
Ene gy
Cha e .
Among
hese,
he
e u n
o
he
Uni ed
S a es
o
mul ila e alism
is
significan .
How-
e e ,
so
also
is
he
cu en
e usal
o
o he
la ge
ossil
uel
p oduce s
and
consume s
Aus alia,
Canada
and
Indonesia
o
augmen
hei
exis ing
commi men
o
he
Eu opean
Ene gy
Cha e
by
signing
i s
upda ed
e sion,
he
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e
(see
Table
1).
The
mos
p ominen
comple ely
new
en an
o
mul ila e al
ene gy
go e nance
in
a
signa o y
capaci y
o
he
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e
is
China.
Among
la ge
ossil
uel
p oduce s,
I an
and
Nige ia
ha e
adop ed
bu
no
signed
he
Cha e .
They
a e
also
he
only
OPEC
membe s
wi hin
he
Cha e ’s
emi .
Among
no able
consume
coun ies,
he
Philippines
and
Sou h
Ko ea
ha e
adop ed
bu
no
signed
he
Cha e .
O
o he
ele an
blocs,
he
G20
is
no
p ominen
among
he
signa o ies,
e en
hough
i
is
in
p inciple
well
placed
o
in e na ional
ene gy
go e nance,
ep esen ing
bo h
es ablished
and
eme ging
powe s,
fi e
con inen s,
app oxima ely
ou -fi hs
o
wo ld
o al
ene gy
consump ion
and
o
CO2emissions
[2,8].
Missing
om
his
ai ly
well
ep esen a i e
bu
di e se
bloc
a e
A gen ina,
Aus alia,
B azil,
Canada,
India,
Indonesia,
Mexico,
Russia
and
Saudi
A abia,
all
o
hem
la ge
ossil
uel
p oduce s.
The
significan
ossil
uel
p oduce s
o
he
ASEAN,
whe e
membe
s a es
a e
endea ou ing
o
in eg a e
hei
ene gy
ma ke s,
a e
also
missing
[9]
(see
Tables
1,
2).
A
i s
incep ion,
he
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e
emains
a
ela i ely
egional
documen
in
e ms
o
signa o y
s a es.
I s
Eu ope/Eu asia
cen ed
nucleus
is
accompanied
by
he
Uni ed
S a es,
China
and
some
u he
‘ egional
ambassado
coun ies’
in
A ica,
Asia
and
La in
Ame ica.
A
he
same
ime,
he
Cha e
e e s
li le
o
o he
g oups
o
ac o s
such
as
ene gy
companies,
in e na-
ional
financial
ins i u ions
o
NGOs,
which
ha e
assumed
mo e
weigh
in
in e na ional
ene gy
go e nance
[10,11].
Indeed,
he
Cha e
emains
a
adi ional
diploma ic
and
poli ical
amewo k
ou lining
se e al
gene ic
objec i es
and
some
a eas
o
implemen a-
ion
wi hou
issuing
any
obliga ions.
I s
so
a
limi ed
geog aphical
co e age,
especially
o
eme ging
s a es
p oducing
ossil
uels,
is
explicable
by
e e ing
o
he
dimensions
o
ene gy
policy
i
co e s.
3.2.
Dimensions
o
ene gy
policy
co e ed
The
Cha e
is
su ficien ly
comp ehensi e
o
add ess
he
com-
plex
na u e
o
in e na ional
ene gy
go e nance,
whe e
a
leas
ou
dimensions
a e
disce nible:
esou ce
de elopmen ,
in as uc u e
and
echnology;
cos s,
finance,
business
models
and
ma ke s;
ins i-
u ions;
and
he
ecological
and
clima e
dimension
[12].
(i)
In
e ms
o
esou ce
de elopmen ,
he
in as uc u e
and
echnology
dimension,
he
Cha e
co e s
all
main
ene gy
esou ces—oil,
na u al
gas,
nuclea
ene gy,
coal
and
enewables,
while
i
also
ouches
upon
end
p oduc s
by
e e ing
o
elec ici y
p oduc ion.
Howe e ,
he e
is
no
men ion
o
he
a ious
segmen s
o
enewables
o
p io i isa ion
o
any
sou ces
o
ene gy
o
ank-
ing
hem
in
any
way.
