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The Cumula i e Cybe De e ence
© 2022 In e na ional Con e ence on Cybe Wa a e and Secu i y
Published e sion
Tu unen, Maija; Ka i, Ma i
Tu unen, M., & Ka i, M. (2022). The Cumula i e Cybe De e ence. In R. P. G i in, U. Ta a and,
& B. Yankson (Eds.), ICCWS 2022 : P oceedings o he 17 h In e na ional Con e ence on Cybe
Wa a e and Secu i y (17, pp. 433-439). Academic Con e ences In e na ional. The p oceedings
o he 17 h in e na ional con e ence on cybe wa a e and secu i y.
h ps://doi.o g/10.34190/iccws.17.1.55
2022
The Cumula i e Cybe De e ence
Maija Tu unen and Ma i J. Ka i
Finnish Na ional De ence Uni e si y,Finland
Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland
[email p o ec ed]
[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : The cumula i e cybe de e ence can be seen as a concep in which inc easing he weigh o di e en means and
hei use inc eases he de e en e ec on a common le el o on selec ed ad e sa ies. Cumula i e cybe de e ence may
include all adi ional op ions o de e ence, and can be ac i e o passi e. Ac i e de e ence can be cha ac e ized as a ge ing
speci ic h ea s and ac o s, as a de e en consis ing o se e al di e en me hods, while passi e de e ence is a o m o
de e ence commonly a ge ed a all he po en ial ad e sa ies. The cumula i e cybe de e ence can be an independen ype
o de e ence o pa o a s a e’s o e all de e ence. This pape app oaches he concep o cumula i e cybe de e ence om
a mili a y pe spec i e. The pu pose is o de e mine wha ac o s can be o med by cumula i e cybe de e ence. I desc ibes
how cumula i e de e ence will change and be a ec ed and wha p oblems can be associa ed wi h ha concep . The aim is
o ind answe s o hese ques ions by looking a he way how Is ael and Russia use cumula i e cybe de e ence as pa o
hei o e all de e ence. In i s heo e ical con ex , his pape is based on he heo y o he cha ac e o wa . Th ough he
heo y o cha ac e o wa and u ilizing he concep o e lexi e con ol, an a emp is made o explain he posi ion o
cumula i e cybe de e ence as pa o o e all de e ence. In eg a i e li e a u e analysis has been used as he esea ch
me hod. The key conclusion o he pape is ha c ea ing a c edible cybe de e en is an a ec and cos -e ec i e way o
inc ease o e all de e ence. Howe e , his p esupposes ha he s a e also has o ensi e cybe me hods a i s disposal and is
able o c edibly communica e hei exis ence and he will o use hem i necessa y. The concep o cumula i e cybe
de e ence depends on he o he means o de e ence a ailable o he s a e. Bo h Is ael and Russia ha e all hese quali ies.
A key di e ence in he de e ence s a egies o hese s a es is ha Is ael uses cumula i e me hods o make i clea whe e
he ed lines a e, while Russia’s s a egic goal is o blu hem.
Keywo ds: Cybe De e ence, Russia, Is ael, Red Lines
1. In oduc ion
Cybe space is a dynamic, agg ega ed and apidly changing ba le domain wi h a wide ange o ac o s and h ea s.
The cybe de e en may be pa o he s a e’s o e all de e ence o jus pa o mili a y de e ence. The cybe
de e en may be a ge ed solely agains a acks in he cybe domain, o i may include a puni i e elemen
agains hos ile ac s in o he domains as well.
An o e all de e ence o es ain c ea ed by he s a e can consis o a combina ion o poli ical, mili a y,
in o ma ional, diploma ic, inancial, in elligence, economic, legal, and de elopmen al me hods and measu es.
