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Ene gy dependence and luc ua ions o aniso opic low in Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =
5.02 and 2.76 TeV
© The Au ho s 2018. CERN, o he bene i o he ALICE Collabo a ion. A icle unded by SCOAP3.
Published e sion
ALICE Collabo a ion
ALICE Collabo a ion. (2018). Ene gy dependence and luc ua ions o aniso opic low in Pb-Pb
collisions a √sNN = 5.02 and 2.76 TeV. Jou nal o High Ene gy Physics, 2018(7), A icle 103.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/jhep07(2018)103
2018
JHEP07(2018)103
Published o SISSA by Sp inge
Recei ed:May 24, 2018
Accep ed:July 1, 2018
Published:July 16, 2018
Ene gy dependence and luc ua ions o aniso opic
low in Pb–Pb collisions a √sNN = 5.02
and 2.76 TeV
The ALICE collabo a ion
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : Measu emen s o aniso opic low coe icien s wi h wo- and mul i-pa icle cu-
mulan s o inclusi e cha ged pa icles in Pb–Pb collisions a √sNN = 5.02 and 2.76 TeV
a e epo ed in he pseudo apidi y ange |η|<0.8 and ans e se momen um 0.2< pT<
50 GeV/c. The ull da a sample collec ed by he ALICE de ec o in 2015 (2010), co e-
sponding o an in eg a ed luminosi y o 12.7 (2.0) µb−1in he cen ali y ange 0–80%,
is analysed. Flow coe icien s up o he six h low ha monic ( 6) a e epo ed and a de-
ailed compa ison among esul s a he wo ene gies is ca ied ou . The pTdependence
o aniso opic low coe icien s and i s e olu ion wi h espec o cen ali y and ha monic
numbe na e in es iga ed. An app oxima e powe -law scaling o he o m n(pT)∼pn/3
T
is obse ed o all low ha monics a low pT(0.2< pT<3 GeV/c). A he same ime, he
a ios n/ n/m
ma e obse ed o be essen ially independen o pT o mos cen ali ies up o
abou pT= 10 GeV/c. Analysing he di e ences among highe -o de cumulan s o ellip ic
low ( 2), which ha e di e en sensi i i ies o low luc ua ions, a measu emen o he s an-
da dised skewness o he e en -by-e en 2dis ibu ion P( 2) is epo ed and cons ain s
on i s highe momen s a e p o ided. The Ellip ic Powe dis ibu ion is used o pa ame ise
P( 2), ex ac ing i s pa ame e s om i s o cumulan s. The measu emen s a e compa ed
o di e en model p edic ions in o de o disc imina e among ini ial-s a e models and o
cons ain he empe a u e dependence o he shea iscosi y o en opy-densi y a io.
Keywo ds: Hea y Ion Expe imen s
A Xi eP in : 1804.02944
Open Access, Copy igh CERN,
o he bene i o he ALICE Collabo a ion.
A icle unded by SCOAP3.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/JHEP07(2018)103
JHEP07(2018)103
Con en s
1 In oduc ion 1
2 Da a sample and analysis me hods 3
3 Collision ene gy, ans e se momen um and cen ali y dependence 6
4 Ellip ic low luc ua ions 14
5 Conclusions 21
A Addi ional igu es 24
The ALICE collabo a ion 32
1 In oduc ion
The p ima y goal o ul a- ela i is ic hea y-ion collisions is o s udy he p ope ies o QCD
ma e a ex emely high empe a u es and/o densi ies and o unde s and he mic oscopic
dynamics om which hese p ope ies a ise, especially in he non-pe u ba i e egime.
The s udy o aniso opies in he azimu hal dis ibu ion o p oduced pa icles, commonly
called aniso opic low, has con ibu ed signi ican ly o he cha ac e iza ion o he sys em
c ea ed in hea y-ion collisions [1–5]. Acco ding o he cu en pa adigm o bulk pa icle
p oduc ion, aniso opic low is de e mined by he esponse o he sys em o i s ini ial spa ial
aniso opies. Ini ial-s a e spa ial aniso opies come in u n om bo h he geome y o he
collision and luc ua ions in he wa e unc ion o he inciden nuclei [3–8]. The signi ican
magni ude o aniso opic low is in e p e ed as e idence o he o ma ion o a s ongly-
coupled sys em, which can e ec i ely be desc ibed as a luid wi h e y low shea iscosi y
o en opy-densi y a io (η/s) [9].
Aniso opic low is quan i ied by he coe icien s no a Fou ie se ies decomposi ion
o he dis ibu ion in azimu hal angle ϕo inal-s a e pa icles [10]
dN
dϕ∝1+2
+∞
X
n=1
ncos [n(ϕ−Ψn)],(1.1)
whe e Ψnco esponds o he symme y plane angle o o de n. The dominan low coe i-
cien in non-cen al hea y-ion collisions is he second low ha monic ( 2), called ellip ic low,
which is mos ly a esul o he a e age ellipsoidal shape o he o e lapping a ea be ween
he colliding nuclei, whe eas highe ha monics o igina e om ini ial-s a e luc ua ions. Fo
ans e se momen a pT.3 GeV/c, aniso opic low is hough o be quan i a i ely de e -
mined by he whole e olu ion o he sys em, including he phase o had onic esca e ings
– 1 –
JHEP07(2018)103
ha akes place a e chemical eeze-ou [11]. Flow coe icien s ha e been shown o be
sensi i e no only o ini ial-s a e aniso opies, bu also o he anspo pa ame e s (such
as shea and bulk iscosi y [12,13]) and he equa ion o s a e o he sys em, and hey ha e
he e o e been used o cons ain hese p ope ies [14,15]. Howe e , gi en he di e en
he e ogeneous phases ha he sys em is belie ed o unde go, i has no been possible so
a o simul aneously cons ain he la ge numbe o model pa ame e s, al hough a emp s
ha e been made [16,17].
In his ega d, he ene gy dependence o aniso opic low has been shown o p o ide
addi ional disc imina ing powe o e ini ial-s a e models and empe a u e dependence o
anspo pa ame e s [18,19]. In ac , some heo e ical unce ain ies in he de e mina ion
o aniso opic low coe icien s a e expec ed o pa ially cancel in he a ios o ncoe i-
cien s measu ed a di e en collision ene gies, such as hose on he choice o ini ial-s a e
model o on he absolu e alue o η/s. These a ios would hen e ec i ely cons ain he
a ia ions wi h collision ene gy and, he e o e, sys em empe a u e o he pa ame e s o
which aniso opic low is mos sensi i e.
I is known ha he magni ude o aniso opic low, being app oxima ely p opo ional
o he ini ial-s a e spa ial aniso opy [20], luc ua es om collision o collision e en o ixed
cen ali y [6,21–24], and ha i s p obabili y dis ibu ion unc ion (p.d. .) P( n) is o a i s
app oxima ion Bessel-Gaussian [1,25], i.e. he p oduc o a modi ied Bessel unc ion and a
Gaussian unc ion. I has been poin ed ou ha small de ia ions om a Bessel-Gaussian
shape a e o be expec ed independen ly om he de ails o ini ial-s a e luc ua ions [26–28].
E idence o such small de ia ions has been p e iously epo ed [29]. These de ia ions a e
due o i s o de o he low p.d. . ha ing a ini e skewness. I s quan i a i e de e mina ion
would he e o e imp o e he cha ac e iza ion o hese de ia ions. Fo dimensional easons,
i is con enien o use a s anda dised skewness (γ1), de ined as [30]
γ1=h( n{RP}−h n{RP}i)3i
h( n{RP}−h n{RP}i)2i3/2,(1.2)
whe e n{RP} e e s o he aniso opic low wi h espec o he eac ion plane ΨRP, i.e. he
plane spanned by he impac pa ame e and he beam axis, and he b acke s h···i indica e
an a e age o e all e en s. I is wo hwhile o no e ha he symme y planes Ψndo no
gene ally coincide wi h ΨRP because o ini ial-s a e luc ua ions.
A obus expe imen al me hod o quan i y low luc ua ions is o measu e nwi h
mul i-pa icle cumulan s, which ha e di e en sensi i i ies o he momen s o he unde ly-
ing low p.d. . P( n)
n{2}=2
ph 2
ni,(1.3)
n{4}=4
p2h 2
ni2−h 4
ni,(1.4)
n{6}=6
ph 6
ni−9h 2
nih 4
ni+ 12h 2
ni3,(1.5)
n{8}=8
ph 8
ni−16h 2
nih 6
ni−18h 4
ni2+ 144h 2
ni2h 4
ni−144h 2
ni4.(1.6)
The numbe in cu ly b acke s indica es he o de o he cumulan .
– 2 –
JHEP07(2018)103
Fo ellip ic low, a la ge di e ence be ween 2{2}and 2{4}and app oxima ely equal
alues o he highe o de cumulan s ( 2{4}, 2{6}, 2{8}) ha e been p e iously ob-
se ed [29,31], which is indeed consis en wi h an app oxima ely Bessel-Gaussian low
p.d. .. Howe e , a ine-spli ing o a ew pe cen among he highe o de cumulan s ( 2{4},
2{6}, 2{8}) has also been epo ed [29], which is hough o be de e mined by he esidual
de ia ions om Bessel-Gaussian shape, in pa icula a non-ze o skewness. A nega i e alue
o γ1, which co esponds o P( 2) being le skewed, is expec ed [27] om he necessa y
condi ion on he ini ial-s a e eccen ici y ε2<1, which ac s as a igh cu o on P( 2). The
Ellip ic Powe dis ibu ion, p oposed in [26,27], was mo i a ed mainly by his obse a ion
and i was shown o p o ide a good desc ip ion o P( 2) in a wide cen ali y ange [32].
Mo eo e , γ1has been p edic ed o inc ease in absolu e alue om cen al o pe iphe al
collisions [30], being oughly p opo ional o h 2{RP}i and being in e sely p opo ional o
he squa e oo o he sys em size [28]. γ1can be es ima ed om he ine-spli ing among
wo- and mul i-pa icle cumulan s [30]
γexp
1=−6√2 2{4}2 2{4}− 2{6}
( 2{2}2− 2{4}2)3/2.(1.7)
I is deno ed as γexp
1 o emphasize ha i does no exac ly ma ch he de ini ion o γ1gi en
in eq. (1.2), al hough he wo ha e been es ima ed o coincide wi hin a ew pe cen s [30].
The de i a ion o eq. (1.7) elies on a Taylo expansion o he gene a ing unc ion in powe s
o he momen s, unca ed a he o de o he skewness. I is expe imen ally possible o
es he alidi y o his app oxima ion h ough he uni e sal equali y ha i implies [30,33]
2{6}− 2{8}=1
11( 2{4}− 2{6}).(1.8)
The p ecision up o which his equali y holds depends on he esidual con ibu ion o highe
cen al momen s o he low p.d. ., e.g. he ku osis, o he mul i-pa icle cumulan s.
A high pT(pT&10 GeV/c) he dominan mechanism ha de e mines azimu hal
aniso opies o he p oduced inal-s a e pa icles is hough o be pa h-leng h dependen
ene gy-loss o highly ene ge ic pa ons [34–36]. Al hough se e al expe imen al obse a-
ions, such as je azimu hal aniso opies [37,38], a e consis en wi h his hypo hesis, he
de ails o he p ocess a e la gely uncons ained and measu emen s o aniso opic low o
high-pTpa icles can help in his ega d. Al hough he mechanism ha de e mines i is
undamen ally di e en , he o igin o aniso opic low a high pTis common o he one a
low pT: ini ial-s a e geome y and i s e en -by-e en luc ua ions. Measu emen s epo ed
in [39] seem o con i m his in e p e a ion.
