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P edic ing pool sa e y habi s and in en ions o Aus alian pa en s and ca e s o hei
young child en
© 2019 Else ie L d
Accep ed e sion (Final d a )
Hamil on, Ky a; Peden, Amy E.; Smi h, S ephanie; Hagge , Ma in S.
Hamil on, K., Peden, A. E., Smi h, S., & Hagge , M. S. (2019). P edic ing pool sa e y habi s and
in en ions o Aus alian pa en s and ca e s o hei young child en. Jou nal o Sa e y Resea ch,
71, 285-294. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.js .2019.09.006
2019
See discussions, s a s, and au ho p o iles o his publica ion a : h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /publica ion/337254627
P edic ing pool sa e y habi s and in en ions o Aus alian pa en s and ca e s
o hei young child en
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RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 1
RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s
P edic ing Pool Sa e y Habi s and In en ions o Aus alian Pa en s and Ca e s o hei
Young Child en
Ky a Hamil ona,b, Amy E. Pedenc,d, S ephanie Smi h a,, Ma in S. Hagge a,e,
aSchool o Applied Psychology and Menzies Heal h Ins i u e Queensland, G i i h Uni e si y,
B isbane, Aus alia.
bLabo a o y o Sel -Regula ion and Heal h Psychology and Beha iou al Medicine Resea ch
G oup, School o Psychology and Speech Pa hology, Facul y o Heal h Sciences, Cu in
Uni e si y, Pe h, Aus alia.
cRoyal Li e Sa ing Socie y – Aus alia, Sydney, Aus alia.
dCollege o Public Heal h, Medical and Ve e ina y Sciences, James Cook Uni e si y,
Towns ille, Aus alia
ePsychological Sciences, Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Me ced, USA
Facul y o Spo and Heal h Sciences, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Jy äskylä, Finland
Co espondence o: Ky a Hamil on, Heal h and Psychology Inno a ions (HaPI) labo a o y,
School o Applied Psychology, G i i h Uni e si y, M G a a Campus, 176 Messines Ridge
Road, M G a a , Queensland, QLD 4122, Aus alia, email: [email p o ec ed]u
Acknowledgemen s. Ma in S. Hagge ’s con ibu ion was suppo ed by a Finland
Dis inguished P o esso (FiDiP o) awa d (Dn o 1801/31/2105) om Business Finland.
Funding. This p ojec was join ly unded by Royal Li e Sa ing Socie y – Aus alia and Royal
Li e Sa ing Socie y – New Sou h Wales. The d owning p e en ion esea ch o Royal Li e
Sa ing Socie y – Aus alia is suppo ed by he Aus alian Go e nmen . Royal Li e Sa ing
Socie y – New Sou h Wales ecei ed unding o his p ojec om he New Sou h Wales
Go e nmen unde he Wa e Sa e y Fund. The sponso had no ole in he design, me hods,
pa icipan ec ui men , da a collec ion, analysis, p epa a ion o his manusc ip , o he
decision o submi his a icle o publica ion.
Compe ing in e es s. Au ho AEP is employed by Royal Li e Sa ing Socie y – Aus alia and
a ilia ed wi h he College o Public Heal h, Medical and Ve e ina y Sciences, James Cook
Uni e si y, Towns ille, Aus alia. Da a analysis and in e p e a ion o indings was conduc ed
independen o au ho AEP and Royal Li e Sa ing Socie y – Aus alia.
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Hamil on, K., Peden, A., Smi h, S., Hagge , M. S. (2019). P edic ing
pool sa e y habi s and in en ions o Aus alian pa en s and ca e s o hei young child en.
Jou nal o Sa e y Resea ch.
RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 2
Abs ac
In oduc ion. Child en unde i e yea s a e mos a isk o expe iencing a al and non- a al
d owning. The highes p opo ion o d owning inciden s occu in p i a e swimming pools.