The use o cybe measu es is gene ally conside ed a mili a y, in elligence o in o ma ion me hod, e en hough
he objec i es may be, o example, poli ical o diploma ic. In his pape , cybe me hods a e discussed as pa o
o e all mili a y de e ence. The hypo he ical ques ion is i cybe me hods can c ea e an de ached de e en ha
is independen om o he o ces o weapon sys ems, o example, i an ad e sa y is led o belie e ha someone
has access o i s C2ISR (Command, Con ol, In elligence, Su eillance, Reconnaissance) sys ems and hos ile
beha io will esul in punishmen in hose sys ems.
In he cybe wa a e, he a ge s o ope a ions can be a ied: a acking he in o ma ion a ailable o he
ad e sa y, blu ing he si ua ional awa eness and pe cep ion o he wa cha ac e ; in e e ing wi h o pa alyzing
he ope a ion o he ad e sa y’s command, con ol, su eillance and weapon sys ems; obs uc ing o impeding
he use o he ad e sa y’s c i ical in as uc u e; (A quilla & Ron eld, 1993, 31, 33) c ea ing an an i-access/a ea
denial (A2/AD) ba le domain and/o c ea ing access o an ad e sa y’s A2/AD mode, and so on. In he concep
o cumula i e cybe de e ence, hese a ge s can be alued and he o ce used o coun e measu es adjus ed
acco dingly.
The au ho s conside ha cybe de e ence can be seen as consis ing o he s a egic, ope a ional, ac ical and
echnological capabili ies o he s a e o i s allies, he abili y o de elop hem, he c edible communica ion o
hei exis ence and he willingness o use hem when necessa y. These capabili ies, he p inciples o use hem,
and a ge s a y a di e en le els. The s a e can s a egically communica e i s cybe de e ence h ough, o
example, s a emen s om i s poli ical o mili a y leade ship (will), s a egy pape s, legisla ion (plans), mili a y
exe cises o e en i s ope a ions (capabili y).
P oceedings o he 17 h In e na ional Con e ence on In o ma ion Wa a e and Secu i y, 2022
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Maija Tu unen and Ma i J. Ka i
When ac ing a he ope a ional le el, he de e en can be con olled using de ensi e, o ensi e o command
and con ol sys em ope a ions o , mo e speci ically and especially in connec ion wi h de e ence, lexible
de ence ope a ions (FDO) and lexible esponse ope a ions (FRO). They bo h p o ide he abili y o scale up
(escala e) o de-escala e based on con inuous assessmen o an ad e sa y’s ac ions and eac ion (JP 3-0, 2017,
VIII-9). U.S. Depa men o De ense Science Boa d (2017, 15) highligh s he impo ance o main ain scalable
o ensi e cybe capabili ies as an in eg al pa o i s cybe de e ence pos u e. This equi es he c edibili y and
explainabili y o cybe coun e a acks and esponses. On he ope a ional le el, he iming and ope a ional
complexi y o cybe ope a ions a e emphasized (Schulze, 2020, 193).
The ac ical le el capabili ies like ope a ions con ol- and execu ion a e ypically unique and he use o he o ce
and cybe me hods by si ua ion based. The p oblem wi h using ac ical le el capabili ies is ha hey can usually
only be used once (Schulze, 2020, 192). The exis ence, o lack he eo , o echnical capabili ies is well sui ed o
he clandes ine and co e wo ld o cybe in luencing. One way o ge in o ma ion abou echnological
capabili ies is analyzing comple ed ope a ions o some hing abou he po en ial capabili ies o a s a e can be
deduced by analyzing i s coope a i e and alliance ela ions.
1.1 Theo e ical backg ound and esea ch me hodology
This esea ch applies he heo y o he cha ac e o wa o cumula i e cybe de e ence. The cha ac e o wa
can be de ined as he pe cep ions in he in e na ional sys em o he na u e, needs and possibili ies o he use o
a med o ces, as well as he e ec i e p inciples and ope a ing models o he a med o ces (Rai asalo e al, 2008,
9). The use o he concep o e lexi e con ol seeks o in luence he ad e sa y’s si ua ional awa eness and, mo e
b oadly, he pe cep ion o he cha ac e o wa . The concep o e lexi e con ol has been designed o be
execu ed a s a egic, ope a ional, and ac ical le els (Kasapoglu, 2015, 5).
