Production of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in pp collisions at √s = 5.02 TeV

This is a self-archived version of an original article. This version may differ from the original in pagination and typographic details. Author(s): Title: Year: Version: Copyright: Rights: Rights url: Please cite the original version: CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Production of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in pp collisions at √s = 5.02 TeV © The Authors 2019 Published version ALICE Collaboration ALICE Collaboration. (2019). Production of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in pp collisions at √s = 5.02 TeV. Journal of High Energy Physics, 2019(9), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2019)008 2019 JHEP09(2019)008 Published for SISSA by Springer Received:May 24, 2019 Accepted:August 15, 2019 Published:September 2, 2019 Production of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in pp collisions at √s= 5.02 TeV The ALICE collaboration E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Production cross sections of muons from semi-leptonic decays of charm and beauty hadrons were measured at forward rapidity (2.5< y < 4) in proton-proton (pp) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy √s= 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC. The results were obtained in an extended transverse momentum interval, 2< pT<20 GeV/c, and with an improved precision compared to previous measurements performed in the same rapidity interval at centre-of-mass energies √s= 2.76 and 7 TeV. The pTand y-differential production cross sections as well as the pT-differential production cross section ratios between different centre-of-mass energies and different rapidity intervals are described, within experimental and theoretical uncertainties, by predictions based on perturbative QCD. Keywords: Heavy Ion Experiments ArXiv ePrint: 1905.07207 Open Access, Copyright CERN, for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Article funded by SCOAP3. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2019)008 JHEP09(2019)008 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Experimental apparatus and data taking conditions 2 3 Data analysis 3 3.1 Selection of muon candidates 3 3.2 Analysis procedure 4 3.3 Systematic uncertainties 7 4 Results and comparison with model predictions 9 5 Conclusions 14 The ALICE collaboration 20 1 Introduction The measurement of heavy-flavour (charm and beauty) production cross sections in protonproton (pp) collisions at the CERN LHC represents an important test of perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (pQCD). Due to their large masses, heavy quarks are produced almost exclusively in initial hard partonic scatterings and consequently their production cross sections can be estimated in the framework of pQCD. The calculations are based on a factorisation approach and computed as a convolution of the hard parton scattering cross section, evaluated as a perturbative series of the coupling constant of the strong interaction, the parton distribution function (PDF) of the colliding protons and the fragmentation function of heavy quarks to heavy-flavour hadrons. Heavy-flavour production cross sections are predicted at next-to-leading order (NLO) using the fixed-order plus next-to-leading logarithms (FONLL) approach [1,2] or the general-mass variable-flavour-number scheme (GM-VFNS) [3,4]. Calculations at leading order based on kTfactorisation [5] also exist. The forward rapidity range accessible by ALICE (2.5< y < 4) allows us to test pQCD predictions in a region of small Bjorken xdown to about 10−5(xbeing the longitudinal momentum fraction of initial-state partons, primarily gluons). In this region, the gluon distribution functions are affected by large uncertainties [6]. The systematic uncertainties on the theoretical production cross sections are larger than the experimental ones and are dominated by the uncertainties on renormalisation and factorisation scales. Recent theoretical developments have shown that the ratios of the open heavy-flavour production cross sections between different beam energies and different rapidity intervals are promising observables which are expected to be sensitive to the gluon PDFs [6], since the uncertainties on scales become negligible with respect to the PDF uncertainties when calculating such – 1 – JHEP09(2019)008 