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Royal Mayo s (1620-1700) : The Bane o he Bu ghe s, he C own’s Scou ge, E ec i e
De elope s o U ban Go e nmen ?
Ka onen, Pe i
Ka onen, P. (2017). Royal Mayo s (1620-1700) : The Bane o he Bu ghe s, he
C own’s Scou ge, E ec i e De elope s o U ban Go e nmen ?. In P. Ka onen, & M.
Hakanen (Eds.), Pe sonal Agency a he Swedish Age o G ea ness 1560-1720 (pp.
219-245). Suomalaisen Ki jallisuuden Seu a. S udia Fennica His o ica, 23.
h ps://oa. inli . i/si e/books/10.21435/s h.23
2017
219
Pe i Ka onen
h p://o cid.o g/0000-0001-6090-5504
Royal Mayo s (1620–1700): The Bane
o he Bu ghe s, he C own’s Scou ge,
E ec i e De elope s o U ban
Go e nmen ?
S
weden’s posi ion as a g ea Eu opean powe eached i s zeni h in he pe iod
be ween he 1640s and he 1660s. Howe e , i is in exac ly his pe iod
ha esea che s ha e disco e ed he exis ence o s a e o icials who we e
indispensable o he p ope unc ioning o he ealm bu whose compe ence
would seem o ha e le a lo o be desi ed: “A weak and insigni ican
pe son – a se an o Axel Oxens ie na e en a e his appoin men as
mayo ” (Väs e ås, 1640s–1650s);
1
“Despo ic and lacking sel -con ol” (Gä le,
1640s);2 and “The new mayo was an o icious and pedan ic b agga , who
ange ed he people o Oulu by his au oc a ic beha iou and his pu sui
o his own gain ha led o dishones deeds” (Oulu, 1640s–1660s).3 Ha sh
judgmen s o his kind ha e made by his o ians abo e all abou he so-called
“ oyal mayo s”. Bu can hese judgmen s be gene alized? Do hey hold ue
a all beyond he indi idual le el?
This chap e examines he ac i i ies o he oyal mayo s who we e
appoin ed in he pe iod 1620–1720 in he “old owns” o he Kingdom
o Sweden.4 I p oceeds om he p emise ha he pe sonal agency o
unc iona ies – which was cons i u ed by he no ms ha di ec ed hei
ac i i ies, he implemen a ion o hese no ms, and he indi idual’s ac ions
–is o en o c ucial signi icance in assessing hei ac i i ies as a whole wi hin
he exis ing ela i ely s ic ly s a e- egula ed ins i u ional s uc u es.5 The
appoin men o oyal mayo s in p inciple in ol ed a signi ican in ingemen
o he au onomy o he owns, o which he exis ing legisla ion acco ded
aconside able amoun o eedom. In his connec ion, he his o ico-cul u al
and his o ico-poli ical pe spec i es come o he o e since he in e p e a ions
o he ac i i ies o oyal mayo s ha e na u ally been in luenced a di e en
imes by he ch onologically bound iews and con ex s bo h o hei
con empo a ies and o la e esea che s.
The e m “ oyal mayo ” is he e b oadly de ined o include bo h unc ion-
a ies appoin ed by a secula au ho i y ( he ule , a go e no gene al (gene al-
gu e nö ) o a coun y go e no (landshö ding /s å hålla e) and o icials who
we e assigned o hei pos s on he basis o a wa an issued by he holde
o ag and ie (a coun o a ba on). On he o he hand, mayo s who had
ecei ed he suppo o he owns olk be o e hei selec ion a e no included.6
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Pe i Ka onen
The e m “old owns” is he e used o e e o owns ha we e ounded
be o e 1632, i.e. be o e he coming o powe o he gua dian egency in
he ea ly eign o Queen Ch is ina. The jus i ica ion o his ch onological
bounda y is ha in p ac ice o all owns ha we e ounded a e 1632
mayo s we e appoin ed on he s ong ecommenda ion o he ule o he
holde o he ie .7 By con as , he appoin men s o mayo s in he e i o ies
conque ed by Sweden om Denma k in he 1640s and 1650s, ha is mode n
sou he n Sweden, cons i u ed pa o an o ganized Swedi ica ion policy
ha was implemen ed in his a ea pa icula ly a he s age when possession
was being aken o he owns. The implemen a ion o his policy was much
ha she han he in i sel e ec i e policy o in eg a ion o he adminis a ion
ha was ealised in Finland. The owns o he dominions ha e also been
omi ed om his examina ion.8
No pa icula lea ning was equi ed o oyal mayo s in he ea ly
se en een h cen u y, and he ule o en appoin ed men wi hou any
uni e si y educa ion a all. The si ua ion changed du ing he cou se o he
cen u y, which in i sel sugges s ha he educa ional sys em was de eloped
o p oduce enough “academics” o occupy pos s in local go e nmen , when
p e iously he quali ied candida es had all been sna ched o cen al and
p o incial go e nmen du ies.9 On he o he hand, he ennoblemen o
mayo s was a e, and when i did happen he mayo usually elinquished his
u ban adminis a i e du ies.10
The oyal mayo s ha e been he objec o s udy in Sweden and Finland
e e since he second hal o he nine een h cen u y. His o ians ha e
epea edly add essed he subjec , o example in nume ous own his o ies
and doc o al heses. In p ac ice, all Swedish and Finnish own his o ies
deal wi h he in e connec ions be ween he oyal mayo s and he bu ghe s
and on a gene al le el wi h he wo k o he own cou s, which unc ioned
unde he mayo s.11 Fo example, Gud un Ande sson has analysed he
amily connec ions o mayo s in he esea ch on eli e g oups in A boga
and no ed he impo ance o a anged ma iages in he in eg a ion o oyal
mayo s in o he u ban communi y.12 In addi ion, a ce ain amoun has been
w i en in biog aphical e e ence wo ks like S ensk biog a isk lexikon (SBL),
Kansallisbiog a ia (KB) and Biog a isk lexikon ö Finland (BLF), bu hey
con ain no analyses o he ac ions o he mayo s o he e ec s o hese.13
The basic ma e ial o his chap e on he appoin men o oyal mayo s
has been ga he ed om he indices o he Ins i u e o U ban His o y
(S adshis o iska ins i u e ) (SIR), which is loca ed in he Na ional A chi es
(Riksa ki e , SRA) in S ockholm, and i is supplemen ed wi h da a om
he Swedish Na ional Reco ds (Riks egis a u ) and p e ious esea ch. This
combina ion o di e en sou ces has made i possible o conduc a mo e
p o ound enqui y in o he pe sonal agency o oyal mayo s.
The jus i ica ion and legi ima ion o mayo al appoin men s
In he Ea ly Mode n Age, he g ip o he s a e on he owns igh ened almos
e e ywhe e in Eu ope.14 The s a e au ho i ies in Sweden, pa icula ly in he
221
Royal Mayo s (1620–1700)
ea ly yea s o he se en een h cen u y, conside ed ha i was indispensable
o imp o e he e iciency o he adminis a ion because he s a e needed
e e mo e inancial esou ces du ing he on-going p o ac ed pe iod o
wa a e, and he le ying o axes en ailed a iable o ganiza ion. Thus axes,
pa icula ly in he o m o eady cash, we e so ely needed o pay o he
expenses o wa , and i was hough ha only he owns would be able o
p o ide hese o a su icien ex en . The e o e, he economic le el o he
owns and hei ax-paying capabili y had o be enhanced. The cen al
adminis a ion ega ded he owns’ own abili y and willingness o de elop
measu es o his kind wi h scep icism, and he e o e i sough o ake e en
small owns unde i s supe ision.