The concep o e lexi e con ol consis s o analyzing an ad e sa y’s beha io , ideas and p ac ices and hen ying
o in luence hem. Re lexi i y e e s o he c ea ion o a pa icula pa e n o beha io in a sys em ha is sough
o be in luenced and con olled ( he objec i e sys em). I akes in o accoun he ac ha he objec sys em has
a si ua ion pic u e ha is also assumed o a ec he ad e sa y’s leade ship o sociopoli ical sys em. Re lexi e
con ol u ilizes mo al, psychological, and o he ac o s as well as he pe sonal quali ies o leade s. The concep
o e lexi e con ol can be seen as c ea ing a amewo k o ac ion aimed a in luencing he ac ion o an
ad e sa y so ha i olun a ily begins o ac in he desi ed way (Thomas, 2004, 237–242).
The concep o e lexi e con ol plays a cen al ole in Russian a o wa a e, which is also in luenced by s a egic
cul u e. Ka i (2019, 71; Johns on, 1995) explains s a egic cul u e as a se o pe sis en and consis en his o ical
pa e ns o how s a e leade ship hinks abou he use o o ce o achie e poli ical goals. The p e e ences
o igina e in he his o ical expe iences ela ed o he h ea and use o o ce by he s a e and a e in luenced by
he philosophical, poli ical, cul u al, and cogni i e expe iences and cha ac e is ics o he s a e.
In eg a i e li e a u e analysis has been used as he esea ch me hod. By in eg a ing and analyzing he li e a u e
on de e ence in gene al and cybe de e ence in pa icula a ound he esea ch ques ion "Cumula i e Cybe
De e ence", he aim is o posi ion he examina ion o he esea ch ques ion as pa o he scien i ic deba e on
he opic.
2. The Concep o Cybe De e ence
The concep o cybe de e ence has been discussed in he li e a u e: can i be an independen de e en , pa
o ano he de e en o does i exis a all? Acco ding o Soesan o and Smee s (2020, 392-394), iews on his
issue can be oughly di ided in o h ee g oups: (1) cybe de e ence unc ions akin o con en ional de e ence;
(2) cybe de e ence ea u es as unique issues because cybe space is ma kedly di e en om he adi ional
domains; and (3) cybe de e ence is impossible.
Analyzing hese iews, he au ho s es ima ed ha he cybe de e en in i s objec i es co esponds o a
con en ional de e en . Gene ally, de e ence means p e en ing an ad e sa y om aking undesi ed ac ion. The
gene al heo y o de e ence is de ined as he use o means o decisi e in luence o e an ad e sa y’s decision-
making. T adi ional de e ence is based on an ad e sa y’s pe cep ion ha a h ea o e alia ion exis s, o he
planned a ack o o he ac ion canno be success ul o he cos s o he a ack ou weigh he bene i s (Jaspe ,
2018, 161). Fu he mo e, Goodman (2010, 108) highligh s ha “in addi ion o s ong denial measu es, classical
P oceedings o he 17 h In e na ional Con e ence on In o ma ion Wa a e and Secu i y, 2022
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Maija Tu unen and Ma i J. Ka i
de e ence heo y demands ha penal y measu es be ce ain, se e e, and immedia e; howe e , cybe
de e ence emphasizes ce ain y mo e so han se e i y o immediacy.”
Compa ed o land, ai , sea, and space domains, he cybe domain is di e en , because changes he e can occu
e y as and comes unno iced. The e a e mo e po en ial ad e sa ies and he cybe weapons hey use may be
unknown. I is p ecisely because o his cons an ac i i y in cybe space and i s apid pace o change, o example,
ha Williams (2017) is skep ical o he de e en ’s unc ionali y in cybe space as an ope a ional en i onmen
because he sees an absence o ac ion as an indica ion o de e en e ec i eness. Ins ead Nye (2016, 46) w i es,
“The e m ‘cybe de e ence’ can be con using because heo is s end o ocus on in-kind o in-domain
de e ence a he han on a b oad ange o ools ha can be used bo h ac i ely and passi ely and wi h g adua ed
e ec s.” Denning (2015, 11–15) sees he concep o cybe de e ence as p oblema ic because i is so b oad.