Recen CMS esul s on non-Gaussian ellip ic low luc ua ions [40] appea ed du ing
he w i ing o his a icle. Nume ical da a a e no ye a ailable, bu he obse a ions seem
o be essen ially compa ible wi h ou measu emen s and hei conclusions ag ee wi h hose
o his a icle.
2 Da a sample and analysis me hods
The sample o Pb–Pb collisions used o his measu emen was eco ded wi h he ALICE
de ec o [41,42] in No embe and Decembe 2015 (2010), du ing he Run 2 (Run 1) o he
– 3 –

JHEP07(2018)103
LHC, a a cen e o mass ene gy pe nucleon o √sNN = 5.02 (2.76) TeV. The de ec o s
used in he p esen analysis a e he Inne T acking Sys em (ITS) and Time P ojec ion
Chambe (TPC), o p ima y e ex de e mina ion and cha ged pa icle acking, and he
V0 de ec o , o symme y plane de e mina ion, cen ali y es ima ion [43] and igge . The
igge condi ions a e desc ibed in [41]. Abou 78.4×106(12.6×106) minimum-bias e en s
in he cen ali y ange 0–80%, co esponding o an in eg a ed luminosi y o 12.7 µb−1(2.0
µb−1), wi h a econs uc ed p ima y e ex posi ion along he beam di ec ion (z x) wi hin
±10 cm om he nominal in e ac ion poin , passed o line selec ion c i e ia [41] o he da a
sample a √sNN = 5.02 (2.76) TeV. Cen ali y is de e mined om he measu ed ampli ude
in he V0, which is p opo ional o he numbe o cha ged acks in he co esponding
accep ance (2.8< η < 5.1 o V0A and −3.6< η < −1.7 o V0C).
Cha ged acks wi h ans e se momen um 0.2< pT<50 GeV/cand pseudo apidi y
|η|<0.8 a e used in he p esen analysis. These acks a e econs uc ed using combined
in o ma ion om he ITS and TPC. A minimum numbe o TPC space poin s o 70 (ou
o 159) is equi ed o all acks, oge he wi h a χ2pe TPC space poin (χ2
TPC) in he
ange 0.1< χ2
TPC <4. A minimum numbe o 2 ITS hi s, o which a leas one in he wo
inne mos laye s, is equi ed, oge he wi h a χ2pe ITS hi pe deg ee o eedom (χ2
ITS)
smalle han 36. Only acks wi h a dis ance o closes app oach (DCA) o he p ima y
e ex posi ion less han 3.2 cm in he beam di ec ion and 2.4 cm ans e se o i a e used.
These ack selec ion c i e ia ensu e an op imum ejec ion o seconda y pa icles and a pT
esolu ion be e han 5% in he pT ange used in he p esen analysis [41].
Aniso opic low coe icien s a e measu ed wi h he Q-cumulan me hod [44], using he
implemen a ion p oposed in [45]. T ack weigh s (w) a e used in he cons uc ion o he
Q- ec o s, in o de o co ec o non-uni o m econs uc ion e iciency and accep ance
Qn,m =
M
X
j=1
wj(pT, η, ϕ, z x)meinϕj,(2.1)
whe e Mis he cha ged ack mul iplici y, n he ha monic and man in ege exponen o
he weigh s. A e applying ack weigh s, he e ec s due o non-uni o mi ies in azimu hal
accep ance, which would in oduce a bias in he measu ed low coe icien s, a e obse ed
o be negligible. This is e alua ed by measu ing he e en -a e aged alues o he eal
and imagina y pa o Qn, which a e consis en wi h ze o. Mul i-pa icle cumulan s a e
measu ed on an e en -by-e en basis and hen, in o de o minimise s a is ical luc ua ions,
a e aged o e all e en s using he co ec ed cha ged ack mul iplici y as a weigh , ollowing
he p ocedu e p oposed in [44]. All obse ables a e compu ed in small cen ali y bins (1%)
and hen in eg a ed, when limi ed size o he da a sample makes i necessa y, in wide
cen ali y in e als using he cha ged pa icle yield in each 1% cen ali y bin as weigh . This
a oids ha he e en weigh ing p ocedu e, based on mul iplici y, would in oduce a bias in
he a e age cen ali y wi hin a la ge cen ali y bin, since mul iplici y a ies wi h cen ali y.
Fo pT-in eg a ed esul s, he m-pa icle cumulan s a e calcula ed using all acks
wi hin gi en pT ange, while o pT-di e en ial esul s one pa icle a a gi en pTis co ela ed
wi h m−1 pa icles in he ull pT ange (0.2< pT<50 GeV/c). In e ms o e e ence
– 4 –
JHEP07(2018)103
(cn{m}) and di e en ial (dn{m}) cumulan s, as de ined in [44], he low coe icien s a e
measu ed as
n{2}=2
pcn{2},(2.2)
n{4}=4
p−cn{4},(2.3)
n{6}=6
1
4cn{6},(2.4)
n{8}=8
−1
33cn{8},(2.5)
n{2}(pT) = dn{2}(pT)/2
pcn{2},(2.6)
n{4}(pT) = −dn{4}(pT)/4
p−cn{4}3.(2.7)
Fo wo-pa icle co ela ions, a sepa a ion in pseudo apidi y be ween he co ela ed
pa icles (∆η) is applied in o de o supp ess sho - ange azimu hal co ela ions which a e
no associa ed o he symme y planes, usually called ‘non- low’. These co ela ions a ise
om je s, mini-je s and esonance decays. Fo low coe icien s o highe o de ( n{m > 2}),
non- low con ibu ion has been p e iously ound o be negligible in Pb–Pb collisions [24,31].
Resul s co esponding o |∆η|>1 (deno ed wi h n{2,|∆η|>1}) a e ob ained wi h
he wo-pa icle cumulan co ela ing acks om opposi e sides o he TPC accep ance,
−0.8< η < −0.5 and 0.5< η < 0.8. Resul s co esponding o |∆η|>2 (and epo ed as
n{2,|∆η|>2}) a e ob ained wi h he scala p oduc me hod [46], co ela ing all acks
a mid- apidi y (|η|<0.8) wi h he n- h ha monic Q- ec o QV0A
ncalcula ed om he
azimu hal dis ibu ion o he ene gy deposi ion measu ed in he V0A de ec o [2,47]
n{2,|∆η|>2}=hun,0QV0A*
ni
hQV0A
nQ∗
n,1ihQV0A
nQV0C*
ni
hQn,1QV0C*
ni
,(2.8)
whe e un,0=einϕ is he uni low ec o om cha ged pa icle acks a mid- apidi y
and Qn,1is compu ed om he same ype o acks acco ding o eq. (2.1). Bo h me hods
ha e hei own limi a ions and hus a e complemen a y o each o he : n{2,|∆η|>2}
can be eliably employed only up o he ou h ha monic, because o he ini e azimu hal
segmen a ion o he V0 de ec o s (8 sec o s in 2π), while n{2,|∆η|>1}su e s om bigge
s a is ical unce ain ies, due o he limi ed accep ance om which acks a e selec ed, and
bigge non- low con ibu ion o pT>10 GeV/c.
The sys ema ic unce ain ies a e e alua ed by a ying he ack and e en selec ion
c i e ia and compa ing he a ia ion in he low coe icien s ela i e o he de aul esul s.
The absolu e alue o he a ia ion i sel is assigned as a sys ema ic unce ain y i i is con-
side ed signi ican acco ding o he Ba low c i e ion [48]. Di e en ack quali y a iables
a e a ied: numbe o TPC space poin s, χ2
TPC and χ2
ITS, ac ion o sha ed TPC space
poin s and numbe o ITS hi s. Fo each o hese, he de aul alues a e a ied in o de o
inc ease he ac ion o excluded acks as much as 5 imes. No signi ican di e ences a e
obse ed in he epo ed measu emen s be ween posi i ely and nega i ely cha ged pa i-
cles. Conce ning he e en selec ion c i e ia, he ollowing a e in es iga ed: pola i y o he
– 5 –
JHEP07(2018)103
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
n
0.05
0.1
0.15
2.76 5.02 TeV
|>1}η∆{2,|
2
{4}
2
|>1}η∆{2,|
3
|>1}η∆{2,|
4
|>1}η∆{2,|
5
|>1}η∆{2,|
6
ALICE Pb-Pb
c < 3 GeV/
T
p0.2 <
| < 0.8η|
Figu e 1. Aniso opic low coe icien s no inclusi e cha ged pa icles as a unc ion o cen ali y,
o he wo-pa icle (deno ed wi h |∆η|>1) and ou -pa icle cumulan me hods. Measu emen s
o Pb–Pb collisions a √sNN = 5.02 (2.76) TeV a e shown by solid (open) ma ke s.
magne ic ield, econs uc ed p ima y e ex posi ion along he beam di ec ion (selec ing
only e en s wi h z x wi hin ±8 cm om he nominal in e ac ion poin ), pile-up ejec ion
(imposing s onge o weake cons ain s on he consis ency o di e en e en mul iplici y
es ima o s) and a ia ions in he ins an aneous luminosi y deli e ed o he ALICE de ec o
by he LHC. The unce ain y on cen ali y de e mina ion is e alua ed using an al e na i e
es ima o based on he numbe o hi s in he second ITS laye (|η|<1.4), which is di ec ly
p opo ional o he numbe o cha ged pa icles in he co esponding accep ance. Among
he a o men ioned sou ces, o all obse ables in his a icle, ack quali y and cen ali y
de e mina ion a e he dominan sou ces. The o al sys ema ic unce ain ies a e e alua ed
summing in quad a u e he sys ema ic unce ain ies coming om each o he sou ces, i.e.
conside ing he di e en sou ces o be unco ela ed.
3 Collision ene gy, ans e se momen um and cen ali y dependence
Figu e 2shows he a io o n{2,|∆η|>1}(n= 2,3,4) and 2{4}be ween √sNN = 5.02
and 2.76 TeV, i.e. he ela i e a ia ion o hese low coe icien s be ween hose wo ene gies.
Since he sys ema ic unce ain ies o he measu emen s a di e en ene gies a e pa ially
– 6 –
JHEP07(2018)103
η/s = 0.2η/s(T) pa am1 1
2{2,|∆η|>1}0.712 0.645 0.477
2{4}0.467 0.357 0.028
3{2,|∆η|>1}0.053 0.003 0.001
4{2,|∆η|>1}0.484 0.468 0.022
Table 1.p- alues o he compa ison among a ios o n{2,|∆η|>1}(n= 2,3,4) and 2{4}
be ween √sNN = 5.02 and 2.76 TeV and model calcula ions using di e en pa ame isa ions o
η/s(T) [18], shown in igu e 2, and uni y, in he cen ali y ange 5-50%.
co ela ed, he esul ing sys ema ic unce ain y on he a io is educed. All ha monics a e
obse ed o inc ease wi h ene gy, be ween abou 2 and 10%. A hin o a cen ali y depen-
dence is obse ed only o 2, wi h he inc ease g owing sligh ly om mid-cen al owa ds
mo e pe iphe al collisions. No signi ican di e ence is obse ed in he inc ease o 2mea-
su ed wi h wo- o ou -pa icle co ela ions. Since he di e ence be ween 2{2,|∆η|>1}
and 2{4}is di ec ly ela ed o low luc ua ions, his obse a ion sugges s ha he luc ua-
ions o ellip ic low do no a y signi ican ly be ween he wo ene gies, wi hin expe imen al
unce ain ies. The a ios a e compa ed o hyd odynamical calcula ions wi h EKRT ini ial
condi ions [51] and di e en pa ame isa ions o he empe a u e dependence o η/s [18].
