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Associa ion Be ween Implemen a ion o he A hle e Biological Passpo and Female
Eli e Runne s’ Pe o mance
© 2020 The Au ho s. Published by Human Kine ics, Inc.
Published e sion
Iljuko , Se gei; Kauppi, Jukka-Pekka; Uusi alo, A ja L. T.; Pel onen, Juha E.;
Schumache , Yo ck O.
Iljuko , S., Kauppi, J.-P., Uusi alo, A. L. T., Pel onen, J. E., & Schumache , Y. O. (2020). Associa ion
Be ween Implemen a ion o he A hle e Biological Passpo and Female Eli e Runne s’
Pe o mance. In e na ional Jou nal o Spo s Physiology and Pe o mance, 15(9), 1231-1236.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0643
2020
Associa ion Be ween Implemen a ion o he A hle e Biological
Passpo and Female Eli e Runne s’Pe o mance
Se gei Iljuko , Jukka-Pekka Kauppi, A ja L.T. Uusi alo, Juha E. Pel onen, and Yo ck O. Schumache
The pu pose o his esea ch was o e alua e he pe o mances o emale middle- and long-dis ance unne s be o e and a e he
implemen a ion o a new an idoping s a egy ( he A hle e Biological Passpo [ABP]) in a coun y accused o sys ema ic doping.
A e ospec i e analysis o he esul s o Russian Na ional Championships om 2008 o 2017 was pe o med. The 8 bes emale
pe o mances o he 800-m, 1500-m, 3000-m s eeplechase, 5000-m, and 10,000-m e en s om he semifinals and finals we e
analyzed. The yea ly numbe o a hle es ulfilling s anda d qualifica ions o in e na ional compe i ions was also e alua ed.
O e all, numbe s o a hle es banned o doping in 2008–2017 we e calcula ed. As a esul , 4 e en s (800, 1500, 5000 [all
P<.001], and 10,000 m [P<.01]) ou o 5 showed s a is ically significan de e io a ion in he pe o mances when compa ing
be o e and a e he in oduc ion o he ABP. The 3000-m s eeplechase was he only e en ha did no show s a is ically
significan change. The highes ela i e dec ease in he numbe o unne s who me s anda d qualifica ion o in e na ional
compe i ion was o he 5000-m e en (46%), ollowed by 1500-m (42%), 800-m (38%), 10,000-m (17%), and 3000-m
s eeplechase (1%). In conclusion, implemen a ion o he ABP was ollowed by a significan educ ion in he pe o mance o
emale unne s in a coun y accused o sys ema ic doping. I can be easonably specula ed ha mo e s ingen an idoping es ing,
mo e specifically he in oduc ion o he ABP, is a key eason o his educ ion.
Keywo ds:an idoping, Wo ld An i-Doping Agency, doping in spo s, blood doping
The use o pe o mance-enhancing d ugs in spo s da es back
cen u ies and has con inued h oughou he his o y o a hle ic
compe i ion.
1
In he middle o he 20 h cen u y wi h he ins u-
men aliza ion o spo s o poli ical pu poses du ing he Cold Wa ,
he scale o doping changed and, in a numbe o coun ies, was
suppo ed by s a e- un o ganiza ions.
2,3
The e ha e been indica-
ions ha in some coun ies such s uc u es ha e con inued o
pe sis , which has ansla ed o a much highe p e alence o doping
compa ed wi h o he na ions.
4
Du ing he his o y o mode n spo s, di e en s a egies and
ules o he figh agains doping we e ini ia ed by spo s go e ning
bodies. Fo ack-and-field compe i ions, he fi s d a o a lis o
banned subs ances in spo s was in oduced by he In e na ional
Associa ion o A hle ic Fede a ions as ea ly as 1928. Anabolic
s e oid es ing was in oduced in 1974 and egula ou -o -compe i ion
es s in 1989.
1
A numbe o s udies ela ed he in oduc ion o ou -o -
compe i ion doping es ing o a dec ease o pe o mance in a ange
o spo s disciplines.
