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Resis ance T aining Acu ely Impai s Agili y and Spike-Speci ic Pe o mance Measu es in
Collegia e Female Volleyball Playe s Re u ning om he O -Season
© 2020 by he au ho s. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
Published e sion
Doma, Kenji; Conno , Jona han; Gah eman, Daniel; Boullosa, Daniel; Ah iainen,
Juha P.; Naga a, Akino i
Doma, K., Conno , J., Gah eman, D., Boullosa, D., Ah iainen, J. P., & Naga a, A. (2020).
Resis ance T aining Acu ely Impai s Agili y and Spike-Speci ic Pe o mance Measu es in
Collegia e Female Volleyball Playe s Re u ning om he O -Season. In e na ional Jou nal o
En i onmen al Resea ch and Public Heal h, 17(18), A icle 6448.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ije ph17186448
2020
In e na ional Jou nal o
En i onmen al Resea ch
and Public Heal h
A icle
Resis ance T aining Acu ely Impai s Agili y and
Spike-Speci ic Pe o mance Measu es in Collegia e
Female Volleyball Playe s Re u ning om
he O -Season
Kenji Doma 1,* , Jona han Conno 1, Daniel Gah eman 2, Daniel Boullosa 1,3 ,
Juha P. Ah iainen 4and Akino i Naga a 5
1College o Heal hca e Sciences, James Cook Uni e si y, Towns ille 4811, Aus alia;
[email p o ec ed] (J.C.); [email p o ec ed] (D.B.)
2College o Heal h and Human Sciences, Cha les Da win Uni e si y, Da win 0909, Aus alia;
[email p o ec ed]
3INISA, Fede al Uni e si y o Ma o G osso do Sul, Campo G ande 79070-900, B azil
4Neu omuscula Resea ch Cen e , Facul y o Spo and Heal h Sciences, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä,
40014 Jy äskylä, Finland; [email p o ec ed]
5Facul y o Social Wel a e, Rissho Uni e si y, Kumagaya 360-0194, Japan; [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +61-747814952
Recei ed: 1 Augus 2020; Accep ed: 31 Augus 2020; Published: 4 Sep embe 2020


Abs ac :
This s udy examined he acu e e ec s o esis ance aining (RT) on olleyball-speci ic
pe o mance. Six een emale olleyball playe s unde ook hei ini ial, p e-season RT bou .
Coun e mo emen jump (CMJ), delayed onse o muscle so eness (DOMS), and spo -speci ic
pe o mances (i.e., un-up jump, agili y, and spiking speed and accu acy) we e measu ed be o e,
24 (T24), and 48 (T48) hou s a e RT. A signi ican inc ease in DOMS was obse ed a T24 and T48
(~207.6%
±
119.3%; p<0.05; ES =1.8 (95% CI: 0.94–2.57)), whils agili y was signi ican ly impai ed a
T48 (1.7%
±
2.5%; p<0.05; ES =0.30 (95% CI:
−
0.99–0.40)). Howe e , he e we e no di e ences in
CMJ (~
−
2.21%
±
7.6%; p>0.05; ES =
−
0.11 (95% CI:
−
0.80–0.58)) and un-up jump (
~−1.4% ±4.7%
;
p>0.05; ES =
−
0.07 (95% CI:
−
0.76–0.63)). Spiking speed was signi ican ly educed (
−
3.5%
±
4.4%;
p<0.05;
ES =−0.28
(95% CI:
−
0.43–0.97)), al hough accu acy was imp o ed (38.3%
±
81.4%: p<0.05)
a T48. Thus, he ini ial, p eseason RT bou comp omised agili y and spiking speed o se e al
days pos -exe cise. Con e sely, spiking accu acy imp o ed, sugges ing a speed–accu acy ade-o .
None heless, a leas a 48-h eco e y may be necessa y a e he ini ial RT bou o a hle es e u ning
om he o -season o inju y.