Acco ding o Denning, one possible app oach is o ocus on classes o cybe -weapons and ac i i ies in
cybe space.
I we hink ha cybe -a acks a e always aimed di ec ly a in o ma ion and indi ec ly a use s o in o ma ion,
one can ag ee wi h Nye’s iews: weapon sys ems in all ypes o weapons and hei use s need he igh
in o ma ion. By blocking ( om people o weapons) access o his in o ma ion o making i un eliable, i is
possible o in luence om cybe domain o he o he domains. As wi h o he domains, i is possible o in luence
a cybe domain, o example, by des oying pa s o psycho-physical laye .
To (2015, 107–108) has lis ed i e basic p inciples o he cumula i e de e ence pa adigm ha mus be adap ed
o he cybe domain. They a e as ollows:
• A s a egic message ega ding he ‘ ed lines’ o he de e ing pa y;
• An abili y and willingness o ca y ou a acks on i als, and o se a ‘p ice ag’ on cybe a acks;
• An abili y and willingness o h ea en and demons a e capabili ies bo h in cybe and h ough mili a y
ools o h ough diploma ic and inancial ools;
• O e whelming sup emacy in cybe space; and
• The e o o build a mo e obus and secu e cybe in as uc u e h ough cons an de elopmen o
echnology and p o ec ion me hods.
Achie ing o e whelming sup emacy in cybe space is qui e un ealis ic due o he complexi y o cybe space (JP-
12, 2018, I-2). Main aining local, dema ca ed A2/AD zones can also be a challenge, al hough Russia, o example,
is pu suing his wi h i s RuNe p og am (Kukkola, 2020).
The e a e also p oblems wi h se ing a ed line and i s c edible de ence, o example, in he clea communica ion
o i s exis ence and he consequences o i s iola ion. The ad e sa y may also ush o es he ex en o he ed
line o y o s e ch i s bounda ies by hyb id me hods. Libicki (2012, 68) discusses abou “salami ac ics”, by
which he means ha once a s a e ole a es small iola ions, he cumula i e e ec begins o pinch, and he s a e
ealizes ha i has neglec ed o es ablish a clea line o dema ca e ole able om in ole able iola ions and ha
can lead o an unp edic able se o esul s. F eedman (2020, 9) a gues ha : “De e ence wo ks bes wi h
unambiguous ed lines, es ablished o e ime, linked wi h i al in e es s, and backed by clea and c edible
messages, ein o ced by known capabili ies, abou wha will happen i hey a e c ossed.” Hyb id in luence, and
cybe ope a ions as pa o i , is p ecisely a ma e o es ing he ed lines o an ad e sa y, c ea ing unce ain y
in poli ical o o icial decision-making o applica ions o law, and hus he possibili y o using mili a y e alia ion.
Challenges ela ed o he build o cumula i e cybe de e ence include, o example, i s c edibili y, he
communica ion o he cos o he a ack, psychological in luence on he ad e sa y, and p oblems o
manipula ion and egula ion. A c edible cumula i e cybe de e en equi es ha he a ack is also esponded
o o e alia ed agains . B adly (2018, 45) a gues ha mos e alia ions a e no easible in cybe space because
hey equi e he iden i ica ion o he pe pe a o , e alia ion wi hin a p oxima e empo al ange, and
p opo ionali y while a s a e mus also possess a speci ic cybe weapon sys em ailo ed o i s a ge .
