Measu emen o Open Access as an
In as uc u al Challenge: The Case o
Finland
Pekka OLSBO1
Open Science Cen e, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä
Abs ac . Finland has se nume ic goals o he de elopmen o open access.
Howe e , a he momen , no sys em is a ailable by which his de elopmen could
be moni o ed. Poo quali y in he me ada a eco ds in uni e si ies’ esea ch
in o ma ion da abases p e en s me ada a-based analysis o open access publishing
p og ess. This pape shows how he quali y p oblems o Finnish publica ion da a
can be esol ed h ough cen alizing he se ices and p ocesses o me ada a
c ea ion and by imp o ing he in e ope abili y o sys ems in ol ed in he p ocesses.
As a esul , his s udy desc ibes an en i onmen whe e eliable measu emen o
open access is possible and p esen s sugges ed ac ions o imp o ing he Finnish
publica ion da a collec ion.
Keywo ds. open access, ins i u ional eposi o ies, cu en esea ch in o ma ion
sys ems, me ada a, measu emen o open access
1. In oduc ion
Finland has se goals o achie ing open science, ollowing he equi emen s and
ecommenda ions de ined by he EU commission [1]. The Finnish Minis y o
Educa ion and Cul u e has es ablished key pe o mance indica o s o open science,
including a ge s o open access publishing. Acco ding o hese indica o s, 65% o
Finnish scien i ic publica ions should be open access by 2017. The pe cen age should
be 75% in 2018, and by he yea 2020, 90% o publica ions should be open access [2].
To achie e hese goals, measu able pe o mance, o en in he o m o nume ic da a,
is equi ed. Howe e , such an ou come means ha hose o e seeing he p ocess would
need o base hei e alua ion on eliable me ada a eco ds. Finland, howe e , does no
cu en ly ha e a na ional Cu en Resea ch In o ma ion Sys em (CRIS). The e a e,
howe e , esea ch in o ma ion sys ems in each uni e si y in Finland. The Finnish
esea ch publica ions po al JUULI collec s he me ada a c ea ed and main ained in he
esea ch in o ma ion sys ems o he uni e si ies [3]. This means ha he me ada a in
he Finnish po al JUULI can be us ed only inso a as he quali y o me ada a in he
esea ch da abases o he uni e si ies can be us ed.
While he poo quali y o he me ada a c ea ed in Finnish esea ch ins i u es
ega ding all publica ions p esen s a se ious p oblem [4], es ablishing a eliable
measu emen o open access is e en mo e challenging. One elemen o his challenge
1Co esponding Au ho , P.O.BOX 35, 40014 Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland; E-mail:
[email p o ec ed].
Expanding Pe spec i es on Open Science: Communi ies, Cul u es and Di e si y
in Concep s and P ac ices
L. Chan and F. Loizides (Eds.)
© 2017 The au ho s and IOS P ess.
This a icle is published online wi h Open Access by IOS P ess and dis ibu ed unde he e ms
o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Non-Comme cial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0).
doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-769-6-217
217
esul s om he cu en Finnish publica ion da a collec ion ins uc ions ha do no
equi e he open access s a us o a publica ion as manda o y in o ma ion
The me ada a collec ed om he yea 2015’s publica ions demons a e he
p oblems in quali y. Tha yea , Finnish uni e si ies epo ed 33,720 publica ions in he
Finnish JUULI po al. Table 1 shows ha he me ada a ega ding he open a ailabili y
o he publica ions a e un epo ed in almos 50% o cases. On he basis o his
in o ma ion, he only conclusion ha can be made wi h his me ada a is ha he sha e
o open access publica ions in Finnish uni e si ies is no measu able.
Table 1. The open access s a us o Finnish esea ch publica ions in JUULI po al (www.juuli. i) 2015. Da a
collec ed in Janua y 2017.
Ca ego y Amoun %
No OA 10639 31 %
Gold OA 5321 16 %
O he OA (G een) 1639 5 %
No answe 16121 48 %
To al 33720
F om he yea 2016 onwa d, he di ision o open access was changed om he
p e ious collec ion guidelines. Now da a is also collec ed in he ca ego y o hyb id
open access publica ions, which makes he de ini ion o he open access s a us e en
mo e demanding.