5–7
I is easonable o associa e s agna ion
o eg ession in peak compe i ion esul s wi h new an i-doping
s a egies, as he p ima y aim o doping is an imp o emen in
a hle ic pe o mance, which seems o be pla eauing in many
disciplines.
8,9
One o he ecen an i-doping s a egies is he implemen a ion
o he A hle e Biological Passpo (ABP).
10
The ABP is based on a
collec ion o blood ma ke s om an a hle e in a longi udinal and
indi idual way. De ia ions om indi idually calcula ed e e ence
anges can indica e he use o o bidden subs ances o me hods.
Success ul expe iences wi h he ABP ha e been epo ed by se e al
in e na ional spo ing bodies.
11
As pe o mance imp o emen is he p ima y goal o doping, i
was p oposed ha changes in pe o mance le els could be used o
assessmen o new an i-doping s a egies e ficiency.
12,13
Conside -
ing his amewo k, he goal o he p esen in es iga ion was o
assess he a hle ic pe o mances be o e and a e he implemen a-
ion o an ABP p og am in a coun y wi h a known high p e alence
o doping.
4
We chose spo ing disciplines ha ha e been his o i-
cally a ec ed by doping and whe e he coun y was in e na ionally
dominan o decades.
14
Ma e ials and Me hods
We ex ac ed he 8 bes pe o mances om semifinals and finals
(measu ed as unning imes) om di e en emale ack unne s
a Russian Na ional Championships om 2008 o 2017. A publicly
a ailable da abase www. ilas opaja.com was used as he sou ce
o he da a. As ou da a a e based on publicly a ailable esou ces,
no in o med consen was ob ained. This s udy was conduc ed in
acco dance wi h he Decla a ion o Helsinki. Dis ances o 800-m,
1500-m, 3000-m s eeplechase, 5000-m, and 10,000-m e en s we e
© 2020 The Au ho s. Published by Human Kine ics, Inc. This is an Open Access
a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonCom-
me cial-NoDe i a i es 4.0 In e na ional License, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, which
pe mi s he copy and edis ibu ion in any medium o o ma , p o ided i is no
used o comme cial pu poses, no modifica ions a e made, app op ia e c edi is
gi en, and a link o he license is p o ided. See h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/
by-nc-nd/4.0. This license does no co e any hi d-pa y ma e ial ha may appea
wi h pe mission in he a icle. Fo comme cial use, pe mission should be eques ed
om Human Kine ics, Inc., h ough he Copy igh Clea ance Cen e (h p://www.
copy igh .com).
Iljuko is wi h he Dep o Spo s and Exe cise Medicine, Clinicum, Uni e si y o
Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, and KIHU—Resea ch Ins o Olympic Spo s, Jy äs-
kylä, Finland. Kauppi is wi h he Facul y o In o ma ion Technology, Uni e si y o
Jy äskylä, Jy äskylä, Finland. Uusi alo and Pel onen a e wi h he Clinic o Spo s
and Exe cise Medicine, Founda ion o Spo s and Exe cise Medicine, Helsinki,
Finland. Schumache is wi h Aspe a O hopedic and Spo s Medicine Hospi al,
Doha, Qa a . Iljuko (se gei.iljuko @gmail.com) is co esponding au ho .
1
In e na ional Jou nal o Spo s Physiology and Pe o mance, (Ahead o P in )
h ps://doi.o g/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0643 ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
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chosen o analysis. T ack disciplines a e less p one o ex e nal
con ounding ac o s a ec ing pe o mance esul s. Unlike in
ma a hon o c oss-coun y unning whe e he same dis ance is un
on di e en ou es and may a y o a significan ex en due o
en i onmen al ac o s and ace cou se design, ack disciplines a e
mo e s anda dized, hus making he esul s compa able o e yea s.