In 1619, on he basis o expe ience ob ained in S ockholm, Chancello
Axel Oxens ie na (1583–1654) d ew up a di ec i e o he owns (1619
å s s adga om s äde nas adminis a ion), mos o he egula ions o which
concen a ed on enhancing hei economic li e. Among o he hings, he
di ec i e p oposed o inc ease he numbe o unc iona ies, igh en up
sc u iny and make he owns’ judicial ins i u ion in o a wo- ie es ablishmen ,
measu es ha all aimed a making local adminis a ion mo e e icien .
Thus, in he cou se o ime, lowe ins ances which passed quick judgmen s
in mino cases we e es ablished o ope a e unde he own cou s in many
owns. The owns ied o implemen he di ec i e o 1619, al hough he
egula ions o en p o ed di icul o obey immedia ely.15 Consequen ly, he
equi ed changes we e no pu in o e ec , o ma e s p oceeded oo slowly
om he poin o iew o he s a e au ho i ies, and i became necessa y o
hem o mo e on om he me e exp ession o no ma i e wishes o ensu ing
hei p ac ical ealisa ion – om ideas o ac ions. Finally, he e o e, in he
1630s, he cen al go e nmen adop ed a new app oach, i s o all in hose
owns ha i deemed o be impo an . Men u nished wi h a oyal le e
o appoin men , oyal mayo s, we e sen o hem o ac as wa chdogs and
askmas e s. In he majo owns on he Finnish side o he ealm, Tu ku
(Åbo) and Vybo g (Vibo g), he go e no s gene al had al eady success ully
deal wi h he ec ui men o o ice s o own cou s. Now he same me hods
began o be applied in Sweden p ope , and he in luence o he s a e was
ex ended e en o owns ha we e o mino signi icance.16
Howe e , he go e nmen had o be able o jus i y he appoin men s o
oyal mayo s o he bu ghe s, who cons i u ed an es a e ha , while admi edly
disuni ed and poli ically no so signi ican , was ne e heless glamo ous and
economically c ucial.17 How could he go e nmen legi ima e i s ac ions in
plan ing i s own a ou i es o go e n he owns?
Wi h he ad en o he oyal mayo s o con ol o he owns, which had
hi he o possessed a s ong deg ee o o mal au onomy, he powe o e
u ban adminis a ion passed in p ac ice o he C own, al hough i is ue
ha e en be o e ha he ule had had some say in he go e nmen o he
owns: i was a pa icula ea u e o Swedish owns ha hey we e poli ically
and also ju idically subjec o he king.18 Thus he e was no a single ci y ha
had simply come in o being; all o hem had been ounded.19
Da id Bee ham de ines legi imacy as being “legali y, no ma i e jus i i-
abili y, exp ess consen ”. In Sweden, he s ong ole o he s a e is-à- is
222
Pe i Ka onen
he owns main ained i s legi imacy e en in hose imes when he e we e
o ences agains he au onomy o he la e , al hough he quo a ions ci ed a
he beginning o his chap e migh indica e he con a y.20
The s a e ob ained s ong backing om he egula ions o he Ins umen
o Go e nmen o 1634 ( ege ings o m) and he egula ions issued o coun y
go e no s he ollowing yea , on he basis o which he la e eplaced
go e no s equipped wi h ague ins uc ions a he head o he e o med
coun y go e nmen . The coun y go e no did no pe sonally pa icipa e in
he adminis a ion o law in he owns o he a ea unde his ju isdic ion
since he supe ision o he lowe cou s had been ans e ed in o o o he
cou s o appeal. On he o he hand, he emi o he head o he coun y had
expanded o such an ex en ha he could no longe be expec ed o engage in
he p e ious kind o pe sonal supe ision o a ai s a he local le el. Despi e
his, he cen al go e nmen na u ally conside ed i impo an ha i should
ha e i s “own” ep esen a i es in he owns. Howe e , he Bu ghe s had been
secu ed he igh in he mediae al Town Law o King Magnus E iksson
(s adslag) o eely elec hei own adminis a i e o ice s, and consequen ly
he go e nmen could no in p inciple in e e e in he appoin men
o mayo s, o ins ance, and he eby in luence he adminis a ion and
dispensa ion o jus ice.21
In o de o p ese e he legi imacy o i s ac ions and o main ain
adialogue wi h he owns, he s a e empo a ily adop ed o ice i les ha
we e unknown in he Town Law: i could i i so desi ed ins a e in he
owns o icials like a “bu g a e” (bo gg e e) o a “p esiden ” o ally wi hou
seeking he consen o he owns olk a all. The new o icials anked abo e
he mayo s and he alde men in he hie a chy o he own’s adminis a ion.22
I was abo e all a empo a y measu e since he p imus mo o o he policy
o he owns, Axel Oxens ie na, s a ed in he ea ly 1640s ha in he u u e i
would be necessa y o s eng hen he au ho i y o he mayo s. The s a e had
o seek coope a ion wi h he bu ghe s, and in his espec he ela ionship
be ween he s a e and he owns was ecip ocal, al hough i was he cen al
go e nmen ha held he uppe hand in his asymme ical ela ionship. A
he same ime, he s a e au ho i ies sough o ensu e ha he o icials sen o
he owns would be a leas o mally compe en o pe o m hei du ies in
hei communi ies – hei execu ion o hese du ies a ec ed he success o
he measu e mo e han ins i u ional limi a ions.23
The s a e’s disc ee way o winning o e he owns olk o accep hei
p oposals ook he o m o concessions o he owns which we e ypically
connec ed wi h a ious excise dues and impo du ies paid o he own
( olag) as well as o he axes ha we e paid in money. When he C own
o e ed o pay back some o he dues i had le ied o pay o he sala ies o he
mayo and he alde men, i a he same ime bound he u ban go e nmen
o ensu e he e iciency and p o i abili y o i s adminis a ion. This in u n
p omo ed he g ow h o he C own’s ax e enues, oo. The appoin men o
mayo s was in his espec a mos oppo une ba gaining poin , as he case
o Hans P y z ((li e ime unknown), who was appoin ed Mayo o Nyköping,
illus a es. In i s le e o he coun y go e no , he cen al go e nmen ga e
him o unde s and ha he appoin men was a sensi i e ma e on accoun
223
Royal Mayo s (1620–1700)
o he egula ions o he Town Law. The e o e i was hoped ha he would
p esen he ma e disc e ely o he own adminis a i e boa d and o he
bu ghe s. In he end, he issue did no aise any p oblems, a esul ha was
na u ally helped by he ac ha i was linked o ax concessions.24
In he 1630s and pa icula ly he 1640s, he owns applied o he mona ch
in pe son o unds o pay he sala ies o hei o icials.25 They hus nu sed he
hope ha he s a e would pay o he sala ies o local o icials gene ally and
in pa icula o he main enance o mayo s, bu in p ac ice jus abou all he
owns we e soon disappoin ed in his hope. Hal way h ough he cen u y,
he go e nmen gene ally equi ed he owns hemsel es o pay he sala ies
o hei o icials.26 The sala y issue was na u ally a po en ial cause o dispu e,
bu he adequa e and egula eimbu semen o o icials was impo an
since among o he hings i would genuinely help o p e en co up ion ( he
de ini ion o which is admi edly di icul in he con ex o he se en een h
