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De ining he accessibili y o physical ac i i y : T acing he social dimension
© 2022 he Au ho s
Published e sion
Vi masalo, Ilkka; Hasanen, Elina
Vi masalo, I., & Hasanen, E. (2022). De ining he accessibili y o physical ac i i y : T acing he
social dimension. Con es i. Ci à, Te i o i, P oge i, 2022(2), 59-76.
h ps://doi.o g/10.36253/con es -14177
2022
CONTESTI CITTÀ TERRITORI PROGETTI
59
Ilkka Vi masalo
Facul y o Spo and Heal h Sciences,
Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland
ilkka. i masalo@jyu. i
Elina Hasanen
Facul y o Spo and Heal h Sciences,
Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland
elina.hasanen@jyu. i
Recei ed: Augus 2022
Accep ed: Oc obe 2022
© 2022 The Au ho (s)
This a icle is published
wi h C ea i e Commons
license CC BY-SA 4.0
Fi enze Uni e si y P ess.
DOI: 10.13128/con es -13879
www. up ess.ne /index.php/con es i/
In oduc ion
This a icle desc ibes an ex ended ypology o
accessibili y o guide he p omo ion o physical
ac i i y (PA). Besides he p e ious li e a u e,
he a icle is based on wha we ha e lea ned
in ou case s udy on wo subu bs in Finland.
The ocus o he p ojec unded by he Finn-
ish Minis y o he En i onmen has been o
s udy equal possibili ies o access he acili ies
and en i onmen s ha suppo a physically
ac i e li es yle, pa icula ly among people wi h
isk ac o s o poo heal h,
such as low socio-economic
s a us. In he s udy, su -
eys and obse a ions on
he subu ban esiden s’ PA
beha iou s and Geog aphic
In o ma ion Sys em (GIS)
da a we e u ilised in a co-de-
elopmen p ocess in ol ing
municipal au ho i ies om
he a ge ci ies. Public sec-
o spo p o essionals and
esea che s in he social
sciences o spo and ge-
og aphy ha e wo ked in a
dialogue, u ilising s udy e-
De ining he accessibili y o
physical ac i i y
T acing he social dimension
The p omo ion o he physical
ac i i y (PA) o ci izens has
adi ionally ocused on imp o ing
spa ial accessibili y, especially
in municipal adminis a ions.
Howe e , esea ch e idence
indica es ha p oximi y o PA
en i onmen s is no a su icien
condi ion o inc eased PA.
This a icle p esen s a b oade
model o he dimensions o he
accessibili y o PA, de eloped in
coope a ion be ween esea che s
and he au ho i ies o wo ci ies
in Finland. As a esul , en
dimensions a ec ing accessibili y
ha e been iden i ied: spa ial,
empo al, physical/ echnological,
keywo ds
physical ac i i y
accessibili y
social accessibili y
co-de elopmen
Finland
DEFINING THE ACCESSIBILITY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. TRACING THE SOCIAL DIMENSION
60
sul s o de elop ools o a be e unde s and-
ing o accessibili y. This a icle is mo i a ed by
a need iden i ied in he co-de elopmen p o-
cess o a icula e he di e en aspec s o he
ac ions needed by di e en ac o s o p omo e
PA. A b oadened iew o bo h he PA and he
ac o s cen ally ames he ask.
The s udy o accessibili y has adi ionally
been di e en ia ed acco ding o disciplines,
bu he e is a need o c ea e a mo e in eg a i e
ision o de elop a be e unde s anding o he
human expe ience o accessibili y ha would
lead o ac ion – in his case, PA. Wha makes
his ask challenging, and whe e i di e s om
mos o he p e ious ways o concep ualising
accessibili y, is ha he e he aim is o co e
he en i e ield o PA: o ms o ac i i y om
compe i i e spo s o commu ing and shop-
ping; and en i onmen s om special pu pose
buildings o unbuil na u al en i onmen s. The
widened policy ocus, which ecognises he
signi icance o no only spo s and exe cise bu
also all heal h- ela ed PA, in all en i onmen s,
is necessa y om he iewpoin o inc easing
popula ions’ heal h and well-being in an e a o
inc easing physical passi i y.