The p- alues o he compa ison be ween da a and models a e also shown in Tab. 1. Among
he wo pa ame isa ions ha p o ide he bes desc ip ion o RHIC and LHC da a [52],
bo h a e consis en wi h he measu emen s, excep o 3{2,|∆η|>1}, albei he one wi h
cons an η/s = 0.2 ag ees sligh ly be e . These compa isons ake in o accoun he co ela-
ion be ween sys ema ic unce ain ies o da a poin s in di e en cen ali y in e als. This
obse a ion migh indica e li le o no empe a u e dependence o η/s wi hin he empe -
a u e ange a which aniso opic low de elops a he wo cen e o mass ene gies. As a
e e ence, he p- alues o he compa ison be ween da a and uni y in he same cen ali y
ange (5–50%) a e also epo ed in able 1.
Looking a he pTdependence in mo e de ail, he low ha monics a e ound o ollow
an app oxima e powe -law scaling up o a ound he maximum, wi h exponen s being p o-
po ional o he ha monic numbe n, n(pT)∼pn/3
T, as shown by he dashed i ed lines in
igu e 3. In ideal hyd odynamics, he pTdependence o aniso opic low o massi e pa i-
cles should ollow a powe -law unc ion n(pT)∼pn
Tin he egion o pT/M up o o de one,
whe e Mis he pa icle’s mass, and a highe momen a i has been p edic ed o be linea
in pT o all n, n(pT)∼pT[53,54]. This pTdependence is no ably di e en om he
one obse ed in he da a. A e y low pT his is p esumably because he ele an momen-
um egion o inclusi e pa icles, mos ly pions, is below he ange o ou measu emen s,
and a highe pTideal hyd o is no expec ed o hold because o momen um dependen
iscous co ec ions a eeze ou [55] and/o non-linea mode mixing o n⩾4 [20,56].
The powe -law dependence o n= 2 was no iced be o e and i was a ibu ed o a no el
ene gy loss mechanism [57], which howe e canno explain he scaling obse ed o n > 2.
The eme gence o his simple powe -law dependence emains unexpec ed and su p ising.
– 7 –
JHEP07(2018)103
n/m
m
/
n
0.4
1
2
3
10
20
30 0-5%0-5%0-5%
n/m
m
/
n
0.4
1
2
3
4
10 20-30%20-30%20-30%
)c (GeV/
T
p
1 10
n/m
m
/
n
0.4
1
2
3
4
10 50-60%50-60%50-60%
0.4
1
2
3
10
20
30 5-10%5-10%5-10%
0.4
1
2
3
4
10 30-40%30-40%30-40%
)c (GeV/
T
p
1 10
0.4
1
2
3
4
10 60-70%60-70%60-70%
0.4
1
2
3
10
20
30 10-20%10-20%10-20%
0.4
1
2
3
4
10 40-50%40-50%40-50%
ALICE Pb-Pb 5.02 TeV
|>2}η∆{2,|
n
|<0.8, η|
3/2
2
/
3
4/2
2
/
4
4/3
3
/
4
iEBE-VISHNU
AMPT-IC +
Figu e 8. Ra ios n(pT)/ m(pT)n/m, n = 3,4, m = 2,3 o inclusi e cha ged pa icles o Pb–Pb
collisions a √sNN = 5.02, in di e en cen ali y classes, measu ed wi h he scala p oduc me hod
wi h espec o he V0A Q- ec o . Dashed lines ep esen a e ages in 0.2< pT<3 GeV/c. The
a ios a e also shown o one hyd odynamic model [62] in he ou mos cen al cen ali y in e als;
i is quali a i ely simila in he o he cen ali y in e als and o he o he models.
4 Ellip ic low luc ua ions
Figu e 9shows he in eg a ed 2in he pT ange 0.2< pT<3 GeV/cas a unc ion o
cen ali y, measu ed wi h wo-, ou -, six- and eigh -pa icle cumulan s a √sNN = 5.02
and 2.76 TeV. The co esponding cumulan s (c2{2,4,6,8}) a e epo ed in igu e 10. The
cen ali y dependence is simila o all mul i-pa icle cumulan s and simila o wha is
shown in igu e 1. The di e ences be ween 2{2}(shown in igu e 9) and 2{2,|∆η|>1}
(shown in igu e 1), which ange om abou 4% in mid-cen al collisions o abou 20% in
pe iphe al ones, a e mos ly a ibu ed o non- low con ibu ions, which a e supp essed in
he case o esul s wi h a pseudo apidi y gap. The possible di e ences a ising om he
deco ela ion o e en planes a di e en pseudo apidi ies a e expec ed o be less han 1%,
as p e iously a gued.
A ine-spli ing o less han 1% is obse ed among 2{4}, 2{6}and 2{8}, as i can be
seen om hei a ios, shown in igu e 11 o bo h collision ene gies. The a ios 2{6}/ 2{4}
and 2{8}/ 2{4}a √sNN = 5.02 TeV show a signi ican cen ali y dependence: he de ia-
ions o he a ios om uni y is abou 0.2% in cen al and inc eases up o abou 1% o mid-
cen al collisions. A u he inc ease seems o be obse ed o mo e pe iphe al collisions,
up o abou 2% o cen ali ies abo e 50%. The sys ema ic unce ain ies on hese a ios
a e g ea ely educed wi h espec o hose on 2{m}(m= 2,4,6,8), since he dominan
– 14 –

JHEP07(2018)103
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
{m}
2
0
0.05
0.1
ALICE Pb-Pb
c < 3 GeV/
T
p0.2 <
| < 0.8η|
2.76 5.02 TeV
{2}
2
{4}
2
{6}
2
{8}
2
Figu e 9. Ellip ic low coe icien 2o inclusi e cha ged pa icles as a unc ion o cen ali y,
measu ed wi h he wo- and mul i-pa icle cumulan me hods. Measu emen s o Pb–Pb collisions
a √sNN = 5.02 (2.76) TeV a e shown by solid (open) ma ke s.
sou ces o sys ema ic unce ain y ( ack quali y a iables and cen ali y de e mina ion)
among he wo- and mul i-pa icle cumulan s a e highly co ela ed. This ine-spli ing is
consis en wi h non-Bessel-Gaussian beha iou o e en -by-e en low luc ua ions, as p e-
iously explained. These a ios a e ound o be independen o he choice o pT ange wi hin
0.2< pT<3 GeV/c, indica ing ha he cha ac e iza ion o low luc ua ions a low pT
does no depend on pT, e en o such ine-spli ing. Resul s a √sNN = 2.76 TeV a e ound
o be compa ible, indica ing ha hese a ios do no change signi ican ly ac oss collision
ene gies. Compa ed o calcula ions [30] employing MC-Glaube ini ial condi ions [80] and
iscous hyd odynamics ( -USPhyd o) o Pb–Pb collisions a √sNN = 2.76 TeV, he a ios
2{6}/ 2{4}and 2{8}/ 2{4}a e ound o be compa ible. A good ag eemen is ound
be ween he esul s a √sNN = 2.76 TeV and co esponding ATLAS esul s on ellip ic low
p.d. . ob ained ia he un olding echnique [29], as shown in igu e 12.
Figu e 13 shows he a io be ween 2{8}and 2{6}a √sNN = 5.02 TeV. A hin o
a u he ine-spli ing be ween hese wo, o he o de o 0.05%, is obse ed. The esul s
sugges li le o no cen ali y dependence wi hin cen ali y 10–50%. This di e ence is also
consis en wi h non-Bessel-Gaussian ellip ic low luc ua ions, and can be a ibu ed o
di e en con ibu ions o he skewness o hese highe -o de cumulan s [30]. Co esponding
esul s a √sNN = 2.76 TeV, he e and in he ollowing, a e no shown because o he
la ge s a is ical unce ain ies. Figu e 14 shows 2{6} − 2{8}and ( 2{4} − 2{6})/11 a
– 15 –
JHEP07(2018)103
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
{2}
2
c
5
10
3−
10×
ALICE Pb-Pb
c < 3 GeV/
T
p0.2 <
| < 0.8η|
2.76 5.02 TeV
{m}
2
c
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
{4}
2
c
40−
20−
0
6−
10×
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
{6}
2
c
0
0.5
1
1.5
6−
10×
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
{8}
2
c
0.1−
0.05−
0
6−
10×
Figu e 10. Cumulan s c2o ellip ic low o inclusi e cha ged pa icles as a unc ion o cen ali y,
o he wo-pa icle and mul i-pa icle cumulan me hods. Measu emen s o Pb–Pb collisions a
√sNN = 5.02 (2.76) TeV a e shown by solid (open) ma ke s.
√sNN = 5.02 TeV: hese wo a e obse ed o be in ag eemen , which demons a es he
alidi y o eq. (1.8). This obse a ion se s an uppe limi o 4 ×10−4a 95% con idence
le el o possible con ibu ions o mul i-pa icle cumulan s om highe momen s o he
low p.d. . (ku osis and beyond) in he cen ali y ange 10–50%. This es ima e is ob ained
assuming gaussian sys ema ic unce ain ies and summing hem in quad a u e wi h he
s a is ical ones.
Figu e 15 shows he measu emen o he s anda dised skewness (γexp
1) a √sNN =
5.02 TeV as a unc ion o cen ali y. To supp ess non- low con ibu ions, he alues o
2{2,|∆η|>1} om igu e 1a e used o 2{2}in eq. (1.7). A nega i e alue o he
skewness, wi h a s ong cen ali y dependence, is obse ed: γexp
1dec eases om ze o in
cen al o abou −0.4 in pe iphe al collisions. Compa ed o model calcula ions [30] o
Pb–Pb collisions a √sNN = 2.76 TeV, he esul s a e ound o be compa ible o he
– 16 –
JHEP07(2018)103
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
{m}
2
/{n}
2
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
2.76 5.02 TeV
{4}
2
/{6}
2
{4}
2
/{8}
2
ALICE Pb-Pb
c < 3 GeV/
T
p0.2 <
| < 0.8η|
Figu e 11. Ra ios o ellip ic low coe icien s 2o inclusi e cha ged pa icles be ween measu e-
men s wi h di e en mul i-pa icle cumulan me hods, as a unc ion o cen ali y. Measu emen s a
√sNN = 5.02 (2.76) TeV a e shown by solid (open) ma ke s.
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
{m}
2
/{n}
2
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
Pb-Pb 2.76 TeV
{4}
2
/{6}
2
ALICE
{4}
2
/{8}
2
ALICE
{4}
2
/{6}
2
ATLAS EbyE
{4}
2
/{8}
2
ATLAS EbyE
Glaube + -USPhyd o
c < 3 GeV/
T
p0.2 <
| < 0.8η|
Figu e 12. Ra ios o ellip ic low coe icien s 2o inclusi e cha ged pa icles be ween measu emen s
wi h di e en mul i-pa icle cumulan me hods, as a unc ion o cen ali y, a √sNN = 2.76 TeV.
Hyd odynamic calcula ions [30] and ATLAS measu emen s [29] a e shown o compa ison.
– 17 –
JHEP07(2018)103
Cen ali y (%)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
{6}
2
/{8}
2
0.998
1
1.002
ALICE Pb-Pb 5.02 TeV
c < 3 GeV/
T
p0.2 <
| < 0.8η|
Figu e 13. Ra io o ellip ic low coe icien s 2{8}/ 2{6}o inclusi e cha ged pa icles as a unc ion
o cen ali y.