cen u y) and o he supe e oga o y ac i i ies ha we e de imen al o he
o ganiza ion o he own cou .27
In any case, in he se en een h cen u y one inds only a couple o mayo al
appoin men s in connec ion wi h which he cen al au ho i ies en o ced
hei will wi hou hea ing he bu ghe s’ iews a all. Gene ally, a solu ion
was sough h ough milde means and by making he own an o e ha i
could no e use, al hough he wo ding o he mona ch’s le e s in i sel was
s e n: i was nea ly always s a ed ha he inances o he ci y in ques ions
had been poo ly handled and he p i ileges g aciously awa ded o i by His/
He Majes y neglec ed. Gene ally he same ph ases we e epea ed om
one le e o he nex . Tha , howe e , was no he case in A boga in 1642,
o which excep ionally he gua dian egency ac ing o Queen Ch is ina
simply appoin ed wo oyal mayo s simul aneously.28 The eason o he
s a e’s excep ional se e i y was p obably he ac ha he own had o yea s
su e ed a s a e o ex eme c isis, which was pa icula ly e lec ed in he
weak au ho i y o i s adminis a i e and judicial o gans.29
Thus he o ce ul implemen a ion o he s a e’s decisions was a e, and
e en when his did happen, he e was no gua an ee o i s being success ul. In
Jönköping, in he la e 1650s, he coun y go e no ied o o ce ully ins all
one Johan Pe sson, a lawye o he Gö a Cou o Appeal (Gö a ho ä ),
as mayo . Howe e , he own adminis a i e boa d and he bu ghe s
unanimously opposed he appoin men and demanded ha hei igh o
elec ion be adhe ed o, s a ing ha hey would a he gi e up hei s a us
as bu ghe s han accep his pe son as hei mayo . In he end, he coun y
go e no wi hd ew his candida e – he ma e had clea ly no been p epa ed
and ca ied ou on he le el o which he bu ghe s we e accus omed.30
Appoin men s o oyal mayo s
The s a e au ho i ies had in e ened a an ea ly s age in he appoin men s o
mayo s, especially in he la ges and mos impo an owns. Ce ainly om
he ime o Gus a us Vasa (1496–1560) on, pe sons who had been app o ed
by he mona ch we e appoin ed as mayo s o S ockholm, al hough usually
224
Pe i Ka onen
he i s oyal mayo is conside ed o ha e been Olaus Bu eus, who was
appoin ed o he pos in 1621 and was o en e e ed o as “ he Royal Mayo
o S ockholm”.31 Mo eo e , e en be o e he o icial egula ions we e issued
in he se en een h cen u y, he go e no s, he p edecesso s o he coun y
go e no s, had add essed de ec s ha hey obse ed in he adminis a ion
o he owns since a leas he mos impo an ( on ie ) owns had o be
p ope ly adminis e ed i o no o he eason hen o he ex e nal secu i y o
he ealm.32 The mona ch issued eminde s o he p e ec s conce ning owns
whe e he go e no o coun y go e no main ained his esidence ha hey
should keep a close eye on e en s and he legali y o ac i i ies in he own
cou s.33
In Finland, he appoin men o oyal mayo s om he 1620s o he 1650s
was la gely he esponsibili y o he go e no s gene al, who enjoyed wide
powe s. The ea e , om he mid-cen u y on, he holde s o g and ie s
some imes made appoin men s in he owns loca ed in a eas unde hei
ju isdic ion. In a class all o his own was Coun Pe B ahe (1602–1680), who
was wice Go e no Gene al o Finland (gene algu e nö ) and a he same
ime Lo d High Chancello (d o s) and a nobleman who held g and ie s
bo h in Sweden and in Finland. He had a conside able in luence on o icial
appoin men s in he Finnish hal o he ealm igh up o he end o he
1670s. Jus as in Sweden, pe sons wi hou o ices o pos s did no jus wai
passi ely a home o be summoned; a he hey we e ac i e in con ac ing
hei pa ons, whose ecommenda ion ca ied g ea weigh in he illing o
pos s.34 Simila ly, oyal le e s o appoin men we e sough in he hope ha
hey would lead o e en be e posi ions: o example, he pe sons chosen as
Mayo s o A boga in he yea s 1644 and 1654 did no ake up hei pos s:
one o hem op ed o go a he o S ockholm and he o he o Väs e ås.35
By he mid-cen u y, he majo i y o he old owns in Sweden (N = 32) and
Finland (N= 12) had ecei ed a leas one oyal mayo . The las o he owns
in he eas e n hal o he ealm o which a oyal mayo was appoin ed was
Bo gå (Po oo) in 1658. On he o he hand, on he Swedish side, no oyal
mayo was appoin ed in e e y ou h own, bu all o hese we e p o incial
owns ha we e deemed o be o li le impo ance.36
The i s imes when appoin men s we e made na u ally do no as
such e eal e e y hing abou he o al numbe o pe sons who se ed as
mayo s o abou he quali y o hei wo k in pa icula . Al oge he 162
mayo s held o ice in he old owns o he Finnish side o he ealm in he
pe iod 1620–1720. Abou hal o hem (N = 79) we e oyal mayo s, hal
o whom se ed un il hey died, while 15 o hem (abou 20% o all oyal
mayo s) we e dismissed om hei pos s. On he Swedish side o he
kingdom, co esponding in o ma ion has been sys ema ically ga he ed o
h ee di e en owns: he ecclesias ical and uni e si y own o Uppsala,
he indus ial own and s aple po o No köping and he medium-
sized p o incial own o Linköping.37On he basis o his in o ma ion,
obse a ions made om esea ch li e a u e and es ima es, in all abou 800
mayo s se ed in he old owns in he whole ealm o Sweden in he pe iod
1620–1720. Abou 350 o hem had oyal le e s o appoin men . In Sweden
p ope , he dismissal o oyal mayo s was conside ably a e in ela ion o
225
Royal Mayo s (1620–1700)
he numbe o owns han i was in Finland. Assessed on his basis, in he
whole kingdom abou e e y en h oyal mayo was o ced o qui his pos
agains his will. This numbe may be conside ed a low one.38
The ope a ions o he oyal mayo s and hei con lic s
wi h he bu ghe s
When he e was a con lic be ween he owns olk and he mayo , i was
usually connec ed wi h a ious e o ms and he inc eased su eillance o he
inhabi an s. C. T. Odhne , who s udied his subjec back in he 1860s, no ed
ha in many owns he bu ghe s we e disappoin ed in hei oyal supe io s
because o he s ic demands made on hem by he la e .39 O en i was
Table 1. The i s oyal mayo s in he pe iod 1621–1679 in he old owns o he Kingdom
o Sweden. Sou ces: Ka onen, “Raas u assa a a aan”, Table 1 and he sou ces men ioned
he ein; O. Danielsson, “Rä skipning och ö al ning”. In: Ma ies ad 1583–1933
(Ma ies ad: Ka s öms bokhandel 1933), pp. 155–156; Nils Hj. Holmbe g, Lidköpings
his o ia ill 1860 ([Lidköping]: [D ä selkamma en] 1946), pp. 86–88; Claes Wes ling,
“Vads ena och cen almak en”. In Gö an Söde s öm ( ed.), 600 å i Vads ena. Vads enas
his o ia ån älds a ide ill å 2000 (Vads ena: Vads ena kommun 2000), p. 290; Pe i
Ka onen, “Bo gmäs a e mellan s a en och s adssamhälle . Fö al nings- och ä skul u e
i de s enska ike s s äde unde s o mak s iden”. In: Ha nesk, Bö je, Taussi Sjöbe g,
Ma ja (ed.), Mellan mak en och menighe en. Ämbe smän i de idigmode na S e ige.