A majo challenge o he social scien i ic con-
cep ualisa ions o accessibili y has been ha
hey ha e no been sys ema ised, p agma-
ised and made a ailable o a ious ac o s and
sec o s. The e a e p e ious de ini ions o he
dimensions o accessibili y o PA, bu comp e-
hensi e and concep ually jus i ied ypologies
ha e ha dly been de eloped. Coope a ion be-
ween di e en public policy sec o s, as well as
wi h o he ac o s, is deemed pa icula ly nec-
essa y when aiming o p omo e equal accessi-
bili y. The e hos in he backg ound o his p o-
jec is ha he p omo ion o PA, especially in
socially disad an aged popula ions, is no an
ac i i y di ec ed om abo e by policymake s
and policy planne s. Ins ead, i is essen ially a
egionally ca ied ou inclusi e ac i i y in which
many local ac o s a e in ol ed. In addi ion o
municipal spo au ho i ies, i includes social
wo ke s, you h wo ke s, eache s, and he
comme cial and hi d sec o s, among o he s.
In Finland, he Ac on he P omo ion o Spo s
and Physical Ac i i y (2015/390 2§) places
in o ma ional, economic, legal/
adminis a i e, cul u al/a i udinal,
skills ela ed, men al and social.
A special ocus o a en ion is on
he mos neglec ed dimension: he
social. In addi ion o he dimensional
ypology, he a icle p esen s a iew
o he PA accessibili y p ocess in
which he social dimension plays a
signi ican ole as a media ing le el
be ween he enabling ac o s and he
decisions made by indi iduals.
CONTESTI CITTÀ TERRITORI PROGETTI
61
s ong esponsibili y on he public sec o o
p omo ing PA. The ield ha p oduces places
and se ices and o he en i onmen s ela ed
o a physically ac i e li es yle and leisu e- ime
PA is, howe e , wide . The e o e, mo e coo -
dina ed and sys ema ic coope a ion and in-
ol emen om ac o s om di e en ields
and sec o s would be necessa y o use he
exis ing esou ces o suppo PA in he bes
and mos e icien way possible. In gene al, i
seems ha spo s policy has been implemen -
ed om a a he limi ed pe spec i e in e ms
o accessibili y, al hough equal oppo uni ies
o PA ha e long been a decla ed goal o ac-
ion, as s a ed in he Spo s Ac . The p omo-
ion o PA o ci izens has adi ionally ocused
on imp o ing spa ial accessibili y o PA en i-
onmen s, especially in municipal adminis a-
ions. Today, ex ensi e esea ch e idence in-
dica es ha p oximi y o PA en i onmen s is
no a su icien condi ion o inc eased ac i i y
(e.g. Ku aja-Köllne e al., 2022; McCo mack e
al., 2004; Po e al., 2021).
As a e e ence poin om ea lie li e a u e,
accessibili y o public se ices has been con-
cep ualised, o example, by Aday and Ande -
sen (1974). They dis inguished he social and
geog aphical aspec s o accessibili y o heal h
se ices and also p esen ed social accessibili-
y – which hey also called “non-spa ial” – as
DEFINING THE ACCESSIBILITY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. TRACING THE SOCIAL DIMENSION
62
an impo an aspec conce ning people’s op-
po uni ies o u ilise he se ices o e ed in
hei en i onmen . Conce ning accessibili y
in PA, di e en dimensions ha e o en been
desc ibed as pe cei ed accessibili y: hey a e
a he ela ed o how people pe cei e hei
oppo uni ies han o places o se ices o PA
(e.g. Koppen e al., 2014). Howe e , i is mo e
di icul o concep ualise he p omo ion o he
whole ange o PA han a pa icula public se -
ice o speci ic en i onmen . The condi ions
o human PA consis no only o he se ices,
places, acili ies and equipmen a ailable bu
also o an almos unlimi ed ange o o he
physical and social en i onmen al ac o s.