While
his
wide
co e age
seeks
o
a ac
as
many
ac o s
as
possible
by
o e ing
some hing
o
e e yone,
i
ep esen s
inc emen al
p og ess
in
ela ion
o
he
exis ing
s uc-
u e
o
ins i u ions
o
in e na ional
ene gy
go e nance.
The e
a e
se e al
segmen -specific
o mal
ins i u ions
and
egula ions
which
oge he
accoun
o
a
agmen ed
s uc u e.
The
OPEC
is
conce ned
wi h
oil.
The
main
egula ions
o
he
IEA
conce n
oil
s ocks,
al hough
i
conduc s
esea ch
on
all
main
ene gy
esou ces.
IRENA
wo ks
on
enewables
while
he
IAEA
add esses
nuclea
ene gy,
and
so
on.
The
Cha e
u he
e e s
o
he
‘mode nisa ion,
enewal
and
a ionalisa ion’
o
he
ene gy
in as uc u es
o
signa o y
coun ies,
o
‘maximising
he
e ficiency
o
p oduc ion,
con e sion,
anspo ,
dis ibu ion
and
use
o
ene gy’
[6].
I
men ions
clean
and
low-
emission
echnologies
and
ene gy
e ficiency.
C ucially,
i
exp esses
he
g owing
conce n
o
ac o s
in
he
EU,
he
Uni ed
S a es
and
China
in
pa icula ,
ega ding
he
di e sifica ion
o
ene gy
sou ces
and
supply
ou es.
Howe e ,
his
may
be
one
o
he
ea u es
pe suad-
ing
egionally
pi o al
ossil
uel
expo e s
locked
in
pipeline-based
expo s
o
e ain
om
signing
he
Cha e ,
such
as
Alge ia,
Aze -
baijan
and
Russia
e en
hough
hey
seek
o
di e si y
hei
expo
in as uc u e.
(ii)
In
e ms
o
he
cos s,
finance,
business
models
and
ma ke s
dimension,
he
Cha e
is
ins umen al
o
ei e a ing
he
economic
p eoccupa ions
o
he
Eu opean
Ene gy
Cha e
and
he
Ene gy
Cha e
T ea y.
The
o me
emains
a
poli ical
decla a ion,
while
he
la e
in oduces
binding
egula ion
on
in es men ,
ade
and
an-
si
ela ed
issues,
including
a
dispu e
se lemen
mechanism
[13].
On
his
basis,
he
new
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e
commi s
i s
sig-
na o ies
o
‘a oid
imposing
disc imina o y
ules’
on
he
owne ship
o
esou ces,
ope a ion
o
companies
and
axa ion.
Such
es ic ions
p e ail
o
example
in
he
pipeline
based
gas
expo
monopoly
o
Gazp om
in
Russia,
and
in
Russia’s
A c ic
o sho e
whe e
Gazp om
Ne
and
Rosne
a e
p i ileged
ac o s
and
o eign
companies
as
a
ule
banned
om
new
field
acquisi ions.
These
es ic ions
a e
sig-
nifican
as
Russia’s
final
wi hd awal
om
he
Ene gy
Cha e
T ea y
in
2009
ques ioned
he
whole
Ene gy
Cha e
p ocess.
The
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e
calls
o
‘ acili a e
he
ope a-
ion
o
ma ke
o ces
and
p omo e
compe i ion’
and
o
emo e
ba ie s
o
ade
in
ene gy
p oduc s,
equipmen
and
se ices,
as
P.
Aal o
/
Ene gy
Resea ch
&
Social
Science
11
(2016)
92–96
95
well
as
in es men s,
in
line
wi h
WTO
p o isions
and
nuclea
non-p oli e a ion
egimes.
I
ecognises
he
ole
o
‘comme cially
sound’
condi ions
o
ansi ;
and
s esses
he
de elopmen
o
c oss-bo de
oil
and
gas
ne wo ks
and
powe
g ids
o
p ac ically
acili a e
ene gy
ade
[6].
These
p o isions
a e
ins umen al
o
he
la gely
ma ke
cen ed
in e es s
o
he
Eu opean
signa o ies
and
he
Uni ed
S a es.