The pe iod om 2008 o 2017 was selec ed as i comp ises a ime
pe iod p io o he implemen a ion o he ABP (in 2009) and a
ime pe iod a e . ABP p ofiles we e buil om 2009 onwa ds, and
hey ha e p o ided su ficien in o ma ion since 2011. The fi s
sanc ions based on he da a we e handed ou a ound his ime.
Thus, i was assumed ha he ABP impac ed pe o mance om
2012 onwa ds. The e o e, 2012 was chosen as he yea o di e -
en ia e pe iods “be o e”and “a e ” he in oduc ion o he ABP.
Female middle- and long-dis ance unne s we e chosen o his
analysis due o hei in e na ional success and long-s anding
Eu opean dominance.
14
Due o hei le el o success, i is s ongly
assumed ha mos o he a hle es we e pa o he In e na ional
Associa ion o A hle ic Fede a ions and Russian An i-Doping
Agency es ing pool and hus he ABP p og am.
S a is ical Analysis
Pe o mance Da a
Fo he pu pose o s a is ical analysis, we fi s spli he pe o -
mance da a in o 2 g oups: he bes 8 unning imes o each yea ’s
championship (1 ime pe unne pe yea ) be ween he yea s
2008 and 2012 (g oup G1, ep esen ing unning imes be o e he
in oduc ion o he ABP) and he bes 8 unning imes o each
yea be ween he yea s 2013 and 2017 (g oup G2, ep esen ing
unning imes a e he ABP is assumed o ha e had an e ec on
pe o mance). Ou null hypo hesis was ha he e is no di e ence
in he unning esul s be o e and a e he in oduc ion o he
ABP. Ou al e na i e hypo hesis was ha he esul s a e signifi-
can ly slowe a e he in oduc ion o he ABP. To assess
whe he he e is a significan di e ence in unning imes be ween
he g oups, we used a pe mu a ion es designed o pa ially
pai ed con inuous da a ( o mo e de ails o he analysis p oce-
du e, see “Pe o mance da a analysis”in he Supplemen a y
Ma e ial [a ailable online]).
15
Numbe o A hle es Quali ying o Majo
In e na ional Compe i ions
To allow an in e na ional pe spec i e, we also de e mined he
numbe o a hle es in each discipline who me he highes in e na-
ional quali ying s anda ds o he pa icipa ion in majo a hle ic
compe i ions wi h hei pe o mance esul a he Na ional champion-
ships. The A qualifica ion s anda ds o he 2008 Olympic Games in
Beijing (China), 2009 Wo ld Championship in Be lin (Ge many),
2010 Eu opean Championship in Ba celona (Spain), 2011 Wo ld
Championship in Daegu (Sou h Ko ea), 2012 Olympic Games in
London (G ea B i ain), 2013 Wo ld Championship in Moscow
(Russia), 2014 Eu opean Championship in Zu ich (Swi ze land),
2015 Wo ld Championship in Beijing (China), 2016 Olympic
Games in Rio de Janei o (B azil), and 2017 Wo ld Championship
in London (G ea B i ain) we e used o his pu pose.
We assessed whe he he e was a s a is ically significan
dec ease in he numbe o a hle es mee ing he highes s anda d
qualifica ion o in e na ional compe i ions a e he in oduc ion o
he ABP. Fo his pu pose, we used a weigh ed chi-squa e es o
homogenei y,
16
which is applicable o pa ially pai ed ca ego ical
da a ( o mo e de ails, see “A-s anda d pe o mance analysis”in he
Supplemen a y Ma e ial [a ailable online]). Fu he mo e, o eflec
he ela ionship o ABP implemen a ion on pe o mance, we
calcula ed he o al numbe o a hle es who qualified o in e na-
ional compe i ions and hose who we e e en ually sanc ioned o
doping. Fo addi ional cla i y, we coun ed he numbe o a hle es
sanc ioned on ABP g ounds and o o he an i-doping ules iola-
ions. These calcula ions we e di ided in o 2 pe iods: 2008–2012
and 2013–2017.