De ini ions o accessibili y, which would in-
clude he sociological pe spec i e and apply
o PA in i s b oad sense, a e a e. In he a ea
o cul u e, whose supply is mo e ocused on
se ices han places, he dimensions o acces-
sibili y ha e gene ally been mo e b oadly con-
side ed han in he a ea o PA (e.g. Smolny &
Gałecka, 2018). The e o e, he e oo, he s a -
ing poin chosen o de elopmen wo k is a
classi ica ion compiled by an associa ion s i -
ing o p omo e equal accessibili y o Finnish
cul u al se ices1. The dimensions adop ed as
he ini ial poin o his p ojec we e a i udes,
communica ion, p icing, accessibili y o he
buil en i onmen , senso y access, in ellec ual
access, social access and policies/ac ion plans.
P elimina y esul s o su eys di ec ed de el-
opmen owa ds social issues: he a ailabili y
and usabili y o en i onmen s appea ed as
a ely exp essed PA ba ie s. Also, discussions
in collabo a i e g oups as well as esea ch li e -
a u e di ec ed de elopmen o ex end hinking
o dimensions no di ec ly ela ed o en i on-
men s bu mo e o wha people hink o hem.
Because he dimensions de eloped he e ha e
e ol ed in he co-de elopmen p ocess, he
s a ing poin is a holis ic, eal-wo ld phenom-
enon ha is iewed in i s con ex . The p omo-
ion o PA h ough he concep ualisa ion o
he dimensions o accessibili y o places and
se ices is app oached in a b oad sense. The
dimensions o accessibili y can also be seen
as a mo e uni e sally applicable classi ica ion,
bu h ough i s c ea ion p ocess, he ypology
p esen ed he e has been op imised speci i-
cally o he p omo ion o PA. In he ollowing
sec ions, i s , he dimensions a e p esen ed,
hen a close look a de ining he social dimen-
sion and p ocessual na u e o accessibili y is
aken, and inally he signi icance and implica-
ions o his s udy a e discussed.
Dimensions
The i s e sion o he ypology o dimen-
sion was published in he blog o he esea ch
p ojec in Feb ua y 2022. The e sion had
eigh dimensions: spa ial, empo al, physical/
echnological, in o ma ional, economic, skills
ela ed, men al and social. Based on he con-
Kon ula ska epa k in
Helsinki
Fig. 1 (p e ious page)
Vi masalo & Hasanen 2020

CONTESTI CITTÀ TERRITORI PROGETTI
63
e sa ions in aining sessions and coope a-
ion wi h au ho i ies, wo mo e we e added:
legal/adminis a i e and cul u al/a i udinal.
The dimensions may na u ally o e lap and be
in e sec ional wi h each o he . Fo ins ance,
he spa ial, empo al and economic dimen-
sions a e connec ed as he geog aphical lo-
ca ion o a acili y (spa ial dimension) usually
di ec ly a ec s, o example, a el ime ( em-
po al dimension) and a el cos s (economic
dimension). The app oach hus has links o
socio-ecological modelling, bu i is less hie -
a chical in na u e, and he ac o s may no be
as clea ly loca ed in a single dimension. Spa-
ial accessibili y. The dimension o accessibili y
ha is mos ypical, adi ional and pe haps
“easies ” o obse e is spa ial accessibili y
o se ices and places. Spa ial accessibili y is
mode a ely easy o e i y wi h mode n GIS.
GIS also end o suppo well he design and
analysis o PA en i onmen s and se ices (e.g.