2. The Challenge o he Quali y o he Me ada a
The key elemen in making he measu emen o open access publishing eliable is a
clea de ini ion o open access. A chambaul e al. [5] de ined open access as di ided
in o he a ional de ini ions o open access and he ope a ional de ini ions o open
access. Mo e speci ically, he a ional de ini ions used in A chambaul e al. [5] a e
based on he p oposi ions made by Pe e Sube [6]. The ope a ional de ini ions o open
access e e o de ini ions es ablished by he o ganiza ion ga he ing and e alua ing he
measu emen da a o open access. (pp 2-5).
In he case o Finland, he ope a ional de ini ions o open access a e desc ibed in
he documen , Publica ion Da a Collec ion Ins uc ions o Resea che s 2016 [7]. These
de ini ions di ide open access o h ee ca ego ies:
1. publica ions published ia an open access channel,
2. open access publica ions published wi hin a hyb id channel,and
3. publica ions sel -a chi ed in he publica ion a chi es o an o ganiza ion o
ield o science, whe he immedia ely a ailable o a e a easonable emba go
speci ied by he publishe
This di ision places a g ea demand on he quali y o he me ada a c ea ed abou
he publica ions o Finnish schola ly au ho s. In o he wo ds, each esea ch publica ion
c ea ed in Finland would need o be ca ego ized eliably wi hin he designa ed
ca ego ies. Such a equi emen o eliably measu ing open access causes challenge
numbe one: he quali y o he me ada a.
P. Olsbo / Measu emen o Open Access as an In as uc u al Challenge: The Case o Finland218
The challenge o he quali y o he me ada a also includes he p oblem o co e age.
In o de o calcula e he sha e o open access publica ions, he o al numbe o
publica ions and o al numbe o open access publica ions pe yea in Finland mus be
known. Howe e , because he exac numbe o open access a icles each yea is no
accu a ely collec ed, only es ima es can be made abou he open a ailabili y o esea ch
[8], [9].
The second challenge in measu ing open access is quan i ying he p og ess o open
access. A chambaul e al. [5] desc ibed why i is qui e di icul o measu e he g ow h
o open access (OA):
The eason is ha g ow h in OA appea s as he esul o ou main o ces: (1)
his o ical g ow h in he in e es in OA which ansla es in o new pape s being
inc easingly a ailable o ee; (2) he g owing in e es in OA also ansla es
in o ac o s inc easingly making a ailable old pape s o ee; (3) OA policies
ha allow o delaying OA o scien i ic pape s wi h emba go pe iods p oduce
a concomi an disemba going o scien i ic a icles ha c ea es addi ional
g ow h in old pape s being made a ailable o ee; and (4) he ac ha he
numbe o published scien i ic pape s is g owing, so e en o a s able
p opo ion o OA, he numbe o OA pape s would keep g owing (p. ii).
As no ed ea lie , he key pe o mance indica o s o open science in Finland a e
based on he sha e o open access publica ions. This makes Fo ces 1, 2 and 3 as
desc ibed by A chambaul e al. [5] ele an , hus exe ing addi ional p essu e on he
need o quali y me ada a and he in e ope abili y o he sys ems engaged in epo ing
p ocesses.
The p oblems in me ada a eco ds gene ally ha e been ca ego ized by Yasse [10]
and u he s udied by Tani e al. [11]. F om he i e ca ego ies p esen ed by Yasse
[10], h ee can be applied o Finnish me ada a:
(1) inco ec alues, i.e., me ada a eco ds con ain alues ha do no ep esen
a gi en esou ce co ec ly e en hough elemen s a e applied co ec ly, (2)
missing in o ma ion, i.e., he me ada a eco d is no comple e and (3)
in o ma ion loss, i.e., some de ails cha ac e izing he in o ma ion a e los due
o he con e sion o me ada a om one scheme o ano he o due he ac ha
me ada a is no ex ac ed om one sys em o ano he (pp. 59-60).
All hese p oblems can be sol ed by imp o ing he p ocesses o me ada a c ea ion
and/o he in e ope abili y o he sys ems in ol ed in he collec ion p ocess. As
Nicholas Join [12] ema ked, he mo e o en lib a ies become he media o s o g een
open access, he highe he chance o quali y me ada a being p oduced. This is one
eason why he en i e p ocess o me ada a c ea ion and main enance should be
cen alized.
3. The P og ess o Open Access in Finland, 2012–2016
The publica ion da a om Finnish uni e si ies a e ga he ed wi hin he na ional JUULI
po al. Howe e , he me ada a in he JUULI po al cu en ly does no suppo a high-
quali y analysis o he open access a ailabili y o esea ch publica ions. Ne e heless,
by using he me ada a, I could specula e on he p og ess o open access in Finland and
analyze he me ada a p oblems p esen ed by Yasse [10] in g ea e de ail. This is
P. Olsbo / Measu emen o Open Access as an In as uc u al Challenge: The Case o Finland 219
especially ue when looking mo e closely a he de elopmen o g een open access in
Finland.