Ins i u e ö ä shis o isk o skning. Se ien III. Rä shis o iska sk i e . Fö s a bande
(S ockholm: Ins i u e ö ä shis o isk o skning 2001b), 134–135; Wes ling, Smås adens
dynamik, pp. 124, 177.
Pe iod Appoin men s in Swedish owns Appoin men s in Finnish
owns
1621–1630 N = 2 (S ockholm, Go henbu g) N = 3 (Tu ku; Vybo g;
Uusikaupunki, Nys ad)
1631–1640 N = 5 (Sala, Kalma i, No köping,
Väs e ås, Nyköping)
N = 4 (Kokkola,
Gamlaka leby; Helsinki,
Helsing o s; Rauma,
Raumo; Tammisaa i,
Ekenäs)
1641–1650 N = 25 (Jönköping, Ö eb o,
S ängnäs, Ka ls ad, A boga,
Uppsala, Köping, To shälla, Ska a,
Gä le, Hudiks all, Hä nösand, Växjö,
Vads ena, Sunds all, Söde hamn,
Linköping, To neå, Umeå, Filips ad,
Ma ie ed, Enköping, Hedemo a,
Söde köping, Skänninge)
N = 5 (Uusikaupunki;
Vaasa, Vasa; Oulu,
Uleåbo g; Naan ali,
Nådendal; Po i,
Bjö nebo g)
1651–1660 N = 3 (Bo ås, Lidköping Väs e ik) N = 1 (Po oo, Bo gå)
1661–1679 N = 3 (Falköping, Eksjö, Ma ies ad) –
To al 1621–1679 N = 38 (75 % o he old owns,
N = 51))
N = 13 (100 % o he old
owns, N = 13))
226
Pe i Ka onen
aques ion o a clash o di e en adminis a i e cul u es: i was he ask o
he oyal mayo s o ac speci ically as ins iga o s o change, an endea ou
in which con lic s we e di icul o a oid.40A solu ion o he in pa only
appa en con adic ion be ween he concep ions ha ha e p e iously been
p esen ed and he indings o he p esen chap e is sough by examining
he achie emen s o he oyal mayo s. A e all, he cen al au ho i ies did
no es ablish hei own candida es in pos s jus o hem o widdle hei
humbs.41
In 1641, Jacob Li hman (1611–1674), he son o he Rec o o Ö eb o,
was appoin ed o be he mayo o his home own a he age o 30. His le e
o appoin men became a e i able model since i s con en s we e epea ed
wo d o wo d in he wa an s o a leas 25 own mayo s o e he nex
15 yea s. Acco ding o his documen , he coun y go e no and he oyal
baili should ha e pa icipa ed in he adminis a ion o he own, bu hei
o he du ies p e en ed hem om a ending he mee ings o he own cou .
Li hman was hus appoin ed o be he ep esen a i e o he king, o which
ask he was u nished wi h a se o 13 ins uc ions. The special du ies o
he mayo we e connec ed wi h he su eillance and de elopmen o jus ice
and adminis a ion in acco dance wi h he s a e’s longe - e m plans and
he supe ision o he own’s p i ileges, indus ies and economy gene ally.
Anew addi ion o he ins uc ions was he supe ision o he condi ion and
use o he own’s public in as uc u e. The lis o asks is ocal in judging he
pe sonal agency o he mayo s. I would appea ha o he mayo s ecei ed
simila ins uc ions since hey, oo, mos commonly ocussed hei a en ion
on ma e s like hose men ioned abo e.42
O en he mos impo an ask o he oyal mayo s was connec ed wi h
supe ising he sys ems o jus ice and adminis a ion and imp o ing hei
e iciency. Typically, a ious adminis a i e and ju idical e o ms we e
implemen ed soon a e he a i al o a new mayo . In Ö eb o, he ene ge ic
Jacob Li hman ollowed his ins uc ions and among o he hings d ew up
aspecial se o judicial di ec ions, s ic ly de ined he ime and place whe e
business migh be conduc ed, p omo ed and supe ised he ac i i ies o
a isans and se limi s on he la ishness o en e ainmen s a weddings and
o he pa ies. These measu es we e no g ee ed wi h joy ul acclaim by he
bu ghe s o in he own adminis a i e cou , bu he mona ch ecognized
Li hman’s abili ies and soon made him Assesso o he Gö a Cou o Appeal.
He la e se ed as an unde - and ice-lawspeake (lagman – a dis ic chie
judge) in he coun yside and he was ennobled o his achie emen s in
1654.43
The p esiden s, who se ed as “models” o he oyal mayo s, we e also
wi hou excep ion esolu e in de eloping he owns’ sys ems o adminis a-
ion and jus ice.44 Many o he mayo s who ecei ed oyal le e s o
appoin men om he mona ch ollowed sui , and ypical among he new
ideas hey implemen ed we e he di ision o he own cou in o depa men s
(collegium) and he eo ganiza ion o he jus ice sys em in he o m o he
es ablishmen o lowe own cou s (kämne ä ) o ope a e unde he own
cou s ( ådshus ä ).45 Almos wi hou excep ion, he quali y o he ma e ial
desc ibing he ac i i ies o he own’s o gan o adminis a ion and jus ice
233
Royal Mayo s (1620–1700)
Ag elius (d. 1681) and Jacobus Pe i Ch onande (d. 1694)) oge he wi h he
Mayo o S ockholm Olaus Bu eus (1578–1655) can be conside ed oyal mayo s
p ope . This subjec has a oused conside ably mo e in e es in Finland, al hough
he w i e o he p esen chap e is himsel pa ly esponsible o his si ua ion.
Al oge he 13 biog aphies o mayo s can be ound in KB (N =12) and SBL,
(N = 1), o whom 10 we e oyal mayo s.
