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In oduc ion : Explo ing A ec i e Ma e iali y and A mosphe es o Home
© 2024 Be ghahn Books
Published e sion
Koskinen-Koi is o, Ee ika; Ko jonen-Kuusipu o, K is iina; Ceginskas, Vik o ija L.A.;
Kajande , Anna; De Na di, Helmu
Koskinen-Koi is o, E., Ko jonen-Kuusipu o, K., Ceginskas, V. L., Kajande , A., & De Na di, H.
(2024). In oduc ion : Explo ing A ec i e Ma e iali y and A mosphe es o Home. In E. Koskinen-
Koi is o, K. Ko jonen-Kuusipu o, V. L. Čeginskas, A. Kajande , & H. De Na di (Eds.),
Recons uc ing Homes : A ec i e Ma e iali y and A mosphe es o Belonging (pp. 1-14).
Be ghahn Books. h ps://doi.o g/10.2307/jj.9165200.6
2024
In oduc ion
Explo ing A ec i e Ma e iali y
and A mosphe es o Home
•
Ee ika Koskinen-Koi is o, K is iina Ko jonen-Kuusipu o,
Vik o ija L.A. C
ˇeginskas, Anna Kajande and Helmu De Na di
Home as an A ec i e Assemblage
Homes acc ue hings. In well- o-do Wes e n households he e a e nume ous
p ac ical i ems om u ni u e o clo hes, ki chenwa e and ools, quo idian
objec s ha se e unc ional pu poses in daily ou ines, bu also objec s
ha ha e a special meaning in cons uc ing iden i y, building s a us o
exp essing a ec ion. Many o hese objec s a e essen ial pa s o e e yday
embodied p ac ices ha we do no ac i ely e lec on. We do no necessa ily
no ice hem o hink abou hem unless hey call o ou a en ion. This
o en happens when he e is a up u e in e e yday li e, o ins ance, when
mo ing and ese ling due o pe sonal c ises, na u al disas e s, con lic s o
o he unexpec ed ca as ophes and hus needing o econs uc a sense o
home.
In his olume we wan o unde s and he ela ionship be ween ma e ial-
i y and a ec s in he con ex o home. Thus, we a gue ha we need o ake
a close look a he speci ic con ex o eloca ion and enego ia ion. We
unde s and home as an a ec i e assemblage, a pe sonal and in ima e ealm
ha cons i u es he p ac ices o homemaking and eeling a home (Ra nam
2018). We also connec home o loca ion, bu acknowledge ha ‘home’ can
be in mo e han one place (Lloyd and Vas a 2017). The memo ies o bygone
and absen homes may s ay in ou bodies and minds a e we lea e hem.
Re u ning o o emembe ing ea lie homes may also illus a e p ocesses
o aliena ion, con lic s o con adic ion. Con lic ing ideas o home may
su ace in con lic s be ween amily membe s, when pa ne s a e b eaking
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2 Ee ika Koskinen-Koi is o e al.
up, o in dealing wi h he dea h o amily membe . Homes a e a ec i e
assemblages ha a e cons an ly e ol ing. People mo e h ough di e en
li e s ages, acing a ying ci cums ances and ela ions, needs and desi es,
which a e e lec ed in hei ela ionships wi h ma e iali y and objec s.
Hence, his olume seeks o explo e how di e en laye s o ime a e p esen
in ou homes h ough objec s and ma e iali y: we conside , in u n, objec s
om di e en phases o li e, om di e en o igins, made, owned o gi ed
by people who we e dea o us.
Recen an h opological and e hnological esea ch on ma e iali y and
a ec s in e oga es he capabili y o ma e ial engagemen s o o e sou ces
o com o , joy and pleasu e, o example, by allowing us o c ea e cosy
a mosphe es o home (Bille 2015; Suma ojo and Pink 2019). Wha we
mean by ‘cosy’ he e comes close o a sense o homeliness, a cul u ally
cons uc ed expec a ion o how home should be and eel. This no ion can
con ey di e en meanings o di e en people because sensing and eeling
he ma e iali y o ou su oundings is subjec i e and shaped by p e ious
expe iences and memo ies ha a ec ou bodily eac ions, and he alues
and meanings gi en o hem (Pink 2009: 37–38; Se eme akis 1994). A good
example o his in p ac ice is he Danish concep o hygge, which deno es a
elaxed and in o mal mode o being whe e senso y elemen s such as ligh -
ing and colou s play impo an oles (see e.g. Bille 2015).