Ko a aa a and Rusanen, 2016). By combining
spa ial in o ma ion wi h he PA en i onmen s,
socio-economic cha ac e is ics and demo-
g aphic s uc u e o egions, o example, one
can examine he equali y o he p o ision o
places and se ices. Such mappings o social
ac o s ela ed o spa ial accessibili y ha e o -
en been conduc ed in ecen yea s. So-called
con ex ual egional e ec s ha e also been in-
es iga ed – i.e. whe he he e is some hing
in he mobili y- ela ed in as uc u e o o he
ex e nal ac o s o a ce ain a ea ha limi s o
p e en s indi iduals’ choices ega ding ac i i-
y, o whe he es ic ions a e caused by poo
anspo connec ions o se ices, isola ing an
a ea om oppo uni ies o e ed elsewhe e.
Technically, GIS-based sys ems al eady p o ide
a qui e good pla o m o analyses, bu con-
en p oduc ion conce ning PA en i onmen s
seems o no be s anda dised, and esou cing
on da a p oduc ion a ies locally, lea ing quali-
y and co e age s ill inadequa e.
In spa ial analyses, i mus also be no ed om
a public heal h poin o iew ha he mos
common PA o ms a e no associa ed wi h en-
i onmen s de ined as places o exe cise. The
mos widely p ac iced o ms o PA do no e-
qui e speci ic in as uc u e, no a e hey se -
ice-in ensi e ei he . Acco ding o he su ey
conduc ed by S a is ics Finland, he mos pop-
ula o ms o PA a e walking (p ac iced by 60%
o esponden s), aining a home (29%) and
cycling (25%). Among he en mos popula
o ms o ac i i y ha a e mo e clea ly connec -
ed o spo s acili ies a e gym aining (23%),
swimming/aqua ic exe cise (17%), guided
exe cise/gymnas ics (12%), skiing (9%) and
oo ball as he sole eam spo (5%). Conse-
quen ly, a signi ican p opo ion o PA occu s
ou side he scope o buil spo s en i onmen s
o spo s se ices (Ruuskanen, 2019).
Ano he downside o basic spa ial analyses
is ha s udies ha e ound a sys ema ic mis-
DEFINING THE ACCESSIBILITY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. TRACING THE SOCIAL DIMENSION
64
ma ch be ween objec i e and pe cei ed dis-
ances and accessibili y (Vi man-Scho e al.,
2019). Resea ch knowledge on indi idually ex-
pe ienced accessibili y is no comp ehensi e,
bu i is clea ha i is in luenced by di e en
p e-assump ions equally o e en mo e han by
ac ual objec i e ac o s (e.g. Zhang and Tan,
2019). Also, hese p e-assump ions a e no
unconnec ed o he en i onmen : pe cei ed
accessibili y is ela ed o socio-spa ial dimen-
sions, such as access o PA en i onmen s
wi hin a esiden ial a ea, knowledge abou he
e i o y, social inclusion and pe cei ed secu i-
y (Lä man e al., 2016).
Tempo al accessibili y. Tempo al accessibili y is
an obliga o y dimension o he indi idual o
he same ex en as he spa ial dimension; he
exis ence o an en i onmen is i ele an o PA
i i is inaccessible due o opening hou s o o h-
e empo al limi a ions. Tempo al accessibili y
may be limi ed, on he one hand, by esou ces,
laws and ules, and on he o he hand, by ge-
og aphical and clima ic ac o s (Sch ipke e al.,
2021). F om indi iduals’ poin o iew, issues
such as wo k o s udy and amily de ine he
ime ame o PA in mul idimensional e ms.