3. The Cumula i e cybe de e ence in he mili a y concep s o Russia and Is ael
3.1 Russia
In he Russian philosophy o wa a e, concealmen and decep ion play an impo an ole. Gene al Ge asimo ,
he chie o s a o he Russian a med o ces, has s essed (K asnaya Z ezda, 4 Ma ch 2019) he impo ance o
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Maija Tu unen and Ma i J. Ka i
conside ing mode n wa a e as consis ing o mili a y and non-mili a y means o wa , along wi h he achie emen
o su p ise. He also highligh ed he impo ance o p e en i e measu es, he iden i ica ion o ulne abili ies,
c ea ing de e ence, and main aining he abili y o ake s a egic ini ia i e.
Russian Depu y P ime Minis e Dmi y Rogozin (Rogozin, 2013) said al eady in 2013 ha enemy can pa alyze
c i ical in as uc u e o a a ge s a e wi h cybe -a acks). Acco ding o Russian expe s S uxne was he i s
example o he cybe wa a e and such an a ack on Russian a ge s could cause eno mous damage o Russia’s
economy (O lo , 2011).
Pu in has s a ed ha he So ie Union was a besieged o ess and unde h ea o a ack om he Wes (A on,
2008). As a con inua ion o his he Russian leade ship has c ea ed a na a i e acco ding which Russia is unde
siege and unde h ea o a ack om he Wes . The na a i e ha Russia is a ge o enemy s a es (Facon, 2016)
and he coun y’s pe cei ed geos a egic and echnological ulne abili y (Co ing on, 2016), combined wi h
Russia’s eeling o a hos ile wo ld (Facon, 2017), ha e s eng hened he Russian na a i e o he besieged
o ess (Igumno a, 2011). As a besieged o ess, Russia needs o be p o ec ed.
This besiege has expanded o cybe space. Acco ding o Igo Ashmano , a Russian ICT specialis , he cybe
wa a e agains Russia is waged e e y day and no ules o wa apply o i (Ya o aya, 2013). As a pa o his
wa a e Russia has ac i ely buil i s cybe de e ence. The main asks o he Russian Fede a ion ega ding
de e ing and p e en ing mili a y con lic s is o c ea e condi ions o educe he isk o using in o ma ion and
communica ions echnologies o mili a y-poli ical pu poses (Na ional Secu i y S a egy 2021, a . 40).
Russia’s way o building de e ence can be explained by he ac o s and elemen s o Russian s a egic cul u e.
The main ac o s in luencing Russian s a egic cul u e a e i s sense o ulne abili y, ea o su p ise a ack, he
na a i e o Russia as a besieged o ess and he concep o pe manen wa . Russia is lagging behind he leading
coun ies in he de elopmen o compe i i e in o ma ion echnology, and his gap s eng hens he Russian
pe cep ion o i s s a egic ulne abili y in cybe space. Russia’s cybe de e ence consis s o imp o ed p o ec ion
o i s c i ical in o ma ion in as uc u e, p epa a ions o isola e he Russian segmen o he In e ne om he
global In e ne , in ensi ied su eillance, he ban o use anonymi y on RuNe , and he aspi a ion o eplace
impo ed in o ma ion and communica ion echnology wi h Russian-p oduced ICT (Ka i, 2019).
Russia ies o main ain he s a us quo o change i , no jus h ea ening he ad e sa y wi h e alia ion o by
denying i o i s objec i es h ough in ole able isks and cos s (Kukkola, 2020, 185). Russia also shapes he
s a egic ope a ing en i onmen and manipula es i s ad e sa ies’ pe cep ion while in luencing i s s a egic
beha io and using di e en lexible non-linea and c oss-domain me hods (Adamsky, 2021, 161, 170, 172).
Russia ope a es in he cybe en i onmen . In addi ion o he cybe espionage a ge ed a he US Democ a ic
Pa y in 2016, Russia was c edi ed wi h in usion in o he e-mails o ep esen a i es o he No wegian and
Finnish pa liamen s in 2020, all o which Russia has ac i ely denied. Russia has been linked o iolen episodes
such as ha a ound he B onze Soldie in Es onia in 2004, he Geo gian Wa in 2008 and he conques o C imea
in 2014. All hese con lic s ha e been p eceded by a cybe -a ack on some socially impo an sys em in he a ge
coun y. On he basis o hese examples, i can be es ima ed ha Russia and i s au ho i ies ha e good
oppo uni ies o con ol cybe -ac i i ies wi hin i s sphe e o in luence.