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
{m}
2
-{n}
2
0.2−
0
0.2
0.4
3−
10×
{8}
2
-{6}
2
)/11{6}
2
-{4}
2
(
ALICE Pb-Pb 5.02 TeV
c < 3 GeV/
T
p0.2 <
| < 0.8η|
Figu e 14. Di e ences o ellip ic low coe icien s 2o inclusi e cha ged pa icles be ween mea-
su emen s wi h di e en mul i-pa icle cumulan me hods, as a unc ion o cen ali y.
– 18 –
JHEP07(2018)103
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
exp
1
γ
0.6−
0.4−
0.2−
0
0.2
ALICE 5.02 TeV
Glaube + -USPhyd o 2.76 TeV
Pb-Pb
c < 3 GeV/
T
p0.2 <
| < 0.8η|
Figu e 15. Skewness o ellip ic low γexp
1o inclusi e cha ged pa icles as a unc ion o cen ali y,
o Pb–Pb collisions a √sNN = 5.02 TeV. Hyd odynamic calcula ions [30] o Pb–Pb collisions a
√sNN = 2.76 TeV a e shown o compa ison.
en i e cen ali y ange. This obse a ion is consis en wi h he ellip ic low p.d. . being
p og essi ely mo e le -skewed going om cen al o pe iphe al collisions. We a ibu e
his ea u e o he combina ion o an inc ease in hε2iand he geome ical cons ain ε2<1,
as p e iously a gued.
In o de o epo he ull p.d. . o ellip ic low P( 2), which can be compa ed o p e-
ious expe imen al esul s and heo e ical p edic ions, i is pa ame ised wi h he Ellip ic
Powe dis ibu ion [26,27]
P( 2) = dε2
d 2
P(ε2) = 1
k2
P 2
k2=2α 2
πk2
2
(1 −ε2
0)α+1/2Zπ
0
(1 − 2
2/k2
2)α−1
(1 − 2ε0cos ϕ/k2)2α+1 dϕ,
(4.1)
and i s h ee ee pa ame e s (α,ε0and k2) a e ex ac ed om i s o he ellip ic low
cumulan s c2{2,|∆η|>1}and c2{m}(m= 4,6,8) a √sNN = 5.02 TeV. The pa ame e
αquan i ies he magni ude o ellip ic low luc ua ions, ε0 he mean eccen ici y in he
eac ion plane and k2is he p opo ionali y coe icien be ween ini ial-s a e eccen ici y and
2coe icien : 2=k2ε2. The ela ion be ween cumulan s and Ellip ic Powe pa ame e s
is gi en by [27]
c2{2}=k2
2(1 − 1),(4.2)
c2{4}=−k4
21−2 1+ 2 2
1− 2,(4.3)
c2{6}=k6
24 + 18 2
1−12 3
1+ 12 1(3 2−1) −6 2− 3,(4.4)
c2{8}=−k8
2(33 −288 3
1+ 144 4
1−66 2+ 18 2
2−24 2
1(−11 + 6 2)
−12 3+ 4 1(−33 + 42 2+ 4 3)− 4) (4.5)
– 19 –

JHEP07(2018)103
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
2
k
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
ALICE Pb-Pb 5.02 TeV
c < 3 GeV/
T
p0.2 <
| < 0.8η|
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
α
0
100
200
300
Cen ali y (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0
ε
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Figu e 16. Ellip ic powe pa ame e s k2,αand ε0as a unc ion o cen ali y, o Pb–Pb collisions
a √sNN = 5.02 TeV, ex ac ed om measu emen s o 2o inclusi e cha ged pa icles wi h wo-
pa icle and mul i-pa icle cumulan me hods.
whe e
k≡ h(1 −ε2
n)ki=α
α+k(1 −ε2
0)k2F1k+1
2, k;α+k+ 1, ε2
0(4.6)
and 2F1is he hype geome ic unc ion. The esul s a e shown in igu e 16. The sys ema ic
unce ain ies a e assigned a ying he i anges and ini ial alues o he pa ame e s and
shi ing he da a poin s acco ding o he co esponding sys ema ic unce ain ies. An addi-
ional sou ce o unce ain y, which is in es iga ed, is a possible cubic esponse coe icien
k0
2, de ined as 2=k2ε2+k0
2ε3
2. This coe icien is in oduced o quan i y he possible
inc ease o low luc ua ions ha he hyd odynamic expansion o he medium in oduces
wi h espec o geome ical luc ua ions in he ini ial s a e and was a gued o be non-ze o
in mid-cen al and pe iphe al collisions due o gene al p ope ies o he hyd odynamic
phase [81]. In pa icula , k0
2is expec ed o be ≤0.15 in he cen ali y ange 0–60% [81].
The esidual di e ences in α,ε0and k2when including k0
2as an addi ional ee pa ame e
a e conside ed in he sys ema ic unce ain ies. The s a is ical unce ain ies a e e alua ed
using he subsampling me hod: he analysed da ase is di ided in o 10 sub-samples and
2{m}is measu ed in each o hem. The Ellip ic Powe pa ame e s a e hen ex ac ed in
each subsample and hei dispe sion is used o es ima e he s a is ical unce ain ies.
The esul ing p.d. ., cons uc ed using he Ellip ic Powe dis ibu ion (eq. (4.1)) wi h
he pa ame e s shown in igu e 16 and scaled by i s mean (h 2i), is epo ed in igu e 17, o
cen ali ies 5–10%, 25–30% and 45–50%. The sys ema ic unce ain ies ake in o accoun
he co ela ion o he unce ain ies o he Ellip ic Powe pa ame e s. O he cen ali y
anges ha a e no shown he e a e epo ed in he appendix A. Scaling by h 2iallows a
compa ison o ou da a wi h esul s by he ATLAS collabo a ion [70] ob ained in di e en
pT anges. The obse ed ag eemen is also consis en , as p e iously no ed, wi h ellip ic
low luc ua ions a low pTno depending on pTand no changing signi ican ly be ween
collision ene gies, excep o he i ial inc ease in pT-in eg a ed 2due o he change
in hpTi. Compa ison wi h iEBE-VISHNU model calcula ions wi h AMPT and TRENTo
ini ial condi ions [62] indica es ha TRENTo ini ial condi ions a e be e a desc ibing
he expe imen al da a. The da a a e ound o be in ag eemen also wi h p edic ions om
– 20 –
JHEP07(2018)103
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
〉
2
〈)*
2
P(
3−
10
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
〉
2
〈)*
2
P(
3−
10
1
|<0.8ηPb-Pb 5.02 TeV, |
<3 GeV/c
T
ALICE: 0.2<p
〉
2
〈/
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
〉
2
〈)*
2
P(
3−
10
1
Pb-Pb 5.02 TeV
IP-Glasma + MUSIC
AMPT-IC + iEBE-VISHNU
TRENTo-IC + iEBE-VISHNU
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
1
5-10%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
1
25-30%
〉
2
〈/
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
1
|<2.5ηPb-Pb 2.76 TeV, |
<1 GeV/c
T
ATLAS: 0.5<p
>0.5 GeV/c
T
ATLAS: p
45-50%
Figu e 17. Ellip ic low p.d. . P( 2) escaled by he mean 2(h 2i) o inclusi e cha ged pa icles
o Pb–Pb collisions a √sNN = 5.02 TeV, in di e en cen ali y classes. Se e al hyd odynamic
calcula ions [61,62] and p e ious measu emen s om ATLAS [70] a lowe ene gies a e shown o
compa ison.
he IP-Glasma+MUSIC model [61] (wi h ini ial condi ions e y simila o he TRENTo
ones), al hough he unce ain ies on he heo e ical p edic ions do no allow o d aw i m
conclusions.
5 Conclusions
Aniso opic low coe icien s a e measu ed up o he six h ha monic o inclusi e cha ged
pa icles a mid- apidi y (|η|<0.8), in a wide cen ali y (0–80%) and pT(0.2< pT<
50 GeV/c) anges, o Pb–Pb collisions a √sNN = 5.02 and 2.76 TeV. Compa ing he e-
sul s a √sNN = 5.02 and 2.76 TeV he ene gy dependence o aniso opic low a he LHC is
– 21 –
JHEP07(2018)103
in es iga ed. Compa ison wi h di e en model calcula ions demons a es ha hese mea-
su emen s ha e he po en ial o cons ain ini ial-s a e luc ua ions, anspo pa ame e s o
he medium and pa h-leng h dependence o ene gy loss o high-pTpa ons. The e olu ion
o n(pT) wi h espec o cen ali y and ha monic numbe nis also in es iga ed. Flow
coe icien o all ha monics a e obse ed o ollow an app oxima e powe -law scaling o he
o m n(pT)∼pn/3
Tin he pT ange 0.2< pT<3 GeV/c. The a ios n/ n/m
mn= 3,4 and
m= 2,3 a e also obse ed o be independen o pTwi hin he same pT ange and show
de ia ions o abou 10% o 3 < pT<10 GeV/c.
The luc ua ions o ellip ic low a e in es iga ed h ough he ine-spli ing o he highe -
o de mul i-pa icle cumulan s ( 2{4}, 2{6}, 2{8}), om which he s anda dised skewness
(γexp
1) o he low p.d. . is ex ac ed. Resul s a e ound o be compa ible bo h wi h p edic-
ions om hyd odynamical models and wi h p e ious ATLAS esul s a lowe ene gies. I
is concluded ha he cha ac e iza ion o ellip ic low luc ua ions a low pTdoes no de-
pend on he pT ange and on he collision ene gy, excep o he inc ease in pT-in eg a ed
2due o he change in hpTi. Di ec cons ain s on he con ibu ion o highe momen s
o he mul i-pa icle cumulan s a e also epo ed. Finally, he ull ellip ic low p.d. .,
pa ame ised wi h he Ellip ic Powe dis ibu ion, is epo ed in he cen ali y anges 0–
60%. These esul s a e also ound o be in ag eemen wi h p e ious expe imen al esul s.
O e all, calcula ions including ini ial condi ions ma ching he IP-Glasma desc ip ion a e
obse ed o be e ep oduce he ellip ic low p.d. . while ailing o desc ibe he pTde-
pendence o aniso opic low coe icien s, whe eas he opposi e si ua ion is obse ed o
calcula ions ha employ AMPT ini ial condi ions.