Finland’s Minis y o Educa ion and Cul u e launched he Open Science and
Resea ch Ini ia i e [13] o bo h p omo e esea ch in o ma ion a ailabili y and o se e
as he open science pla o m o he yea s 2014-2017. Howe e , despi e his goal a he
na ional le el, nei he speci ic ac ions no decisions esul ing in open access publishing
p og ess ha e aken place. E en a he uni e si y le el, whe e many uni e si ies
ope a e unde a manda e o open access publishing, only a ew uni e si ies a e making
a di e ence in he g ow h o open access. Tha is why, in he ollowing analysis, I
ocus on desc ibing he de elopmen in ou uni e si ies in Finland who a e
con ibu ing he mos o his g ow h and o which mos ly comple e da a is a ailable.
These include: Aal o Uni e si y, he Uni e si y o Helsinki, he Uni e si y on
Jy äskylä, and he Uni e si y o Tampe e.
Table 2 p esen s he numbe o open access a icles in he ou case uni e si ies o
he yea s 2012–2015. These igu es include bo h g een and gold open access. The able
indica es ha measu able p og ess in open access publishing has occu ed only a he
Uni e si ies o Jy äskylä and Helsinki. Table 3 desc ibes he o al numbe o a icle
publica ions om hese case uni e si ies.
Table 2. The numbe o open access a icles in ou case uni e si ies. Da a om he JUULI po al
(www.juuli. i).
Uni e si y 2012 2013 2014 2015
Aal o 586 564 556 597
Helsinki 1020 1410 1691 1651
Jy äskylä 722 757 1114 1276
Tampe e 843 714 934 767
Table 3. The o al numbe o a icle publica ions in ou case uni e si ies 2012–2015. Da a om he JUULI
po al (www.juuli. i).
Uni e si y 2012 2013 2014 2015
Aal o 3587 3769 3579 3360
Helsinki 10858 10867 10800 9777
Jy äskylä 2690 2847 2793 2738
Tampe e 2416 2252 2430 2363
By di iding he numbe o open access publica ions by he o al numbe o a icle
publica ions pe yea , we can c ea e a cha ha depic s he de elopmen o open access
a each case uni e si y (see Figu e 1). The main ques ion ha his g aph aises,
howe e , is how eliable a e hese numbe s? Can any hing eally be said abou he
de elopmen o open access in Finland, o e en hese uni e si ies, om hese numbe s?
P. Olsbo / Measu emen o Open Access as an In as uc u al Challenge: The Case o Finland220
Figu e 1. Sha e o open access a icles in ou case uni e si ies 2012-2015. Da a om he JUULI po al
(www.juuli. i).
The eliabili y o me ada a in he JUULI po al can be es ed mo e accu a ely by
looking closely a he de elopmen o g een open access in hese ou case uni e si ies.
Du ing 2012–2015, g een open access was ca ego ized in he JUULI po al as “o he
OA a ailabili y.” Table 4 shows he numbe o g een open access a icles in he ou
case uni e si ies o he yea s 2012–2015.
Table 4. The numbe o g een open access a icles in ou case uni e si ies 2012–2015. Da a o m JUULI
po al (www.juuli. i).
Uni e si y 2012 2013 2014 2015
Aal o 12 8 15 24
Helsinki 157 440 448 549
Jy äskylä 276 279 568 664
Tampe e 77 51 179 178
Figu e 2 shows he sha e o g een open access a icles in each case uni e si y.
Howe e , he sha e o g een open access is e y modes in h ee o he uni e si ies,
wi h he excep ion being he Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, which shows apid de elopmen
in ecen yea s.
0,00%
10,00%
20,00%
30,00%
40,00%
50,00%
2012 2013 2014 2015
Sha e o OA A icles
Aal o Helsinki Jy äskylä Tampe e
P. Olsbo / Measu emen o Open Access as an In as uc u al Challenge: The Case o Finland 221

Figu e 2. The sha e o g een open access a icles in ou case uni e si ies 2012–2015. Da a om he JUULI
po al (www.juuli. i).