While sc u inizing a ec i e ma e iali y and a mosphe es o home, i is
impo an o no e ha no e e ybody is able o choose whe e and how o
li e. Home is a gende ed, socialized, classed and acialized concep ha we
do no ha e he ime o ully unpack in all i s complexi y and nuanced expe-
iences (Pink 2004). We duly ecognize ha each pe son expe iences home
di e en ly acco ding o ha pe son’s socializa ion, posi ionali y, a o -
dances and au obiog aphical de ails. While we acknowledge he my iad
ways o concep ualizing home, he ocus o his olume is on pe spec i es
ha ame home h ough he lens o si ua ed memo y, com o , wellbeing
and emo ion. Home can be a me apho o eelings o secu i y and s abili y,
a ha monic s a e o mind and pe sonal in eg i y (Blun and Va ley 2004;
Lloyd and Vas a 2017). Fo some people, memo ies ela ed o home can
en ail con adic o y, oublesome and e en auma ic elemen s, which hey
migh no wan o emembe . A he same ime, homes cons i u e physi-
cal en i ies consis ing o di e en ma e ial elemen s and he p esence o
e e yday objec s. When choosing and combining senso y elemen s such as
empe a u e, ligh , ex u es, sounds and smells, and by o ganizing, placing
and sa egua ding i ems, we c ea e a ec i e a mosphe es, mul isenso y
expe iences o space, people and hings, which b ing oge he he ma e ial,
he in angible, he social and he a ec i e (Pink e al. 2015: 353; see also
Bille 2015; Linne 2011).
This olume sc u inizes he a ec i e ma e iali y and a mosphe es o
home in di e en con ex s o si ua edness and eloca ion, bo h olun a y
and in olun a y. In so doing, i conside s he nuanced expe iences o
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In oduc ion 3
how people make o econs uc a sense o home and es ablish con inui y
h ough engagemen s wi h ma e iali y.
Ma e ial Cul u e and A ec s
The heo e ical backg ound o his olume s ems om ma e ial cul u e
s udies and he a ec i e u n. The so-called new ma e ialism and he ma e-
ial u n emphasize ha objec s ha e a ec i e powe (Benne 2010) and
a e emo ionally cha ged (Lö g en 2016; Mille 2005). These ideas esona e
wi h he heo iza ions o an h opological and a chaeological explo a-
ions o he embeddedness o ma e ial objec s in social li e and ela ional
ma e iali y (e.g. Ingold 2007), on ology o objec s (e.g. Hena e e al. 2007)
and ma e ial agency (Robb 2010; Saunde s 2009). The agen ial powe o
hings and ma e iali y lies in di e en ways o knowing and being in he
wo ld. Ma e and objec s a e connec ed o ways o knowing ha exceed
language: he sensual and embodied – in o he wo ds, he a ec i e (De
Na di 2016, Po zano ic´ F ykman 2016b).
The a ec i e and ma e ial u n in he social sciences has called o
an unde s anding o bodily and o en unconscious aspec s o expe i-
ence ins ead o he sociocons uc i is ocus on language, meaning and
ep esen a ion (see, o example, Ba ad 2003; MacLu e 2013). Ma e ial
objec s and senso y disposi ions a e also ele an o he b oade pa adigm
o pos humanism seeking o o e come dicho omies o body/mind, human/
nonhuman and digi al/physical (e.g. Jansen 2016). The new ma e ialism
pa adigm emphasizes he ways in which humans and objec s as well as se s
o hings a e co-dependen (Ba ad 2003).
The majo challenge o esea che s in applying a ec heo y is ha
a ec s a e di icul o de ine and ‘cap u e’. E en among a ec heo is s,
he e is no uni ied de ini ion o wha a ec i e expe iences a e and how
hey could be pe cei ed. Acco ding o human geog aphe Nigel Th i
(2004: 60), ‘a ec is a di e en kind o in elligence abou he wo ld’ ha
shapes ou a i udes and e e yday p ac ices, bu canno be necessa ily
ansla ed in o he cogni i e (see also Th i 2009). Some schola s sepa a e
a ec s om emo ions in ha a ec s a e unde s ood as nonconscious o
p econscious pe cep ions and embodied eac ions, whe eas emo ions a e
mos ly seen as conscious, can be named and hus a e cul u ally cons uc ed
(Jansen 2016: 59). This sepa a ion has been c i icized because i d aws an
unnecessa y dis inc ion be ween body and cul u e. I a ec is unde s ood
as some hing ha we expe ience, ha mo es us and ou bodies, and ha
makes us eel and eac in ce ain ways, which we can no ice and in e p e ,
we should acknowledge ha a ec i e embodied expe iences a e also
cul u ally and socially cons uc ed and il e ed (Ahmed 2014; We he ell
2012: 4). An h opologis Mikkel Bille and geog aphe Ki s en Simonsen
(2021) ha e sc u inized he concep o a ec in ela ion o p ac ice heo ies.