Acknowledgmen s
The ALICE Collabo a ion would like o hank all i s enginee s and echnicians o hei
in aluable con ibu ions o he cons uc ion o he expe imen and he CERN accele a-
o eams o he ou s anding pe o mance o he LHC complex. The ALICE Collab-
o a ion g a e ully acknowledges he esou ces and suppo p o ided by all G id cen es
and he Wo ldwide LHC Compu ing G id (WLCG) collabo a ion. The ALICE Collab-
o a ion acknowledges he ollowing unding agencies o hei suppo in building and
unning he ALICE de ec o : A. I. Alikhanyan Na ional Science Labo a o y (Ye e an
Physics Ins i u e) Founda ion (ANSL), S a e Commi ee o Science and Wo ld Fede a-
ion o Scien is s (WFS), A menia; Aus ian Academy o Sciences and Na ionals i ung
¨u Fo schung, Technologie und En wicklung, Aus ia; Minis y o Communica ions and
High Technologies, Na ional Nuclea Resea ch Cen e , Aze baijan; Conselho Nacional de
Desen ol imen o Cien ´ı ico e Tecnol´ogico (CNPq), Uni e sidade Fede al do Rio G ande
do Sul (UFRGS), Financiado a de Es udos e P oje os (Finep) and Funda¸c˜ao de Ampa o
`a Pesquisa do Es ado de S˜ao Paulo (FAPESP), B azil; Minis y o Science & Technology
o China (MSTC), Na ional Na u al Science Founda ion o China (NSFC) and Minis y o
Educa ion o China (MOEC) , China; Minis y o Science and Educa ion, C oa ia; Min-
is y o Educa ion, You h and Spo s o he Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish
Council o Independen Resea ch — Na u al Sciences, he Ca lsbe g Founda ion and Dan-
– 22 –
JHEP07(2018)103
ish Na ional Resea ch Founda ion (DNRF), Denma k; Helsinki Ins i u e o Physics (HIP),
Finland; Commissa ia `a l’Ene gie A omique (CEA) and Ins i u Na ional de Physique
Nucl´eai e e de Physique des Pa icules (IN2P3) and Cen e Na ional de la Reche che Sci-
en i ique (CNRS), F ance; Bundesminis e ium ¨u Bildung, Wissenscha , Fo schung und
Technologie (BMBF) and GSI Helmhol zzen um ¨u Schwe ionen o schung GmbH, Ge -
many; Gene al Sec e a ia o Resea ch and Technology, Minis y o Educa ion, Resea ch
and Religions, G eece; Na ional Resea ch, De elopmen and Inno a ion O ice, Hunga y;
Depa men o A omic Ene gy Go e nmen o India (DAE), Depa men o Science and
Technology, Go e nmen o India (DST), Uni e si y G an s Commission, Go e nmen o
India (UGC) and Council o Scien i ic and Indus ial Resea ch (CSIR), India; Indonesian
Ins i u e o Science, Indonesia; Cen o Fe mi — Museo S o ico della Fisica e Cen o S udi
e Rice che En ico Fe mi and Is i u o Nazionale di Fisica Nuclea e (INFN), I aly; Ins i-
u e o Inno a i e Science and Technology, Nagasaki Ins i u e o Applied Science (IIST),
Japan Socie y o he P omo ion o Science (JSPS) KAKENHI and Japanese Minis y o
Educa ion, Cul u e, Spo s, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan; Consejo Nacional de
Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnolog´ıa, h ough Fondo de Coope aci´on In e nacional en Cien-
cia y Tecnolog´ıa (FONCICYT) and Di ecci´on Gene al de Asun os del Pe sonal Academico
(DGAPA), Mexico; Nede landse O ganisa ie oo We enschappelijk Onde zoek (NWO),
Ne he lands; The Resea ch Council o No way, No way; Commission on Science and Tech-
nology o Sus ainable De elopmen in he Sou h (COMSATS), Pakis an; Pon i icia Uni-
e sidad Ca ´olica del Pe ´u, Pe u; Minis y o Science and Highe Educa ion and Na ional
Science Cen e, Poland; Ko ea Ins i u e o Science and Technology In o ma ion and Na-
ional Resea ch Founda ion o Ko ea (NRF), Republic o Ko ea; Minis y o Educa ion and
Scien i ic Resea ch, Ins i u e o A omic Physics and Romanian Na ional Agency o Sci-
ence, Technology and Inno a ion, Romania; Join Ins i u e o Nuclea Resea ch (JINR),
Minis y o Educa ion and Science o he Russian Fede a ion and Na ional Resea ch Cen-
e Ku cha o Ins i u e, Russia; Minis y o Educa ion, Science, Resea ch and Spo o he
Slo ak Republic, Slo akia; Na ional Resea ch Founda ion o Sou h A ica, Sou h A ica;
Cen o de Aplicaciones Tecnol´ogicas y Desa ollo Nuclea (CEADEN), Cubaene g´ıa, Cuba
and Cen o de In es igaciones Ene g´e icas, Medioambien ales y Tecnol´ogicas (CIEMAT),
Spain; Swedish Resea ch Council (VR) and Knu & Alice Wallenbe g Founda ion (KAW),
Sweden; Eu opean O ganiza ion o Nuclea Resea ch, Swi ze land; Na ional Science and
Technology De elopmen Agency (NSDTA), Su ana ee Uni e si y o Technology (SUT)
and O ice o he Highe Educa ion Commission unde NRU p ojec o Thailand, Thai-
land; Tu kish A omic Ene gy Agency (TAEK), Tu key; Na ional Academy o Sciences o
Uk aine, Uk aine; Science and Technology Facili ies Council (STFC), Uni ed Kingdom;
Na ional Science Founda ion o he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica (NSF) and Uni ed S a es
Depa men o Ene gy, O ice o Nuclea Physics (DOE NP), Uni ed S a es o Ame ica.
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The ALICE collabo a ion
S. Acha ya138 , F.T.-. Acos a22 , D. Adamo ´a93 , J. Adol sson80 , M.M. Agga wal97 , G. Aglie i
Rinella36 , M. Agnello33 , N. Ag awal48 , Z. Ahammed138 , S.U. Ahn76 , S. Aiola143 ,
A. Akindino 64 , M. Al-Tu any103 , S.N. Alam138 , D.S.D. Albuque que119 , D. Aleksand o 87 ,
B. Alessand o58 , R. Al a o Molina72 , Y. Ali16 , A. Alici11 ,53 ,29 , A. Alkin3, J. Alme24 ,
T. Al 69 , L. Al enkampe 24 , I. Al sybee 137 , C. And ei47 , D. And eou36 , H.A. And ews107 ,
A. And onic103 , M. Angele i36 , V. Anguelo 101 , C. Anson17 , T. An iˇci´c104 , F. An ino i56 ,
P. An onioli53 , R. Anwa 123 , N. Apadula79 , L. Aphece che111 , H. Appelsh¨ause 69 , S. A celli29 ,
R. A naldi58 , O.W. A nold102 ,114 , I.C. A sene23 , M. A slandok101 , B. Audu ie 111 ,
A. Augus inus36 , R. A e beck103 , M.D. Azmi18 , A. Badal`a55 , Y.W. Baek60 ,41 , S. Bagnasco58 ,
R. Bailhache69 , R. Bala98 , A. Baldisse i134 , M. Ball43 , R.C. Ba al85 , A.M. Ba bano28 ,
R. Ba be a30 , F. Ba ile52 , L. Ba ioglio28 , G.G. Ba na ¨oldi142 , L.S. Ba nby92 , V. Ba e 131 ,
P. Ba alini7, K. Ba h36 , E. Ba sch69 , N. Bas id131 , S. Basu140 , G. Ba igne111 ,
B. Ba yunya75 , P.C. Ba zing23 , J.L. Bazo Alba108 , I.G. Bea den88 , H. Beck101 , C. Bedda63 ,
N.K. Behe a60 , I. Beliko 133 , F. Bellini29 ,36 , H. Bello Ma inez2, R. Bellwied123 ,
L.G.E. Bel an117 , V. Belyae 91 , G. Bencedi142 , S. Beole28 , A. Be cuci47 , Y. Be dniko 95 ,
D. Be enyi142 , R.A. Be ens127 , D. Be zano36 ,58 , L. Be e 36 , P.P. Bhadu i138 , A. Bhasin98 ,
I.R. Bha 98 , H. Bha 48 , B. Bha acha jee42 , J. Bhom115 , A. Bianchi28 , L. Bianchi123 ,
N. Bianchi51 , J. Bielˇc´ık38 , J. Bielˇc´ıko ´a93 , A. Bilandzic102 ,114 , G. Bi o142 , R. Biswas4,
S. Biswas4, J.T. Blai 116 , D. Blau87 , C. Blume69 , G. Boca135 , F. Bock36 , A. Bogdano 91 ,
L. Boldizs´a 142 , M. Bomba a39 , G. Bonomi136 , M. Bono a36 , H. Bo el134 , A. Bo isso 141 ,20 ,
M. Bo i125 , E. Bo a28 , C. Bou jau88 , L. B a ud69 , P. B aun-Munzinge 103 , M. B egan 118 ,
T.A. B oke 69 , M. B oz38 , E.J. B ucken44 , E. B una58 , G.E. B uno36 ,35 , D. Budniko 105 ,
H. Buesching69 , S. Bu alino33 , P. Buhle 110 , P. Buncic36 , O. Busch130 , Z. Bu helezi73 ,
J.B. Bu 16 , J.T. Bux on19 , J. Cabala113 , D. Ca a i89 , H. Caines143 , A. Cali a103 , E. Cal o
Villa 108 , R.S. Camacho2, P. Came ini27 , A.A. Capon110 , F. Ca ena36 , W. Ca ena36 ,
F. Ca nesecchi29 ,11 , J. Cas illo Cas ellanos134 , A.J. Cas o127 , E.A.R. Casula54 , C. Ceballos
Sanchez9, S. Chand a138 , B. Chang124 , W. Chang7, S. Chapeland36 , M. Cha ie 125 ,
S. Cha opadhyay138 , S. Cha opadhyay106 , A. Chau in114 ,102 , C. Cheshko 132 , B. Cheynis132 ,
V. Chiban e Ba oso36 , D.D. Chinella o119 , S. Cho60 , P. Chochula36 , T. Chowdhu y131 ,
P. Ch is akoglou89 , C.H. Ch is ensen88 , P. Ch is iansen80 , T. Chujo130 , S.U. Chung20 ,
C. Cicalo54 , L. Ci a elli11 ,29 , F. Cindolo53 , J. Cleymans122 , F. Colama ia52 ,
D. Colella65 ,52 ,36 , A. Collu79 , M. Colocci29 , M. Concas58 ,i, G. Conesa Balbas e78 , Z. Conesa
del Valle61 , J.G. Con e as38 , T.M. Co mie 94 , Y. Co ales Mo ales58 , P. Co ese34 ,
M.R. Cosen ino120 , F. Cos a36 , S. Cos anza135 , J. C ko sk´a61 , P. C oche 131 , E. Cuau le70 ,
L. Cunquei o94 ,141 , T. Dahms102 ,114 , A. Dainese56 , M.C. Danisch101 , A. Danu68 , D. Das106 ,
I. Das106 , S. Das4, A. Dash85 , S. Dash48 , S. De49 , A. De Ca o32 , G. de Ca aldo52 , C. de