3.2 Is ael
The public de ense doc ine o he Is ael De ense Fo ces (IDF, 2015), o he so-called Eizenko ’s IDF S a egy,
emphasizes s a egic and ac ical de e ence ia cybe wa a e (F ei, 2020, 9). The s a egy no es ha de e ence
agains any enemy mus be gene alized and cumula i e o e ime in o de o main ain he exis ing si ua ion and
ame “ ules o he game” a o able o Is ael. Is ael's Cybe Secu i y S a egy (2017) also highligh s o impo ance
o ope a ions and ac i e e o s o con on he sou ces o he h ea s. The concep o ope a ions de ines h ee
ope a ional laye s: Agg ega e Cybe Robus ness, Sys emic Cybe Resilience and Na ional Cybe De ense.
The de elopmen o capabili ies and building up o ces a e based on s eng hening s a egic and ac ical
de e ence ia cybe wa a e (Bel e Cen e , 2016, 24, 48). To (2015, 111–112) a gues ha he cumula i e
de e ence heo y de eloped in Is ael in a con en ional s a egic con ex . De e ence is pe cei ed as a spec um
a he han a dicho omous, bina y s a e. “The cumula i e de e ence pa adigm conside s spo adic, sho bu s s
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Maija Tu unen and Ma i J. Ka i
o iolence as an in eg al pa o a ‘lea ning p ocess’ be ween he opposing pa ies. Such in e mi en s a egic
in e ac ions a e mean o lead he de e ed pa y o unde s and he ‘ ed lines’ o he de e ing pa y.”
Is ael’s concep o cumula i e cybe de e ence is in na u e de e ence by punishmen . Tha includes limi ed
and designed de e ence and in luence ope a ions, which a e ypically combined wi h a limi ed use o
con en ional o ce. The pu pose o he ope a ions is o ein o ce he de e en by ying o in luence he
ad e sa y’s beha io and o se he ules o he game o hos ile in e ac ion (To , 2015, 105–107). Acco ding
Almog (2004, 3, 6), classical de e ence and cumula i e de e ence di e s om concep ualiza ion and
implemen a ion o desi ed esul s. On he mac o le el, cumula i e de e ence seeks o c ea e an image o
o e whelming mili a y sup emacy and on he mic o le el, i elies on speci ic mili a y esponses o speci ic
h ea s o hos ile ac s.
Main aining de e ence and i s c edibili y equi es cons an enewal. This means ha he esponse o a acks
should be immedia e, ce ain, and he amoun o o ce p ope ly calib a ed o he a ack (Almog, 2004, 6; Shami ,
2020, 275, 276). I an and Hamas ha e o en been behind he signi ican public cybe -a acks agains Is ael. Is ael
has e alia ed agains he a acks in, o example, he 2010 S uxne a ack agains I an’s nuclea powe plan and
he e alia ion in 2019 o Hamas’s o ensi e cybe -a acks hey bombed a Hamas cybe cen e (F ei, 2020, 6).
In assessing he concep o Is ael’s cumula i e cybe de e ence, i is good o ake in o accoun geopoli ical,
poli ical, his o ical, cul u al, and diploma ic conside a ions. A simila concep ha lexibly combines cybe and
con en ional me hods o using o ce would no necessa ily wo k in he Wes e n coun ies. Fi s , he use o
mili a y o ce has been a pa o “e e yday li e” (on hei own soil and bo de s) and a necessa y ac i i y
h oughou Is ael’s his o y due o i s loca ion and he p esence o a hos ile mino i y. Second, in no way is, om
he poin o iew o he ac o s in he a ea e e ed o abo e, he use o mili a y o ce in any way su p ising o
excep ional, bu pa o an ongoing con lic . Thi d, Is ael’s s ong alliance wi h he Uni ed S a es helps s eng hen
he legi imacy o i s ac ions om he pe spec i e o in e na ional law. Thus, i can be es ima ed ha Is ael’s
cumula i e cybe de e ence alone does no wo k, bu con ibu es o s eng hening Is ael’s o e all de e ence.