14 The amoun o No dic esea ch on he s uc u e o s a e adminis a ion is ex ensi e
(see he publica ions men ioned in Pe i Ka onen’s and Ma ko Hakanen’s chap e in
he p esen wo k), bu he in e ac ion be ween he cen al au ho i ies and he owns
has a ely been he ocus o a en ion. An in e es ing poin o compa ison can be
ound in James Lee’s (“U ban policy and u ban poli ical cul u e: Hen y VII and his
ow ns”, His o ical Resea ch 217 (2009) a icle on he in e ac ion be ween p o incial
owns and Hen y VII in England and he limi s o he owns’ au onomy a he u n
o he i een h and six een h cen u ies. On his subjec , see in pa icula Cha les
Tilly and Wim Blockmans (Cha les Tilly and Wim P. Blockmans (eds), Ci ies and
he Rise o S a es in Eu ope A.D. 1000 o 1800. Boulde : Wes iew P ess, 1994); see
also Cha les Tilly, Coe cion, Capi al, and Eu opean S a es, AD 990–1990. S udies
in Social Discon inui y (Ox o d: Blackwell, 1990); Ch is ophe R. F ied ichs,
The Ea ly Mode n Ci y 1450–1750. A His o y o U ban Socie y in Eu ope.
Edi ed by Robe Ti le (London: Longman, 1995), pp. 44–45, 54–57; Michael
J. B addick, S a e Fo ma ion in Ea ly Mode n England, c. 1550–1700 (Camb idge:
Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, 2000). On he de elopmen in di e en pa s o
Eu ope, see Ch is ophe F ied ichs, “U ban Poli ics and U ban Social S uc u e in
Se en een h-Cen u y Ge many”, Eu opean His o y Qua e ly 22 (1992), pp.193–
194; Heinz Schilling, Die S ad in de ühen Neuzei . Enzyklopädie deu sche
Geschich e 24. He ausgegeben on Lo ha Gall (München: R. Oldenbou g, 1993),
pp. 47, 73–81; S. Anne e Finley-C oswhi e, Hen y IV and he owns: he pu sui
o legi imacy in F ench u ban socie y, 1589–1610. Camb idge s udies in ea ly
mode n his o y (Camb idge: Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, 1999), pa icula ly Ch.
6; Ch is ophe R. F ied ichs, U ban Poli ics in Ea ly Mode n Eu ope (London:
Rou ledge F ied ichs, 2000), pp. 13, 21–22, 66–67; Manon Van De Heijden, “S a e
Fo ma ion and U ban Finances in Six een h and Se en een h-cen u y Holland”,
Jou nal o U ban His o y 32 (2006); Robe on F iedebu g, “U ban Rio s and he
Pe spec i e o “Quali ica ion o O ice”: The Pecualia i ies o U ban Go e nmen
and he case o he 1672 Dis u bances in he Ne he lands”. In: Jan Ha man, Jaap
Nieuws a en, Michel Reinde s, (eds), Public O ices, Pe sonal Demands: Capabili y
in Go e nance in he Se en een h-Cen u y Du ch Republic (Newcas le upon Tyne:
Camb idge Schola s Publica ion, 2009); Pe e Cla k, Eu opean ci ies and owns
400–2000 (Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 2009), Ch. 11; Fiona Williamson,
“When “Comone s We e Made Sla es by he Magis a es”. The 1627 Elec ion and
Poli ical Cul u e in No wich”, The Jou nal o U ban His o y (2015).
15 Folke Lindbe g, “1619 å s s adga om s äde nas adminis a ion”, S enska s ads-
ö bunde s idsk i 1937; Folke Lindbe g, Fogde, åd och menighe (S ockholm:
Bonnie , 1941); S en Ljung, Uppsala unde yng e medel id och Vasa id. Uppsala
s ads his o ia II (Uppsala: His o iekomi é, 1954), pp. 320–328; E icson, Bo ga e
och by åk a e ; Robe Sandbe g, I slo e s skugga. S ockholm och k onan 1599–1620.
S ockholmsmonog a ie u gi na a S ockholms s ad 105 (S ockholm: S ockholms
s ad, 1991); Ka onen, “Raas u assa a a aan”, Ch. II; Piia Einonen, Polii ise
a eena ja oimin a a a . Tukholman po a is o allan käy äjänä ja allankäy ön
koh eena n. 1592–1644. Biblio heca His o ica 94 (Helsinki: The Finnish Li e a u e
Socie y, 2005).
16 Leh inen, Halli uksen yh enäis ämispoli iikka; Ka onen, Kämne inoikeude ;
Ka onen, “Raas u assa a a aan”, p. 34.
17 On he deba e o e he issue, see o example Dag Linds öm, “Fö halande s
234
Pe i Ka onen
p ak ik. En poli isk och social s a egi i de idigmode na S e ige”, His o isk
idsk i 125: 1 (2005), pp. 5–24; Dag Linds öm, “Om kons en a in e säga nej.
Kungliga esolu ione på s äde s bes ä unde 1680- ale ”. In: Pe e E icsson,
F ed ik Thisne , Pa ik Win on och And eas Åke lund (ed.), All på e b äde. S a ,
ekonomi och bondeo e . En änbok ill Jan Lindeg en, S udia His o ica Upsaliensia
249 (Uppsala: Uppsala uni e si e , 2013), pp. 235–245.
18 Howe e , he e was ano he side o his ma e , as is well illus a ed o example in
acompa ison wi h he e y independen Du ch owns o he se en een h cen u y:
Jan Ha man, Jaap Nieuws a en and Michel Reinde s (Ha man, Jan, Nieuws a en,
Jaap, Reinde s, Michel, “In oduc ion”. In: Jan Ha man, Jaap Nieuws a en, Michel
Reinde s (eds), Public O ices, Pe sonal Demands: Capabili y in Go e nance in he
Se en een h-Cen u y Du ch Republic. Newcas le upon Tyne: Camb idge Schola s
Publica ions, 2009, p. 3) s a e: “Since he e was no mona ch, Du ch u ban alde men
lacked oyal au ho i y ha could sanc i y and suppo hei ule.” C . also Tom
Sco , The ci y-s a e in Eu ope, 1000–1600. Hin e land, e i o y, egion (Ox o d:
Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 2012).
19 On he s a e’s policy on owns, see in pa icula Eli F. Hecksche , “Den ekonomiska
innebö den a 1500- och 1600- alens s enska s adsg undninga ”, His o isk
Tidsk i 43 (1923); La s-A ne No bo g, “K ona och s ad i S e ige unde äld e
asa id. Någ a synpunk e ”, His o isk idsk i 83 (1963), pp. 370–371, 374–375;
Lenna Hedbe g, Fö e aga u s en och am äx en a den s a ka s a en. He ig
Ka ls esu sexploa e ing i Nä ke 1581–1602 (Ö eb o s udies 11. Ö eb o högskolan:
Ö eb o, 1995), pp. 6–10; Åke Sands öm, Plöjande bo ga e och handlande bönde .
Mö e mellan den eu opeiska u bana ekonomin och asa idens S e ige. S udie
is ads- och kommunhis o ia 15 (S ockholm: S ockholms uni e si e , 1996); om
an in e na ional pe spec i e, see Tilly & Blockmans (eds), Ci ies and he Rise. On
he igh g an ed o he holde s o g and ie s o ound owns, see Robe Swedlund,
G e - och ihe eskapen i S e ige och i Finland. Dona ione na och eduk ione na
ö e 1680 (Uppsala, 1936), pp. 233–234, 239; Mauno Jokipii, Suomen k ei i- ja
apaahe akunna . I–II. His o iallisia Tu kimuksia 58: 1–2 (Helsinki: Finnish
His o ical Socie y, 1956, 1960).