Con i118 , J. de Cu eland40 , A. De Falco26 , D. De G u ola11 ,32 , N. De Ma co58 , S. De
Pasquale32 , R.D. De Souza119 , H.F. Degenha d 118 , A. Deis ing103 ,101 , A. Delo 84 ,
S. Delsan o28 , C. Deplano89 , P. Dhankhe 48 , D. Di Ba i35 , A. Di Mau o36 , B. Di Ruzza56 ,
R.A. Diaz9, T. Die el122 , P. Dillensege 69 , Y. Ding7, R. Di i`a36 , Ø. Dju sland24 , A. Dob in36 ,
D. Domenicis Gimenez118 , B. D¨onigus69 , O. Do dic23 , L.V.R. Do emalen63 , A.K. Dubey138 ,
A. Dubla103 , L. Duc oux132 , S. Dudi97 , A.K. Duggal97 , M. Dukhishyam85 , P. Dupieux131 ,
R.J. Ehle s143 , D. Elia52 , E. End ess108 , H. Engel74 , E. Epple143 , B. E azmus111 ,
F. E ha d 96 , M.R. E sdal24 , B. Espagnon61 , G. Eulisse36 , J. Eum20 , D. E ans107 ,
S. E dokimo 90 , L. Fabbie i102 ,114 , M. Faggin31 , J. Fai e78 , A. Fan oni51 , M. Fasel94 ,
L. Feldkamp141 , A. Feliciello58 , G. Feo ilo 137 , A. Fe n´andez T´ellez2, A. Fe e i28 ,
– 32 –
JHEP07(2018)103
A. Fes an i31 ,36 , V.J.G. Feuilla d134 ,131 , J. Figiel115 , M.A.S. Figue edo118 , S. Filchagin105 ,
D. Finogee 62 , F.M. Fionda24 , G. Fio enza52 , M. Flo is36 , S. Foe sch73 , P. Foka103 ,
S. Fokin87 , E. F agiacomo59 , A. F ancescon36 , A. F ancisco111 , U. F anken eld103 ,
G.G. F onze28 , U. Fuchs36 , C. Fu ge 78 , A. Fu s62 , M. Fusco Gi a d32 , J.J. Gaa dhøje88 ,
M. Gaglia di28 , A.M. Gago108 , K. Gajdoso a88 , M. Gallio28 , C.D. Gal an117 , P. Gano i83 ,
C. Ga aba os103 , E. Ga cia-Solis12 , K. Ga g30 , C. Ga giulo36 , P. Gasik102 ,114 , E.F. Gauge 116 ,
M.B. Gay Duca i71 , M. Ge main111 , J. Ghosh106 , P. Ghosh138 , S.K. Ghosh4, P. Giano i51 ,
P. Giubellino58 ,103 , P. Giubila o31 , P. Gl¨assel101 , D.M. Gom´ez Co al72 , A. Gomez Rami ez74 ,
V. Gonzalez103 , P. Gonz´alez-Zamo a2, S. Go buno 40 , L. G¨o lich115 , S. Go o ac126 ,
V. G abski72 , L.K. G aczykowski139 , K.L. G aham107 , L. G eine 79 , A. G elli63 , C. G igo as36 ,
V. G igo ie 91 , A. G igo yan1, S. G igo yan75 , J.M. G one eld103 , F. G osa33 ,
J.F. G osse-Oe inghaus36 , R. G osso103 , R. Gue nane78 , B. Gue zoni29 , M. Gui ie e111 ,
K. Gulb andsen88 , T. Gunji129 , A. Gup a98 , R. Gup a98 , I.B. Guzman2, R. Haake36 ,
M.K. Habib103 , C. Hadjidakis61 , H. Hamagaki81 , G. Hama 142 , J.C. Hamon133 , M.R. Haque63 ,
J.W. Ha is143 , A. Ha on12 , H. Hassan78 , D. Ha zi o iadou53 ,11 , S. Hayashi129 , S.T. Heckel69 ,
E. Hellb¨a 69 , H. Hels up37 , A. He ghelegiu47 , E.G. He nandez2, G. He e a Co al10 ,
F. He mann141 , K.F. He land37 , T.E. Hilden44 , H. Hillemanns36 , C. Hills125 , B. Hippoly e133 ,
B. Hohlwege 102 , D. Ho ak38 , S. Ho nung103 , R. Hosokawa130 ,78 , P. H is o 36 , C. Hughes127 ,
P. Huhn69 , T.J. Humanic19 , H. Hushnud106 , N. Hussain42 , T. Hussain18 , D. Hu e 40 ,
D.S. Hwang21 , J.P. Iddon125 , S.A. Iga Bui on70 , R. Ilkae 105 , M. Inaba130 , M. Ippoli o 87 ,
M.S. Islam106 , M. I ano 103 , V. I ano 95 , V. Izuchee 90 , B. Jacak79 , N. Jacazio29 ,
P.M. Jacobs79 , M.B. Jadha 48 , S. Jadlo ska113 , J. Jadlo sky113 , S. Jaelani63 ,
C. Jahnke118 ,114 , M.J. Jakubowska139 , M.A. Janik139 , C. Jena85 , M. Je cic96 , R.T. Jimenez
Bus aman e103 , M. Jin123 , P.G. Jones107 , A. Jusko107 , P. Kalinak65 , A. Kalwei 36 ,
J.H. Kang144 , V. Kaplin91 , S. Ka 7, A. Ka asu Uysal77 , O. Ka a iche 62 , T. Ka a iche a62 ,
P. Ka czma czyk36 , E. Ka peche 62 , U. Kebschull74 , R. Keidel46 , D.L.D. Keijdene 63 ,
M. Keil36 , B. Ke ze 43 , Z. Khabano a89 , S. Khan18 , S.A. Khan138 , A. Khanzadee 95 ,
Y. Kha lo 90 , A. Kha un18 , A. Khun ia49 , M.M. Kielbowicz115 , B. Kileng37 , B. Kim130 ,
D. Kim144 , D.J. Kim124 , E.J. Kim14 , H. Kim144 , J.S. Kim41 , J. Kim101 , M. Kim60 ,101 ,
S. Kim21 , T. Kim144 , T. Kim144 , S. Ki sch40 , I. Kisel40 , S. Kisele 64 , A. Kisiel139 , J.L. Klay6,
C. Klein69 , J. Klein36 ,58 , C. Klein-B¨osing141 , S. Klewin101 , A. Kluge36 , M.L. Knichel36 ,101 ,
A.G. Knospe123 , C. Kobdaj112 , M. Ko a ago142 , M.K. K¨ohle 101 , T. Kollegge 103 ,
N. Kond a ye a91 , E. Kond a yuk90 , A. Kone skikh62 , M. Konyushikhin140 , O. Ko alenko84 ,
V. Ko alenko137 , M. Kowalski115 , I. K ´alik65 , A. K a ˇc´ako ´a39 , L. K eis103 , M. K i da107 ,65 ,
F. K izek93 , M. K ¨uge 69 , E. K yshen95 , M. K zewicki40 , A.M. Kube a19 , V. Kuˇce a60 ,93 ,
C. Kuhn133 , P.G. Kuije 89 , J. Kuma 48 , L. Kuma 97 , S. Kuma 48 , S. Kundu85 ,
P. Ku ash ili84 , A. Ku epin62 , A.B. Ku epin62 , A. Ku yakin105 , S. Kushpil93 , M.J. Kweon60 ,
Y. Kwon144 , S.L. La Poin e40 , P. La Rocca30 , Y.S. Lai79 , I. Lakomo 36 , R. Langoy121 ,
K. Lapidus143 , C. La a74 , A. La deux23 , P. La iono 51 , A. La uca28 , E. Laudi36 ,
R. La icka38 , R. Lea27 , L. Lea dini101 , S. Lee144 , F. Lehas89 , S. Lehne 110 , J. Leh bach40 ,
R.C. Lemmon92 , E. Leog ande63 , I. Le´on Monz´on117 , P. L´e ai142 , X. Li13 , X.L. Li7,
J. Lien121 , R. Lie a a107 , B. Lim20 , S. Lindal23 , V. Lindens u h40 , S.W. Lindsay125 ,
C. Lippmann103 , M.A. Lisa19 , V. Li iche skyi44 , A. Liu79 , H.M. Ljungg en80 , W.J. Llope140 ,
D.F. Loda o63 , V. Logino 91 , C. Loizides79 ,94 , P. Lonca 126 , X. Lopez131 , E. L´opez To es9,
A. Lowe142 , P. Lue ig69 , J.R. Luhde 141 , M. Luna don31 , G. Lupa ello59 , M. Lupi36 ,
A. Mae skaya62 , M. Mage 36 , S.M. Mahmood23 , A. Mai e133 , R.D. Majka143 , M. Malae 95 ,
L. Malinina75 ,ii, D. Mal’Ke ich64 , P. Malzache 103 , A. Mamono 105 , V. Manko87 ,
F. Manso131 , V. Manza i52 , Y. Mao7, M. Ma chisone132 ,128 ,73 , J. Ma eˇs67 ,
– 33 –
JHEP07(2018)103
G.V. Ma gaglio i27 , A. Ma go i53 , J. Ma gu i63 , A. Ma ´ın103 , C. Ma ke 116 ,
M. Ma qua d69 , N.A. Ma in103 , P. Ma inengo36 , M.I. Ma ´ınez2, G. Ma ´ınez Ga c´ıa111 ,
M. Ma inez Ped ei a36 , S. Masciocchi103 , M. Mase a28 , A. Masoni54 , L. Massac ie 61 ,
E. Masson111 , A. Mas ose io52 , A.M. Ma his102 ,114 , P.F.T. Ma uoka118 , A. Ma yja115 ,127 ,
C. Maye 115 , M. Mazzilli35 , M.A. Mazzoni57 , F. Meddi25 , Y. Melikyan91 ,
A. Menchaca-Rocha72 , E. Meninno32 , J. Me cado P´e ez101 , M. Me es15 , C.S. Meza108 ,
S. Mhlanga122 , Y. Miake130 , L. Michele i28 , M.M. Mieskolainen44 , D.L. Mihaylo 102 ,
K. Mikhaylo 64 ,75 , A. Mischke63 , A.N. Mish a70 , D. Mi´skowiec103 , J. Mi a138 , C.M. Mi u68 ,
N. Mohammadi36 ,63 , A.P. Mohan y63 , B. Mohan y85 , M. Mohisin Khan18 ,iii, D.A. Mo ei a De
Godoy141 , L.A.P. Mo eno2, S. Mo e o31 , A. Mo eale111 , A. Mo sch36 , V. Mucci o a51 ,
E. Mudnic126 , D. M¨uhlheim141 , S. Muhu i138 , M. Mukhe jee4, J.D. Mulligan143 ,
M.G. Munhoz118 , K. M¨unning43 , M.I.A. Munoz79 , R.H. Munze 69 , H. Mu akami129 ,
S. Mu ay73 , L. Musa36 , J. Musinsky65 , C.J. Mye s123 , J.W. My cha139 , B. Naik48 , R. Nai 84 ,
B.K. Nandi48 , R. Nania53 ,11 , E. Nappi52 , A. Na ayan48 , M.U. Na u16 , H. Na al da Luz118 ,
C. Na ass127 , S.R. Na a o2, K. Nayak85 , R. Nayak48 , T.K. Nayak138 , S. Naza enko105 ,
R.A. Neg ao De Oli ei a69 ,36 , L. Nellen70 , S.V. Nesbo37 , G. Nesko ic40 , F. Ng123 ,
M. Nicassio103 , J. Niedziela139 ,36 , B.S. Nielsen88 , S. Nikolae 87 , S. Nikulin87 , V. Nikulin95 ,
F. No e ini11 ,53 , P. Nomokono 75 , G. Noo en63 , J.C.C. No is2, J. No man78 ,125 , A. Nyanin87 ,
J. Nys and24 , H. Oh144 , A. Ohlson101 , J. Oleniacz139 , A.C. Oli ei a Da Sil a118 ,
M.H. Oli e 143 , J. Onde waa e 103 , C. Oppedisano58 , R. O a a44 , M. O a ec113 , A. O iz
Velasquez70 , A. Oska sson80 , J. O winowski115 , K. Oyama81 , Y. Pachmaye 101 , V. Pacik88 ,
D. Pagano136 , G. Pai´c70 , P. Palni7, J. Pan140 , A.K. Pandey48 , S. Panebianco134 ,
V. Papikyan1, P. Pa eek49 , J. Pa k60 , J.E. Pa kkila124 , S. Pa ma 97 , A. Pass eld141 ,
S.P. Pa hak123 , R.N. Pa a138 , B. Paul58 , H. Pei7, T. Pei zmann63 , X. Peng7, L.G. Pe ei a71 ,
H. Pe ei a Da Cos a134 , D. Pe esunko87 , E. Pe ez Lezama69 , V. Pesko 69 , Y. Pes o 5,
V. Pe ´aˇcek38 , M. Pe o ici47 , C. Pe a30 , R.P. Pezzi71 , S. Piano59 , M. Pikna15 , P. Pillo 111 ,
L.O.D.L. Pimen el88 , O. Pinazza53 ,36 , L. Pinsky123 , S. Pisano51 , D.B. Piya a hna123 ,
M. P losko´n79 , M. Planinic96 , F. Plique 69 , J. Plu a139 , S. Pochybo a142 ,
P.L.M. Podes a-Le ma117 , M.G. Poghosyan94 , B. Polich chouk90 , N. Poljak96 ,
W. Poonsawa 112 , A. Pop47 , H. Poppenbo g141 , S. Po eboeu -Houssais131 , V. Pozdniako 75 ,