Keywo ds: s eng h aining; muscle damage; muscle so eness; jump; change-o -di ec ion
1. In oduc ion
Volleyball is a eam spo in ol ing high-in ensi y, in e mi en bou s o di e en ac i i ies,
in e spe sed wi h longe eco e y pe iods [
1
]. These epea ed, high-in ensi y bou s in ol e maximal
accele a ions, jumping, and change-o -di ec ion mo emen s in o de o success ully ecei e, block,
and spike he ball du ing a ma ch [
2
]. Thus, olleyball playe s a e commonly equi ed o unde ake
esis ance aining (RT) o de elop o ce– eloci y cha ac e is ics o pe o mance [
3
]. Howe e , RT can
also cause exe cise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), la gely in hose unaccus omed o his mode
o aining [
4
,
5
]. The common symp oms o EIMD include muscle so eness, inc eased leakage o
in amuscula p o eins in o he sys emic ci cula o y sys em (e.g., c ea ine kinase (CK)), and muscle
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020,17, 6448; doi:10.3390/ije ph17186448 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ije ph
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020,17, 6448 2 o 11
s i ness and a enua ion o muscula con ac ili y o 24–72 h pos -exe cise [
6
–
8
]. Whils no ully
unde s ood, i has been p oposed ha s enuous, eccen ic ac i i y may cause losses in o ce p oduc ion,
due o damage o he sa come es and impai ed exci a ion–con ac ion coupling p ocess [
9
]. In his
ega d, a hle es e u ning om inju ies, o he o -season, who a e empo a ily decondi ioned may
be suscep ible o symp oms o EIMD ollowing he ini ial RT bou [
10
]. Fo example, a ecen s udy
epo ed ha an RT bou caused high le els o EIMD symp oms in indi iduals p e iously exposed o
RT, ollowing 4 weeks o decondi ioning [
11
]. In addi ion, esis ance- ained indi iduals ha e been
shown o expe ience EIMD symp oms ollowing muscle-damaging p o ocols [
12
,
13
], demons a ing
ha EIMD may no be comple ely a oidable, i espec i e o aining backg ound, wi h g ea e
suscep ibili y o EIMD ollowing longe pe iods o decondi ioning [
11
]. Thus, eco e y dynamics
should be acu ely moni o ed ollowing RT, as p esence o EIMD may comp omise aining quali y, o
inc ease suscep ibili y o inju ies [14].
S udies ha e epo ed high le els o EIMD wi h concomi an impai men s in unning economy [
15
–
17
],
unning ime- ial pe o mance [
18
], and cycling pe o mance [
19
] o se e al days ollowing a bou o
esis ance exe cises. These indings sugges ha a bou o RT may impai he quali y o subsequen
endu ance aining sessions as a esul o EIMD symp oms [
10
]. Howe e , unning economy and
cycling pe o mance a e no indica i e o physical demands in olleyball, which equi es epea ed,
high-in ensi y ac i i ies in ol ing sp in ing, change-o -di ec ion speed, and spiking (i.e., hi ing he
ball) [2].
Mo e ecen ly, a s udy by de F ei as e al. [
20
] examined he acu e e ec s o i e days o in ensi ied
aining in a sample o six eli e, male olleyball playe s. The esul s o his p elimina y s udy [
20
]
demons a ed ha he aining p o ocol augmen ed indi ec muscle damage ma ke s (i.e., muscle
so eness, inc eased se um CK ac i i y, and high ci cum e ence), al hough su p isingly, squa jump and
agili y pe o mances, which a e conside ed impo an measu es o olleyball [
1
,
2
], we e no a ec ed.
These indings sugges ha de e minan s o olleyball pe o mance measu es may be una ec ed du ing
pe iods o EIMD in eli e, male olleyball playe s. Howe e , he aining p o ocol was inco po a ed
once a hle es esumed aining du ing he p e-season, sugges ing ha a hle es may ha e al eady been
condi ioned o high le els o EIMD, based on he epea ed bou e ec [
21
]. Examining he ini ial
bou o RT e u ning om he o -season may induce g ea e le els o EIMD, he eby inc easing he
possibili y o impai ing physical measu es pe inen o olleyball. Fu he mo e, symp oms o EIMD
ha e been demons a ed o be dis inc be ween sexes [
22
], and hus, acu e esponses o an RT session
may di e in emale olleyball playe s. Finally, no s udies ha e examined spiking abili y (i.e., ball
speed and accu acy) du ing pe iods o EIMD as a as we a e awa e, despi e his ask being conside ed
pa amoun du ing olleyball ma ches [
1
,
2
,
23
]. The e o e, he cu en s udy examined he eco e y
om a bou o ypical, whole body RT on de e minan s o olleyball pe o mance in eli e, emale
olleyball playe s e u ning om he o -season. I was hypo hesized ha a bou o RT will cause
EIMD, and concomi an ly impai olleyball-speci ic pe o mance measu es in eli e, emale olleyball
playe s decondi ioned due o he o -season.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Resea ch Design
This s udy was conduc ed as a epea ed measu es design ac oss wo weeks. The i s week
consis ed o a amilia iza ion session and a baseline assessmen session. Du ing he amilia iza ion
session, he a hle es we e acquain ed wi h all p o ocols inco po a ed in he s udy, and a one- epe i ion
maximum assessmen was conduc ed o all he esis ance exe cises pe o med du ing he subsequen
week. The baseline assessmen session (TBase) consis ed o indi ec muscle damage ma ke s, e ical
jump, agili y pe o mance, and spike-speci ic pe o mance p o ocols. Du ing he second week, a leas
h ee days ollowing TBase, a whole-body RT bou was unde aken, ollowed by assessmen sessions
equi alen o ha o he baseline assessmen session a 24 h (T24) and 48 h (T48) a e he RT bou .
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020,17, 6448 3 o 11
To minimize po en ial in luence o exe cise on EIMD, no aining was unde aken o up o 48 h
ollowing he RT bou .