Ye ,
hey
a e
a
odds
wi h
he
emaining
de el-
opmen alis ,
ma ke
socialis
and
s a e
capi alis
ene gy
policies
o
se e al
la ge
ossil
uel
p oduce
and
consume
coun ies
o
Eu asia
and
Asia.
Howe e ,
compe i ion
is
a
g owing
mega end
[14].
Fo
example,
Sou h
Eas
Asian
s a es
s i e
o
in oduce
mo e
compe-
i ion
in o
hei
ene gy
sec o s
as
he
cu en
Cha e
signa o ies
China
and
Japan
ha e
a emp ed
o
do
[9].
Fo
many
signa o ies
in
Wes
A ica
and
La in
Ame ica,
he
Cha e ’s
p o isions
on
access
o
capi al,
he
emo al
o
ba ie s
o
and
p o ec ion
o
in es men s,
oge he
wi h
he
c ea ion
o
a
legal
amewo k
o
o eign
in es -
men s,
a e
c ucial
in
o de
o
imp o e
ene gy
access,
de elop
new
sou ces
o
ene gy
and
p omo e
economic
g ow h
[15].
Un o u-
na ely,
expec a ions
o
p i a e
in es men
appea
o e blown
o
ackling
ene gy
access
and
po e y
[3].
Mee ing
ene gy
secu i y
needs
and
exis ing
policy
goals
will
equi e
USD
1.6
illion
by
2035.
Add essing
he
ene gy
po e y
challenge
will
cos
an
addi ional
USD
1
illion
[11].
In
sub-Saha an
A ica,
68%
o
he
popula ion
lacks
access
o
elec ici y
and
in
de eloping
Asia,
17%
[10].
(iii)
In
e ms
o
he
ins i u ional
dimension,
he
main
h us
o
he
Cha e
is
o
p o ide
a
non-binding
poli ical
amewo k
o
he
new
ela ionships
ha
ha e
ecen ly
o med
among
p oduce ,
con-
sume
and
ansi
s a es.
I
men ions
up on
de eloping
coun ies
and
eme ging
economies,
and
he
need
o
a
‘s uc u ed
dialogue
wi h
non-signa o ies
o
he
Eu opean
Ene gy
Cha e ’
[6].
The
Cha -
e
makes
a
welcome
mo e
om
he
o e whelming
p io i isa ion
o
he
secu i y
o
supply
conce ns
o
Eu opean
consume
s a es
owa ds
acili a ing
access
o
ene gy
sou ces,
se ices
and
ech-
nology.
The
explici
ecogni ion
o
‘ he
so e eign y
o
each
S a e
o e
i s
ene gy
esou ces,
and
i s
igh s
o
egula e
ene gy
ans-
mission
and
anspo a ion
wi hin
i s
e i o y’
[6],
ei e a es
an
es ablished
no m
o
in e na ional
ene gy
law
[16],
and
is
di ec ed
a
esou ce- ich
s a es
like
Russia,
on
whom
many
o he
ene gy
expo e s
depend
o
ansi .
Howe e ,
o
he
ex en
ha
he
Cha -
e
ad ances
he
compe i ion
and
ma ke
in e es s
alongside
he
‘compa ibili y
o
na ional
and
egional
ene gy
sys ems’
and
he
c e-
a ion
o
‘a
common
ene gy
space’
[6],
such
so e eign y
will
always
be
condi ional.
Ye ,
o
a
coun y
like
Kazakhs an,
which
chai ed
he
final
nego ia ions
o
he
Cha e
du ing
2014,
he
esul ing
documen
helps
o
c ea e
a
mul ila e al
ins i u ional
basis
o
i s
o he wise
po en ially
asymme ical
na u al
gas
and
oil
ade
ela-
ions
wi h
China
[15].
A
mul ila e ally
accep ed
amewo k
is
e en
mo e
c ucial
o
smalle
s a es
dependen
on
co-ope a ion
wi h
in e na ional
financial
ins i u ions,
dono
coun ies
and
o eign
de elope s.