All s a is ical analyses p ocedu es used in his s udy we e
implemen ed using he MATLAB (The Ma hWo ks Inc, Na ick,
MA). Mo eo e , because we analyzed 5 dis ances, he ob ained
P alues o each dis ance we e co ec ed o mul iple compa isons
using Bon e oni co ec ions.
Resul s
While excellen pe o mance pe se is no an indica ion o any
w ongdoing, pe o mance moni o ing may p o ide an addi ional
alue in he assessmen o an i-doping s a egies. As was demon-
s a ed in p e ious s udies, some majo changes in pe o mance
le els ha e his o ically ollowed implemen a ion o new an i-
doping s a egies.
5–9,13
In ou in es iga ion, we analyzed changes
in he compe i ion pe o mance o Russian emale middle- and
long-dis ance unne s be o e and a e implemen a ion o he ABP.
To ou knowledge, his esea ch is he fi s o in es iga e he
ela ionship o ABP implemen a ion on a hle ic pe o mance.
Figu e 1shows he a e age unning pe o mances ( imes)
be o e and a e he implemen a ion o he ABP. Fou e en s (800,
1500, 5000, and 10,000 m) ou o 5 showed a s a is ically significan
inc ease in unning imes (ie, de e io a ion in he pe o mances) wi h
implemen a ion o he ABP (see Table 1). The highes ela i e
dec ease in unning pe o mance was obse ed o he 5000-m
(3.4%, P<.001), ollowed by 10,000-m (2.6%, P= .007), 1500-m
(2.2%, P<.001), 800-m (2.0%, P<.001), and 3000-m s eeplechase
(0.4%, P= .322). The 3000-m s eeplechase was he only e en ha
did no show s a is ically significan de e io a ion in he unning
pe o mance a e he in oduc ion o he ABP.
The e ec o he ABP implemen a ion on he numbe o A
qualifica ion s anda d unne s o di e en e en s is shown in
Figu e 2. Fo 800-, 1500-, and 5000-m e en s, he e was a dec ease
in he numbe o A s anda d unne s a e he in oduc ion o he
ABP (see Table 2). The highes ela i e dec ease in he numbe o
A s anda d unne s was obse ed o he 5000-m e en (46.2%,
P= .001), ollowed by 1500-m (42.1%, P<.001), 800-m (38.1%,
P<.001), 10,000-m (16.7%, P= .050), and 3000-m s eeplechase
(10.0%, P= .346) e en s. O e all, 53% o a hle es who ulfilled
qualifica ion s anda ds in 2008–2012 we e sanc ioned o doping;
29 o hem we e sanc ioned on g ounds o he ABP and 11 o o he
doping agen s and an i-doping ules iola ions. In 2013–2017, 9
a hle es we e sanc ioned based on he ABP and 6 on g ounds o
con en ional doping es esul s. Thus, al oge he , 30% o a hle es
who qualified o in e na ional compe i ions in 2013–2017 we e
e en ually banned o doping.
Discussion
The e is a lack o s udies in es iga ing he e ficiency o cu en
an i-doping s a egies. Pe o mance moni o ing and p ofiling we e
p oposed as a po en ial ool o he measu emen o an i-doping
e ec i eness.
12,13
(Ahead o P in )
2Iljuko e al
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Changes in Pe o mance
The esul s o ou analysis e eal a significan d op in emale
a hle es’pe o mance o 800-, 1500-, 5000-, and 10,000-m dis-
ciplines a e implemen a ion o he ABP. Fo 800-, 1500-, and
5000-m e en s, his de e io a ion was mos no able: 2.33 seconds
(1.9%), 5.26 seconds (2.1%), 31.60 seconds (3.4%) acco dingly
(P<.001), and 49.83 seconds (2.6%) o he 10,000 m (P<.01)
(Figu e 1and Table 1). Con a y o hese findings, he 3000-m
s eeplechase pe o mance dec ease be ween 2008–2012 and 2013–
2017 pe iods was only 2.31 seconds (0.4%) and was no s a is ically
significan .