They no e ha a ec is no necessa ily an au onomous ‘ hing’, a noun, bu
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4 Ee ika Koskinen-Koi is o e al.
also a e b o adjec i e, which can be sc u inized in bodily ac ions and
a ec i e p ac ices. These ‘a ec i e p ac ices a e spa ially embedded and
el phenomena’ (Bille and Simonsen 2021: 296). Bille and Simonsen a gue,
e e ing o Ben Ande son (2009, 2016), ha a ec can e e o an adjec i e
quali ying a mosphe e. A ec is connec ed o emo ions and a mosphe es,
and he e o e also o some hing people do. A ‘li ed body’ should he e o e
be an essen ial pa o unde s anding a ec (Bille and Simonsen 2021: 305).
The a ec i e is o en ha d o desc ibe and e balize (Lö g en 2016:
126–27, 148–50; see also Nylund Skog 2013: 106). E en i we ecognize
momen s and encoun e s loaded wi h emo ions and senso y elemen s,
we migh no ind o ha e he wo ds o desc ibe hem (see e.g. Koskinen-
Koi is o and Leh o aa a 2020). To sc u inize a ec s in he in ima e ealm
o home, we need o employ al e na i e me hodologies such as au oe hnog-
aphy ha allow us o e lec on he nuances o subjec i e embodied expe i-
ence. Many ex s in his olume make use o au oe hnog aphic inqui y as
hey engage wi h senso y expe iences and memo ies. As an h opologis
Sa ah Pink (2009: 23, 40–43, 64–65) has no ed, knowledge abou he
embodied and senso y ealms can only be gained h ough e lec ing on he
esea che ’s own senso y engagemen s and memo ies. Fu he mo e, homes
a e o en ex emely in ima e spaces. When ecei ing isi o s, he owne s
o ganize and clean hei homes, s aging hem acco ding o no ma i e ideas
o cleanliness and o de (see e.g. Lö g en 2017; on s aged a mosphe es, see
Pink e al. 2015: 353; Kajande 2021: 115). The au ho s in his olume
e lec on hei own memo ies and expe iences o bygone and p esen
homes, sc u inizing he empo al and embodied laye s o a ec i e ma e ial-
i y h ough au obiog aphical lenses.
In addi ion o au obiog aphical e lec ions, he au ho s o his olume
u ilize isual me hods, such as pho og aphy and isual mapping, which
allow us o engage wi h ma e ial elemen s and spa ial dimensions om a di -
e en angle. Visual me hods help he esea che o g asp ce ain momen s o
luid, mundane e e yday li e and o analyse hem in e ospec (Lehmuskallio
and Gómez C uz 2016). Howe e , om he pe spec i e o senso y expe i-
ence, isual images do no allow us o engage wi h mul isenso y aspec s o
ma e iali y. Senso y s udies ha ha e add essed he cul u ally cons uc ed
senso y egimes acknowledge ha when s udying a ec i e expe iences
and senso y memo ies, some dimensions emain hidden and unspoken
(Conne on 1989; Bendix 2000; Pink 2009; Spa kes 2009). In his olume,
we ocus on he senso y domain o he hap ic – o en a neglec ed heme in
he explo a ions o he senses (see e.g. Pa e son 2009), bu one ha is cen al
in e ms o unde s anding engagemen s wi h ma e iali y. Hap ic knowledge
is embodied and ela ed o ouch and mo emen . To analyse his, esea ch-
e s o en need o apply au oe hnog aphy – in o he wo ds, o e lec on hei
own expe iences, memo ies and senso y pa icipa ion.