Lapses in adul supe ision and ailu es in pool ba ie s a e leading con ibu o y ac o s o
pool d owning in his age g oup. Me hods. We in es iga ed he ole o he heo y o planned
beha io social cogni ions (a i ude, subjec i e no m, and pe cei ed beha io al con ol) as
well as pe cei ed ba ie s, planning, ole cons uc ion, and an icipa ed eg e on pa en s’ and
ca e s’ in en ions and habi s owa ds wo pool sa e y beha io s: es ic ing access and
supe ising child en a ound p i a e swimming pools. The s udy adop ed a c oss-sec ional
co ela ional design. Pa icipan s (N=509) comp ised Aus alian pa en s o ca egi e s wi h
child en aged unde i e yea s and access o a swimming pool a hei esidence. Pa icipan s
comple ed a ba e y o sel - epo measu es o social cogni i e a iables wi h espec o he
swimming pool sa e y beha io s o hei child en. Resul s. Pa h analy ic models con olling
o pas beha io indica ed ha subjec i e no m, planning, an icipa ed eg e , and ole
cons uc ion we e impo an p edic o s o habi , and subjec i e no m was a consis en
p edic o o in en ions, o bo h beha io s. Planning p edic ed in en ions in he es ic ing
access sample, while a i udes, ba ie s, and ole cons uc ion also p edic ed in en ions in he
supe ising sample. Bo h models con olled o pas beha io . Conclusion. Cu en indings
indica e he impo ance o psychological ac o s o es ic ing access and supe ising
beha io s, wi h no ma i e ac o s p ominen o bo h easoned (in en ions) and non-
conscious (habi s) beha io al an eceden s. I seems ac o s guiding es ic ing access, which
likely equi e egula enac men o ou ine beha io s (e.g., ensu ing ga e is no p opped open,
pool ence mee s s anda ds), may be go e ned by mo e habi ual han in en ional p ocesses.
Key wo ds: d owning p e en ion; child inju y; habi , in en ion, heo y o planned beha io
RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 3
In oduc ion
The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) es ima es 372,000 d owning dea hs annually,1
al hough his is likely unde es ima ed due o he In e na ional Classi ica ion o Diseases
(ICD) codes and me hodologies used.2 Da a indica es ha c
hild en aged unde i e yea s a e
mos a isk o unin en ional d owning, bo h a al and non- a al.
3-8
In Aus alia, an
a e age o 28 child en unde i e yea s d own each yea ,
9
wi h he mos ecen da a
epo ing 29 child en unde he age o i e died om unin en ional d owning in
2016/17.
9
A u he 199 child en unde i e yea s a e hospi alised each yea in Aus alia
due o a non- a al d owning inciden .
10
P i a e swimming pools (also known as home
swimming pools) a e he leading loca ion o d owning among child en unde i e yea s,
accoun ing o 44.8% o a al d ownings among child en 0-4 yea s in Aus alia in
2016/17.
9
Common ac o s implica ed in child d ownings in p i a e swimming pools
include lapses in, o comple e absence o , adul supe ision and non-compliance o
sa e y ba ie s such as ga es delibe a ely p opped open o aul y o poo ly main ained
pool ences and ga es.
5 11
The s a egies o p e en ing child d owning a e well unde s ood. Fo child en
unde i e yea s, he WHO ecommends p o iding sa e places, wi h adequa e
supe ision, away om wa e , as well as ins alling ba ie s con olling access o
wa e , and aining bys ande s in sa e escue and esusci a ion.
12
In Aus alia, Royal
Li e Sa ing Socie y – Aus alia’s “Keep Wa ch” p og am aims o educa e pa en s
and ca e s o child en unde i e yea s on he isk ac o s o d owning and
s a egies o educe his isk. These s a egies include ac i e adul supe ision,
es ic ing access o wa e , and wa e awa eness and esusci a ion.
13
Howe e , da a
indica es ha d ownings s ill occu as a esul o supe ision and es ic ion beha io s
no being upheld by adul s o young child en. As hese beha io s a e modi iable,

RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 4
psychological p ocesses a e likely o guide pa en s’ and ca e s’ decisions o engaging
in hese pool sa e y beha io s o hei young child en.
The heo y o planned beha io (TPB) 14 is a widely-used decision making model
ha has been applied o unde s and heal h and sa e y beha io s, including d owning
p e en ion beha io s in gene al 15-21 and, speci ically, pool sa e y beha io s o pa en s.
