Predicting pool safety habits and intentions of Australian parents and carers for their young children

This is a sel -a chi ed e sion o an o iginal a icle. This e sion may di e om he o iginal in pagina ion and ypog aphic de ails. Au ho (s): Ti le: Yea : Ve sion: Copy igh : Righ s: Righ s u l: Please ci e he o iginal e sion: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ P edic ing pool sa e y habi s and in en ions o Aus alian pa en s and ca e s o hei young child en © 2019 Else ie L d Accep ed e sion (Final d a ) Hamil on, Ky a; Peden, Amy E.; Smi h, S ephanie; Hagge , Ma in S. Hamil on, K., Peden, A. E., Smi h, S., & Hagge , M. S. (2019). P edic ing pool sa e y habi s and in en ions o Aus alian pa en s and ca e s o hei young child en. Jou nal o Sa e y Resea ch, 71, 285-294. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.js .2019.09.006 2019 See discussions, s a s, and au ho p o iles o his publica ion a : h ps://www. esea chga e.ne /publica ion/337254627 P edic ing pool sa e y habi s and in en ions o Aus alian pa en s and ca e s o hei young child en A icleinJou nal o Sa e y Resea ch · No embe 2019 DOI: 10.1016/j.js .2019.09.006 CITATIONS 0 READS 14 4 au ho s: Some o he au ho s o his publica ion a e also wo king on hese ela ed p ojec s: The epidemiology, isk ac o s and s a egies o he p e en ion o unin en ional a al i e d owning in Aus alia View p ojec PETALS View p ojec Ky a Hamil on G i i h Uni e si y 146 PUBLICATIONS1,498 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Amy Elizabe h Peden UNSW Sydney 82 PUBLICATIONS376 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE S ephanie Smi h G i i h Uni e si y 3 PUBLICATIONS5 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Ma in Hagge Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Me ced 470 PUBLICATIONS15,017 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All con en ollowing his page was uploaded by Ky a Hamil on on 17 No embe 2019. The use has eques ed enhancemen o he downloaded ile. RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 1 RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s P edic ing Pool Sa e y Habi s and In en ions o Aus alian Pa en s and Ca e s o hei Young Child en Ky a Hamil ona,b, Amy E. Pedenc,d, S ephanie Smi h a,, Ma in S. Hagge a,e, aSchool o Applied Psychology and Menzies Heal h Ins i u e Queensland, G i i h Uni e si y, B isbane, Aus alia. bLabo a o y o Sel -Regula ion and Heal h Psychology and Beha iou al Medicine Resea ch G oup, School o Psychology and Speech Pa hology, Facul y o Heal h Sciences, Cu in Uni e si y, Pe h, Aus alia. cRoyal Li e Sa ing Socie y – Aus alia, Sydney, Aus alia. dCollege o Public Heal h, Medical and Ve e ina y Sciences, James Cook Uni e si y, Towns ille, Aus alia ePsychological Sciences, Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Me ced, USA Facul y o Spo and Heal h Sciences, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Jy äskylä, Finland Co espondence o: Ky a Hamil on, Heal h and Psychology Inno a ions (HaPI) labo a o y, School o Applied Psychology, G i i h Uni e si y, M G a a Campus, 176 Messines Ridge Road, M G a a , Queensland, QLD 4122, Aus alia, email: [email p o ec ed]u Acknowledgemen s. Ma in S. Hagge ’s con ibu ion was suppo ed by a Finland Dis inguished P o esso (FiDiP o) awa d (Dn o 1801/31/2105) om Business Finland. Funding. This p ojec was join ly unded by Royal Li e Sa ing Socie y – Aus alia and Royal Li e Sa ing Socie y – New Sou h Wales. The d owning p e en ion esea ch o Royal Li e Sa ing Socie y – Aus alia is suppo ed by he Aus alian Go e nmen . Royal Li e Sa ing Socie y – New Sou h Wales ecei ed unding o his p ojec om he New Sou h Wales Go e nmen unde he Wa e Sa e y Fund. The sponso had no ole in he design, me hods, pa icipan ec ui men , da a collec ion, analysis, p epa a ion o his manusc ip , o he decision o submi his a icle o publica ion. Compe ing in e es s. Au ho AEP is employed by Royal Li e Sa ing Socie y – Aus alia and a ilia ed wi h he College o Public Heal h, Medical and Ve e ina y Sciences, James Cook Uni e si y, Towns ille, Aus alia. Da a analysis and in e p e a ion o indings was conduc ed independen o au ho AEP and Royal Li e Sa ing Socie y – Aus alia. Sugges ed Ci a ion: Hamil on, K., Peden, A., Smi h, S., Hagge , M. S. (2019). P edic ing pool sa e y habi s and in en ions o Aus alian pa en s and ca e s o hei young child en. Jou nal o Sa e y Resea ch. RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 2 Abs ac In oduc ion. Child en unde i e yea s a e mos a isk o expe iencing a al and non- a al d owning. The highes p opo ion o d owning inciden s occu in p i a e swimming pools. Lapses in adul supe ision and ailu es in pool ba ie s a e leading con ibu o y ac o s o pool d owning in his age g oup. Me hods. We in es iga ed he ole o he heo y o planned beha io social cogni ions (a i ude, subjec i e no m, and pe cei ed beha io al con ol) as well as pe cei ed ba ie s, planning, ole cons uc ion, and an icipa ed eg e on pa en s’ and ca e s’ in en ions and habi s owa ds wo pool sa e y beha io s: es ic ing access and supe ising child en a ound p i a e swimming pools. The s udy adop ed a c oss-sec ional co ela ional design. Pa icipan s (N=509) comp ised Aus alian pa en s o ca egi e s wi h child en aged unde i e yea s and access o a swimming pool a hei esidence. Pa icipan s comple ed a ba e y o sel - epo measu es o social cogni i e a iables wi h espec o he swimming pool sa e y beha io s o hei child en. Resul s. Pa h analy ic models con olling o pas beha io indica ed ha subjec i e no m, planning, an icipa ed eg e , and ole cons uc ion we e impo an p edic o s o habi , and subjec i e no m was a consis en p edic o o in en ions, o bo h beha io s. Planning p edic ed in en ions in he es ic ing access sample, while a i udes, ba ie s, and ole cons uc ion also p edic ed in en ions in he supe ising sample. Bo h models con olled o pas beha io . Conclusion. Cu en indings indica e he impo ance o psychological ac o s o es ic ing access and supe ising beha io s, wi h no ma i e ac o s p ominen o bo h easoned (in en ions) and non- conscious (habi s) beha io al an eceden s. I seems ac o s guiding es ic ing access, which likely equi e egula enac men o ou ine beha io s (e.g., ensu ing ga e is no p opped open, pool ence mee s s anda ds), may be go e ned by mo e habi ual han in en ional p ocesses. Key wo ds: d owning p e en ion; child inju y; habi , in en ion, heo y o planned beha io RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 3 In oduc ion The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) es ima es 372,000 d owning dea hs annually,1 al hough his is likely unde es ima ed due o he In e na ional Classi ica ion o Diseases (ICD) codes and me hodologies used.2 Da a indica es ha c hild en aged unde i e yea s a e mos a isk o unin en ional d owning, bo h a al and non- a al. 3-8 In Aus alia, an a e age o 28 child en unde i e yea s d own each yea , 9 wi h he mos ecen da a epo ing 29 child en unde he age o i e died om unin en ional d owning in 2016/17. 9 A u he 199 child en unde i e yea s a e hospi alised each yea in Aus alia due o a non- a al d owning inciden . 10 P i a e swimming pools (also known as home swimming pools) a e he leading loca ion o d owning among child en unde i e yea s, accoun ing o 44.8% o a al d ownings among child en 0-4 yea s in Aus alia in 2016/17. 9 Common ac o s implica ed in child d ownings in p i a e swimming pools include lapses in, o comple e absence o , adul supe ision and non-compliance o sa e y ba ie s such as ga es delibe a ely p opped open o aul y o poo ly main ained pool ences and ga es. 5 11 The s a egies o p e en ing child d owning a e well unde s ood. Fo child en unde i e yea s, he WHO ecommends p o iding sa e places, wi h adequa e supe ision, away om wa e , as well as ins alling ba ie s con olling access o wa e , and aining bys ande s in sa e escue and esusci a ion. 12 In Aus alia, Royal Li e Sa ing Socie y – Aus alia’s “Keep Wa ch” p og am aims o educa e pa en s and ca e s o child en unde i e yea s on he isk ac o s o d owning and s a egies o educe his isk. These s a egies include ac i e adul supe ision, es ic ing access o wa e , and wa e awa eness and esusci a ion. 13 Howe e , da a indica es ha d ownings s ill occu as a esul o supe ision and es ic ion beha io s no being upheld by adul s o young child en. As hese beha io s a e modi iable, RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 4 psychological