(i )
Rega ding
he
ecological
and
clima e
dimension,
he
Cha -
e
qui e
ealis ically
p oceeds
om
he
‘ ilemma
be ween
ene gy
secu i y,
economic
de elopmen
and
en i onmen al
p o ec ion’
wi hou
ele a ing
any
o
hese
g and
challenges
abo e
he
o he s.
T ying
o
econcile
hese
somewha
incompa ible
objec i es,
he
Cha e
ad oca es
no
pa icula
ene gy
sys em
and
emains
open
o
ac o s
wi h
highly
di e ging
in e es s.
I
does
no
men ion
cli-
ma e
change
bu
mo e
specifically
add esses
ene gy
e ficiency
and
en i onmen al
p o ec ion,
encou aging
‘ he
clean
and
e ficien
use
o
ossil
uel
esou ces’
and
‘use
o
enewable
ene gy
sou ces
and
clean
echnologies’
equally.
I
s i es
o
educe
gas
fla ing,
encou -
aging
sha ing
o
bes
p ac ices
on
clean
ene gy,
in es men
and
‘low
emission
echnologies’
[6].
Rega ding
implemen a ion,
he
Cha e
o esees
join
sa e y
p inciples
and
guidelines,
exchange
o
knowhow,
educa ion,
aining
and
R&D
ac i i ies.
I
is
ca e ul
o
accompany
almos
any
men ion
o
‘en i onmen al
p oblems’
o
‘cos s’
wi h
e e ences
o
‘ma ke -based’
o
‘ma ke -o ien ed’
measu es
and
ins umen s
[6].
3.3.
Tackling
ene gy
challenges
and
s ee ing
ene gy
ansi ions?
The
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e
se s
some
gene al
signpos s
o
he
la ge-scale
e o m
o
ene gy
sys ems
o eseen
by
many
o he
in e na ional
ins i u ions
such
as
he
IEA,
EU
o
he
UN
clima e
change
ins i u ions.
Ye
by
no
p i ileging
any
ene gy
challenge,
sou ce
o
echnology
o e
o he s,
he
Cha e
o e s
ew
building
blocks
o
a
mo e
p ecise
oadmap
o
e en ual
T ea y.
Any
ollow-
up
wo k
is
in
ac
ai ly
demanding
because
he
es ed
in e es s
among
he
cu en
signa o ies
a y
widely
e en
as
ega ds
an-
si ions
o
enewable
ene gy
in
China,
Denma k
o
Japan,
each
o
which
is
implemen ing
ambi ious
p ojec s
in
his
a ea
[17].
P io
o
such
in ensifica ion
o
coope a ion,
he
likely
p io i y
is
pe suad-
ing
mo e
coun ies
o
sign
he
new
Cha e .
This
will
be
di ficul
on
i s
own—so
di e en
a e
he
in e es s
o ,
say,
in
cu en
non-
signa o ies
India,
Russia
o
Qa a .
The
Cha e
may
hus
se e,
o
example,
as
a
poli ical
oun-
da ion
o
c oss-bo de
oil
o
na u al
gas
ex ac ion
o
anspo
p ojec s
be ween
Kazakhs an
and
China.
Equally
well,
i
can
se e
he
de elopmen
o
new
deca bonising
ene gy
sys ems
in
Mo occo
o
he
Eu o-Medi e anean
sola
plan
p ojec
[15].
In
ac ,
such
co-exis ence
o
he
adi ional
ossil
uels
domina ed
agenda
and
he
eme ging
ansi ions
o
new
decen alising
and
deca bonis-
ing
agendas
p e ail
in
many
coun ies.
Mo eo e ,
in
coun ies
spea heading
he
ongoing
ene gy
ansi ions,
such
as
Denma k
o
Ge many,
public
unding
is
c ucial
o
any
p og ess
[18].
In
Denma k,
pa
o
public
unds
o
suppo
he
ene gy
ansi ion
h ough
which
consume s
become
p oduce s,
wind
powe
ecei es
eed-in
a i s
and
sma e
ene gy
ne wo ks
a e
de eloped,
come
om
he
axa-
ion
o
he
ossil
uels
indus y.
In
his
sense,
we
once
mo e
find
he
Cha e
an
ins umen
o
ca e ul
balancing.