To mee he challenge o unde s anding and exp essing he en anglemen
o ma e ial and mul isenso y elemen s, and o na a ing he ma e ial assem-
blages, schola s may use o he gen es han academic a icles in e p e ing
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In oduc ion 5
esea ch ma e ial. Essays can use uncon en ional ma e ial, in oduce new
opics h ough open ques ions and o e e lec ions ha a e no aimed
a p oducing a clea esul . Wi h his olume, we seek o o e a balance
be ween he de ailed and ich e hnog aphy o e e yday li e, heo e ical
discussions and c ea i e o ms o w i ing. We ha e di ided he chap e s
in o ou pa s: on (1) au obiog aphical ma e iali y, (2) con inui y h ough
ma e iali y, and (3) engagemen s wi h a ec i e ma e iali y, and (4) essays
on ma e ial aces and u u e isions, ending wi h concluding hough s.
Below we in oduce some concep ual ools and app oaches ha a e used
in hese pa s o heo ize abou he senso y and ma e ial en anglemen s o
home.
Au obiog aphical Ma e iali y
Among he nume ous objec s ound in a home, ce ain objec s a e dea
o us and ha e ollowed us h ough he cou se o ou li es. Many o hese
emind us o people we a e close o and he e o e a e imbued wi h a ec i e
expe iences and social bonds (Alonso Rey 2016; Kuusis o-A ponen and
Sa olainen 2016; Koskinen-Koi is o 2022). Some objec s can be cha ac e -
ized as biog aphical objec s, which unc ion as ools o au obiog aphic
elabo a ion, a way o knowing onesel h ough hings (see Hoskins 1998).
Such objec s main ain memo ies o sel , home and amily, which a e impo -
an means o cul u al main enance and iden i y wo k.
S o ies and meanings connec ed o pe sonal objec s can be analysed
using he concep o au obiog aphical ma e iali y ha ela es o bio-
g aphical hing–body assemblages (see De Na di 2016: 33–35, 119). We
see au obiog aphical ma e iali y as a wide concep han he biog aphical
objec (Hoskins 1998; Huhn 2018). I can en ail senso y elemen s o he
han objec s and can ela e o spaces and a mosphe es. Au obiog aphical
ma e iali y o en e e s o a disappea ed ma e iali y o bygone wo lds
and expe iences. Especially in he con ex o displacemen and diaspo a,
au obiog aphical ma e iali y can mani es i sel h ough absence. Objec s
and places ha no longe ha e a physical exis ence ha e been heo ized as
si es o memo y ha ha e an agen ial ole in na a ed memo ies (Kuusis o-
A ponen and Sa olainen 2016). E en when absen , hey can con inue o
embody pe sonal and collec i e expe iences ela ed o home and in e con-
nec he ma e ial wi h pe sonal biog aphies (see also Alonso Rey 2016;
Koskinen-Koi is o 2022; Lems 2016; C
ˇeginskas, Chap e 2 in his olume).
Au obiog aphical ma e iali y connec s wi h empo al complexi ies. I ies
oge he pas and p esen expe iences, and makes one hink abou he
u u e: objec s ha pe haps would s ill be needed and should be sa ed.
The chap e s in Pa I analyse he ole o au obiog aphical ma e iali y in
pas and p esen homes. In Chap e 1, Maja Po zano ic´ F ykman explo es
he a ec i e ma e iali y o he pa en s’ home in he bi h coun y o
C oa ia. The ex o e s a jou ney o a ec i e expe iences wi h senso y and
ma e ial de ails ha come ali e when he au ho s eps in o he house, opens
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6 Ee ika Koskinen-Koi is o e al.
d awe s and ouches i ems imbued wi h memo ies. Po zano ic´ F ykman
demons a es how he a ec i e p esence o objec s enables a eeling o
con inui y and connec ion o p e ious gene a ions and o a mig an ’s
coun y o o igin. In Chap e 2, Vik o ija L.A. C
ˇeginskas sc u inizes how
he memo y o absen objec s enables he o con ex ualize he li e s o y
in ela ion o pe sonal expe iences o ansna ional mobili y and amily
memo y o displacemen ha emphasize b eaks, changes and con inua ion
in amily his o y. She shows ha absen objec s possess a social, imagina-
i e dimension and can ac as connec ing objec s o memo y o e oke and
co-c ea e memo ies ha connec a pe son’s li e s o y wi h hei amily
his o y, he eby s eng hening a ec i e bonds ac oss gene a ions.