S.K. P asad4, R. P eghenella53 , F. P ino58 , C.A. P uneau140 , I. Pshenichno 62 , M. Puccio28 ,
V. Punin105 , J. Pu schke140 , S. Raha4, S. Rajpu 98 , J. Rak124 , A. Rako oza ind abe134 ,
L. Ramello34 , F. Rami133 , R. Raniwala99 , S. Raniwala99 , S.S. R¨as¨anen44 , B.T. Rascanu69 ,
V. Ra za43 , I. Ra asenga33 , K.F. Read127 ,94 , K. Redlich84 ,i , A. Rehman24 , P. Reichel 69 ,
F. Reid 36 , X. Ren7, R. Ren o d 69 , A. Reshe in62 , J.-P. Re ol11 , K. Reyge s101 , V. Riabo 95 ,
T. Riche 63 ,80 , M. Rich e 23 , P. Riedle 36 , W. Riegle 36 , F. Riggi30 , C. Ris ea68 ,
M. Rod ´ıguez Cahuan zi2, K. Røed23 , R. Rogale 90 , E. Rogochaya75 , D. Roh 36 , D. R¨oh ich24 ,
P.S. Roki a139 , F. Ronche i51 , E.D. Rosas70 , K. Roslon139 , P. Rosne 131 , A. Rossi56 ,31 ,
A. Ro ondi135 , F. Roukou akis83 , C. Roy133 , P. Roy106 , O.V. Rueda70 , R. Rui27 ,
B. Rumyan se 75 , A. Rus amo 86 , E. Ryabinkin87 , Y. Ryabo 95 , A. Rybicki115 , S. Saa inen44 ,
S. Sadhu138 , S. Sado sky90 , K. ˇ
Sa aˇ ´ık36 , S.K. Saha138 , B. Sahoo48 , P. Sahoo49 , R. Sahoo49 ,
S. Sahoo66 , P.K. Sahu66 , J. Saini138 , S. Sakai130 , M.A. Saleh140 , S. Sambyal98 ,
V. Samsono 95 ,91 , A. Sando al72 , A. Sa ka 73 , D. Sa ka 138 , N. Sa ka 138 , P. Sa ma42 ,
M.H.P. Sas63 , E. Scappa one53 , F. Sca lassa a31 , B. Schae e 94 , H.S. Scheid69 , C. Schiaua47 ,
R. Schicke 101 , C. Schmid 103 , H.R. Schmid 100 , M.O. Schmid 101 , M. Schmid 100 ,
N.V. Schmid 94 ,69 , J. Schuk a 36 , Y. Schu z36 ,133 , K. Schwa z103 , K. Schweda103 ,
G. Scioli29 , E. Scompa in58 , M. ˇ
Se ˇc´ık39 , J.E. Sege 17 , Y. Sekiguchi129 , D. Sekiha a45 ,
I. Selyuzhenko 91 ,103 , K. Senosi73 , S. Senyuko 133 , E. Se adilla72 , P. Se 48 , A. Se cenco68 ,
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JHEP07(2018)103
A. Shabano 62 , A. Shabe ai111 , R. Shahoyan36 , W. Shaikh106 , A. Shanga ae 90 , A. Sha ma97 ,
A. Sha ma98 , N. Sha ma97 , A.I. Sheikh138 , K. Shigaki45 , M. Shimomu a82 , S. Shi inkin64 ,
Q. Shou7,109 , K. Sh eje 28 , Y. Sibi iak87 , S. Siddhan a54 , K.M. Sielewicz36 , T. Siemia czuk84 ,
D. Sil e my 80 , G. Sima o ic89 , G. Simone i102 ,36 , R. Singa aju138 , R. Singh85 ,
V. Singhal138 , T. Sinha106 , B. Si a 15 , M. Si a34 , T.B. Skaali23 , M. Slupecki124 ,
N. Smi no 143 , R.J.M. Snellings63 , T.W. Snellman124 , J. Song20 , F. So amel31 , S. So ensen127 ,
F. Sozzi103 , I. Spu owska115 , J. S achel101 , I. S an68 , P. S ankus94 , E. S enlund80 ,
D. S occo111 , M.M. S o e ed 37 , P. S men15 , A.A.P. Suaide118 , T. Sugi a e45 , C. Sui e61 ,
M. Suleymano 16 , M. Suljic36 ,27 , R. Sul ano 64 , M. ˇ
Sumbe a93 , S. Sumowidagdo50 ,
K. Suzuki110 , S. Swain66 , A. Szabo15 , I. Sza ka15 , U. Tabassam16 , J. Takahashi119 ,
G.J. Tamba e24 , N. Tanaka130 , M. Ta hini61 ,111 , M. Ta iq18 , M.G. Ta zila47 , A. Tau o36 ,
G. Tejeda Mu˜noz2, A. Telesca36 , C. Te e oli31 , B. Teyssie 132 , D. Thaku 49 , S. Thaku 138 ,
D. Thomas116 , F. Tho esen88 , R. Tieulen 132 , A. Tikhono 62 , A.R. Timmins123 , A. Toia69 ,
N. Topilskaya62 , M. Toppi51 , S.R. To es117 , S. T ipa hy49 , S. T ogolo28 , G. T ombe a35 ,
L. T opp39 , V. T ubniko 3, W.H. T zaska124 , T.P. T zcinski139 , B.A. T zeciak63 , T. Tsuji129 ,
A. Tumkin105 , R. Tu isi56 , T.S. T e e 23 , K. Ullaland24 , E.N. Umaka123 , A. U as132 ,
G.L. Usai26 , A. U obicic96 , M. Vala113 , J.W. Van Hoo ne36 , M. an Leeuwen63 , P. Vande
Vy e36 , D. Va ga142 , A. Va gas2, M. Va gyas124 , R. Va ma48 , M. Vasileiou83 , A. Vasilie 87 ,
A. Vau hie 78 , O. V´azquez Doce102 ,114 , V. Veche nin137 , A.M. Veen63 , A. Velu e24 ,
E. Ve cellin28 , S. Ve ga a Lim´on2, L. Ve mun 63 , R. Ve ne 8, R. V´e esi142 , L. Vicko ic126 ,
J. Viinikainen124 , Z. Vilakazi128 , O. Villalobos Baillie107 , A. Villa o o Tello2, A. Vinog ado 87 ,
T. Vi gili32 , V. Visla icius80 , A. Vodopyano 75 , M.A. V¨olkl100 , K. Voloshin64 ,
S.A. Voloshin140 , G. Volpe35 , B. on Halle 36 , I. Vo obye 114 ,102 , D. Voscek113 ,
D. V anic103 ,36 , J. V l´ako ´a39 , B. Wagne 24 , H. Wang63 , M. Wang7, Y. Wa anabe130 ,129 ,
M. Webe 110 , S.G. Webe 103 , A. Weg zynek36 , D.F. Weise 101 , S.C. Wenzel36 , J.P. Wessels141 ,
U. Wes e ho 141 , A.M. Whi ehead122 , J. Wiechula69 , J. Wikne23 , G. Wilk84 , J. Wilkinson53 ,
G.A. Willems141 ,36 , M.C.S. Williams53 , E. Willshe 107 , B. Windelband101 , W.E. Wi 127 ,
R. Xu7, S. Yalcin77 , K. Yamakawa45 , S. Yano45 , Z. Yin7, H. Yokoyama130 ,78 , I.-K. Yoo20 ,
J.H. Yoon60 , V. Yu chenko3, V. Zaccolo58 , A. Zaman16 , C. Zampolli36 , H.J.C. Zanoli118 ,
N. Za dosh i107 , A. Za ochen se 137 , P. Z´a ada67 , N. Za iyalo 105 , H. Zb oszczyk139 ,
M. Zhalo 95 , X. Zhang7, Y. Zhang7, Z. Zhang131 ,7, C. Zhao23 , V. Zhe ebche skii137 ,
N. Zhiga e a64 , D. Zhou7, Y. Zhou88 , Z. Zhou24 , H. Zhu7, J. Zhu7, Y. Zhu7, A. Zichichi29 ,11 ,
M.B. Zimme mann36 , G. Zino je 3, J. Zmeskal110 , S. Zou7,
iDipa imen o DET del Poli ecnico di To ino, Tu in, I aly
ii M.V. Lomonoso Moscow S a e Uni e si y, D.V. Skobel syn Ins i u e o Nuclea , Physics, Moscow,
Russia
iii Depa men o Applied Physics, Aliga h Muslim Uni e si y, Aliga h, India
i Ins i u e o Theo e ical Physics, Uni e si y o W oclaw, Poland
1A.I. Alikhanyan Na ional Science Labo a o y (Ye e an Physics Ins i u e) Founda ion, Ye e an,
A menia
2Benem´e i a Uni e sidad Au ´onoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
3Bogolyubo Ins i u e o Theo e ical Physics, Na ional Academy o Sciences o Uk aine, Kie ,
Uk aine
4Bose Ins i u e, Depa men o Physics and Cen e o As opa icle Physics and Space Science
(CAPSS), Kolka a, India
5Budke Ins i u e o Nuclea Physics, No osibi sk, Russia
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JHEP07(2018)103
6Cali o nia Poly echnic S a e Uni e si y, San Luis Obispo, Cali o nia, Uni ed S a es
7Cen al China No mal Uni e si y, Wuhan, China
8Cen e de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeu banne, Lyon, F ance
9Cen o de Aplicaciones Tecnol´ogicas y Desa ollo Nuclea (CEADEN), Ha ana, Cuba
10 Cen o de In es igaci´on y de Es udios A anzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico Ci y and M´e ida, Mexico
11 Cen o Fe mi - Museo S o ico della Fisica e Cen o S udi e Rice che “En ico Fe mi’, Rome, I aly
12 Chicago S a e Uni e si y, Chicago, Illinois, Uni ed S a es
13 China Ins i u e o A omic Ene gy, Beijing, China
14 Chonbuk Na ional Uni e si y, Jeonju, Republic o Ko ea
15 Comenius Uni e si y B a isla a, Facul y o Ma hema ics, Physics and In o ma ics, B a isla a,
Slo akia
16 COMSATS Ins i u e o In o ma ion Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakis an
17 C eigh on Uni e si y, Omaha, Neb aska, Uni ed S a es
18 Depa men o Physics, Aliga h Muslim Uni e si y, Aliga h, India
19 Depa men o Physics, Ohio S a e Uni e si y, Columbus, Ohio, Uni ed S a es
20 Depa men o Physics, Pusan Na ional Uni e si y, Pusan, Republic o Ko ea
21 Depa men o Physics, Sejong Uni e si y, Seoul, Republic o Ko ea
22 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Be keley, Cali o nia, Uni ed S a es
23 Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Oslo, Oslo, No way
24 Depa men o Physics and Technology, Uni e si y o Be gen, Be gen, No way
25 Dipa imen o di Fisica dell’Uni e si `a ‘La Sapienza’ and Sezione INFN, Rome, I aly
26 Dipa imen o di Fisica dell’Uni e si `a and Sezione INFN, Caglia i, I aly
27 Dipa imen o di Fisica dell’Uni e si `a and Sezione INFN, T ies e, I aly
28 Dipa imen o di Fisica dell’Uni e si `a and Sezione INFN, Tu in, I aly
29 Dipa imen o di Fisica e As onomia dell’Uni e si `a and Sezione INFN, Bologna, I aly
30 Dipa imen o di Fisica e As onomia dell’Uni e si `a and Sezione INFN, Ca ania, I aly
31 Dipa imen o di Fisica e As onomia dell’Uni e si `a and Sezione INFN, Pado a, I aly
32 Dipa imen o di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Uni e si `a and G uppo Collega o INFN, Sale no, I aly
33 Dipa imen o DISAT del Poli ecnico and Sezione INFN, Tu in, I aly
34 Dipa imen o di Scienze e Inno azione Tecnologica dell’Uni e si `a del Piemon e O ien ale and
INFN Sezione di To ino, Alessand ia, I aly
35 Dipa imen o In e a eneo di Fisica ‘M. Me lin’ and Sezione INFN, Ba i, I aly
36 Eu opean O ganiza ion o Nuclea Resea ch (CERN), Gene a, Swi ze land
