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La ge di e ences in ca ch pe uni o e o be ween wo minnow ap models
Me ilä, Juha; Lakka, Hanna-Kaisa; Elo an a, An i
Me ilä, J., Lakka, H.-K., & Elo an a, A. (2013). La ge di e ences in ca ch pe uni o
e o be ween wo minnow ap models. BMC Resea ch No es, 6(151).
h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/1756-0500-6-151
2013
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access
La ge di e ences in ca ch pe uni o e o
be ween wo minnow ap models
Juha Me ilä
1*
, Hanna-Kaisa Lakka
2
and An i Elo an a
3
Abs ac
Backg ound: Li le is known abou a ia ion in ca ch pe uni o e o (CPUE) in s ickleback ishe ies, o he ac o s
explaining his a ia ion. We in es iga ed how nine-spined s ickleback (Pungi ius pungi ius) CPUE was in luenced by
ap model by compa ing he CPUEs o wo e y simila minnow ap models ished side-by-side in a pai ed
expe imen al design.
Resul s: The gal anized ap ype (mean CPUE = 1.31 ish h
–1
) ou - ished he black ap ype (mean CPUE = 0.20 ish
h
–1
) consis en ly, and yielded on a e age 81% mo e ish.
Conclusions: The esul s demons a e ha small di e ences in ap appea ance can ha e la ge impac s on CPUE.
This has implica ions o s udies designed o in es iga e abundance and occu ence o ish using minnow aps.
Keywo ds: Fishe y, T ap, Ca chabili y, CPUE, Pungi ius pungi ius, S ickleback, Funnel ap
Backg ound
Ca ch pe uni o e o (CPUE) is an impo an a iable
in ishe ies sciences, as i p o ides means o moni o
popula ion size ends (e.g. [1]), ela i e abundance o
species in di e en habi a s and si es (e.g. [2]), as well as
o compa e e iciency o di e en ishing gea [3-5]. I is
well es ablished ha CPUE can be in luenced by a ious
en i onmen al ac o s [6-10], show p o ound seasonal
a ia ion [11] and be sensi i e o he ype o ishing gea
used [4,5,12,13]. Fo ins ance, Guy e al. [3] compa ed
CPUE o whi e c appies (Pomoxis annula is) as es i-
ma ed om gill and ap ne s, and ound li le co es-
pondence be ween he es ima es ob ained wi h di e en
gea ac oss di e en ese oi s and yea s.
Unde s andably, ac o s in luencing he CPUE ha e been
mainly s udied in species o comme cial in e es . Less e -
o has been pu owa ds s udying ac o s ha in luence
CPUE in species such as s icklebacks (Gas e os idae),
which a e popula models o ecological and e olu iona y
biology esea ch (e.g. [14,15]) ye hold li le o no comme -
cial in e es . Recen ly, in luence o ap ype and use o bai
on CPUE o nine-spined s icklebacks (Pungi ius pungi ius)
was in es iga ed [16], and clea ap ype and bai e ec s
we e e ealed. Howe e , he abo e men ioned s udy is hus
a he only quan i a i e s udy ocused on ac o s in luen-
cing CPUE in s icklebacks, and was es ic ed o wo col-
lapsible ap ypes.
The aim o his s udy was o es whe he wo com-
monly used and supe icially simila me allic minnow
ap ypes di e in hei CPUE when ca ching nine-
spined s icklebacks.
Me hods
The apping was conduc ed in Ry ilampi (ca. 66°23
0
07″
N, 29°18
0
42″E), which is an isola ed pond (su ace a ea =
4.98 ha) wi h maximum dep h o ca. 5.1 m. The wo di -
e en minnow ap ypes, bo h manu ac u ed by F abill
(Jackson, Wisconsin, USA) a e pic u ed in Figu e 1. One
o he ap ypes was a gal anized unnel shaped ap
(also known as GEE Minnow ap) measu ing 419 mm ×
229 mm (model # 1279), hence o h e e ed o as he sil-
e ap. The o he ap ype (model # 1271) was simila
o he sil e ap in i s dimensions, bu had a black inyl
coa ing (Figu e 1a), and is hence o h e e ed o as he
black ap. Mo eo e , while he ne ing in he sil e ap
is squa e-shaped, ha o he back ap is diamond-shape
(Figu e 1a). Bo h ap ypes ha e wo ound en ances
(ca. 25 mm in diame e ; Figu e 1b) and a e widely used
by esea che s (e.g. [7,17]) and ishe men (see Discus-
sion). All aps we e se unbai ed.
* Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
1
Ecological Gene ics Resea ch Uni , Depa men o Biosciences, Uni e si y o
Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
Full lis o au ho in o ma ion is a ailable a he end o he a icle
© 2013 Me ilä e al.; licensee BioMed Cen al L d. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e
Commons A ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/2.0), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and
ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
Me ilä e al. BMC Resea ch No es 2013, 6:151
h p://www.biomedcen al.com/1756-0500/6/151
Se 1: Six pai s o aps, each consis ing o one sil e
and one black ap, we e se on July 7 2012 be ween
20.00–20.30, and e ie ed July 8 2012 be ween 13.00–
14.00. This co esponds o an a e age soak ime o
16.6 h ( ange: 16.4–16.7) and 199 ap-hou s (=12
aps × 16.6 h). The aps we e lowe ed o he bo om in
a pai wise ashion a dep hs anging om 2–3.8 m, and
hei dis ance om sho e anged be ween 5 and 50 m.
When he aps we e e ie ed, he numbe o nine-
spined s icklebacks in each ap was coun ed and
eco ded. Wa e empe a u e du ing he apping was
abou 18°C a a dep h o 10 cm om he su ace.
Se 2: A second se , also consis ing o six pai s o
aps, was se on July 10 2012 be ween 06.15–06.35, and
e ie ed July 11 be ween 06.20–06.35. This co esponds
o an a e age soak ime o 24.0 h ( ange: 23.9–24.3) and
288 ap-hou s. Se ing was done o he wise in a simila
ashion as in Se 1, bu he aps we e ished om he
sho e a dep hs be ween 0.6–1 m. The ap pai s in his
se we e loca ed 5–50 m apa om each o he .
The CPUE o a gi en ap was es ima ed as he num-
be o ish caugh di ided by ap-speci ic soak ime,
yielding an es ima e o numbe o ish caugh pe hou .
The da a was analyzed using a gene alized linea
mixed model (GLMM) in which he numbe o ish
caugh was ea ed as Poisson dis ibu ed esponse a i-
able, and he ap ype and se (i.e. he wo ca ching oc-
casions) as ac o s. This analysis was supplemen ed wi h
wo non-pa ame ic uni a ia e es s sui ed o analyzing
da a o ma ched-pai na u e. Fi s , a Wilcoxon Signed
Rank es was used o es whe he he e was a di e -
ence in CPUE be ween pai ed sil e and black aps.
Second, a mo e conse a i e sign es was used o he
same e ec . Two- ailed es s we e used. All analyses
we e conduc ed using JMP s a is ical so wa e ( e . 9.0.0;
SAS Ins i u e Inc.) wi h an Apple Macin osh pla o m.
Da a accessibili y
All he da a is gi en in Table 1.
E hics s a emen
The wo k desc ibed in his pape does no cons i u e an
animal expe imen in legal sense, and hence, he only e-
qui ed pe missions we e na ional pe sonal ishing
licenses o 2012 (possessed by all au ho s) and a license
(# 3087/41/2011) om Me sähalli us, owne o he wa e
body whe e he ishing was done.
Resul s
A o al o 317 ish we e caugh , o which 276 we e om
sil e aps and 41 om black aps (Table 1). GLMM
showed ha he numbe o ish caugh di e ed signi i-
can ly be ween ap ypes (χ
2
= 140.12, P< 0.001) and he
wo se s (χ
2
= 98.09, P< 0.001; Figu e 1). Also, he ap-
ype*se in e ac ion was signi ican (χ
2
= 6.04, P= 0.014),
showing ha he di e ence be ween ap ypes was less
p onounced in he second as compa ed o he i s se
(Figu e 2).
Figu e 1 The wo minnow ap ypes used. (a) View om abo e
and (b) om ap en ance.