p ocesses a e likely o guide pa en s’ and ca e s’ decisions o engaging in hese pool sa e y beha io s o hei young child en. The heo y o planned beha io (TPB) 14 is a widely-used decision making model ha has been applied o unde s and heal h and sa e y beha io s, including d owning p e en ion beha io s in gene al 15-21 and, speci ically, pool sa e y beha io s o pa en s. 22 The TPB p oposes in en ion as he p oximal p edic o o beha io , wi h in en ion p edic ed by a i ude (o e all e alua ions o he beha io ), subjec i e no m (pe cei ed social p essu e o pe o m he beha io ), and pe cei ed beha io al con ol (pe cei ed capaci y and au onomy o ca y ou he beha io ), wi h pe cei ed beha io al con ol u he hypo hesised o mode a e he in en ion-beha io ela ionship. Akin o pe cei ed beha io al con ol is he concep o pe cei ed ba ie s; howe e , his cons uc is usually concep ualised as indi iduals’ con idence o o e come ba ie s ha may hinde beha io al pe o mance. 23 Pas beha io is also o en included as an addi ional p edic o o in en ion and beha io in he TPB. Al hough, in gene al, me a-analy ic s udies suppo he use o he TPB in beha io al p edic ion, 24 he model does no accoun o all a iance in in en ions and beha io . Thus, esea che s ha e in es iga ed o he impo an cons uc s ha may lead o mo e e ec i e beha io al explana ion in speci ic con ex s, such as planning, ole cons uc ion, and an icipa ed eg e in he con ex o pool sa e y beha io s by pa en s and ca e s o hei young child en. Planning, Role Cons uc ion, and An icipa ed Reg e Beha io al ac ion is mo e likely when indi iduals an icipa e de ailed plans and de elop p epa a o y s a egies o ackling a challenging ask. 25 Planning is ega ded as a p ospec i e sel - egula o y skill whe e an indi idual speci ies he si ua ional con ex in which one will enac o ensu e beha io al pe o mance is achie ed. Fo example, “I my child is in he pool o a ound he pool a ea hen I will igno e e e hing else and s ic ly di ec all my RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 5 a en ion on supe ising hei beha io ”. The con ex in his case p o ides he cue ha is p oposed o igge he beha io . Plans a e he e o e no ac ions and planning equi es a men al ep esen a ion o how o achie e some u u e ou come ha allows he indi idual o men ally link he in ended beha io wi h a pa icula con ex o i s enac men , hus connec ing he indi idual wi h good oppo uni ies o ac ia a ask- acili a ing s a egy (i.e., speci ying when, whe e, and how o enac a beha io ). 25 26 Planning may also include he an icipa ion o ba ie s and he gene a ion o al e na i e beha io s o o e come hose, hus p o ec ing indi iduals’ good in en ions om an icipa ed obs acles ia a dis ac ion-inhibi ing s a egy.27 Fo example, i a pa en an icipa es ha ha ing a sma phone wi hin each may di e hei a en ion away om supe ising hei child, hen o ming a plan o lea e he sma phone somewhe e ou o each while supe ising hei child swimming may p e en lapses in supe ising (e.g., “I I ake my child swimming in he pool hen I will lea e my sma phone inside he house so I will concen a e on supe ising my child a all imes”). Resea ch in es iga ing heal h beha io decisions o young child en has also shown suppo o he e ec o ole cons uc ion on pa en al decision making. 28-31 Role cons uc ion is concep ualised as he in e ac ion o belie s abou desi ed child ou comes, esponsibili y o hese ou comes, pe cep ions o impo an o he s, and pa en al beha io s ela ed o hose belie s and expec a ions. 32 Thus, he mo i a ional oo s o ole cons uc ion de i e om pa en s conside ing hei esponsibili ies owa d hei child and he ac i i ies needed o be in ol ed wi h hei child, unlike subjec i e no m in he TPB whe e he mo i a ional o ien a ion o ac ion is de i ed ou o signi ican o he s’ app o al. 14 This mo i a ion a ises om bo h sel and social e i ica ions o a i m hei ole as a pa en and beha e acco dingly o ul il hese obliga ions and emain consis en wi h he s anda ds a ached o he ole. An icipa ed eg e e e s o belie s abou whe he o no eg e will ollow om pe o ming o no pe o ming a ce ain beha io (i.e., conside ing he possibili y o eg e o RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 6 supe ising o no supe ising young child en in he pool). 