2.2. Pa icipan s
The pa icipan s we e 16 emale college olleyball playe s (age 21
±
1 yea s; heigh 1.71
±
0.05 m; body
mass 77.8 ±12.6 kg) who compe ed in na ional le el compe i ions. All pa icipan s played olleyball
in highly compe i i e e en s o 10.2
±
2.7 yea s and had 5.5
±
2.1 yea s o expe ience unde aking
RT. A he ime o he s udy, hey we e e u ning om a 3-week o -season. Du ing he o -season, he
pa icipan s con inued unde aking olleyball-speci ic condi ioning (e.g., spiking, ecei ing, sp in ing)
1–2 imes pe week o h ee weeks, bu ei he e ained om a s uc u ed RT p og am, o subs an ially
educed hei RT olume by a leas hal , as ypically ins uc ed by olleyball coaches o o -season
eco e y. Once pa icipan s ecei ed he gene al backg ound o he s udy, es ing p ocedu es, and
po en ial isks in ol ed, hey p o ided in o med consen . All expe imen al p ocedu es we e app o ed
by he Expe imen E hics Commi ee o Chukyo Uni e si y (app o al numbe : 2019-13), and we e
conduc ed in acco dance wi h he Decla a ion o Helsinki.
2.3. Indi ec Muscle Damage Ma ke s
The indi ec muscle damage ma ke s included delayed onse o muscle so eness (DOMS) o
speci ic muscle g oups (i.e., quad iceps (DOMSQuad), glu eal muscles (DOMSG s), iceps (DOMST i),
abdominals (DOMSAbs), and squa so eness (DOMSSq )). The DOMS o each muscle g oup was
assessed wi h he ollowing echnique: DOMSQuad—isome ic con ac ion o he igh quad icep
muscles wi h he knee in an ex ended posi ion; DOMSG s—isome ically con ac ing he glu eal
muscles in a s anding posi ion; DOMST i—pe o mance o one push-up; DOMSAbs—pe o mance o
one si -up; and DOMSSq —o e all lowe body so eness du ing one bodyweigh squa . The le el o
DOMS was assessed using a isual analogue scale om 1–10, wi h 1 de ined as “no so eness” and
10 as “ e y, e y so e” [
15
,
21
]. The lowe body ange o mo emen was assessed using a s anda d
si -and- each (SR) es [24].
2.4. Spo -Speci ic Jump and Agili y
The spo -speci ic pe o mance measu es included he coun e mo emen jump (CMJ) es , un-up
jump p o ocols (VJRUN) and a T-agili y es p o ocol. The CMJ es was conduc ed wi h wo maximal
a emp s, in e spe sed using a cus om-buil e ical jump appa a us (Chukyo Uni e si y, Japan).
This e ical jump appa a us consis ed o a wooden pole sc ewed o a wall, a ached wi h pegs
sepa a ed by 1 cm. Pa icipan s we e p o ided wi h 30–60 s o es in-be ween each CMJ a emp ,
and he bes sco e was eco ded o la e analyses. To ensu e s anda diza ion, he pa icipan s we e
ins uc ed o main ain hei heels in con ac wi h he g ound du ing he eccen ic phases p io o ake-o ,
and o come o he loo wi h hei knees and ankles ully ex ended, sus aining a co ec pos u e and
body alignmen h oughou he mo emen . The VJRUN was comple ed by ha ing pa icipan s un
owa ds he e ical jump appa a us om a 3 m dis ance, lea ing he loo wi h wo ee (i.e., bila e al
jump) and apping he pegs wi h he hand used o spiking he ball [
25
]. Two a emp s we e p o ided
o he VJRUN, in e spe sed wi h app oxima ely 30–60 s o es , and he bes sco e was eco ded o
la e analyses. The VJRUN was included o measu e jump heigh du ing a ask ha eplica ed a
maneu e when spiking he ball du ing a olleyball ma ch, wi h excellen eliabili y as p e iously
epo ed [
25
]. The T-agili y es was conduc ed in a 10 m
×
10 m pe ime e , wi h excellen eliabili y,
as p e iously
epo ed [
26
]. To comple e he agili y cou se, he pa icipan s sp in ed o he cen e cone
(cone A), sides epped o he igh cone (cone B), sides epped o he a -le cone (cone C), sides epped
back o he cen e cone (cone A), and hen back-pedaled o he s a ing line. To ensu e amilia i y
wi h he p o ocol, he pa icipan s jogged a ound he cone a app oxima ely 50% o maximum e o ,
ollowed by app oxima ely 90% o maximum e o p io o eco ding he imes. Two minu es a e
his wa m-up, he pa icipan s comple ed wo a emp s a maximum e o , sepa a ed by a leas 2 min,
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020,17, 6448 4 o 11
wi h he bes ime eco ded o la e analyses. The comple ion ime o each ial was eco ded using
an elec onic iming ga e sys em (Swi Pe o mance, B isbane, Aus alia), which was s a ioned a he
s a ing line.