20 Da id Bee ham’s (“Max Webe and he Legi imacy o he Mode n S a e”, Analyse
und k i ik. – h p://www.analyse-und-k i ik.ne /1991-1/AK_Bee ham_1991.pd ,
1991, pp. 42–43 (quo e); Da id Bee ham, The Legi ima ion o Powe . 2nd Edi ion.
Poli ical Analysis (Basings oke: Palg a e Macmillan, 2013) c i icism is di ec ed
agains he concep ual ocabula y o legi imacy de eloped by Max Webe and
abo e all agains he use o Webe ’s concep s in wen ie h-cen u y compa a i e
esea ch. The concep s o au ho i y and legi imacy in a No dic con ex ha e been
s udied o example by Magnus Pe les am, Lydnad i ka oline nas id (Lund: No dic
Academic P ess, 2008), e.g. pp. 23–24, 26–31; Ma s Hallenbe g, “S enska na och
wes aliska eden – en alande ys nad? K ig och ed i den s a liga p opagandan
ån s o mak s id ill ihe s id”. In: 1648. Den wes aliska eden. A , kon ex och
konsek ense (Lund: No dic Academic P ess, 2009), pp. 44–45; c . E icson, Bo ga e
och by åk a e .
21 A own baili (s ads ogde) appoin ed o he pu pose by he king (en s ads ougde
a konungen dä ill ö o dna ) was always o be ins alled in he own cou ,
and ei he he coun y go e no o he cas ellan was hence o h o occupy
himsel wi h he ac i i ies o he own cou (och h a ken landshö dingen elle
slo shö i smannen hä e e ha a med åds ugun ill a gö a). Emil Hildeb and
(ed.), S e iges ege ings o me 1634–1809 sam konunga ö säk inga 1611–
1800 (S ockholm, 1891), p. 22 (26§); Olo Sö ndal, Den s enska länss y elsen.
Uppkoms , o ganisa ion och allmänna mak s ällning (Lund: Lunds uni e si e ,
1937), pp. 33–46, 53–59; Halila, Suomen kaupunkien kunnallishallin o, pp. 37–
43, 93–95; Leh inen, Halli uksen yh enäis ämispoli iikka, pp. 140–142; Gö an
235
Royal Mayo s (1620–1700)
Rys ad, Jönköping unde s o mak s iden. Jönköpings s ads his o ia. Del II. F ån
s adens b and ill kommunal e o men 1862 (Vä namo, 1965), pp. 154–155; Folke
Lindbe g, Linköpings his o ia. 2. 1567–1862. Nä ingsli och ö al ning (Linköping:
Kommi én ö Linköpings his o ia, 1975), pp. 149–166; E icson, Bo ga e och
by åk a e , p. 38; Bjö n Helm id, Söde köpings his o ia. 2. Tiden 1568–1690
(Söde köping: S: Ragnhilds gille, 2001), pp. 147–148; Bjö n Aske , I konungens
s ad och s älle. Länss y else i a be e 1635–1735. A ki e enskapliga s udie 7
(Uppsala: S i elsen ö u gi ande a A ki e enskapliga s udie , 2004); Alexande
Jonsson, De no ländska landshö dinga na och s a sbildningen 1634–1769. Sk i e
ån ins i u ionen ö his o iska s udie 10 (Umeå: Umeå uni e si e , 2005).
22 The e was a bu g a e in Go henbu g and Tu ku in he 1620s (Leh inen, Halli uksen
yh enäis ämispoli iikka, pp. 145–147; Ka onen, Kämne inoikeude , pp. 85–86) and
in Rauma (Raumo) and Uusikaupunki (Nys ad) a join lo d mayo in he ea ly 1640s
(Ka onen, “Raas u assa a a aan”, pp. 73–75). The o ice o p esiden exis ed in bo h
Kalma and No köping. Odhne , S e iges in e his o ia, pp.184–186; Odhne , “Om
de s enska”, p. 672; Aimo Halila, Suomen kaupunkien kunnallishallin o, pp.92–
93; Bjö n Helm id, No köpings s ads his o ia. 2. Tiden 1655–1719 (S ockholm,
1971), pp. 247–248, 265–269; Ka onen, “Raas u assa a a aan”, p. 50; he sou ces
men ioned in hese wo ks.
23 On he in e ac ion and he ela ionship be ween he owns and he en o ced
measu es o he cen al au ho i ies, see he chap e by Pe i Ka onen and Ma ko
Hakanen in he p esen olume and he li e a u e men ioned he ein. Odhne ,
S e iges in e his o ia, p. 186; Ka onen, “Raas u assa a a aan”, p. 50.
24 Riksa ki e , S ockholm (SRA) (Swedish Na ional A chi es), Riks egis a u e (RR)
(Swedish Na ional Reco ds), 30 h o Ap il, 1638: 430 .–431; 29 h o Janua y, 1645:
187–188. In S ockholm, axes and ees and o icial appoin men s had p e iously
been linked oge he . E icson, Bo ga e och by åk a e , pp. 96–98; see also Rys ad,
Jönköping, p. 156.
25 Odhne , “Om de s enska”, p. 672; Folke Lindbe g, Väs e iks his o ia. Tiden
1275–1718 (Väs e ik: Väs e iks s ads ullmäk ige, 1933), p. 262; Halila, Suomen
kaupunkien kunnallishallin o, pp. 92, 118; El s and, “U ö al ningshis o ien”,
p.496; To s en Pe é, Uppsala s ads his o ia 3. Uppsala unde me kan ilismens och
s a skon ollens idsskede: 1619–1789 (Uppsala: His o iekommission, 1958), pp.
232–233; Rys ad, Jönköping, pp. 156–157; Ka onen, Kämne inoikeude , p. 85.
26 The only excep ions o his we e small owns and owns in he o me Danish
e i o ies.
27 Fo example, in 1643, i was speci ically s a ed in he le e o appoin men o Elias
Mö ck (d. 1647) as he Mayo o Uppsala ha his sala y o 500 sil e hale s was o
be paid ou o he own’s unds. La e , in he 1640s, dozens o such speci ica ions
we e issued. Ka onen, “Raas u assa a a aan”, p. 52, as well as no es 52–53 and he
Riks egis a u (RR) (Swedish Na ional Reco ds) and Pe sonal s a e ma e ial used
he ein. See also o example Rys ad, Jönköping, pp. 157–158; Co in, A boga, p.231.
On he ela ionship be ween sala y paymen and co up ion, c . Bo Ro hs ein,
“An i-co up ion: The Indi ec ‘Big Bang’ App oach”, Re iew o In e na ional
Poli ical Economy 18: 2 (2011), pp. 228–250; Ande s Sundell, “Unde s anding
In o mal Paymen s in he Public Sec o : Theo y and E idence om Nine een h-
cen u y Sweden”, Scandina ian Poli ical S udies 37: 2 (2014).
28 SRA RR 25 h o Ap il, 1642: 507 .–508; SRA RR 30 h o June, 1644: 790–790 .,
793–794 .; Co in, A boga, pp. 228–229; Ka onen “Raas u assa a a aan”, p. 51;
Ande sson, S adens digni ä e , pp. 59–60.