33 34 Concep ually, an icipa ed eg e should mo i a e beha io because eg e is a pe asi e, powe ul, and unpleasan emo ion ha people, and in his con ex pa en s and ca e s o young child en, wish o a oid. 35 Me a-analy ic esea ch has p o ided suppo o he inclusion o an icipa ed eg e o he TPB, 36 wi h an icipa ed eg e adding signi ican ly o he p edic ion o in en ion independen o he o he TPB cons uc s. Pa en s, in gene al, a e awa e ha ailing o supe ise o es ic access o hei young child en a ound he pool has po en ially nega i e sho - and long- e m heal h epe cussions, 22 and hus, no pe o ming hese beha io s may esul in pa en s expe iencing nega i e emo ions associa ed wi h an icipa ed eg e . The Cu en S udy The aim o his s udy was o de elop a be e unde s anding o he social cogni i e ac o s ha unde pin he decisions o pa en s and ca e s owa d wo key wa e -sa e y beha io s a ound swimming pools: es ic ing young child en’s access o p i a e pools and supe ising young child en a ound p i a e pools. The esea ch is expec ed o p o ide u he o ma i e da a ha will in o m u u e s a egies o he p e en ion o d owning among his a - isk coho . D awing on psychological heo ies o social cogni ion, 14 25 we examined in en ions as we p edic ha bo h hese pool sa e y beha io s may be con olled by easoned delibe a ion o e he ad an ages and consequences o he beha io . This p ocess is summa ized by pa en s’ and ca e s’ in en ions o pe o m he pool sa e y beha io s in u u e. Howe e , i may be ha hese beha io s a e also de e mined by p ocesses ha e lec non-conscious decision making, ep esen ed by habi s. 37 In en ions e lec he amoun o e o an indi idual is likely o in es in pu suing a a ge beha io in u u e14, whe eas sel - epo ed habi s e lec he ex en o which indi iduals expe ience he beha io as enac ed beyond hei awa eness, e icien ly and au oma ically, likely de eloped h ough equen expe ience wi h he RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 7 beha io in he p esence o s able con ex s (e.g., p i a e swimming pool a ea) and cues (e.g., closing ga e on en e ing and exi ing pool a ea).37 38 In sum, we explo ed he ole o he TPB social cogni ions (a i ude, subjec i e no m, and pe cei ed beha io al con ol) as well as pe cei ed ba ie s, planning, ole cons uc ion, and an icipa ed eg e on pa en s’ and ca e s’ in en ions and habi s o es ic young child en’s access o p i a e pools and supe ise young child en a ound p i a e pools. This esea ch di ec ly links o he Aus alian Wa e Sa e y S a egy 2016-2020’s p io i y goal o educing d owning among child en aged 0-14 yea s 39 and builds on p e ious d owning p e en ion esea ch, 15-21 including esea ch a ge ing pa en s’ beha io a ound swimming pools, 22 speci ically ex ending p e ious esea ch by es ing addi ional social cogni i e ac o s o pe cei ed ba ie s, planning, ole cons uc ion, and an icipa ed eg e on p ocesses ha e lec bo h easoned (in en ions) and mo e non-consciousness (habi ) decision making and con olling o pa en s’ pas beha io . Me hod Pa icipan s Pa icipan s (N = 509, 75% emale) we e Aus alian (New sou h Wales/Aus alian Capi al Te i o y = 30.5%, Vic o ia = 24.2%, Queensland = 24.2%, Wes e n Aus alia = 10.2%, Tasmania = 3.1%, No he n Te i o y = 0.2%) pa en s and ca e s o young child en aged 0-4 yea s. Pa icipan s we e ec ui ed h ough Ta e ne Resea ch, an Aus alian esea ch panel company, and ep esen ed key demog aphic cha ac e is ics ela i ely p opo ional o he Aus alian popula ion. The age o pa icipan s anged om 18-75 yea s (M = 34.67, SD = 8.76). The majo i y o pa icipan s indica ed ha hey had some o m o employmen (75.4%) and a g ea e han high-school-le el educa ion (71.7%), mos (84.9%) exceeded he ‘low income’ h eshold o annual household income (≤AU$37,000), and mos RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 14 how o achie e some u u e ou come ha allows he indi idual o men ally link he in ended beha io wi h a pa icula con ex o i s enac men , hus connec ing he indi idual wi h good oppo uni ies o ac .47 Emo ion-based cues ha e also been sugges ed o aid in he building o habi s.37 An icipa ed eg e , which encompasses belie s abou whe he o no eg e will ollow om pe o ming o no pe o ming a ce ain beha io ,33 34 mo i a es beha io because