ratios. The production cross sections of charm, beauty and heavy-flavour hadron decay leptons measured over a wide energy domain at the Tevatron, RHIC and LHC (see e.g. [7] and references therein and, [8–16]) are described, within uncertainties, by these pQCDbased calculations at both forward and central rapidities in a large transverse momentum (pT) range. Also the ratios of D-meson production cross sections between different rapidity intervals and centre-of-mass energies recently measured by the ALICE and LHCb experiments [13,15,16] are described by pQCD-based predictions within uncertainties. Furthermore, the measurement of heavy-flavour production cross sections in pp collisions provides the necessary baseline for the corresponding measurements in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions. These measurements allow us to study cold nuclear matter effects and effects related to the hot strongly-interacting medium, respectively. This letter describes the pTand y-differential measurements of the production cross sections of muons from the decay of charm and beauty hadrons in pp collisions at √s= 5.02 TeV, with the ALICE detector at the LHC. These measurements are performed at forward rapidity, in the interval 2.5< y < 4. They are facilitated by an experimentally triggerable observable and relatively large decay branching ratios (about 10%), thus resulting in relatively large statistics allowing for differential measurements over a wide pT interval. The present measurements cover the interval 2 < pT<20 GeV/c, where the beauty contribution is expected to dominate over the charm contribution in the high pT region i.e. for pT>5 GeV/c[2]. They are complementary to those performed at the same centre-of-mass energy by the LHCb Collaboration for D-meson species in a kinematic region limited to hadron pT<10 GeV/c[16]. Moreover, the present results are obtained in a significantly extended pTregion and the total uncertainties are reduced by a factor larger than two, compared to previous published ALICE results for muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays [17,18]. The letter is structured as follows. Section 2describes the apparatus with an emphasis on the detectors used in the analysis and the data taking conditions. Section 3addresses the analysis details. Section 4presents the results, namely the pTand y-differential cross sections of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays as well as the ratio of the pT-differential cross section between different centre-of-mass energies and rapidity intervals and their comparison with pQCD-based FONLL calculations. Finally, conclusions are drawn in section 5. 2 Experimental apparatus and data taking conditions The ALICE detector and its performance are described in detail in [19,20]. This analysis is based on muons reconstructed in the muon spectrometer which covers the pseudo-rapidity interval −4< ηlab <−2.51in the laboratory frame. The muon spectrometer consists of i) a front absorber made of carbon, concrete and steel of 10 nuclear interaction lengths 1The muon spectrometer covers a negative pseudo-rapidity range in the ALICE reference frame. ηand yvariables are experimentally identical for muons in the acceptance of the muon spectrometer and in pp collisions the physics results are symmetric with respect to η(y) = 0. They are presented as a function of ywith positive values. – 2 – JHEP09(2019)008 (λI), located between the interaction point (IP) and the tracking system, that reduces the hadron yield and decreases the yield of muons from light-particle decays by limiting the free path of primary pions and kaons, ii) a beam shield throughout its entire length, iii) a dipole magnet with a field integral of 3 T·m, iv) five tracking stations, each composed of two planes of cathode pad chambers, v) two trigger stations, each equipped with two planes of resistive plate chambers and vi) an iron wall of 7.2λIplaced between the tracking and trigger systems, which absorbs secondary hadrons escaping from the front absorber as well as muons from light-hadron decays. In addition, the following detectors are also employed in the analysis. The Silicon Pixel Detector (SPD), which constitutes the two innermost layers of the Inner Tracking System, with pseudo-rapidity coverage |ηlab|<2 and |ηlab|<1.4 for the inner and outer layer, respectively, is used for reconstructing the position of the interaction