Pas homes con inue o be p esen no only in ou minds bu also in ou
bodies. The p ocess o se ling in o a new home means a p ocess o embod-
ied and senso y adjus men . In Chap e 3, Tomás E ázu iz engages in
au oe hnog aphic and analy ical inqui y in o eeling and being in his new
home; he o e s an al e na i e iew on sensing he a mosphe e o home.
He sugges s ha a key expe ience o being a home is no o eel any hing
special, bu being able o elax and o ien a e onesel h ough engaging wi h
he ma e iali y o home and pe sonal hings ha a e amilia and se in
he igh place. This de ini ion b ings us back o he s a ing poin o his
olume, he idea ha we end no o pay a en ion o he ma e iali y o
home unless he e is a up u e in ou e e yday li e ha calls o ou a en-
ion. Rup u es, whe he due o pe sonal li e o la ge-scale global e en s,
shape ou li ing wi h and ela ionship o ma e iali y.
Con inui y h ough Ma e iali y
In ecen yea s, an h opological and e hnological esea ch on mig a ion
and ma e iali y has expanded. Ma e iali y is app oached as an analy ical
amewo k ha does no educe objec s o me e symbols, bu add esses he
co po eali y o expe iences o mobili y and place making h ough ma e-
iali y (Basu and Coleman 2008; Po zano ic´ F ykman and Humb ach
2013; Ku ki 2020). Mig a ion esea che s ha e paid a en ion o e e yday
ma e iali y by a guing ha ma e ial objec s enable he con inua ion o
habi ual daily p ac ices, ou ines and skills such as cooking and c a
making in imes o c isis and in new diaspo ic and ansna ional en i-
onmen s (see e.g. Dudley 2010; Pechu ina 2015; Po zano ic´ F ykman
2016a; Ku ki 2020; Lause e al. 2022). Ma e iali y may play a c ucial
ole in main aining memo ies o di icul and e en auma ic expe iences,
which a e o en silenced and o go en (e.g. Kid on 2009, 2012; De Na di
2016). I has been no ed, o example, ha memen os a e o en p esen
in o al his o y and li e-his o y in e iews. As physical es imonies o
wha happened, objec s o memo y can make di icul and complex issues
conc e e and hus ellable (De Na di 2016; Sa olainen 2017; Koskinen-
Koi is o 2022).
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In oduc ion 7
E e yday objec s can ha e a s abilizing e ec on people by ac i ely sup-
po ing hei p ocesses o cul u al iden i y and hei emo ional jou neys
o ec ea ing a sense o home and belonging in hei new en i onmen
(e.g. Tolia-Kelly 2004; Basu and Coleman 2008: 316–317; Po zano ic´
F ykman and Humb ach 2013). A he same ime, engagemen s wi h
objec s can inc ease indi idual eelings o disempowe men and nonbe-
longing ha highligh b eaks and shi s in social p ac ices and he eby
e eal complex p ocesses o place making among mig an s and e ugees
(e.g. Pa o 2012; G ønse h 2012; Boccagni 2014; G ubiša 2022). Some
con ibu ions in his olume deal wi h images and memo ies o los homes,
d awing on he special gen e o nos algia and sen imen aliza ion (see
Po zano ic´ F ykman; C
ˇeginskas; Si eni and Sei sonen). Many objec s o
memo y ep oduce iconic and nos algic images, and displaying hem is hus
a way o keeping he memo ies ali e, emo ionally and spi i ually close o
onesel (see also Kuusis o-A ponen 2009; Alonso Rey 2016). Howe e , i
mus be emembe ed ha nos algia can be a means o con es ing dominan
na a i es and c i icizing he p esen : objec s sa egua ded om he pas
can unde line wha is missing o igno ed in he p esen (e.g. Ko jonen-
Kuusipu o and Me iläinen-Hy ä inen 2016).