In o de o es he p oblems in me ada a eco ds ca ego ized by Yasse [10] and
Tani e al. [11], he o iginal sou ces o he me ada a mus be used. In he case o g een
open access, his means he ins i u ional eposi o ies and he cu en esea ch
in o ma ion sys ems o he case uni e si ies. Because bo h he eposi o ies and he
CRISs include da a om he yea 2016 as well, he analysis, as p esen ed in he igu e
and ables, can be expanded o co e his addi ional da a.
The da a a ailable in he ins i u ional eposi o ies o he uni e si ies ega ding he
numbe o deposi ed a icles di e signi ican ly om simila da a a ailable in he
JUULI po al. Table 5 shows he numbe o deposi ed a icles om he ou case
uni e si ies be ween 2012 and 2016. This compa ison be ween Tables 4 and 5
demons a es ha no conclusions abou he de elopmen o open access can be d awn
using he da a om he JUULI po al.
Table 5. The numbe o g een open access a icles in he eposi o ies o ou case uni e si ies 2012–2016.
Da a collec ed om he eposi o ies Aal odoc [15], Helda [16], JYX [17] and TamPub [18] on Feb ua y 20,
2017.
Uni e si y 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Aal o 134 162 249 277 448
Helsinki 586 806 978 1166 1598
Jy äskylä 265 371 642 889 1057
Tampe e 207 154 236 266 333
0,00%
5,00%
10,00%
15,00%
20,00%
25,00%
30,00%
2012 2013 2014 2015
Sha e o g een OA A icles
Aal o Helsinki Jy äskylä Tampe e
P. Olsbo / Measu emen o Open Access as an In as uc u al Challenge: The Case o Finland222
I now analyze he p oblems wi h he me ada a eco ds in he JUULI po al using he
h ee ca ego ies as de eloped by Yasse [10]:
1. Inco ec alues, i.e., me ada a eco ds con ain alues ha do no ep esen a
gi en esou ce co ec ly, e en hough elemen s a e applied co ec ly. In
compa ing he da a in he JUULI po al o he o iginal eposi o ies and CRISs
o he ou case uni e si ies, in o ma ion abou he g een open access is
inco ec o missing in he JUULI po al in a la ge numbe o he me ada a
eco ds. The inaccu acy o a alue can be a esul o human beha io o a lack
o in e ope abili y be ween he eposi o y and he CRIS.
2. Missing in o ma ion, i.e., he me ada a eco d is no comple e. As p esen ed in
Table 1, he mos signi ican p oblem ega ding he in o ma ion abou he
open a ailabili y o publica ions in he JUULI po al is missing in o ma ion.
Once again, his is due o wo easons: The people esponsible o main aining
he CRIS do no ill in he in o ma ion abou g een open access, o his
in o ma ion is no ex ac ed om he eposi o y in o he CRIS. In some cases,
he e is only a small quali a i e di e ence be ween missing in o ma ion and
in o ma ion loss. Missing in o ma ion may be due o in o ma ion loss.
3. In o ma ion loss, i.e., some de ails cha ac e izing he in o ma ion a e los due
o he con e sion o me ada a om one scheme o ano he o due he ac ha
me ada a is no ex ac ed om one sys em o ano he . The basic in as uc u e
o g een open access should be qui e simple: Me ada a a e c ea ed o impo ed
in o he CRIS; he me ada a a e hen ans e ed o he eposi o y, whe e hey
a e en iched wi h open access in o ma ion; and hen he upda ed eco ds a e
impo ed back in o he CRIS. These me ada a a e hen ans e ed o he
JUULI po al. Bu i he in e ope abili y be ween he eposi o y and CRIS, o
be ween he CRIS and JUULI, is incomple e, hen in o ma ion is in dange o
being los .
As a esul o he analysis abo e, he causes o he p oblems in he me ada a
eco ds e lec wo main ac o s: he human ac o and he in as uc u al ac o . The
elimina ion o p oblems ela ed o hese ac o s has been one key elemen o he
de elopmen o sel -a chi ing and cen alized open science se ices a he Uni e si y
o Jy äskylä.
4. Conclusions: The “Jy äskylä Model” in P ac ice
The in o ma ion ga he ed om esea ch in o ma ion sys ems in Finnish uni e si ies is
no eliable enough o measu ing open access de elopmen . This is ue o bo h gold
and g een open access. The e o e, wo essen ial ac ions mus be implemen ed:
1. Gold, g een, and hyb id open access pape s mus be iden i ied and ca aloged
wi hin he esea ch in o ma ion sys ems wi h high-quali y eliabili y, and
2. The in e ope abili y o ins i u ional eposi o ies and cu en esea ch
in o ma ion sys ems mus be imp o ed so ha he comple e in o ma ion abou
he deposi ed pape s in he eposi o y is expo ed au oma ically and accu a ely
o he esea ch in o ma ion sys em.