37 Facul y o Enginee ing and Science, Wes e n No way Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Be gen,
No way
38 Facul y o Nuclea Sciences and Physical Enginee ing, Czech Technical Uni e si y in P ague,
P ague, Czech Republic
39 Facul y o Science, P.J. ˇ
Sa ´a ik Uni e si y, Koˇsice, Slo akia
40 F ank u Ins i u e o Ad anced S udies, Johann Wol gang Goe he-Uni e si ¨a F ank u ,
F ank u , Ge many
41 Gangneung-Wonju Na ional Uni e si y, Gangneung, Republic o Ko ea
42 Gauha i Uni e si y, Depa men o Physics, Guwaha i, India
43 Helmhol z-Ins i u ¨u S ahlen- und Ke nphysik, Rheinische F ied ich-Wilhelms-Uni e si ¨a Bonn,
Bonn, Ge many
44 Helsinki Ins i u e o Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland
45 Hi oshima Uni e si y, Hi oshima, Japan
46 Hochschule Wo ms, Zen um ¨u Technologie ans e und Telekommunika ion (ZTT), Wo ms,
Ge many
47 Ho ia Hulubei Na ional Ins i u e o Physics and Nuclea Enginee ing, Bucha es , Romania
48 Indian Ins i u e o Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
49 Indian Ins i u e o Technology Indo e, Indo e, India
50 Indonesian Ins i u e o Sciences, Jaka a, Indonesia
– 36 –
JHEP07(2018)103
51 INFN, Labo a o i Nazionali di F asca i, F asca i, I aly
52 INFN, Sezione di Ba i, Ba i, I aly
53 INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, I aly
54 INFN, Sezione di Caglia i, Caglia i, I aly
55 INFN, Sezione di Ca ania, Ca ania, I aly
56 INFN, Sezione di Pado a, Pado a, I aly
57 INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, I aly
58 INFN, Sezione di To ino, Tu in, I aly
59 INFN, Sezione di T ies e, T ies e, I aly
60 Inha Uni e si y, Incheon, Republic o Ko ea
61 Ins i u de Physique Nucl´eai e d’O say (IPNO), Ins i u Na ional de Physique Nucl´eai e e de
Physique des Pa icules (IN2P3/CNRS), Uni e si ´e de Pa is-Sud, Uni e si ´e Pa is-Saclay, O say,
F ance
62 Ins i u e o Nuclea Resea ch, Academy o Sciences, Moscow, Russia
63 Ins i u e o Suba omic Physics, U ech Uni e si y/Nikhe , U ech , Ne he lands
64 Ins i u e o Theo e ical and Expe imen al Physics, Moscow, Russia
65 Ins i u e o Expe imen al Physics, Slo ak Academy o Sciences, Koˇsice, Slo akia
66 Ins i u e o Physics, Bhubaneswa , India
67 Ins i u e o Physics o he Czech Academy o Sciences, P ague, Czech Republic
68 Ins i u e o Space Science (ISS), Bucha es , Romania
69 Ins i u ¨u Ke nphysik, Johann Wol gang Goe he-Uni e si ¨a F ank u , F ank u , Ge many
70 Ins i u o de Ciencias Nuclea es, Uni e sidad Nacional Au ´onoma de M´exico, Mexico Ci y, Mexico
71 Ins i u o de F´ısica, Uni e sidade Fede al do Rio G ande do Sul (UFRGS), Po o Aleg e, B azil
72 Ins i u o de F´ısica, Uni e sidad Nacional Au ´onoma de M´exico, Mexico Ci y, Mexico
73 iThemba LABS, Na ional Resea ch Founda ion, Some se Wes , Sou h A ica
74 Johann-Wol gang-Goe he Uni e si ¨a F ank u Ins i u ¨u In o ma ik, Fachbe eich In o ma ik und
Ma hema ik, F ank u , Ge many
75 Join Ins i u e o Nuclea Resea ch (JINR), Dubna, Russia
76 Ko ea Ins i u e o Science and Technology In o ma ion, Daejeon, Republic o Ko ea
77 KTO Ka a ay Uni e si y, Konya, Tu key
78 Labo a oi e de Physique Suba omique e de Cosmologie, Uni e si ´e G enoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3,
G enoble, F ance
79 Law ence Be keley Na ional Labo a o y, Be keley, Cali o nia, Uni ed S a es
80 Lund Uni e si y Depa men o Physics, Di ision o Pa icle Physics, Lund, Sweden
81 Nagasaki Ins i u e o Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan
82 Na a Women’s Uni e si y (NWU), Na a, Japan
83 Na ional and Kapodis ian Uni e si y o A hens, School o Science, Depa men o Physics ,
A hens, G eece
84 Na ional Cen e o Nuclea Resea ch, Wa saw, Poland
85 Na ional Ins i u e o Science Educa ion and Resea ch, HBNI, Ja ni, India
86 Na ional Nuclea Resea ch Cen e , Baku, Aze baijan
87 Na ional Resea ch Cen e Ku cha o Ins i u e, Moscow, Russia
88 Niels Boh Ins i u e, Uni e si y o Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denma k
89 Nikhe , Na ional ins i u e o suba omic physics, Ams e dam, Ne he lands
90 NRC ‘Ku cha o Ins i u e’ IHEP, P o ino, Russia
91 NRNU Moscow Enginee ing Physics Ins i u e, Moscow, Russia
92 Nuclea Physics G oup, STFC Da esbu y Labo a o y, Da esbu y, Uni ed Kingdom
93 Nuclea Physics Ins i u e o he Czech Academy o Sciences, ˇ
Reˇz u P ahy, Czech Republic
94 Oak Ridge Na ional Labo a o y, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Uni ed S a es
95 Pe e sbu g Nuclea Physics Ins i u e, Ga china, Russia
96 Physics depa men , Facul y o science, Uni e si y o Zag eb, Zag eb, C oa ia
97 Physics Depa men , Panjab Uni e si y, Chandiga h, India
– 37 –
JHEP07(2018)103
98 Physics Depa men , Uni e si y o Jammu, Jammu, India
99 Physics Depa men , Uni e si y o Rajas han, Jaipu , India
100 Physikalisches Ins i u , Ebe ha d-Ka ls-Uni e si ¨a T¨ubingen, T¨ubingen, Ge many
101 Physikalisches Ins i u , Rup ech -Ka ls-Uni e si ¨a Heidelbe g, Heidelbe g, Ge many
102 Physik Depa men , Technische Uni e si ¨a M¨unchen, Munich, Ge many
103 Resea ch Di ision and Ex eMe Ma e Ins i u e EMMI, GSI Helmhol zzen um ¨u
Schwe ionen o schung GmbH, Da ms ad , Ge many
104 Rudje Boˇsko i´c Ins i u e, Zag eb, C oa ia
105 Russian Fede al Nuclea Cen e (VNIIEF), Sa o , Russia
106 Saha Ins i u e o Nuclea Physics, Kolka a, India
107 School o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Bi mingham, Bi mingham, Uni ed Kingdom
108 Secci´on F´ısica, Depa amen o de Ciencias, Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ca ´olica del Pe ´u, Lima, Pe u
109 Shanghai Ins i u e o Applied Physics, Shanghai, China
110 S e an Meye Ins i u ¨u Suba oma e Physik (SMI), Vienna, Aus ia
111 SUBATECH, IMT A lan ique, Uni e si ´e de Nan es, CNRS-IN2P3, Nan es, F ance
112 Su ana ee Uni e si y o Technology, Nakhon Ra chasima, Thailand
113 Technical Uni e si y o Koˇsice, Koˇsice, Slo akia
114 Technische Uni e si ¨a M¨unchen, Excellence Clus e ‘Uni e se’, Munich, Ge many
115 The Hen yk Niewodniczanski Ins i u e o Nuclea Physics, Polish Academy o Sciences, C acow,
Poland
116 The Uni e si y o Texas a Aus in, Aus in, Texas, Uni ed S a es
117 Uni e sidad Au ´onoma de Sinaloa, Culiac´an, Mexico
118 Uni e sidade de S˜ao Paulo (USP), S˜ao Paulo, B azil
119 Uni e sidade Es adual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, B azil
120 Uni e sidade Fede al do ABC, San o And e, B azil
121 Uni e si y College o Sou heas No way, Tonsbe g, No way
122 Uni e si y o Cape Town, Cape Town, Sou h A ica
123 Uni e si y o Hous on, Hous on, Texas, Uni ed S a es
124 Uni e si y o Jy ¨askyl¨a, Jy ¨askyl¨a, Finland
125 Uni e si y o Li e pool, Depa men o Physics Oli e Lodge Labo a o y , Li e pool, Uni ed
Kingdom
126 Uni e si y o Spli , Facul y o Elec ical Enginee ing, Mechanical Enginee ing and Na al
A chi ec u e, Spli , C oa ia
127 Uni e si y o Tennessee, Knox ille, Tennessee, Uni ed S a es
128 Uni e si y o he Wi wa e s and, Johannesbu g, Sou h A ica
129 Uni e si y o Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
130 Uni e si y o Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
131 Uni e si ´e Cle mon Au e gne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Cle mon -Fe and, F ance
132 Uni e si ´e de Lyon, Uni e si ´e Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeu banne, Lyon, F ance
133 Uni e si ´e de S asbou g, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 S asbou g, F ance, S asbou g, F ance
134 Uni e si ´e Pa is-Saclay Cen e d’ ´
E udes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Depa men de Physique
Nucl´eai e (DPhN), Saclay, F ance
135 Uni e si `a degli S udi di Pa ia, Pa ia, I aly
136 Uni e si `a di B escia, B escia, I aly
137 V. Fock Ins i u e o Physics, S . Pe e sbu g S a e Uni e si y, S . Pe e sbu g, Russia
138 Va iable Ene gy Cyclo on Cen e, Kolka a, India
139 Wa saw Uni e si y o Technology, Wa saw, Poland
140 Wayne S a e Uni e si y, De oi , Michigan, Uni ed S a es
141 Wes ¨alische Wilhelms-Uni e si ¨a M¨uns e , Ins i u ¨u Ke nphysik, M¨uns e , Ge many
142 Wigne Resea ch Cen e o Physics, Hunga ian Academy o Sciences, Budapes , Hunga y
143 Yale Uni e si y, New Ha en, Connec icu , Uni ed S a es
144 Yonsei Uni e si y, Seoul, Republic o Ko ea
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