eg e is a pe asi e, powe ul, and unpleasan emo ion ha people wish o a oid 35, and is consis en wi h a long line o esea ch on he e ec o an icipa ed a ec on mo i a ion o pe o m heal h p omo ing beha io s.48 Consis en wi h his e idence, i migh be easonable o heo ise ha an icipa ing his emo ion when conside ing po en ial isks o child en a ound p i a e swimming pools migh ac as a cue o pa en s and ca e s o es ic access and supe ise hei young child en in hose si ua ions. Cu en da a he e o e poin o he po en ial u ili y o messages e oking an icipa ed eg e o emo ional consequences in p omo ing pa en s’ and ca e s’ adop ion o , and adhe ence o, hese pool sa e y beha io s. Ba ie s o enac ing hese pool sa e y beha io s was ound o ha e an impo an ole in he o ma ion o in en ions and habi s o supe ising only. I seems ha ba ie s such as in e e ing wi h o he commi men s and ha ing limi ed assis ance may be mo e ele an o supe ising han es ic ing access. To specula e, his migh be because supe ising likely equi es g ea e igilance, e o , and dedica ed ime ela i e o es ic ing, which e ec i ely in ol es ewe ac ions by compa ison. To o e come ba ie s o supe ising, i migh be use ul i pa en s and ca e s build dedica ed swimming ime in o he daily schedule along wi h hei o he commi men s ha need o be ul illed. This migh help o limi dis ac ions ha may de ail one’s supe ising in en ions and habi s and ensu e ha pa en s’ and ca e s’ a en ion is de o ed o supe ising hei young child en du ing his dedica ed ‘swimming pool ime’, and a all o he imes ha e con ingencies in place o ensu e child en a e always supe ised o a oid child en wande ing o a e swimming ime is o e . RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 15 A inal no able inding o he cu en s udy was he obse a ion ha he psychological ac o s we e mo e s ongly ela ed o habi s han in en ions. This may be because habi s a e mo e impo an o e ec i e es ic ion o access han in en ions. Res ic ing access may equi e enac men o mo e egula , ou ine- ype beha io s. Fo example, ensu ing pool ences mee Aus alian S anda ds, ensu ing he e is an e ec i e sel -closing and sel -la ching ga e, ensu ing no climbable objec s a e le agains pool ence, and ensu ing he pool ga e is no p opped open all equi e egula inspec ion o ensu e ha hese hings a e en o ced and main ained. Making a plan o unde aking hese es ic ing access beha io s and he moni o ing o hem may mean ha hese beha io s become mo e ou inized and less likely o be go e ned by in en ions. S eng hs and Limi a ions A key s eng h o he cu en s udy is ha i uses a la ge communi y sample o pool owne s, p o iding po en ial oppo uni y o gene alize esul s o o he pool owne s o young child en beyond he cu en sample. Some limi a ions should also be aised. The c oss- sec ional design p ecludes d awing causal in e ences o ela ionships be ween he psychological ac o s and pa en s’ and ca e s’ in en ions and habi s wi h espec o pool sa e y beha io s o hei child en. Fu he mo e, he use o sel - epo measu es may ha e been subjec o socially desi able esponses, a conce n wi h all esea ch elying on such measu es. One means o mi iga e his would be o collec obse a ional da a, such as obse a ions o main enance o pool sa e y equipmen . Howe e , such audi ing would be di icul o do a he indi idual le el. In addi ion, mos pa icipan s indica ed ha hey had aken hei child o child en o swimming o wa e amilia isa ion lessons (70.7%). This may indica e a deg ee o ex e nal alidi y i swimming o wa e amilia isa ion lessons a e ameni ies p edominan ly enjoyed by highe income households. Howe e , he RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 16 gene alizabili y o he indings may no ex end o mo e socially disad an aged g oups whe e access and cos s a e po en ial ba ie s o engaging child en in wa e amilia isa ion lessons. Conclusions Cu en indings p o ide p elimina y indica ion o he social cogni i e ac o s unde pinning pa en s’ and ca e s’ in en ions and habi s wi h espec o es ic ing access and supe ising young child en a ound p i a e swimming pools. These indings can in o m u u e expe imen al esea ch o es whe he manipula ing he key psychological cons uc s leads o changes in pa en s’ and ca e s’ in en ions and habi s owa d hese pool sa e y beha io s, which is impo an o d owning p e en ion. Findings may also poin o he po en ial e ec i eness o messages a ge ing social and no ma i e ac o s in changing pool sa e y beha io s. RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 17 Re e ences 1. Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion. Global Repo on D owning: P e en ing a Leading Kille Gene a: Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion, 2014. 2. Peden AE, F anklin, RC., Mahony, A., Ba nsley, P., Sca , J. 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Ba ie s Habi R2 = .713 PBC A i ude Planning Subjec i e No m Role Cons uc ion An icipa ed Reg e In en ion R2 = .763 Pas Beha io .719*** .755*** .492*** .454*** .506*** .660*** .557*** .303*** .253** .535*** .212** .188** .169* .169* .095* RUNNING HEAD: P edic ing Pool Sa e y Beha io s 21 Figu e 2. S anda dized pa ame e es ima es and p obabili y s a is ics o pa h analysis o hypo hesized model o pa en s supe ising child a ound swimming pools. Ba ie s Habi R2 = .687 PBC A i ude Planning Subjec i e No m Role Cons uc ion An icipa ed Reg e In en ion R2 = 748 Pas Beha io .141*** .501*** .695*** .696*** .610*** .493*** .534*** .721*** .139* .146* .169* .111* .212** .167* .236** .140* .236** .106* Table 1 De ini ions P o ided o Pa icipan s o Each Beha io Beha io De ini ion Res ic ing young child en’s access o you pool Ensu ing he e is a ba ie be ween child and pool; ensu ing pool ence mee s Aus alian S anda ds and is egula ly inspec ed and main ained; ensu ing he e is an e ec i e sel -closing and sel - la ching ga e; ensu ing no climbable objec s a e le agains pool ence; ensu ing ga e is no p opped open Supe ising young child en a ound you pool Ensu ing cons an isual con ac o he child, ensu ing you a e wi hin a ms’ each o child a all imes, ensu ing an olde child is no supe ising a younge child Table 2 I ems and Response Scales o Social Cogni i e Cons uc s, Habi , and Beha io Measu es o Each Beha io Cons uc I ems Sco ing In en ion I plan o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool. I in end o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool. I is likely ha I will es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool. [1] ex emely unlikely ‒ [7] ex emely likely A i ude Fo me o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool in he nex mon h would be… [1] bad ‒ [7] good [1] unwise ‒ [7] wise [1] wo hless ‒ [7] aluable [1] nega i e ‒ [7] posi i e Subjec i e No m Those people who a e impo an o me would app o e o me es ic ing young child en’s access o my pool/supe ising young child en a ound my pool. Those people who a e impo an o me would wan me o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool. Those people who a e impo an o me hink I should es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool. [1] s ongly disag ee ‒ [7] s ongly ag ee Pe cei ed Beha io al Con ol I ha e comple e con ol o e whe he I es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool. I is mos ly up o me whe he I es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool. I would be easy o me o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool. I am con iden I can es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool. [1] s ongly disag ee ‒ [7] s ongly ag ee Pe cei ed ba ie s I am con iden ha I can es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool in he nex mon h e en i I ha e no assis ance om o he s. I am con iden ha I can es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool in he nex mon h e en i i is ime consuming. I am con iden ha I can es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool in he nex mon h e en i i in e e es wi h my o he commi men s. I am con iden ha I can es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool in he nex mon h e en i i is no easy o me. [1] s ongly disag ee ‒ [7] s ongly ag ee Planning I ha e made a plan ega ding when o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool. I ha e made a plan ega ding whe e o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool. I ha e made a plan ega ding how o es ic young child en’s access o my pool/supe ise young child en a ound my pool. [1] s ongly disag ee ‒ [7] s ongly ag ee