As pa o he p ojec Finland: A Model Coun y o G een Open Access, we ha e
s udied hese p ocesses in he Open Science Cen e o he Uni e si y o Jy äskylä. We
P. Olsbo / Measu emen o Open Access as an In as uc u al Challenge: The Case o Finland 223
ha e c ea ed a model ha esul s in high-quali y me ada a c ea ion and au oma ed
p ocesses be ween he eposi o y and he CRIS [14]. The basic idea o he “Jy äskylä
model” is o cen alize all aspec s o he sel -a chi ing and open access p ocesses lying
wi hin he esponsibili y o he p o essionals a he uni e si y lib a y. E en wi hin he
lib a y, jus a ew p o essionals handle he me ada a inpu and he eposi o y–CRIS
p ocesses. Resea che s do as li le as possible and, in some cases, no hing a all. The
mo i a ion o his s uc u e is ha hese p ocesses and wo k lows need expe ise and
ex ensi e knowledge abou a ious aspec s o publishing and p ojec wo k, such as he
legal aspec s, publishe policies, unde manda es, and equi emen s se by he Finnish
go e nmen minis ies. When expe ienced p o essionals a end o collec ing he
necessa y da a on publica ions by he uni e si y’s esea che s, he c ea ion o me ada a
is much as e and mo e eliable. Addi ionally, his sys em is also cos e ec i e in ha
ewe people a e needed o inpu and ans e he in o ma ion.
The in as uc u e o he Jy äskylä model is desc ibed in Olsbo e al. [15] and i is
based on au oma ed mo emen o me ada a be ween he eposi o y and CRIS. This
s uc u e ensu es ha all changes and addi ions o he me ada a a e included in bo h
sys ems. Consequen ly, all he me ada a ans e ed o he na ional JUULI po al is up
o da e and comple e.
This model o cen alized publica ions da a ga he ing, pa icula ly ela ed o open
access se ices, was implemen ed a he Uni e si y o Jy äskylä in 2014. Since hen,
he sha e o g een open access publica ions a he uni e si y has isen om 16% o 51%.
Mo eo e , he s a esou ces needed o acking all aspec s o uni e si y publica ions,
as well as o epo ing he esea ch ac i i ies o he Minis y o Educa ion and Cul u e,
ha e been educed conside ably. Figu e 3 shows he de elopmen o openness o pee
e iewed a icles in he Uni e si y o Jy äskylä 2015–2016.
Figu e 3. De elopmen o openness o pee e iewed a icles in he Uni e si y o Jy äskylä 2015–2016.
Da a om he TUTKA esea ch in o ma ion da abase (h p:// u ka.jyu. i/ u ka/).
High-quali y me ada a and he seamless in e ope abili y o he eposi o y and
CRIS ensu e he possibili y o eliably analyzing he de elopmen o open access.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Jan.
2015
Ap il
2015
Feb.
2016
July
2016
Oc .
2016
Dec.
2016
Openness pee e . a icles
P. Olsbo / Measu emen o Open Access as an In as uc u al Challenge: The Case o Finland224
Figu e 3 shows he de elopmen o open access pee e iewed a icles a he Uni e si y
o Jy äskylä o he yea s o 2015 and 2016.
A p o o ype has been de eloped by he Uni e si y o Jy äskylä o open access
moni o ing ha au oma ically analyzes he me ada a in he CRIS and ga he s up- o-da e
in o ma ion abou he de elopmen o open access. The model o p ac icing and
moni o ing open access c ea ed in he Uni e si y o Jy äskylä can be implemen ed a
mos uni e si ies in Finland. When his model is combined wi h he new na ional
VIRTA Publica ion In o ma ion Se ice and sys em a chi ec u e [20], i would enable
he eliable analysis and assessmen o he open access de elopmen in Finland.
Acknowledgemen s
This s udy was unded by he Finnish Minis y o Educa ion and Cul u e’s Open
Science and Resea ch ini ia i e (see mo e: h p://openscience. i/).
Re e ences
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in o ma ion_en.pd
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[3] Finnish esea ch publica ions po al JUULI. A ailable a : h p://www.juuli. i/
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