29 The si ua ion did no begin o imp o e in his espec un il he end o he 1650s.
Pe i Ka onen, “A Li e o a Li e e sus Ch is ian Reconcilia ion: Violence and
he P ocess o Ci iliza ion in he Kingdom o Sweden, 1540–1700”. In: Heikki
Ylikangas, Pe i Ka onen, Ma i Leh i, Fi e Cen u ies o Violence in Finland and
236
Pe i Ka onen
he Bal ic A ea. Wi h a Fo ewo d by E ic H. Monkkonen. The His o y o C ime and
C iminal Jus ice Se ies (Columbus: Ohio S a e Uni e si y P ess, 2001a), pp.81–
118.
30 Rys ad, Jönköping, pp. 159, 161.
31 E icson, Bo ga e och by åk a e , pp. 112–115, 144, 146; Sandbe g, I slo e s skugga,
pp. 224–232.
32 Fo example, he e is a case in Vybo g a he ime o he 25-yea wa wi h Russia
in which he local p e ec oge he wi h he own bu ghe s dismissed negligen
mayo s and eplaced hem wi h new incumben s. Folke Lindbe g (ed.), P i ilegie ,
esolu ione och ö o dninga ö S e iges s äde . T edje delen (1560–1592). Fö s a
och and a hal bande (S ockholm, 1939), no. 146 (30 h o July, 1573), p. 270.
33 See o example Folke Sleman P i ilegie , esolu ione och ö o dninga ö S e iges
s äde . Fem e delen (1611–1620) (S ockholm, 1964), n 135 (30 h o Decembe
1617), n 181 (14 h o Ap il 1620); Rys ad, Jönköping, p. 150.
34 Acco ding o Ma ko Hakanen (Vallan e kos oissa. Pe B ahe ja hänen klien insä
1600-lu un Ruo sin al akunnassa. Jy äskylä S udies in Humani ies 157 (Jy äskylä:
Jy äskylän yliopis o, 2011, appendix)), Pe B ahe’s clien s included a leas 30 o
so mayo s o Finnish owns and ci ies. C . S an e No hem, Uppkomlinga na.
Kansli jäns emännen i 1600- ale s S e ige och Eu opa. Umeå S udies in he
Humani ies 117 (Umeå: Umeå uni e si e , 1993); Ka onen, “Raas u assa a a aan”,
appendices.
35 Co in, A boga, pp. 230, 237.
36 Royal mayo s we e appoin ed o Söde älje and T osa in he 1690s. On he basis
o he SIR ma e ial and he own his o ies ha ha e been consul ed, he ollowing
owns in Sweden did no ha e oyal mayo s a all: Sig una, Ö eg und, No älje,
Bogesund, Hjo, Skö de, Pi eå, Luleå, Alingsås, Vimme by and Ös hamma .
Odhne , “Om de s enska”, p. 673; Raimo Ran a, “Suu al a-ajan kaupunkilai os”.
In: Suomen kaupunkilai oksen his o ia 1. Keskiajal a 1870-lu ulle (Van aa: Suomen
kaupunkilii o, 1981), p. 103; Ka onen, Kämne inoikeude , pp. 42–43; Ka onen,
“Raas u assa a a aan”, pp. 44–45.
37 Ka onen, “Raas u assa a a aan”, Ch. 6, Tables 2–7; Bjö n Helm id, No köpings
s ads his o ia 1568–1719. 1. Tidsa sni e 1568–1655 (S ockholm, 1963); Helm id,
No köpings his o ia. 2; K. W. He din, Uppsala på 1600- ale . Bid ag ill s adens
his o ia. Rä s äsende . 2. Li sbilde : a bo gmäs a e och åd m. l. (Uppsala, 1927);
Lindbe g, Linköpings his o ia. On he numbe s o mayo s, see also Halila, Suomen
kaupunkien kunnallishallin o; Ran a, “Suu al a-ajan kaupunkilai os”.
38 Wi hin he spa ial and ch onological limi s o his chap e , he e we e al oge he
64 old owns in he ealm o Sweden, o which ou i hs we e loca ed in Sweden
p ope and one i h in Finland.
39 Odhne , “Om de s enska”, pp. 674–676. La e , o example Da id Gaun (U bildning
ill s a ens jäns . En kollek i biog a i a s o mak s idens ho ä sauskul an e .
S udia His o ica Upsaliensia 63 (Uppsala: Uppsala uni e si e , 1975), p. 162) has
exp essed doub s abou he co e age o he examples. On he emphasizing o he
con lic s, see in pa icula E icson, “Absolu ism elle na ionalism?”, pp. 52–57;
E icson, Bo ga e och by åk a e , pp. 38–41.
40 Fo a u he discussion, see Ka onen, “Bo gmäs a e mellan s a en”, which d aws
on F ed W. Riggs’s “The Theo y o P isma ic Socie y”.
41 Ka onen, Kämne inoikeude ; see also Gaun , U bildning, p. 164; c . o example
E icson, Bo ga e och by åk a e , pp. 38, 41; Olsson, Väs e ås genom ide na, pp.35,
88–103.
42 Howe e , he se o de ailed ins uc ions gi en o Li hman is he only one o
i s kind. Ka onen, “Raas u assa a a aan”, pp. 24–29, 51–52 and he sou ces
men ioned he ein.
237
Royal Mayo s (1620–1700)
43 Odhne , “Om de s enska”, p. 675; Gus a Elgens ie na, Den in oduce ade s enska
adelns ä a a lo . Med illägg och ä else (S ockholm: No s ed , 1925–1936);
Sö en Klingnéus, “‘Vi ly a in e ä en om man skä halsen a oss’ – nä Ne ikes
ak o i skulle cen alise as ill s aden Ö eb o”. In: Sö en Klingnéus (ed.), Vasa idens
Ö eb o. En an ologi unde med e kan a Jan B unius e . al. P ojek e Ö eb o
his o ia. Ö eb o s udies 4 (Ö eb o: Ö eb o högskola, 1988), pp. 185, 190, see also
no e 155; Ka onen, “Raas u assa a a aan”, p. 54.
44 See o example Helge Almquis , Gö ebo gs his o ia. G undläggningen och de ö s a
hund a å en. Fö a delen. F ån g undläggningen ill en älde (1619–1680). Sk i e
u gi na ill Gö ebo gs s ads ehund aå sjubileum genom jubileumsu s ällningens
publika ionskommi é 1:1 (Gö ebo g, 1929), pp. 150–151, 341–353; Helm id,
No köpings s ads his o ia 1, pp. 598–599, 601, 605.
45 In Uppsala, a doc o o laws called Elias Mö ck imp o ed he e iciency o he
adminis a ion o jus ice, as did Beng Joensson A husius in Enköping. He din,
Uppsala på 1600- ale , 2, pp. 49, 51–53, 60–66, 78–83; Pe é, Uppsala, pp. 20, 233,
253; S en Ljung, Enköpings s ads his o ia. 1. Tiden ill och med 1718 (Enköping:
Kommun ullmäk ige, 1963), pp. 290–291.