2.5. Spike-Speci ic Pe o mance
The spike-speci ic pe o mance es was unde aken on a s anda d olleyball cou (9 m
×
18 m) and
he ne heigh was se o emale olleyball playe s (2.24 m) [
27
]. As pa o he assessmen , pa icipan s
we e ins uc ed o spike he ball a a a ge o 6 m
×
3 m dimension (Figu e 1). The pa icipan s we e
allowed i e a emp s, and each a emp was sco ed wi h a dicho omous pa ame e o “success ul” o
“unsuccess ul”. The pa icipan s we e no p o ided wi h ex a a emp s, i espec i e o he quali y o
each se . The ball speed o each spike was also measu ed wi h a speed gun (S alke ATS II, Texas,
USA), a a sampling a e o 100 Hz. The same se e passed he ball o he pa icipan o ensu e
s anda diza ion ac oss each ial. Acco ding o a p e ious s udy [27], his spike-speci ic pe o mance
p o ocol has been epo ed wi h excellen eliabili y in a simila coho o emale olleyball playe s.
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, x 4 o 12
2.5. Spike-Speci ic Pe o mance
The spike-speci ic pe o mance es was unde aken on a s anda d olleyball cou (9 m × 18 m)
and he ne heigh was se o emale olleyball playe s (2.24 m) [27]. As pa o he assessmen ,
pa icipan s we e ins uc ed o spike he ball a a a ge o 6 m × 3 m dimension (Figu e 1). The
pa icipan s we e allowed i e a emp s, and each a emp was sco ed wi h a dicho omous pa ame e
o “success ul” o “unsuccess ul”. The pa icipan s we e no p o ided wi h ex a a emp s,
i espec i e o he quali y o each se . The ball speed o each spike was also measu ed wi h a speed
gun (S alke ATS II, Texas, USA), a a sampling a e o 100 Hz. The same se e passed he ball o he
pa icipan o ensu e s anda diza ion ac oss each ial. Acco ding o a p e ious s udy [27], his spike-
speci ic pe o mance p o ocol has been epo ed wi h excellen eliabili y in a simila coho o emale
olleyball playe s.
Figu e 1. The schema ic o he olleyball-speci ic pe o mance p o ocol wi h he cou shown om
he op- iew and he do ed g ey lines displaying he a ge a ea.
2.6. Repe i ion Maximum Assessmen
The pa icipan s commenced wi h a p og essi e wa m-up by jogging a a sel -selec ed pace o
2–3 min, ollowed by dynamic s e ches o he uppe and lowe ex emi ies (i.e., leg and a m swings,
body weigh squa s, and al e na ing lunges). A e he wa m-up, he 1RM es s we e conduc ed in
he ollowing o de : powe cleans, deadli s, sea ed dumbbell shoulde p ess, and back squa s, as in
p e iously-desc ibed me hods [21]. Speci ically, he pa icipan s unde ook wa m-up se s o 10
epe i ions o each exe cise a app oxima ely 50–60% o hei p e iously eco ded 1RM, ollowed by
2–3 epe i ions a 75–80% o 1RM. A e 2–3 min o eco e y, pa icipan s a emp ed hei 1RM o
each exe cise. Loads we e al e ed by 5–15% i pa icipan s pe cei ed he load o be excessi ely ligh
o hea y, wi h app oxima ely 5 min o es p o ided in-be ween each a emp and exe cise.
Figu e 1.
The schema ic o he olleyball-speci ic pe o mance p o ocol wi h he cou shown om he
op- iew and he do ed g ey lines displaying he a ge a ea.
2.6. Repe i ion Maximum Assessmen
The pa icipan s commenced wi h a p og essi e wa m-up by jogging a a sel -selec ed pace o
2–3 min, ollowed by dynamic s e ches o he uppe and lowe ex emi ies (i.e., leg and a m swings,
body weigh squa s, and al e na ing lunges). A e he wa m-up, he 1RM es s we e conduc ed
in he ollowing o de : powe cleans, deadli s, sea ed dumbbell shoulde p ess, and back squa s,
as in p e iously-desc ibed me hods [
21
]. Speci ically, he pa icipan s unde ook wa m-up se s o
10 epe i ions o each exe cise a app oxima ely 50–60% o hei p e iously eco ded 1RM, ollowed

In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020,17, 6448 5 o 11
by 2–3 epe i ions a 75–80% o 1RM. A e 2–3 min o eco e y, pa icipan s a emp ed hei 1RM o
each exe cise. Loads we e al e ed by 5–15% i pa icipan s pe cei ed he load o be excessi ely ligh o
hea y, wi h app oxima ely 5 min o es p o ided in-be ween each a emp and exe cise.
2.7. Resis ance T aining Bou
The RT bou consis ed o uppe and lowe body exe cises, which we e pe o med in o de : powe
cleans ( h ee se s o i e epe i ions a 80% o 1RM), deadli ( i e se s o i e epe i ions a 80% o 1RM),
dumbbell shoulde p ess ( h ee se s o en epe i ions a 70% o 1RM), back squa s ( i e se s o i e
epe i ions a 80% o 1RM), and dumbbell lunges ( ou se s o en epe i ions on each leg a ~40% o
body mass). App oxima ely wo minu es o es was p o ided in-be ween each se o each exe cise.