This
may
p o e
a
ca alys
a he
han
a
p edicamen
in
i s
u he
adop ion
and
implemen a ion.
4.
Conclusion
I
ha e
po ayed
he
new
In e na ional
Ene gy
Cha e
as
ep-
esen ing
a
bes
inc emen al
p og ess
in
in e na ional
ene gy
go e nance.
To
a
deg ee,
i
has
e i alised
he
Ene gy
Cha e
p o-
cess
in
e ms
o
a ac ing
some
new
signa o ies,
al hough
no
all
he
o iginal
signa o ies
o
he
Eu opean
Ene gy
Cha e
o
1991
a e
ye
con inced
abou
signing.
To
his
end,
he
Cha e
ea s
he
in e es s
o
ene gy
p oduce s
and
ansi
s a es
on
mo e
equal
e ms
is-à- is
hose
o
ene gy
consume s,
jus
as
some
o he
ins i-
u ions,
like
he
In e na ional
Ene gy
Fo um,
ha e
sough
o
do.
Ne e heless,
he
Cha e ’s
e e ences
o
compe i ion
and
di e sifi-
ca ion
emain
ins umen al
o
he
ma ke
in e es s
o
i s
Eu opean
co e
and
may
con inue
o
obs uc
se e al
majo
ossil
uel
p o-
duce s
wi h
de elopmen alis
o
s a e
capi alis
policy
p e e ences.
Al hough
he
Cha e
makes
li le
e e ence
o
conc e ely
align-
ing
hose
highly
di e se
in e es s,
i s
e e ences
o
low
emission
and
clean
ene gy
echnologies
can
link
he
es ablished
and
eme g-
ing
economies,
and
s a es
and
companies.
The
Cha e
men ions
in
passing
how
‘comme cial
o ms
o
coope a ion
may
need
o
be
complemen ed
by
in e go e nmen al
coope a ion’
[6].
This
may
ing
equally
ue
o
many
s a egis s
in
s a e-owned
companies
in
he
Pe sian
Gul
as
o
an
inc easing
numbe
o
policy-make s
in
Eu opean
capi als.
The
no ion
o
inc emen al
p og ess
becomes
e en
mo e
app o-
p ia e
i
we
examine
he
Cha e
agains
he
deep
s uc u e
o
he
in o mal
ins i u ions
o
in e na ional
ene gy
go e nance.
He e
we
should
bea
in
mind
how
he
cu en ly
agmen ed
s uc u e
o
96
P.
Aal o
/
Ene gy
Resea ch
&
Social
Science
11
(2016)
92–96
o mal
ins i u ions
could
be
emedied
by
e o s
o
p omo e
he
con e gence
o
he
unde lying
ules
and
no ms
shaping
he
conduc
o
ac o s
[19].
On
his
mo e
social
scien ific
le el
o
analysis,
which
mus
emain
he
subjec
o
u u e
esea ch,
we
know
how
in o mal
ins i u ions
such
as
p ac ices,
no ms
and
ules
may
se e
as
pow-
e ul
ba ie s
o
he
ealisa ion
o
objec i es
exp essed
no
only
in
poli ical
decla a ions
as
he
Cha e ,
bu
also
in
binding
ea ies.
In
his
sense,
he
Cha e
will
be
es ed
no
only
in
legal
analysis
is-
à- is
o he
o mal
egula ions,
bu
also
in
daily
in e ac ions
among
he
enginee s
and
economis s
o
ene gy
companies,
and
egula o s
and
financie s
whose
poli ical
mas e s
ha e
adop ed
he
Cha e .
Acknowledgemen s
This
pape
is
suppo ed
by
he
Academy
o
Finland
p ojec s
‘Ene gy
Policy
in
Eu opean
In eg a ion’
(Aal o
2011–15,
no.
139686),
‘Implica ions
o
Uncon en ional
Gas
o
he
EU
Ene gy
Law
and
Policy’
(Talus
2014–8,
no.
276974)
and
he
Academy
o
Finland
Cen e
o
Excellence
‘Choices
o
Russian
Mode niza ion’
(Ki inen
2012–17).
The
au ho
wishes
o
hank
he
edi o s
o
ERSS
o
com-
men a y.
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