The spa ial and empo al dimensions o acces-
sibili y a e in e wined when examining a el
imes o en i onmen s; howe e , a el imes
a e also de e mined h ough pe sonal esou c-
Dimensions o
accessibili y o physical
ac i i y wi h examples
Fig. 2
Vi masalo & Hasanen 2022
CONTESTI CITTÀ TERRITORI PROGETTI
65
es. Fu he mo e, he empo al dimension is a
ma e o equali y. Fo example, shi wo k-
e s a e wo se o in he use o many en i on-
men s. I is also no ewo hy ha , in e sec ing
he empo al and spa ial dimensions (“ empo-
al dis ance”) h ough po en ial access o ways
o passage c ea es inequali y (Li e al., 2021).
Physical and echnological accessibili y. In
addi ion o he spa ial dimension, physical
and echnological accessibili y is ypically a
well-unde s ood and u ilised dimension o ac-
cessibili y, pa icula ly in he design o spo s
acili ies and se ices and in building o en-
o a ion p ojec s. The de ini ion o physical
and echnological accessibili y he e is close o
wha is usually mean by “accessibili y”: he
solu ions needed o enable PA pa icipa ion
in di e en en i onmen s, o example, o
people in a wheelchai o wi h a hea ing im-
pai men (THL, 2022). Physical accessibili y
also includes physical secu i y, i.e. ha he en-
i onmen o equipmen does no c ea e a isk
o hu ing onesel . Technological accessibili y,
in u n, e e s o he poin ha he equipmen
associa ed wi h he use o he en i onmen
is a ailable o all compe encies, and, o ex-
ample, no unnecessa ily challenging echnical
compe ence is equi ed o make a ese a ion.
In ha , echnological accessibili y comes close
o he de ini ion o “usabili y”2. Physical and
echnological accessibili y a e clea ac o s o
equali y in PA as hey a e o en linked o he
needs o people wi h a disabili y.
In o ma ional accessibili y. In o ma ional ac-
cessibili y means ha in o ma ion abou he
condi ions o PA is objec i ely achie able and
subjec i ely in elligible. Based on ou su eys3,
lack o in o ma ion has been an e en mo e
common ac o in educing o inhibi ing PA
han he lack o places o hei poo condi ion.
The e a e also no ewo hy aspec s o equali y
in his inding. In pa icula , non-na i e speak-
e s o Finnish o Swedish pe cei ed access o
in o ma ion mo e o en as a limi ing ac o .
Ci ies a e s a egically ocusing on digi al in o -
ma ion as he p ima y means o passing in o -
ma ion, and his migh ha e implica ions o
he accessibili y o in o ma ion expe ienced by
olde people, o example. Howe e , based on
ou su ey, i was less common o he elde ly
o eel ha a lack o in o ma ion impeded hei
PA han o younge age g oups. The Finnish
Associa ion o De elopmen al Disabili ies4
summa ises he p inciples o accessibili y o
in o ma ion as ollows: “Accessibili y o in o -
ma ion and communica ion is no only abou
echnology, bu also abou he clea con en o
messages so ha messages each all use s —
including people wi h disabili ies, olde people
and, o example, immig an s”.
Economic accessibili y. In gene al, economic
accessibili y is a majo ac o in he equali y
o PA – he inc eased cos s pu amilies wi h
child en in an unequal posi ion. Fo example,
DEFINING THE ACCESSIBILITY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. TRACING THE SOCIAL DIMENSION
66
hal o he young people who pa icipa ed in
he la es Finnish LIITU s udy (Kokko e al.,
2021, p. 52) eplied ha he cos liness o he
hobby was an obs acle o PA. Al hough PA
can be main ained, i desi ed, wi h e y mod-
es inancial esou ces, i is also a ques ion o
li es yle choices ega ding heal h beha iou
(Hakamäki e al., 2014, p. 5). Public adminis-
a ion e o s ha e been aimed pa icula ly
a hose wi h low incomes by alloca ing inan-
cial esou ces. In Finland, municipali ies ha e
de eloped g an p ac ices and de ined exe -
cise si e-speci ic p ice ca ego ies o di e en
use g oups, such as child en, s uden s, un-
employed people and pensione s (Jy äskylän
kaupungin liikun apal elu , 2022, p. 3). Local
go e nmen coope a ion wi hin he ame-
wo k o ou p ojec has shown ha hose de-
ciding on sub en ions and g an s ha e had o
make di icul delinea ions. In a wide wel a e
socie y con ex , suppo measu es a ge ed a
PA can be seen as a eac i e damage epai o
economic inequali y. A be e di ec ion in his
ega d would in ol e educing inequali y so
ha mo e people would ha e he inancial e-
sou ces o make independen decisions abou
hei desi ed o ms o PA.