22 The TPB p oposes in en ion as he p oximal p edic o o beha io , wi h in en ion
p edic ed by a i ude (o e all e alua ions o he beha io ), subjec i e no m (pe cei ed
social p essu e o pe o m he beha io ), and pe cei ed beha io al con ol (pe cei ed
capaci y and au onomy o ca y ou he beha io ), wi h pe cei ed beha io al con ol
u he hypo hesised o mode a e he in en ion-beha io ela ionship. Akin o pe cei ed
beha io al con ol is he concep o pe cei ed ba ie s; howe e , his cons uc is usually
concep ualised as indi iduals’ con idence o o e come ba ie s ha may hinde
beha io al pe o mance. 23 Pas beha io is also o en included as an addi ional p edic o
o in en ion and beha io in he TPB. Al hough, in gene al, me a-analy ic s udies
suppo he use o he TPB in beha io al p edic ion, 24 he model does no accoun o all
a iance in in en ions and beha io . Thus, esea che s ha e in es iga ed o he impo an
cons uc s ha may lead o mo e e ec i e beha io al explana ion in speci ic con ex s,
such as planning, ole cons uc ion, and an icipa ed eg e in he con ex o pool sa e y
beha io s by pa en s and ca e s o hei young child en.
Planning, Role Cons uc ion, and An icipa ed Reg e
Beha io al ac ion is mo e likely when indi iduals an icipa e de ailed plans and
de elop p epa a o y s a egies o ackling a challenging ask. 25 Planning is ega ded as a
p ospec i e sel - egula o y skill whe e an indi idual speci ies he si ua ional con ex in which
one will enac o ensu e beha io al pe o mance is achie ed. Fo example, “I my child is in
he pool o a ound he pool a ea hen I will igno e e e hing else and s ic ly di ec all my
RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 5
a en ion on supe ising hei beha io ”. The con ex in his case p o ides he cue ha is
p oposed o igge he beha io . Plans a e he e o e no ac ions and planning equi es a
men al ep esen a ion o how o achie e some u u e ou come ha allows he indi idual o
men ally link he in ended beha io wi h a pa icula con ex o i s enac men , hus
connec ing he indi idual wi h good oppo uni ies o ac ia a ask- acili a ing s a egy (i.e.,
speci ying when, whe e, and how o enac a beha io ). 25 26 Planning may also include he
an icipa ion o ba ie s and he gene a ion o al e na i e beha io s o o e come hose, hus
p o ec ing indi iduals’ good in en ions om an icipa ed obs acles ia a dis ac ion-inhibi ing
s a egy.27 Fo example, i a pa en an icipa es ha ha ing a sma phone wi hin each may
di e hei a en ion away om supe ising hei child, hen o ming a plan o lea e he
sma phone somewhe e ou o each while supe ising hei child swimming may p e en
lapses in supe ising (e.g., “I I ake my child swimming in he pool hen I will lea e my
sma phone inside he house so I will concen a e on supe ising my child a all imes”).
Resea ch in es iga ing heal h beha io decisions o young child en has also shown
suppo o he e ec o ole cons uc ion on pa en al decision making. 28-31 Role cons uc ion
is concep ualised as he in e ac ion o belie s abou desi ed child ou comes, esponsibili y o
hese ou comes, pe cep ions o impo an o he s, and pa en al beha io s ela ed o hose
belie s and expec a ions. 32 Thus, he mo i a ional oo s o ole cons uc ion de i e om
pa en s conside ing hei esponsibili ies owa d hei child and he ac i i ies needed o be
in ol ed wi h hei child, unlike subjec i e no m in he TPB whe e he mo i a ional
o ien a ion o ac ion is de i ed ou o signi ican o he s’ app o al. 14 This mo i a ion a ises
om bo h sel and social e i ica ions o a i m hei ole as a pa en and beha e acco dingly
o ul il hese obliga ions and emain consis en wi h he s anda ds a ached o he ole.
An icipa ed eg e e e s o belie s abou whe he o no eg e will ollow om
pe o ming o no pe o ming a ce ain beha io (i.e., conside ing he possibili y o eg e o
RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 6
supe ising o no supe ising young child en in he pool). 33 34 Concep ually, an icipa ed
eg e should mo i a e beha io because eg e is a pe asi e, powe ul, and unpleasan
emo ion ha people, and in his con ex pa en s and ca e s o young child en, wish o a oid.
35 Me a-analy ic esea ch has p o ided suppo o he inclusion o an icipa ed eg e o he
TPB, 36 wi h an icipa ed eg e adding signi ican ly o he p edic ion o in en ion independen
o he o he TPB cons uc s. Pa en s, in gene al, a e awa e ha ailing o supe ise o es ic
access o hei young child en a ound he pool has po en ially nega i e sho - and long- e m
heal h epe cussions, 22 and hus, no pe o ming hese beha io s may esul in pa en s
expe iencing nega i e emo ions associa ed wi h an icipa ed eg e .