I pa icipan s pe cei ed ha hey we e able o unde ake mo e o he assigned epe i ions in a se ,
o we e unable o comple e he assigned epe i ions in a se , he load was adjus ed by 2–5% o he
subsequen wo king se s.
2.8. S a is ical Analysis
The con inuous measu es we e epo ed as mean
±
s anda d de ia ion, and he accu acy o he
spiking p o ocol (i.e., success ul e sus unsuccess ul) was epo ed as equencies ia a c oss- abula ed
able. Da a no mali y was checked using he Shapi o–Wilk es , and hen analyzed using he S a is ical
Package o Social Sciences (SPSS, IBM, 25). A wo-way (day
×
spike) epea ed measu es analysis o
a iance (ANOVA) was used o compa e ball speed o he olleyball-speci ic pe o mance p o ocol
be ween es ing days (i.e., TBASE, T24, and T48) and he i e spiking a emp s on each day. A one-way
epea ed measu es ANOVA was hen conduc ed o DOMS and SR and he spo -speci ic pe o mance
measu es (i.e., CMJ, VJRUN, and agili y). Fo pos -hoc analyses o he epea ed measu es ANOVA,
Bon e onni’s pai wise compa ison was employed. E ec size (ES; Cohen’s d) wi h 95% con idence
in e al (CI) was also calcula ed o examine he magni ude o di e ences in he dependen measu es
o in e ac ion and main e ec s, wi h 0.2 conside ed as a small ES,
≥
0.5 as a mode a e ES, and
≥
0.8 as a
la ge ES [
28
]. To compa e he success a e o he spiking p o ocol, a McNema es was used be ween
he days (i.e., TBASE, T24, and T48). The alpha le el was se a 0.05 o all analyses.
3. Resul s
3.1. Indi ec Muscle Damage Ma ke s
Signi ican inc eases in all DOMS measu es we e also obse ed a T24 and T48 when compa ed o
TBase (p<0.01; Table 1) wi h la ge ES (1.47–2.57; Table 2), al hough no di e ences we e ound be ween
T24 and T48 (p>0.05) wi h small ES (0.02–0.47; Table 2).
Table 1.
The mean
±
s anda d de ia ion o he indi ec muscle damage ma ke s o delayed onse o
muscle so eness (DOMS) and si -and- each (SR) a baseline (TBase), 24 h (T24), and 48 h (T48) a e he
RT bou .
Measu es TBase T24 T48
DOMSSq 1.94 ±0.77 4.44 ±1.79 * 5.25 ±1.65 *
DOMSQuad 1.31 ±0.70 4.75 ±2.14 * 4.81 ±2.76 *
DOMSG s 1.19 ±0.40 4.44 ±2.52 * 4.38 ±2.53 *
DOMST i 1.50 ±0.73 4.13 ±2.45 * 3.81 ±2.10 *
DOMSAbs 1.19 ±0.40 3.25 ±2.14 * 3.69 ±2.41 *
SR 49.1 ±9.5 52.8 ±8.5 53.0 ±8.1
DOMSSq —o e all delayed onse o muscle so eness o he lowe body; DOMSQuad—delayed onse o muscle
so eness in he quad iceps; DOMSG s—delayed onse o muscle so eness in he glu eal muscles; DOMST i—delayed
onse o muscle so eness in he iceps; DOMSAbs—delayed onse o muscle so eness o he abdominal muscles.
* Signi ican ly di e en om TBase (p<0.05).
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020,17, 6448 6 o 11
Table 2.
The e ec size calcula ions (95% con idence in e als) be ween baseline (T
Base
), 24 h (T
24
), and
48 h (T48) a e he RT bou o delayed onse o muscle so eness measu es and si -and- each (SR).
Measu es TBase-T24 TBase-T48 T24-T48
DOMSSq 1.81 (0.95–2.59) †2.57 (1.58–3.43) †0.47 (−1.16–0.24)
DOMSQuad 2.16 (1.24–2.97) †1.74 (0.89–2.50) †0.02 (−0.72–0.67)
DOMSG s 2.25 (1.32–3.07) †1.76 (0.91–2.53) †0.03 (−0.67–0.72)
DOMST i 1.45 (0.64–2.19) †1.47 (0.66–2.21) †0.14 (−0.56–0.83)
DOMSAbs 1.34 (0.54–2.07) †1.45 (−0.64–2.19) †0.19 (−0.88–0.51)
SR 0.41 (−1.10–0.30) 0.44 (−1.13–0.27) 0.02 (−0.72–0.67)
DOMS
Sq
—o e all delayed onse o muscle so eness o he lowe body; DOMS
Quad
—delayed onse o muscle
so eness in he quad iceps; DOMS
G s
—delayed onse o muscle so eness in he glu eal muscles; DOMS
T i
—delayed
onse o muscle so eness in he iceps; DOMS
Abs
—delayed onse o muscle so eness o he abdominal muscles.