vertex. Two scintillator arrays (V0) placed on each side of the IP, with pseudo-rapidity coverage 2.8< ηlab <5.1 and −3.7< ηlab <−1.7, are used for triggering purposes and to reject offline beam-induced background events. Finally, the two T0 arrays, made of quartz Cerenkov counters and placed on both sides of the IP, covering the acceptance 4.6< ηlab <4.9 and −3.3< ηlab <−3.0, are employed to determine the luminosity. The results presented in this letter are based on the pp data sample at a centre-ofmass energy √s= 5.02 TeV recorded by ALICE during a short data taking period of five days in November 2015. This data sample consists of muon-triggered events requiring the coincidence of the minimum-bias (MB) trigger condition and at least one track segment in the muon trigger system with a pTabove the threshold of the online trigger algorithm. The MB trigger is formed by a coincidence between signals in the two V0 arrays. The samples of single muons were collected with the pTthreshold of the online trigger algorithm set to provide a 50% efficiency for muon tracks with either pT∼0.5 GeV/cor pT∼4.2 GeV/c. In the following, the lowand high-pTtrigger threshold samples are referred to as MSL and MSH, respectively. Beam-gas interactions are reduced at the offline level using the timing information of the V0 detector. The accepted events have at least one interaction vertex reconstructed from hits correlation in the two SPD layers. The pile-up rate, defined as the probability for multiple interactions in a bunch crossing, was smaller than 2.5% during the whole data taking period and taken into account in the luminosity determination. After the event selection described above, the integrated luminosities for the used data samples are Lint = 53.7±1.1 nb−1and Lint = 104.4±2.2 nb−1for MSLand MSH-triggered events, respectively. The calculation of the integrated luminosities and associated uncertainties is discussed in section 3. 3 Data analysis 3.1 Selection of muon candidates Muon candidates are reconstructed using the algorithm described in [21]. They are further selected for the analysis applying same offline criteria as those described in [17,18]. The muon identification is performed by requiring that the reconstructed track in the tracking system matches a track segment in the trigger system satisfying the trigger condition. – 3 – JHEP09(2019)008 Muon candidates are required to be reconstructed in the pseudo-rapidity region −4< ηlab <−2.5 and to have a polar angle measured at the end of the absorber in the interval 170◦< θabs <178◦. The θabs condition allows us to limit multiple scattering by rejecting tracks passing through the high-density part of the front absorber. The contamination of fake tracks coming from the association of uncorrelated clusters in the tracking chambers and beam-induced background tracks is further reduced by applying a selection on the distance of the track to the primary vertex measured in the transverse plane (DCA, distance of closest approach) weighted with its momentum (p). The maximum value is set to 6σp·DCA, where σp·DCA is the resolution on this quantity. Finally, only muons with pT> 2 GeV/care analysed since according to Monte Carlo simulations [18], the contribution of muons from the decay of secondary light hadrons produced inside the front absorber is expected to be small in this region. The statistics recorded by ALICE allows us to perform the measurement of the production of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays up to pT= 20 GeV/cby combining MSLand MSH-triggered events, which are used up to and above pT= 7 GeV/c, respectively. In the selected interval 2 < pT<20 GeV/c, the main remaining background contributions consist of muons from the decay of light (charged) hadrons (mostly pions and kaons) produced at the IP and muons from W and Z/γ∗decays, which dominate at low/intermediate pT(pT<6–7 GeV/c) and high pT(pT> 16–17 GeV/c), respectively. Moreover, two additional background contributions, muons from secondary light (charged) hadron decays and muons from J/ψdecays, are also taken into account in the analysis, although they are small compared to the two other background sources. 3.2 Analysis procedure The differential production cross section of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in a given pTand yinterval is computed as: d2σµ±←HF dpTdy=d2σµ± dpTdy−d2σµ±←π dpTdy−d2σµ±←K dpTdy−d2σµ±←sec.