The Cu en S udy
The aim o his s udy was o de elop a be e unde s anding o he social cogni i e
ac o s ha unde pin he decisions o pa en s and ca e s owa d wo key wa e -sa e y
beha io s a ound swimming pools: es ic ing young child en’s access o p i a e pools
and supe ising young child en a ound p i a e pools. The esea ch is expec ed o
p o ide u he o ma i e da a ha will in o m u u e s a egies o he p e en ion o
d owning among his a - isk coho . D awing on psychological heo ies o social
cogni ion, 14 25 we examined in en ions as we p edic ha bo h hese pool sa e y
beha io s may be con olled by easoned delibe a ion o e he ad an ages and
consequences o he beha io . This p ocess is summa ized by pa en s’ and ca e s’
in en ions o pe o m he pool sa e y beha io s in u u e. Howe e , i may be ha hese
beha io s a e also de e mined by p ocesses ha e lec non-conscious decision making,
ep esen ed by habi s. 37 In en ions e lec he amoun o e o an indi idual is likely o
in es in pu suing a a ge beha io in u u e14, whe eas sel - epo ed habi s e lec he
ex en o which indi iduals expe ience he beha io as enac ed beyond hei awa eness,
e icien ly and au oma ically, likely de eloped h ough equen expe ience wi h he
RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 7
beha io in he p esence o s able con ex s (e.g., p i a e swimming pool a ea) and cues
(e.g., closing ga e on en e ing and exi ing pool a ea).37 38 In sum, we explo ed he ole o
he TPB social cogni ions (a i ude, subjec i e no m, and pe cei ed beha io al con ol)
as well as pe cei ed ba ie s, planning, ole cons uc ion, and an icipa ed eg e on
pa en s’ and ca e s’ in en ions and habi s o es ic young child en’s access o p i a e
pools and supe ise young child en a ound p i a e pools. This esea ch di ec ly links
o he Aus alian Wa e Sa e y S a egy 2016-2020’s p io i y goal o educing d owning
among child en aged 0-14 yea s 39 and
builds on p e ious d owning p e en ion
esea ch,
15-21
including esea ch a ge ing pa en s’ beha io a ound swimming
pools,
22
speci ically ex ending p e ious esea ch by es ing addi ional social cogni i e
ac o s o pe cei ed ba ie s, planning, ole cons uc ion, and an icipa ed eg e on
p ocesses ha e lec bo h easoned (in en ions) and mo e non-consciousness (habi )
decision making and con olling o pa en s’ pas beha io .
Me hod
Pa icipan s
Pa icipan s (N = 509, 75% emale) we e Aus alian (New sou h Wales/Aus alian
Capi al Te i o y = 30.5%, Vic o ia = 24.2%, Queensland = 24.2%, Wes e n Aus alia =
10.2%, Tasmania = 3.1%, No he n Te i o y = 0.2%) pa en s and ca e s o young child en
aged 0-4 yea s. Pa icipan s we e ec ui ed h ough Ta e ne Resea ch, an Aus alian
esea ch panel company, and ep esen ed key demog aphic cha ac e is ics ela i ely
p opo ional o he Aus alian popula ion. The age o pa icipan s anged om 18-75 yea s (M
= 34.67, SD = 8.76). The majo i y o pa icipan s indica ed ha hey had some o m o
employmen (75.4%) and a g ea e han high-school-le el educa ion (71.7%), mos (84.9%)
exceeded he ‘low income’ h eshold o annual household income (≤AU$37,000), and mos
RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 14
how o achie e some u u e ou come ha allows he indi idual o men ally link he in ended
beha io wi h a pa icula con ex o i s enac men , hus connec ing he indi idual wi h good
oppo uni ies o ac .47 Emo ion-based cues ha e also been sugges ed o aid in he building o
habi s.37 An icipa ed eg e , which encompasses belie s abou whe he o no eg e will
ollow om pe o ming o no pe o ming a ce ain beha io ,33 34 mo i a es beha io because
eg e is a pe asi e, powe ul, and unpleasan emo ion ha people wish o a oid 35, and is
consis en wi h a long line o esea ch on he e ec o an icipa ed a ec on mo i a ion o
pe o m heal h p omo ing beha io s.48 Consis en wi h his e idence, i migh be easonable
o heo ise ha an icipa ing his emo ion when conside ing po en ial isks o child en a ound
p i a e swimming pools migh ac as a cue o pa en s and ca e s o es ic access and
supe ise hei young child en in hose si ua ions. Cu en da a he e o e poin o he po en ial
u ili y o messages e oking an icipa ed eg e o emo ional consequences in p omo ing
pa en s’ and ca e s’ adop ion o , and adhe ence o, hese pool sa e y beha io s.