†La ge e ec s.
3.2. Spo -Speci ic and Spike-Speci ic Pe o mance Measu es
The CMJ exhibi ed no di e ences a T24 (p>0.05; Figu e 2) and T48 (p>0.05) when compa ed o
TBase wi h small ES (0.08 and 0.14, espec i ely), and be ween T24 and T48 (p>0.05) wi h a small
ES (0.07). Fo VJRUN, no signi ican di e ences we e ound a T24 (p>0.05; ES =0.05 (95% CI:
−
0.75–0.64); Figu e 3) and T48 (p>0.05; ES =0.08 (95% CI:
−
0.77–0.62)) when compa ed o TBase,
and be ween T24 and T48 (p>0.05; ES =0.02 (95% CI:
−
0.71–0.67)). Howe e , ime- o-comple ion o
he T-agili y es signi ican ly inc eased a T48 when compa ed o TBase (p=0.04; ES =0.30 (95% CI:
−
0.99–0.40); Figu e 2), al hough no di e ences we e ound be ween TBase and T24 (p>0.05; ES =0.10
(95% CI:
−
0.80–0.59)) and be ween T24 and T48 (p>0.05; ES =0.20 (95% CI:
−
0.89–0.50)). The e
was no in e ac ion e ec o he ball speed du ing he spike-speci ic pe o mance p o ocol (p=0.57;
Figu e 3), wi h no main e ec s be ween spiking a emp s (p=0.11). Howe e , a main e ec was ound
be ween days (p=0.04; Figu e 3), wi h signi ican ly slowe ball speed a T48 (58.0
±
7.7 km
·
h
−1
) when
compa ed o TBase (60.0
±
6.7 km
·
h
−1
;p=0.02; ES =(95% CI:
−
0.43–0.97)). Fo he accu acy o he
spike-speci ic pe o mance p o ocol, he e was a signi ican ly g ea e numbe o success ul a emp s a
T48 (87.5%) when compa ed o TBase (73.8%; p=0.03), al hough he pa icipan s exhibi ed a simila
numbe o success ul a emp s be ween TBase and T24 (78.8%; p=0.60) and be ween T24 and T48
(p=0.19).
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, x 7 o 12
Figu e 2. The spo -speci ic pe o mance measu es o coun e mo emen jump ( op), un-up e ical
jump (middle), and T-agili y pe o mance p o ocol (bo om) be ween baseline (TBase) and 24 h pos
esis ance aining (RT) (T24) abo e he ba , be ween TBase and 48 h pos RT (T48) abo e he ba , and
be ween T24 and T48 in-be ween he ba s. * Signi ican ly di e en om TBase (p < 0.05).
Figu e 2. Con .
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020,17, 6448 7 o 11
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, x 7 o 12
Figu e 2. The spo -speci ic pe o mance measu es o coun e mo emen jump ( op), un-up e ical
jump (middle), and T-agili y pe o mance p o ocol (bo om) be ween baseline (TBase) and 24 h pos
esis ance aining (RT) (T24) abo e he ba , be ween TBase and 48 h pos RT (T48) abo e he ba , and
be ween T24 and T48 in-be ween he ba s. * Signi ican ly di e en om TBase (p < 0.05).
Figu e 2.
The spo -speci ic pe o mance measu es o coun e mo emen jump ( op), un-up e ical
jump (middle), and T-agili y pe o mance p o ocol (bo om) be ween baseline (TBase) and 24 h pos
esis ance aining (RT) (T24) abo e he ba , be ween TBase and 48 h pos RT (T48) abo e he ba , and
be ween T24 and T48 in-be ween he ba s. * Signi ican ly di e en om TBase (p<0.05).
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020, 17, x 8 o 12
Figu e 3. The pe cen age change in ball speed du ing he spiking pe o mance es a 24 h (T24) and
48 h (T48) ollowing he RT bou . * Signi ican ly less han TBase as a main e ec be ween days (p <
0.05).
4. Discussion
The cu en s udy shows ha he p esen RT bou -induced DOMS o he uppe , unk, and lowe
body and impai ed se e al mo emen demands ypically obse ed du ing a olleyball ma ch (i.e.,
agili y and ball speed du ing a spike-speci ic pe o mance ask). Howe e , no di e ences we e ound
in e ical jump pe o mance measu es, whils imp o emen s we e obse ed in spike accu acy.
Acco dingly, su icien eco e y should be conside ed when inco po a ing cou -speci ic
condi ioning exe cises ha in ol e change-o -di ec ion mo emen s and spiking d ills ollowing he
ini ial RT bou o eli e, emale olleyball playe s e u ning om he o -season.