The excep ion o he s eeplechase esul s could be explained
by he ac ha his discipline was only accep ed in o he Wo ld
Championship p og am in 2005. T adi ionally, s eeplechase is also
a discipline ha was no nu u ed in Russia. Fu he mo e, s eeple-
chase has a mo e mul i ac o ial pe o mance p ofile, whe e a hle es
ha e o jump ba ie s, which adds a ce ain skill le el on op o he
pu e unning pe o mance.
The magni ude o pe o mance changes ound in ou s udy is
compa able wi h hose caused by means o blood doping. The e
a e a numbe o ea lie s udies in es iga ing he e ec s o blood
boos ing on unning pe o mance.
17–19
The au ologous blood
ans usion e ec s o olumes >760 mL ha e been in es iga ed
mos o en. As desc ibed by Pandol e al,
20
an expec ed imp o e-
men in unning pe o mance o 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 km based on
hese ea lie s udies was abou 7, 15, 30, 45, and 68 seconds,
espec i ely. I is wo h men ioning ha subjec s in ol ed in hese
in es iga ions we e expe ienced, bu no eli e-le el a hle es.
S udies done wi h eli e-le el a hle es ound mo e mode a e
imp o emen s in unning pe o mance.
21–23
As was shown
wi h eli e-le el middle- and long-dis ance unne s, blood boos ing
could imp o e pe o mance om 1% o 4% depending on he
Figu e 1 —Box plo s o he unning imes (in minu es:seconds) in he 2 g oups be o e and a e he implemen a ion o he A hle e Biological Passpo
o di e en e en s: (A) 800-m, (B) 1500-m, (C) 3000-m sc, (D) 5000-m, and (E) 10,000-m e en . The cen al ho izon al line inside each box shows he
median, and he ho izon al edges o he box deno e he 25 h and 75 h pe cen iles o he unning ime dis ibu ion. The whiske s co espond o he da a
co e age o ±2.7σ, and indi idual da a poin s ou side his co e age a e ma ked wi h he “+”symbol. E en s showing a s a is ically significan de e io a ion
in pe o mance a e implemen a ion o he ABP a e deno ed by as e isks (weigh ed mean di e ence s a is ics, see Supplemen a y Ma e ial [a ailable
online] o mo e de ails): **P<.01; ***P<.001. Abb e ia ion: sc indica es s eeplechase.
Table 1 Change in Running Pe o mance Wi h he
Implemen a ion o he A hle e Biological Passpo
E en ΔsΔ%T
w
P
800 m 2.33 2.0 −6.25 <.001
1500 m 5.26 2.2 −5.61 <.001
3000 m sc 2.31 0.4 −0.50 .322
5000 m 31.60 3.4 −5.63 <.001
10,000 m 49.83 2.6 −2.72 .007
Abb e ia ions: Δs, absolu e change in he a e age unning ime (in seconds)
be ween 2008–2012 and 2013–2017 pe iods; Δ%, ela i e change in he a e age
unning ime be ween 2008–2012 and 2013–2017 pe iods; sc, s eeplechase; T
w
,
weigh ed mean di e ence s a is ics be ween 2008–2012 and 2013–2017 pe iods;
P, Bon e oni-co ec ed P alues o T
w
. No e: The nume ic da a om Figu e 1
wi h mo e de ailed in o ma ion a e p esen ed in his able. A nega i e alue o T
w
means dec ease in unning pe o mance (ie, inc ease in unning ime) wi h he
A hle e Biological Passpo implemen a ion.
(Ahead o P in )
Changes in Runne s Pe o mance A e ABP 3
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Figu e 2 —Numbe o unne s mee ing he A-s anda d c i e ia in he 2 g oups be o e and a e he implemen a ion o he ABP o di e en e en s: (A)
800-m, (B) 1500-m, (C) 3000-m sc, (D) 5000-m, and (E) 10,000-m. E en s showing s a is ically significan dec ease in he numbe o A-s anda d unne s
a e he implemen a ion o he ABP a e deno ed by as e isks (weigh ed chi-squa e s a is ics, see Supplemen a y Ma e ial [a ailable online]):
**P<.01; ***P<.001. Among he A-s anda d unne s, g ay and black colo s deno e he po ions o he sanc ioned and nonsanc ioned unne s,
espec i ely. ABP indica es A hle e Biological Passpo ; sc, s eeplechase.