Legal/adminis a i e accessibili y. Legal/ad-
minis a i e accessibili y does no o en ap-
pea in he li e a u e, a leas as de ined in
mo e de ail. Ne e heless, i is included in
his ypology o desc ibe he di e en le els
o ules and egula ions ha es ic he use
o PA en i onmen s and se ices (Eb u, 2015;
Koppen e al., 2014; Sie änen e al., 2008).
Laws, egula ions and o he adminis a i e
decisions can impose a wide ange o ba ie s
o PA in a gi en loca ion: ice inks and g ass
ields, o example, a e o en mos ly occupied
by clubs and hei o ganised ac i i ies. The use
o na u al habi a s is also go e ned by di e -
en s a us de ini ions: in na ional pa ks and
o he na u e ese es, ac i i ies a e es ic ed
in many ways, while in na u e pa ks, public
mo emen is comple ely p ohibi ed. In open
u ban spaces, a ange o physical ac i i ies a e
engaged in places ha a e no designed o “in-
ended” o he kind o use (Bach, 1993), and
his may also p oduce dis u bance o sa e y
conce ns. Fo example, ska eboa ding, scoo -
ing and e en cycling a e o en pe cei ed as
dis u bances om he poin o iew o o he
use s o he space, and he e a e ules and p o-
hibi ions o limi hem (Rannikko e al., 2016).
Legal/adminis a i e accessibili y is he e o e
gene ally based on a need o “p o ec ” he en-
i onmen and people in one way o ano he o
on di ec ing he use o esou ces.
The accessibili y dimensions ou lined abo e
a e easy o esea ch and go e nance in he
sense ha hey a e easily e i iable, measu -
able and clea om he poin o iew o he
o ien a ion o in e en ions. Mo e challenging
a e he dimensions ela ed o pe sonal cha ac-
CONTESTI CITTÀ TERRITORI PROGETTI
73
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Compass”, ol. 4, pp. 951–967.
E soy, E., 2015, An in eg a ed app oach o enhancing
ecological connec i i y and accessibili y in u ban a eas:
A case s udy o She ield, UK, Uni e si y o She ield,
Diss. Uni e si y o She ield.
Gen in, S., 2011, Ou doo ec ea ion and e hnici y in
Eu ope—A e iew, «U ban Fo es y & U ban G een-
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u ug.2011.05.002> (06/22).
i s audience in Finland. In he Finnish spo s
adminis a ion, he e has been a need o a
b oade pe cep ion o he ac o s behind PA.
Ou indings and ou classi ica ion o dimen-
sions ha e al eady been no iced and accep ed
in he adminis a ion o ou co-de elopmen
ci ies. A wide iew on accessibili y is al eady
isible in he equali y documen s o he Ci y
o Jy äskylä, o example. The Ci y o Helsin-
ki’s Spo s Depa men also adop ed i in hei
o hcoming planning documen . Because
o his con ex ual limi a ion, he classi ica-
ion migh e lec Finnish socie y be e han
o he en i onmen s. On he o he hand, om
he concep ual poin o iew, he dimensions
o accessibili y could also be mo e uni e sal –
wi h con ex - ele an modi ica ions, i migh
be applicable o a eas o ac i i y o he han PA.

DEFINING THE ACCESSIBILITY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. TRACING THE SOCIAL DIMENSION
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