Table 1 Numbe o nine-spined s icklebacks caugh in
each o he aps in he wo se s
Numbe o ish
Se T ap-pai Sil e ap Black ap
1 1 46 2
1 2 43 17
1 3 32 5
1 4 47 0
1 5 24 8
1 6 33 7
27 7 1
28 4 0
29 7 0
210 16 0
211 11 0
212 6 1
Me ilä e al. BMC Resea ch No es 2013, 6:151 Page 2 o 4
h p://www.biomedcen al.com/1756-0500/6/151
Wilcoxon Signed Rank es con i med he GLMM e-
sul s: CPUE in sil e aps (mean ± S.E. = 1.31 ± 0.31) was
signi ican ly (on a e age 6.5 imes) la ge han in black
aps (mean ± S.E = 0.20 ± 0.09; S=-39.00, P= 0.0005).
The same conclusion was ein o ced by he sign es
(M=–6.00, P= 0.0005).
Discussion
The esul s o his s udy clea ly demons a e ha he sil-
e aps ou - ished he black aps, wi h a la ge ma gin.
This was no en i ely unexpec ed, as ea lie expe iences
in apping h ee-spined s icklebacks (Gas e os eus
aculea us) wi h hese same aps in no he n Finland
ha e le an (unquan i ied) imp ession ha he sil e
aps a e mo e e ec i e han he black aps. Simila es-
imonies a e also a ailable om No h Ame ica: se e al
cus ome e iews (www.cabelas.com) o hese aps s a e
ha sil e aps ca ch mo e minnows, shine s and c aw-
ish han black aps (e.g. Anonymous, Ma ch 10 2010:
“Side by side, I’ll ha e wo- h ee imes mo e minnows in
he gal anized ap s. black coa ed ap”;
Ch is omiowa, July 3 2007: “...side by side he black
aps agains he s eel and s eel always pull in mo e
bai ”). Hence, he be e ca ch a e o sil e o e black
aps appea s o be a gene al –albei as ye poo ly quan-
i ied –phenomenon ac oss di e en a ge species, hab-
i a s and geog aphic locali ies.
Why do he sil e aps ca ch mo e ish han he black
aps? One possible explana ion is ha he shiny appea -
ance o he sil e aps a ac s ish o some eason, o
ha ish caugh wi hin sil e aps escape (c . [18]) less
equen ly han ish caugh wi hin black aps. Ano he
possibili y is ha he da k and shadie appea ance o he
black aps epels ish. In ac , al hough he basic dimen-
sions o he wo ap ypes a e he same, he inyl coa -
ing o he black aps, in combina ion wi h hei
diamond shaped meshing, ende s he black aps mo e
“closed”and shady (Figu e 1). This migh in luence he
en y and/o e en ion a e o ish, and he eby also
ca chabili y. Di e ences in ca chabili y o squa e and
diamond shaped meshing ha e ea lie been epo ed in
he con ex o pelagic he ing (Clupea ha engus)
awling [19].
A ac ion by conspeci ics migh also play a ole in he
ma ked di e ence in he CPUE pe o mance be ween
ap ypes. I ish wi hin sil e aps a e mo e isible o
conspeci ic han ish in black aps, his migh inc ease
he ca chabili y o he sil e aps. Na u ally, he elec o-
chemical cha ac e is ics o he wo ap ypes a e also
likely o di e , bu he signi icance ha his migh bea
on ca ches emains o be in es iga ed. Wha e e he ea-
son o he di e ence, i is an undispu ed ac ha sil e
aps ou pe o m black aps in ca ching nine-spined
s icklebacks, and possibly, also many o he species o
ish.
We obse ed ha he CPUE o bo h ap ypes was
ma kedly di e en be ween he wo se s. This di e ence
can owe o a ious ac o s, including di e ences in ap-
ping loca ion, dep h, empe a u e and wea he condi-
ions among he wo se s. Also he sho e soak ime o
he i s as compa ed o second se migh explain he
highe CPUE in he i s se (c . [20]). Ye , in spi e o
hese di e ences, he ela i e pe o mance o he ap
ypes emained he same, sugges ing ha he ap ype
a he han o he ci cums ances may be mo e impo an
de e minan s o he CPUE. Howe e , as habi a com-
plexi y and p eda ion isk a e known o in luence min-
now ap ca ches [17], u he expe imen s in di e en
con ex s (e.g. in u bid wa e o unde p eda ion isk)
a e needed o e alua e whe he he esul s o his s udy
can be gene alized o o he con ex s oo.