π/K dpTdy −d2σµ±←W/Z/γ∗ dpTdy−d2σµ±←J/ψ dpTdy,(3.1) where d2σµ±/dpTdyis the pTand y-differential production cross section of inclusive muons and, d2σµ±←π/dpTdy, d2σµ±←K/dpTdy, d2σµ±←sec.π/K/dpTdy, d2σµ±←W/Z/γ∗/dpTdyand d2σµ±←J/ψ/dpTdyare the estimated pTand y-differential production cross sections of muons from primary charged-pion decays, primary charged-kaon decays, secondary (charged) pion and kaon decays, W and Z/γ∗decays and J/ψdecays, respectively. The inclusive muon production cross section is determined according to: d2σµ± dpTdy=1 A×·d2Nµ± dpTdy·1 Lint ,(3.2) where A×is the product of acceptance and efficiency and d2Nµ±/dpTdyis the measured pTand y-differential muon yield. The integrated luminosity Lint is computed as – 4 – JHEP09(2019)008 )c (GeV/ T pgenerated 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 ∈A x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 = 5.02 TeVsALICE, pp, < 4y2.5 < trigger efficiency⊗MSL, tracking trigger efficiency⊗MSH, tracking Figure 1. Product of acceptance and efficiency as a function of generated pTestimated from a Monte Carlo simulation of muons from charm and beauty decays. NMSL(MSH)/σMSL(MSH), where NMSL(MSH) and σMSL(MSH) are the number of MSL (MSH)- triggered events and the corresponding MSL (MSH)-trigger cross section. The latter is expressed as σMSL(MSH) =σT0/FMSL(MSH), where σT0 and FMSL(MSH) are the visible cross section for T0 measured with the van der Meer scan [22] and the corresponding normalisation factor. The T0 cross section amounts to σT0 = 21.6±0.4 mb. The total systematic uncertainty of 2.1% includes contributions from the T0 trigger cross section measurement and the stability of T0 during the data taking. The normalisation factors FMSL = 34.30 ±0.05 and FMSH = 1370.9±2.2 are the run-averaged ratio of T0 trigger rates corrected for pile-up to those of muon triggers (MSL or MSH) corrected by the fraction of events satisfying the event selection criteria. The quoted uncertainty is statistical, the systematic uncertainty being negligible (see section 3.3). The measured pTand y-differential muon yields are corrected for the detector acceptance, tracking and trigger efficiencies (A×) using the same procedure as for previous analyses [17,18,23]. The A×corrections are evaluated from Monte Carlo simulations where muons from charm and beauty decays2are generated using the input pTand y distributions predicted by FONLL calculations [2]. These simulations are based on the GEANT3 transport code [24] for the detector description and response, and include the time evolution of the detector configuration as well as alignment effects. The resulting A× in MSL-triggered events is almost independent of pTand is about 90% for pT>4 GeV/c, while in MSH-triggered events the A×plateau is reached at higher pT, about 15 GeV/c (figure 1). The determination of the contribution of muons from charged pion and kaon decays, which dominates the background at low and intermediate pT, is based on a datatuned Monte Carlo cocktail. The procedure uses as inputs the pT-differential mid2It was verified that the A×correction is the same for all muons, disregarding their origin, within systematic uncertainties, in the considered kinematic region. – 5 – JHEP09(2019)008 rapidity yields of charged pions and kaons per inelastic pp collision at √s= 5.02 TeV, [d2Nπ±(K±)/dpTdy]mid−y, resulting from an interpolation of data measured in pp collisions at √s= 2.76 and 7 TeV, as described in [25–27]. These reference pTspectra, measured up to pT= 20 GeV/c, are extrapolated to higher pTusing a power-law fit to extend the pT coverage to the pTinterval relevant for the estimation of the contribution of decay muons up to pT= 20 GeV/c. Furthermore, the rapidity extrapolation of these distributions in a wider rapidity interval covering forward rapidities is performed according to: d2Nπ±(K±) dpTdy=Fextrap(pT, y)·d2Nπ±(K±) dpTdymid−y ,(3.3) where Fextrap(pT, y) is the pT-dependent rapidity extrapolation factor. The rapidity extrapolation is obtained from Monte Carlo simulations based on PYTHIA 6.4.25 [28] (Perugia2011 [29]) and PHOJET [30] event generators. Furthermore, PYTHIA 8 [31] simulations with various colour reconnection (CR) options (”default MPI (Multi-Parton Interactions)”, “new QCD” and “no CR”) are employed to account for the pTdependence of the rapidity extrapolation and to estimate the related systematic uncertainty. It was also checked that PYTHIA 8 [31] (Monash-2013 [32]) predictions give comparable results as PYTHIA 6 and PHOJET within uncertainties. Then, the pTand ydistributions of muons from the decay of charged pions and kaons are generated with a fast detector simulation of the decay kinematics and absorber effect, using as inputs the extrapolated primary charged pion and kaon spectra. The decay vertex of muons from charged pion and kaon decays is parameterised using either a single exponential for decays occurring before the front absorber (zv≥ −90 cm), or two exponentials for decays occurring inside the front absorber (−503 cm < zv<−90 cm), in which case the first exponential represents the decay probability whereas the second corresponds to the hadron absorption probability. The fraction of reconstructed muons produced after the front absorber is negligible. Finally, the yields are converted into a cross section and subtracted from the inclusive muon distribution. The relative contributions of muons from primary charged pion decays and muons from primary charged kaon decays to inclusive muons are comparable. In the acceptance of the muon spectrometer, 2.5< y < 4, the total contribution of muons from both charged pion and kaon decays decreases with increasing pTfrom about 39% at pT= 2 GeV/cdown to 4% at pT= 20 GeV/c. This background contamination depends also on y, in particular at low pTwhere it amounts to 47% and 26% in the rapidity intervals 2.5< y < 2.8 and 3.7< y < 4, respectively. The contribution of muons from secondary (charged) pion and kaon decays resulting from the interaction of light-charged hadrons with the material of the front absorber of the ALICE muon spectrometer is estimated by means of simulations using PYTHIA 6.425 [28] and the GEANT3 transport code [24]. This contribution affects the low pTregion from pT= 2 GeV/cup to about pT= 5 GeV/c, only. The relative contribution with respect to inclusive muons decreases strongly with pT, from about 4% at pT= 2 GeV/cto become smaller than 1% at pT= 5 GeV/c. It also varies with rapidity, by decreasing down to about 3% at pT= 2 GeV/cin the interval 3.7< y < 4. – 6 – JHEP09(2019)008 At high pT, the W-boson decay muons and the dimuons from Z-boson decays and γ∗decays (Drell-Yan process) are the main contributions to the background muon pT distribution. This background source is estimated with simulations using the POWHEG NLO event generator [33] paired with PYTHIA 6.425 [28] for parton shower simulation. These calculations use the CT10 PDFs [34]. The relative contribution of muons from W and Z/γ∗decays to the inclusive muon yield in 2.5< y < 4 is negligible for pT<12 GeV/c and increases significantly with pTfrom about 1% at pT= 12 GeV/cup to 12% in 18 < pT<20 GeV/c. It also depends on rapidity and varies as a function of rapidity in the range 3% −6% in the interval 14 < pT<20 GeV/c. The background component of muons from J/ψdecays is estimated by means of a data-driven method similar to that implemented for the evaluation of muons from primary charged pion and kaon decays. The procedure uses the inclusive J/ψ pTand y-differential cross sections measured by ALICE in the dimuon channel in the forward rapidity region (2.5< y < 4) at √s= 5.02 TeV [35]. The J/ψ pTdistribution being limited to the interval pT<8 GeV/c, it is fitted with the following function f(pT) = C·pT 1+(pT p0)2n,(3.4) where C,p0and nare free parameters, and further extrapolated to higher pTvalues. The ydistribution is also extended in a wider range by means of a second-order polynomial function in order to avoid edge effects. Finally, the contribution of muons from J/ψdecays is estimated with a simulation of the decay kinematics, using as inputs the extrapolated pT and yproduction cross sections. As expected, this contamination is small compared to the other sources. The relative contribution with respect to the inclusive muon yield in the full acceptance of the muon spectrometer is maximum at intermediate pT(pT∼4–6 GeV/c) where it amounts to about 4% and decreases with increasing pTto become negligible for pT>15 GeV/c(smaller than 1%). This background source exhibits a weak dependence on rapidity, with the maximum contribution at pT∼4–6 GeV/cvarying within 4% −6%. Figure 2summarises the estimated relative contribution of the various sources of background with respect to inclusive muons as a function of pTfor the rapidity interval 2.5< y < 4, as well as the total background contamination. The vertical bars are the statistical uncertainties and the boxes are the systematic uncertainties on muon background sources that are discussed hereafter. 