The chap e s in Pa II on con inui y h ough ma e iali y ocus on
Second Wo ld Wa e ugees’ his o ies o o ced displacemen and ese -
ling, and he ways in which he pas is embodied in a new home en i on-
men h ough ma e ial he i age. Oula Sei sonen and Maa i Si eni w i e
abou he Ka elian e ugees who we e e acua ed om hei home in he
Russian bo de lands and ese led in di e en pa s o Finland. Up un il
oday, hese Ka elians ha e che ished and engaged wi h hei he i age in
many ways, bo h in public and in p i a e. In Chap e 4, Oula Sei sonen
in oduces objec s ela ed o his own amily he i age, a guing ha hey ac
as agen s o memo y ma e ializing ansgene a ional memo ies, nos algia
and longing o los homes. In Chap e 5, Maa i Si eni, who has s udied
he p esen -day homes o he descendan s o Ka elian e acuees, desc ibes
how small a ec i e objec s such as u ili y i ems and pe sonal memen os
impo ed om Ka elia, as well as pic u es and objec s po aying he place
o depa u e, play a signi ican ole ac oss gene a ions o Ka elian people
in es o ing a symbolic bond wi h hei los homeland. She a gues ha he
place o o igin is ep oduced h ough he ma e ial and isual cul u es o
hei homes. In Chap e 6, Anna Ku piel and Ka a zyna Maniak sc u inize
he homes o new inhabi an s who se led in he bo de egion be ween
Poland and Ge many in he a e ma h o he Second Wo ld Wa . These
se le s ook possession o houses ha used o belong o o he people who
had pe ished, led o we e depo ed du ing and a e he wa . Ku piel and
Maniak employ he concep o adop ed he i age o explo e he meanings
a ached o he p esence o ma e iali y eminding people o he pas and
o conside homemaking p ac ices in he con ex o di icul he i age. All
h ee chap e s in his pa show how los , missed o adop ed ma e ial i ems
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8 Ee ika Koskinen-Koi is o e al.
om he pas can ca y meanings and a ec s in he p esen , and hus be
ac i e pa s in he ma e ial assemblages o cu en homes.
Engagemen s wi h A ec i e Ma e iali y
Acco ding o Sa a Ahmed (2010), objec s can make us happy, no due
o he quali y o he objec s hemsel es, bu o ou in en ional ac ions
owa ds hem. Making home is a conc e e example o his: engaging wi h
he ma e iali y o home, ( e)o ganizing and placing objec s, and daily
embodied p ac ices make people eel a home. We a e in in ima e con ac
wi h hings and by gi ing alue o hings, we shape wha is nea us (Ahmed
2010). Home is no only whe e one’s hings a e, bu whe e one can be and
engage wi h hem. Th ough hese engagemen s, i is possible o ac and
c ea e a mosphe es which make ou in e es s, alues and iden i ies isible
o ou sel es and o o he s.
In hei esea ch on kink-iden i ied indi iduals, in Chap e 7, Johanna
Poh inen has used he me hod o collabo a i e pho og aphy and asked
esponden s o sha e wi h hem pho os and s o ies o kink- ela ed objec s
in hei homes. They analyse how kink- ela ed objec s a e used in nego ia -
ing he bounda ies be ween p i a e and public, and in c ea ing a ec i e
a mosphe es, he igh kind o ‘a unemen ’ and po en ial (S ewa 2011)
o kinky ac i i ies. In addi ion o ha ing and placing objec s, people can
eel cosy a home by doing hings wi h ma e iali y such as p ac ising c a s.
In Chap e 8, Anna Rauhala explo es he senso y and emo ional expe i-
ences ela ed o kni ing and c a ing du ing he COVID-19 pandemic.
She analyses how c a hobbyis s had expe ienced he pandemic and how
he pandemic is e lec ed in hei a wo k. Fo many o he hobbyis s wi h
whom Rauhala engages, c a making has been a way o p ocess emo ions
and educe he anxie y caused by lockdowns.
In Chap e 9, Gio anna Bachiddu sha es he indings ha in he na a-
i es o ansna ionally adop ed people, ma e iali y is a c ucial componen
o kinship belonging. Objec s associa ed wi h he bi h coun y become
e oca i e and keep acqui ing laye ed meaning and ele ance. These objec s
can help he adop ed pe son o accep he con o e sy o belonging, being
simul aneously pa o wo places and wo di e en kin g oups. Indeed,
objec s and ma e iali y can gi e con inui y o pe sonal and collec i e iden i-
ies by b idging exis en ial bounda ies be ween he e and he e, and se e
as angible poin s o connec ion wi h places, landscapes, e en s and people
o e ime and geog aphical dis ance (see Basu and Coleman 2008: 316–17;
Naum 2015: 79).
Ma e ial T aces and Fu u e Visions
In Wes e n coun ies, no ions o home and he p ac ices o dwelling o en
ha e hei oo s in ideals ela ed o he pa ia chal nuclea amilies o he
pos wa yea s, and o middle-class ideals o ma e ial wel a e (e.g. Lloyd
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4.0 In e na ional License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) wi h suppo om Uni e si y o Jy äskylä.