46 On he comp ehensi e and also he quan i a i e handling o he ma e ial o he
own cou s and lowe own cou s, see Ka onen, Kämne inoikeude ; Ka onen,
“Raas u assa a a aan”; Dag Linds öm, “F ån lokal kon lik lösa e ill adminis a i
s ab. Råd och kämnä s ä i Ka ls ad unde 1600- ale ”, Scandia 69: 1 (2003). C .
also G ie Ve meesch, “Capabili y, Pa imonialism and Bu eauc acy in he U ban
Adminis a ions o he Low Coun ies (c. 1300–1780)”. In: Jan Ha man, Jaap
Nieuws a en, Michel Reinde s, Michel (eds), Public O ices, Pe sonal Demands:
Capabili y in Go e nance in he Se en een h-Cen u y Du ch Republic (Newcas le
upon Tyne: Camb idge Schola s Publica ion, 2009), p. 54.
47 See in pa icula Ge ha d Eime , Die S ad planung im Schwedischen Os see eich
1600–1715. Mi Bei ägen zu Geschich e de Ideals ad (S ockholm: Scandina ian
uni e si y books, 1961); Juhani Kos e , Ca og aphia u bium Finnica um. Suomen
kaupunkien kaupunkika og a ia 1600lu ulla ja 1700lu un alussa. Monumen a
ca og aphica sep en ionalia 1 (Ro aniemi: Pohjois-Suomen his o iallinen
yhdis ys, 1995); Ma ju Ki jakka, The O hogonal Finnish Town 1620–1860.
I s S uc u e, Componen s and Dimensions (Espoo: Helsinki Uni e si y o
Technology, 1995); Nils Ahlbe g, S adsg undninga och plan ö änd inga . S ensk
s adsplane ing 1521–1721. Ac a Uni e si a is ag icul u ae Sueciae, 2005: 94
(Uppsala: Swedish Uni e si y o Ag icul u al Sciences. h p://diss-epsilon.slu.
se:8080/a chi e/00000930/01/a handling_ahlbe g_low_ es.pd 2005(a)); Nils
Ahlbe g, S adsg undninga och plan ö änd inga . S ensk s adsplane ing 1521–
1721. Ka o . Ac a Uni e si a is ag icul u ae Sueciae 2005:94. Uppsala: Swedish
Uni e si y o Ag icul u al Sciences: Uppsala. h p://diss-epsilon.slu.se:8080/
a chi e/00000930/03/a handling_ahlbe g_ka o _low_ es.pd 2005 (b)).
48 Olsson, Väs e ås genom ide na, pp. 88–89, 96.
49 Rys ad, Jönköping, pp. 159, 161; see also o example La s-Olo La sson, Växjö
genom 1000 å (S ockholm: No s ed , 1991), p. 104. C . Ka onen, “Raas u assa
a a aan” (Ch. 7), in which he nega i e concep ions a ached o a single oyal
mayo (Jochim Timme) a e decons uc ed.
50 Tempo a y in es iga o y o gans and commissions ope a ed in he se en een h
cen u y in he ollowing owns and ci ies: Gä le 1651 (El s and, “U ö al -
nings his o ien”, p. 501); Väs e ås 1654 (Olsson, Väs e ås genom ide na, p. 100–
101); Oulu 1654 (Vi kkunen, Oulun kaupungin his o ia); Söde köping 1660
(Helm id, Söde köpings his o ia, p. 154); Uppsala 1664 (Pe é, Uppsala, p. 28),
Uusikaupunki1667 (Ka onen, “Raas u assa a a aan”, p. 189; Pe i Ka onen,
“Caspe Eichman (ca 1590–ca 1670), Handelsman, bo gmäs a e, iksdagsman”. In:
238
Pe i Ka onen
Biog a isk lexikon ö Finland 1. S enska iden. Helsing o s, S ockholm: S enska
li e a u sällskape , A lan is (also www: h p://www.bl . i/index.php), 2008). On
he use o commissions o se le dispu es in he new owns, see in pa icula
Ca l-F ed ik Co in, Väne sbo gs his o ia. I. Tiden . o. m. 1834 (Gö ebo g, 1944),
pp.133–134, 136–138, 143, 148; gene ally on he commissions, see S en A. Nilsson,
De s o a k igens id. Om S e ige som mili ä s a och bondesamhälle. S udia His o ica
Upsaliensia 161 (Uppsala: Uppsala uni e si e , 1990); Ma ie Lenne sand, Rä isans
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ca 1680–1730. S udia His o ica Upsaliensia 190 (S ockholm: Uppsala uni e si e ,
1999); Be gman, Mak , mö en, g änse .
51 In A boga in he ea ly 1650s, he owns olk accused he oyal mayo o ailing o be
su icien ly assiduous in p o ec ing and p omo ing he in e es s o he own. Co in,
A boga, p. 285.
52 See o example Gös a Buch , Hä nösands his o ia. Del I. Tiden 1585–1721
(Hä nösand: Hä nösand s ad, 1935), pp. 81–82; Rys ad, Jönköping, p. 158; La sson,
Växjö, p. 98.
53 Olsson, Väs e ås genom ide na, p. 101. C . Söde köping, whe e he oyal mayo was
claimed o ha e app op ia ed wa axes o his own use, and Hä nösand, whe e all
he o he alde men accused he mayo , Johan Hansson Höije (d. 1654), o inancial
mal easance. Helm id, Söde köpings his o ia, p. 154; Buch , Hä nösands his o ia,
p. 78.
54 Dispu es connec ed wi h alcohol we e common in many owns. Rys ad, Jönköping,
p. 162; Halila, Suomen kaupunkien kunnallishallin o, passim.
55 Pe é, Uppsala, pp. 24–25, 29, 31, 34; c . K. W. He din, Uppsala på 1600- ale . Bid ag
ill s adens his o ia. Rä s äsende . 1. S adss y elsens o ganisa ion och ä sskipning
(Uppsala, 1926), pp. 181–195.
56 These juicy cases ha e ecei ed conside able a en ion in p e ious esea ch:
see o example Buch , Hä nösands his o ia, p. 79 (Hä nösand); El s and, “U
ö al ningshis o ien”, pp. 497–498 (Gä le); Olsson, Väs e ås genom ide na,
pp. 96–99 (Väs e ås); La sson, Växjö, p. 180 (Växjö); Jonsson, De no ländska
landshö dinga na, p. 142 (Oulu).
57 Ka onen, “Caspe Eichman” and he sou ces quo ed he ein.
58 A leas ou o he oyal mayo s in Finland a ha ime we e ac i ely engaged
in he bee b ewing business. San e i Ingman, “E äs anha po mes a i- ii a”,
Joukahainen. Pohjalais-osakunnan oimi ama. Yhdes ois a ihko (Helsinki:
Pohjalais-osakun a, 1897), p. 55; Vi kkunen, Oulun kaupungin his o ia, pp.391–
414; Ka onen, Kämne inoikeude , appendices; Pe i Ka onen, Pa uuna ja polii iko .
Y i ysjoh ajien aloudellinen ja yh eiskunnallinen oimin a Suomessa 1600–1920.
His o iallisia Tu kimuksia 217 (Helsinki: The Finnish Li e a u e Socie y, 2004), p.
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59 See o example Halila, Suomen kaupunkien kunnallishallin o 1942, p. 97; Ka onen,
Kämne inoikeude , pp. 157, 171; Ka onen, “Bo gmäs a e mellan s a en”.
60 Ka onen, Pa uuna ja polii iko , pa icula ly Ch. III; on he ep esen a i es a
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iksdagsp o okoll ö e ihe s iden (S adshis o iska ins i u e : Uppsala, 1933),
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