I is well es ablished ha he e ogenei y in ishing
me hods and gea can c ea e he e ogenei y and e en bias
in s udies seeking o es ima e abundance o e en dis i-
bu ion o pa icula ish species (e.g. [4,5,12,13]). Ou
inding ha ap- ype can ha e a la ge impac on CPUE
o nine-spined s icklebacks adds o his e idence, and
has implica ions o s udies aiming o es ablish
Figu e 2 The numbe o ish caugh pe hou (CPUE) o nine-
spined s icklebacks caugh om deep (Se 1) and shallow (Se
2) si es wi h sil e - and black-colo ed aps. The ho izon al lines
connec ap-pai s. Black boxes indica e mean ± 95% Cl CPUE o
bo h se s. Each da a poin (ci cles) depic s CPUE in each ap (ji ed
o ease on in e p e a ion).
Me ilä e al. BMC Resea ch No es 2013, 6:151 Page 3 o 4
h p://www.biomedcen al.com/1756-0500/6/151
occu ence and abundance o ishes. Fo ins ance, e o s
ha e been unde aken o map he p esence o absence
o nine-spined s icklebacks in la ge numbe o small
lakes and ponds in Finland using oldable minnow aps
[16]. In mos cases p esence o he species could no be
es ablished, bu he su eys used ap ypes which we e
es ima ed o yield CPUEs in o de o 0.23 ish h
-1
in he
same pond as used in his s udy [16]. This alue co e-
sponds qui e well wi h he alue ob ained o “black”
aps in he p esen s udy (0.20), sugges ing ha he su -
eys migh ha e easily o e looked p esence o nine-
spined s icklebacks in low-densi y loca ions. Hence, o-
ge he wi h ea lie esul s, he esul s emphasize he
need o ca e ul selec ion and s anda diza ion o ishing
gea in bo h quan i a i e (i.e. abundance) and quali a i e
(i.e. dis ibu ion) s udies.
Conclusions
In p ac ical e ms, he esul s o his s udy deli e a
leas wo clea messages o esea che s wan ing o ca ch
s icklebacks. Fi s , he sil e aps a e likely o yield be -
e ca ches han he black aps. Second, i di e en
ypes o aps a e used, i will be impo an o con ol
o a ia ion in CPUE due o ap ype. In he u u e,
s udies ocusing on beha io al mechanisms unde lying
di e ences in ca chabili y by di e en ap ypes could
p o ide in e es ing insigh s on undamen al biological
ques ions abou ac o s in luencing animal decision
making.
Compe ing in e es s
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no compe ing in e es s.
Au ho s’con ibu ions
JM concei ed he s udy. JM, AE, H-KL ca ied ou he ield wo k. JM analyzed
he da a. JM, AE, H-KL all con ibu ed o w i ing he manusc ip . All au ho s
ead and app o ed he inal manusc ip .
Acknowledgemen s
We hank Ma i Sii onen o help wi h ieldwo k, Ma ika Lilja o logis ic
suppo , Jacquelin De Fa e i o commen s on ea lie e sion o his
manusc ip .
Au ho de ails
1
Ecological Gene ics Resea ch Uni , Depa men o Biosciences, Uni e si y o
Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
2
Depa men o En i onmen al Sciences,
Uni e si y o Helsinki, 15140, Lah i, Finland.
3
Depa men o Biological and
En i onmen al Sciences, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, 40014, Jy äskylä, Finland.
Recei ed: 21 Feb ua y 2013 Accep ed: 10 Ap il 2013
Published: 16 Ap il 2013
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doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-151
Ci e his a icle as: Me ilä e al.:La ge di e ences in ca ch pe uni o
e o be ween wo minnow ap models. BMC Resea ch No es 2013 6:151.
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