In he cu en s udy, he p esence o DOMS is pa icula ly in e es ing, gi en ha he pa icipan s
we e esis ance- ained wi h only h ee weeks o decondi ioning as a esul o he o -season. As a
as we a e awa e, no s udies ha e acu ely moni o ed indi ec muscle damage ma ke s in eli e,
esis ance- ained a hle es e u ning om he o -season. Whils i has been epo ed ha indi iduals
exposed o RT a e p o ec ed om symp oms o EIMD o 6–9 mon hs pos -exe cise due o he
epea ed bou e ec [29], ou indings show ha h ee weeks o absence om, o educed olume o ,
RT is su icien o cause low- o-mode a e le els o EIMD in highly esis ance- ained a hle es.
P e iously, Hassan [11] examined EIMD symp oms ac oss wo bou s o RT, wi h he wo RT bou s
sepa a ed by wo weeks in one g oup, and by ou weeks in ano he g oup. The esul s showed ha
he g oup who unde ook he wo RT bou s ac oss wo weeks exhibi ed a enua ed symp oms o
DOMS ollowing he second bou o esis ance exe cises. Howe e , his epea ed bou e ec
phenomenon was no obse ed o he o he g oup, wi h compa able le els o ele a ed DOMS
be ween he esis ance exe cise bou s. Thus, ou indings a e in acco dance wi h he esul s by Hassan
[11], whe eby se e al weeks o decondi ioning may inc ease suscep ibili y o RT-induced DOMS.
Whils DOMS was ele a ed as a esul o he RT bou , CMJ and VJRUN we e unpe u bed in he
cu en s udy. These indings we e unexpec ed, gi en ha symp oms o DOMS ha e been shown o
impai muscula con ac ili y [30,31]. Fu he mo e, he cu en indings di e o hose by p e ious
s udies, wi h impai ed jumping capabili ies du ing pe iods o EIMD as a esul o lowe body RT o
48 h pos -exe cise [21,32]. The disc epancy in indings be ween he cu en s udy, and hose by o he s
[21,32] may be due o dis inc amilia i y o jumping ask cons ain s, o di e ences on me hods o
e alua ion. Fo example, s udies ha ha e epo ed comp omise in jump heigh o se e al days
ollowing an RT bou we e mode a ely- ained unne s [21,32], wi h no RT backg ounds. In
compa ison, he pa icipan s in he cu en s udy we e highly anae obically- ained, wi h excep ional
jumping capabili ies due o he equi emen o his ask cons ain in olleyball [33]. Thus, i is
possible ha he pa icipan s in ou s udy managed o al e hei jumping mechanics in o de o
gene a e simila pe o mance ou comes. In ac , Ga he cole e al. [34] epo ed ha bo h kine ic (i.e.,
Figu e 3.
The pe cen age change in ball speed du ing he spiking pe o mance es a 24 h (T24) and
48 h (T48) ollowing he RT bou . * Signi ican ly less han TBase as a main e ec be ween days (p<0.05).
4. Discussion
The cu en s udy shows ha he p esen RT bou -induced DOMS o he uppe , unk, and
lowe body and impai ed se e al mo emen demands ypically obse ed du ing a olleyball ma ch
(i.e., agili y and ball speed du ing a spike-speci ic pe o mance ask). Howe e , no di e ences we e
ound in e ical jump pe o mance measu es, whils imp o emen s we e obse ed in spike accu acy.
Acco dingly, su icien eco e y should be conside ed when inco po a ing cou -speci ic condi ioning
exe cises ha in ol e change-o -di ec ion mo emen s and spiking d ills ollowing he ini ial RT bou
o eli e, emale olleyball playe s e u ning om he o -season.
In he cu en s udy, he p esence o DOMS is pa icula ly in e es ing, gi en ha he pa icipan s
we e esis ance- ained wi h only h ee weeks o decondi ioning as a esul o he o -season.
As a as
we
a e awa e, no s udies ha e acu ely moni o ed indi ec muscle damage ma ke s in eli e, esis ance- ained
a hle es e u ning om he o -season. Whils i has been epo ed ha indi iduals exposed o RT a e
p o ec ed om symp oms o EIMD o 6–9 mon hs pos -exe cise due o he epea ed bou e ec [
29
],
ou indings show ha h ee weeks o absence om, o educed olume o , RT is su icien o cause
low- o-mode a e le els o EIMD in highly esis ance- ained a hle es. P e iously, Hassan [
11
] examined
EIMD symp oms ac oss wo bou s o RT, wi h he wo RT bou s sepa a ed by wo weeks in one g oup,
and by ou weeks in ano he g oup. The esul s showed ha he g oup who unde ook he wo
RT bou s ac oss wo weeks exhibi ed a enua ed symp oms o DOMS ollowing he second bou o
esis ance exe cises. Howe e , his epea ed bou e ec phenomenon was no obse ed o he o he
g oup, wi h compa able le els o ele a ed DOMS be ween he esis ance exe cise bou s. Thus, ou
In . J. En i on. Res. Public Heal h 2020,17, 6448 8 o 11
indings a e in acco dance wi h he esul s by Hassan [
11
], whe eby se e al weeks o decondi ioning
may inc ease suscep ibili y o RT-induced DOMS.