The p oblem wi h he Is aeli concep o cumula i e cybe de e ence is ha while hey seek o d aw ed lines
and espond o he c ossing o hem wi h con en ional o ce i necessa y, he ad e sa y none heless seeks o
de y hei de enses o e and o e again. I is no longe a ques ion o he e ec s o cybe de e ence o i s ailu e,
bu o he s a e o mind o he ad e sa y.
4. Conclusions
The cumula i e cybe de e ence in o de o ope a e independen ly equi es a limi ed and de ined cybe
en i onmen , one ha is ei he o med in he ope a ing en i onmen o he de e en c ea o A2/AD o
al e na i ely o access an ad e sa y’s A2/AD. Second, in o de o unc ion as hei own de e en sys em,
building a cybe de e en equi es a la ge numbe o di e en cybe weapons and a ack me hods because hey
a e disposable agains he same ad e sa y. Howe e , due o he uniqueness o he cybe en i onmen as a
comba domain, he di e si y o change ac o s, i may be mo e ealis ic o see he cumula i e cybe de e ence
as pa o he o e all de e ence o s a es.
The cybe de e ence can be seen as consis ing o he s a egical, ope a ional, ac ical and echnological
capabili ies o he s a e o i s allies. The cumula i e cybe de e ence p esupposes ha i s exis ence, means, and
he will o implemen i ha e been c edibly communica ed h ough ei he open o aci s a egic communica ion
o he de e en objec , wi hou he de e en objec ecei ing in o ma ion ha can ci cum en he me hods
ha main ain he de e en . Second, he unc ioning o cybe de e ence as an independen concep equi es
ha he ad e sa y does no ha e signi ican con en ional weapons a ailable o has no will (e.g. poli ical o legal
o echnological ba ie s) o use hem.
The compa ison be ween he cumula i e cybe de e ence concep s o Russia and Is ael showed ha Russia has
he ime and esou ces o wai , shape he cybe domain and signal po en ial ad e sa ies abou consequences.
Is ael’s concep o cumula i e de e ence is mo e s aigh o wa d and emphasizes he need o an immedia e
and c edible answe . Is ael’s s a egic de e ence can be desc ibed as de e ence by e alia ion, while Russia’s
s a egic de e ence, especially i s cybe de e ence, is mo e de e ence by denial in na u e, al hough he means
hey use a e o en o ensi e.
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Maija Tu unen and Ma i J. Ka i
The concep o cumula i e cybe de e ence depends on he o he means o de e ence (poli ical and mili a y
will, plans, con en ional mili a y capabili ies, echnological skills) a ailable o he s a e. Bo h Is ael and Russia
ha e all hese quali ies. The e a e se e al simila i ies in he mili a y hinking based on s a egic cul u e behind
he de ense doc ines o Russia and Is ael. In pa icula , he pe cep ion o an ongoing and pe manen wa in he
cybe domain dis inguishes hese s a es and hei concep o cumula i e de e ence om "Wes e n" s a es. The
o e all de e ence s a egy o hese s a es is based on hei s a egic cul u e and hei pe cep ion o h ea s,
which di e om each o he . A key di e ence in he de e ence s a egies o hese s a es is ha Is ael uses
cumula i e me hods o make i clea whe e he ed lines go, while Russia’s s a egic goal is o blu hem and
c ea e he og o wa .
In he scope o he u u e, i is ob ious ha bo h Is ael and Russia a e in es ing in he de elopmen o a i icial
in elligence, obo ics and au onomous weapon sys ems. Success in his de elopmen is likely o ein o ce
de e ence, bu on he o he hand, his also highligh s he impo ance o cybe de ense: ad anced weapons
sys ems can be also unp edic able and ulne able.
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