Table 2 Changes in he Numbe o A-S anda d Runne s Wi h Implemen a ion o he ABP
Numbe o a hle es who
compe ed in 2008–2012 and
we e sanc ioned wi h ABP
implemen a ion
Numbe o a hle es who
compe ed in 2013–2017 and
we e sanc ioned wi h ABP
implemen a ion
E en
Numbe o
a hle es who
ul illed A-
s anda d
quali ica ion in
2008–2012 ABP O he s
P opo ion
o
sanc ioned,
%
Numbe o
a hle es who
ul illed A-
s anda d
quali ica ion in
2013–2017 ABP O he s
P opo ion
o
sanc ioned,
%Δq y Δ%P
800 m 21 9 2 52 13 2 2 31 8 38.1 <.001
1500 m 19 9 4 68 11 3 2 45 8 42.1 <.001
3000-m sc 10 3 0 30 9 1 0 11 1 10.0 .346
5000 m 13 4 3 54 7 1 2 43 6 46.2 .001
10,000 m 12 4 2 50 10 2 0 20 2 16.7 .050
To al 75 29 11 53 50 9 6 30
Abb e ia ion: ABP, A hle e Biological Passpo ; Δq y, absolu e dec ease in he numbe o A-s anda d qualifica ion a hle es om 2008–2012 o 2013–2017 pe iod; Δ%,
ela i e dec ease in he numbe o A-s anda d qualifica ion a hle es om 2008–2012 o 2013–2017 pe iod; P, Bon e oni-co ec ed P alues o weigh ed chi-squa e
s a is ics deno ing change in he numbe s o A-s anda d qualifica ion a hle es om 2008–2012 o 2013–2017.
4(Ahead o P in )
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discipline.
21
By means o au ologous blood ans usion, pe o -
mance inc eases o he 800 and 1500 m can each 3% o 4% (2.9
and 4.9 s) and 1% o 2% o he 5000 and 10,000 m (29 and 50 s).
The ela i e inc ease in pe o mance appea s o be highe o
sho e dis ances, likely due o inc eased oxygen ca ying and
bu e ing capaci y h ough he inc ease o o al hemoglobin mass.
In he ea ly s udies, he au ologous blood ans usion was indi id-
ually adjus ed o bodyweigh and ini ial hemoglobin le el. The
olume o ans usions a ied om 750 o 1200 mL o whole
blood.
23
Less p ominen e ec s o blood ans usion on highe calibe
a hle es ha e also been epo ed by o he s.
24
The di e ences in
esea ch p o ocols and he a ie y in pe o mance le el o subjec s
in ol ed make he discussion on he e ec s and olumes o blood
ans usion challenging. Also, e y ew s udies ha e in es iga ed
he e ec s o low- olume blood ans usions on a hle ic pe o -
mance, and hese esul s a e con o e sial.
24,25
The conside able amoun o doping cases (Table 2) coinciding
wi h implemen a ion o he ABP p o ides g ounds o specula e ha
he magni ude o he pe o mance dec ease eflec s he gains ha
we e a ailable by means o blood doping be o e. Such pe o mance
inc eases would equi e ans usion o >800 mL o whole blood
o he use o e y h opoiesis-s imula ing subs ances in significan
dosages, bo h o which a e eliably de ec able by he ABP
nowadays.
26,27
Changes in he Numbe o A hle es Able o Quali y
o In e na ional Compe i ions
The numbe o a hle es mee ing he highes en y s anda ds
o in e na ional compe i ions (Eu opean Championship, Wo ld
Championships, and Olympic Games) also d opped d ama ically
in mos disciplines (Figu e 2and Table 2). The e we e al oge he
75 a hle es who ulfilled in e na ional qualifica ion s anda ds in
2008–2012, bu du ing 2013–2017, hei numbe dec eased o 50.