Whils DOMS was ele a ed as a esul o he RT bou , CMJ and VJRUN we e unpe u bed
in he cu en s udy. These indings we e unexpec ed, gi en ha symp oms o DOMS ha e been
shown o impai muscula con ac ili y [
30
,
31
]. Fu he mo e, he cu en indings di e o hose by
p e ious s udies, wi h impai ed jumping capabili ies du ing pe iods o EIMD as a esul o lowe
body RT o 48 h pos -exe cise [
21
,
32
]. The disc epancy in indings be ween he cu en s udy, and
hose by o he s [
21
,
32
] may be due o dis inc amilia i y o jumping ask cons ain s, o di e ences
on me hods o e alua ion. Fo example, s udies ha ha e epo ed comp omise in jump heigh o
se e al days ollowing an RT bou we e mode a ely- ained unne s [
21
,
32
], wi h no RT backg ounds.
In compa ison,
he pa icipan s in he cu en s udy we e highly anae obically- ained, wi h excep ional
jumping capabili ies due o he equi emen o his ask cons ain in olleyball [
33
]. Thus, i is possible
ha he pa icipan s in ou s udy managed o al e hei jumping mechanics in o de o gene a e simila
pe o mance ou comes. In ac , Ga he cole e al. [
34
] epo ed ha bo h kine ic (i.e., powe p oduc ion)
and kinema ic (i.e., con ac ime) pa ame e s exhibi ed g ea e pe o mance dec emen , wi h only
i ial changes in jump heigh du ing a coun e mo emen jump p o ocol o up o 72 h ollowing
a a iguing exe cise. This phenomenon has been con i med by a ecen s udy [
35
], whe e kine ic
pa ame e s du ing a CMJ p o ocol we e highly dependen on he aining backg ound o a hle es
(i.e., endu ance and anae obic a hle es), and independen o jump pe o mance, pe se. The e o e,
i is likely ha ou a hle es al e ed hei jumping s a egy o main ain jump heigh , al hough u he
esea ch examining kine ic pa ame e s o jumping asks du ing pe iods o EIMD is wa an ed in
anae obically- ained a hle es.
As opposed o he CMJ and VJRUN, agili y pe o mance was impai ed ollowing he bou o RT.
This disc epancy be ween VJRUN and agili y pe o mance may be due o di e ences in he complexi y
o he ask cons ain s. Fo example, ou pa icipan s we e amilia wi h agili y asks, as change
o di ec ion capabili ies a e essen ial in olleyball [
23
], simila o ha o jumping asks. Howe e ,
hey may no ha e been able o s a egically al e hei echnique wi h he agili y p o ocol du ing he
pe iod o EIMD, as change o di ec ion is a complex ask equi ing synch oniza ion o se e al body
pa s [
36
], compa ed o ha o linea sp in ing and e ical jump. In ac , o he s udies ha e also shown
impai ed agili y pe o mance du ing pe iods o EIMD amongs eli e a hle es ha equi e high le els o
agili y, including emale baske ball playe s [
37
] and male socce playe s [
38
]. The po en ial mechanism
o his dec emen in change o di ec ion speed has been pos ula ed due o a comp omise in lowe body
muscula unc ion [
37
,
38
]. Indeed, lowe body muscula s eng h and powe ha e been co ela ed
wi h measu es o se e al agili y p o ocols [
39
,
40
], demons a ing ha exe cise-induced educ ion in
muscula unc ion may cause de imen al e ec s on agili y pe o mance.
In e es ingly, de F ei as e al. [
20
] ecen ly epo ed ha EIMD caused no di e ences in agili y
pe o mance in eli e, male olleyball playe s. The e may be se e al easons o he disc epancy be ween
he cu en indings and hose by de F ei as e al. [
20
]. Fi s ly, de F ei as e al. [
20
] conduc ed hei s udy
in he second week o he p e-season, and epo ed ha hei pa icipan s had al eady commenced
aining. The e o e, his p e ious exposu e o RT may ha e minimized po en ial muscle-damaging
e ec s on agili y pe o mance due o he epea ed bou e ec [
32
]. In ac , DOMS in he lowe body
was wo old g ea e in ou s udy (~5 ou o 10), when compa ed o pa icipan s in he s udy by de
F ei as e al.
[
20
] (~2.25 ou o 10) du ing he same pe iod o EIMD (i.e., 24–48 h pos -exe cise). Secondly,
de F ei as e al. [
20
] only included six pa icipan s, which he au ho s acknowledged was he limi ing
ac o o hei s udy. Con e sely, he cu en s udy had almos h ee old he numbe o pa icipan s
(
n=16)
, which may ha e p o ided su icien s a is ical powe o de ec di e ences be ween ime poin s.
Despi e equi ocal indings wi h li e a u e in eli e olleyball playe s, ou indings sugges ha he
ini ial RT bou comp omises agili y pe o mance o up o 48 h pos -exe cise ollowing se e al weeks
o o -season- ela ed decondi ioning.