Ba ie s o enac ing hese pool sa e y beha io s was ound o ha e an impo an ole in
he o ma ion o in en ions and habi s o supe ising only. I seems ha ba ie s such as
in e e ing wi h o he commi men s and ha ing limi ed assis ance may be mo e ele an o
supe ising han es ic ing access. To specula e, his migh be because supe ising likely
equi es g ea e igilance, e o , and dedica ed ime ela i e o es ic ing, which e ec i ely
in ol es ewe ac ions by compa ison. To o e come ba ie s o supe ising, i migh be
use ul i pa en s and ca e s build dedica ed swimming ime in o he daily schedule along wi h
hei o he commi men s ha need o be ul illed. This migh help o limi dis ac ions ha
may de ail one’s supe ising in en ions and habi s and ensu e ha pa en s’ and ca e s’
a en ion is de o ed o supe ising hei young child en du ing his dedica ed ‘swimming pool
ime’, and a all o he imes ha e con ingencies in place o ensu e child en a e always
supe ised o a oid child en wande ing o a e swimming ime is o e .

RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 15
A inal no able inding o he cu en s udy was he obse a ion ha he psychological
ac o s we e mo e s ongly ela ed o habi s han in en ions. This may be because habi s a e
mo e impo an o e ec i e es ic ion o access han in en ions. Res ic ing access may
equi e enac men o mo e egula , ou ine- ype beha io s. Fo example, ensu ing pool ences
mee Aus alian S anda ds, ensu ing he e is an e ec i e sel -closing and sel -la ching ga e,
ensu ing no climbable objec s a e le agains pool ence, and ensu ing he pool ga e is no
p opped open all equi e egula inspec ion o ensu e ha hese hings a e en o ced and
main ained. Making a plan o unde aking hese es ic ing access beha io s and he
moni o ing o hem may mean ha hese beha io s become mo e ou inized and less likely o
be go e ned by in en ions.
S eng hs and Limi a ions
A key s eng h o he cu en s udy is ha i uses a la ge communi y sample o pool
owne s, p o iding po en ial oppo uni y o gene alize esul s o o he pool owne s o young
child en beyond he cu en sample. Some limi a ions should also be aised. The c oss-
sec ional design p ecludes d awing causal in e ences o ela ionships be ween he
psychological ac o s and pa en s’ and ca e s’ in en ions and habi s wi h espec o pool
sa e y beha io s o hei child en. Fu he mo e, he use o sel - epo measu es may ha e
been subjec o socially desi able esponses, a conce n wi h all esea ch elying on such
measu es. One means o mi iga e his would be o collec obse a ional da a, such as
obse a ions o main enance o pool sa e y equipmen . Howe e , such audi ing would be
di icul o do a he indi idual le el. In addi ion, mos pa icipan s indica ed ha hey had
aken hei child o child en o swimming o wa e amilia isa ion lessons (70.7%). This may
indica e a deg ee o ex e nal alidi y i swimming o wa e amilia isa ion lessons a e
ameni ies p edominan ly enjoyed by highe income households. Howe e , he
RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 16
gene alizabili y o he indings may no ex end o mo e socially disad an aged g oups whe e
access and cos s a e po en ial ba ie s o engaging child en in wa e amilia isa ion lessons.
Conclusions
Cu en indings p o ide p elimina y indica ion o he social cogni i e ac o s
unde pinning pa en s’ and ca e s’ in en ions and habi s wi h espec o es ic ing access
and supe ising young child en a ound p i a e swimming pools. These indings can
in o m u u e expe imen al esea ch o es whe he manipula ing he key psychological
cons uc s leads o changes in pa en s’ and ca e s’ in en ions and habi s owa d hese pool
sa e y beha io s, which is impo an o d owning p e en ion. Findings may also poin o
he po en ial e ec i eness o messages a ge ing social and no ma i e ac o s in changing
pool sa e y beha io s.
RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 17
Re e ences
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based me hodologies e ses ac ual dea hs. BMJ Open 2017;7(e019407).
doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019407
3. Rahman A, Mash eky SR, Chowdhu y SM, e al. Analysis o he childhood a al d owning
si ua ion in Bangladesh: explo ing p e en ion measu es o low income coun ies.
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52. doi:10.1037/hea0000143

RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 20
Figu e 1. S anda dized pa ame e es ima es and p obabili y s a is ics o pa h analysis o hypo hesized model o pa en s es ic ing child access o swimming
pools.
Ba ie s
Habi
R2 = .713
PBC
A i ude
Planning
Subjec i e
No m
Role
Cons uc ion
An icipa ed
Reg e
In en ion
R2 = .763
Pas
Beha io
.719***
.755***
.492***
.454***
.506***
.660***
.557***
.303***
.253**
.535***
.212**
.188**
.169*
.169*
.095*
RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 21
Figu e 2. S anda dized pa ame e es ima es and p obabili y s a is ics o pa h analysis o hypo hesized model o pa en s supe ising child a ound swimming
pools.
Ba ie s
Habi
R2 = .687
PBC
A i ude
Planning
Subjec i e
No m
Role
Cons uc ion
An icipa ed
Reg e
In en ion
R2 = 748
Pas
Beha io
.141***
.501***
.695***
.696***
.610***
.493***
.534***
.721***
.139*
.146*
.169*
.111*
.212**
.167*
.236**
.140*
.236**
.106*
Table 1
De ini ions P o ided o Pa icipan s o Each Beha io
Beha io
De ini ion
Res ic ing young child en’s
access o you pool
Ensu ing he e is a ba ie be ween child and pool; ensu ing pool
ence mee s Aus alian S anda ds and is egula ly inspec ed and
main ained; ensu ing he e is an e ec i e sel -closing and sel -
la ching ga e; ensu ing no climbable objec s a e le agains pool
ence; ensu ing ga e is no p opped open
Supe ising young child en a ound
you pool
Ensu ing cons an isual con ac o he child, ensu ing you a e wi hin
a ms’ each o child a all imes, ensu ing an olde child is no
supe ising a younge child
Table 2
I ems and Response Scales o Social Cogni i e Cons uc s, Habi , and Beha io Measu es o Each Beha io
Cons uc
I ems
Sco ing
In en ion
I plan o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool.
I in end o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool.
I is likely ha I will es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool.
[1] ex emely unlikely ‒ [7]
ex emely likely
A i ude
Fo me o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool in he nex mon h
would be…
[1] bad ‒ [7] good
[1] unwise ‒ [7] wise
[1] wo hless ‒ [7] aluable
[1] nega i e ‒ [7] posi i e
Subjec i e
No m
Those people who a e impo an o me would app o e o me es ic ing young child en’s access o my
pool/supe ising young child en a ound my pool.
Those people who a e impo an o me would wan me o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young
child en a ound my pool.
Those people who a e impo an o me hink I should es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young
child en a ound my pool.
[1] s ongly disag ee ‒ [7]
s ongly ag ee
Pe cei ed
Beha io al
Con ol
I ha e comple e con ol o e whe he I es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound
my pool.
I is mos ly up o me whe he I es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool.
I would be easy o me o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool.
I am con iden I can es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool.
[1] s ongly disag ee ‒ [7]
s ongly ag ee
Pe cei ed
ba ie s
I am con iden ha I can es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool in he
nex mon h e en i I ha e no assis ance om o he s.
I am con iden ha I can es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool in he
nex mon h e en i i is ime consuming.
I am con iden ha I can es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool in he
nex mon h e en i i in e e es wi h my o he commi men s.
I am con iden ha I can es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool in he
nex mon h e en i i is no easy o me.
[1] s ongly disag ee ‒ [7]
s ongly ag ee
Planning
I ha e made a plan ega ding when o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound
my pool.
I ha e made a plan ega ding whe e o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound
my pool.
I ha e made a plan ega ding how o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my
pool.
[1] s ongly disag ee ‒ [7]
s ongly ag ee