This dec ease happened despi e he ac ha since 2015, he
In e na ional Associa ion o A hle ic Fede a ions qualifica ion
s anda ds we e lowe ed conside ably, hus allowing en ance o
in e na ional compe i ions o a hle es wi h weake esul s. I he
pe o mances o he 2013–2017 pe iod had been e alua ed by
2008–2012 “A”le el s anda ds, i would become appa en ha
less han 50 a hle es had been able o pe o m a an in e na-
ional le el.
The dec ease in pe o mance and numbe o a hle es able o
quali y o in e na ional compe i ion is p ima ily explained by he
conside able numbe o doping cases (Table 2). Doping cases
abo e we e di ided in o ABP cases and o he cases o an i-doping
ule iola ions acco ding o o ficial e dic s. The majo i y o he
doping cases we e es ablished by means o he ABP. I is also wo h
o men ioning ha ABP has been shown o imp o e he a ge ing
o con en ional doping es ing and hus also imp o e es ing
e ficiency.
28
This e ec may no be elucida ed by he p o ided
s a is ics bu dese es conside a ion.
These da a a e in ag eemen wi h p e ious esea ch ha
indica ed a high p e alence o blood doping in a gi en subpop-
ula ion be o e implemen a ion o he ABP.
4,29
Howe e , con-
side ing he iming o p e ious esea ch, hese es ima es o
doping p e alence may no necessa ily eflec he cu en
si ua ion.
Changes in pe o mance o e gi en pe iods could also be
a ec ed by a numbe o addi ional ac o s. The lowe le el o
pe o mance du ing 2013–2017 could be in e p e ed as a lack o
alen in he upcoming gene a ion o a hle es. Howe e , i is
no ewo hy ha a po ion o a hle es banned du ing 2008–2012
la e e u ned o compe i ion in 2013–2017. Ne e heless, his did
no inc ease he o e all le el o pe o mance, and none o hem
we e able o each hei p e ious bes pe o mances.
The dec ease in pe o mance le els in 2013–2017 could also
be in e p e ed as a de e en e ec o he ABP and e ec i e changes
in p ac ices o using illici d ugs and/o means. This no ion is
suppo ed by ex e nal in es iga ions. Acco ding o he Independen
Commission Repo , i was only du ing sp ing 2012 when he
en ou age o a hle es in ol ed in doping unde s ood he p inciples
o he ABP and we e o ced o adjus hei beha io .
30
Thus,
awa eness o he ABP implemen a ion could indeed be an expla-
na ion o changes in p ac ices and he ela ed dec ease in pe o -
mance le el.
Conclusion
Ou esul s a e in line wi h he p e ious esea ch ha showed a
significan de imen al e ec on pe o mance wi h he in oduc ion
o new an i-doping measu es.
5–9,13
The e ec s o he ABP on
p ac ices o a hle es ha e been desc ibed be o e,
11
bu ou s udy is
he fi s o in es iga e he ela ionship o ABP implemen a ion on
a hle e pe o mance. We demons a e ha pe o mance esul s o
eli e-le el emale unne s o he 800, 1500, 5000, and 10,000 m
dec eased significan ly wi h he implemen a ion o he ABP and
hese changes we e 2.33, 5.26, 31.60, and 49.83 seconds, espec-
i ely. The numbe o a hle es able o quali y o in e na ional
compe i ion subs an ially dec eased a e he implemen a ion o he
ABP. Pe o mance p ofiling can be a po en ial ool o e alua ing
an i-doping e ficiency. I should be conside ed o be implemen ed
on a b oade scale by an i-doping o ganiza ions.
12,13
Acknowledgmen s
Resea ch was unded by he Wo ld An i-Doping Agency (g an numbe
ISF17D04SE) and U heiluopis osää iö Founda ion.
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