3.3 Systematic uncertainties Several sources of systematic uncertainty affecting the measurement of the pTand ydifferential production cross section of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays are evaluated. These are the systematic uncertainties on the inclusive muon yield, the estimated background sources and the determination of the integrated luminosity. The systematic uncertainty on the inclusive muon yield contains the following contributions. The systematic uncertainty on the muon tracking efficiency amounts to 0.5% and is estimated by measuring the efficiency in data and Monte Carlo with a procedure that exploits the redundancy of the tracking chamber information [20,36]. The systematic – 7 – JHEP09(2019)008 )c (GeV/ T p 2 4 6 8 10 12 7 TeV / 5.02 TeV T p/d c,b← ± µ σd 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 = 7 TeV and 5.02 TeVsALICE, pp, < 4y2.5 < 2.1%(5.02 TeV),3.5%(7 TeV) normalization uncertainty not included data FONLL Syst. uncertainty Figure 6. Ratio of the pT-differential production cross section of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity in pp collisions at √s= 7 TeV to that at √s= 5.02 TeV. Statistical uncertainties (bars) and systematic uncertainties (boxes) are shown. The normalisation uncertainty contains the uncertainties on the luminosity at the two centre-of-mass energies. The ratio is compared with FONLL predictions [2]. See the text for details. A reduction of the systematic uncertainty on the FONLL predictions is also expected from the ratio of open heavy-flavour cross sections between different rapidity intervals, which could provide constraints on the gluon PDF at small Bjorken-xvalues. This ratio, computed for heavy-flavour hadron decay muons between the two extreme rapidity intervals, i.e. 2.5< y < 2.8 and 3.7< y < 4, is presented in figure 7. When forming the ratio, the systematic uncertainty on integrated luminosity is correlated, while the systematic uncertainty on tracking chamber resolution and alignment is partially correlated. The other sources of systematic uncertainties are treated as uncorrelated. The ratio decreases significantly with increasing pTfrom about 0.5 down to 0.15. The measured ratio is compared with FONLL predictions, which describe the data within their uncertainties. 5 Conclusions In summary, the production of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays has been measured in the forward rapidity region as a function of pTand yin pp collisions at √s= 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN LHC. As compared to previously published measurements, the present results have an extended pTcoverage, 2 < pT<20 GeV/c, and a better precision with the total uncertainties reduced by a factor of about 2–4, depending on pT. The results provide the crucial reference for the study of the effects of the hot and dense matter on the production of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in Pb-Pb collisions at the same centre-of-mass energy. The measurements of the differential production cross sections are found to be in agreement with FONLL predictions over the full pTrange, even though the central values of FONLL appear to underestimate the heavy-flavour hadron – 14 – JHEP09(2019)008 )c (GeV/ T p 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 3.7<y<4.0 / 2.5<y<2.8 T p/d c,b← ± µ σd 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 = 5.02 TeVsALICE, pp, data FONLL Syst. uncertainty Figure 7. Ratio of the pT-differential production cross section of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays in 3.7< y < 4 to that in 2.5< y < 2.8 in pp collisions at √s= 5.02 TeV. Statistical uncertainties (bars) and systematic uncertainties (boxes) are shown. The ratio is compared with FONLL predictions [2]. See the text for details. decay muon production. The pT-differential ratios of the production cross section between √s= 7 TeV and √s= 5.02 TeV and between two rapidity intervals within 2.5< y < 4 are well described by FONLL calculations. Acknowledgments The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [M 2467N36] and Nationalstiftung f¨ur Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient´ıfico e Tecnol´ogico (CNPq), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep) and Funda¸c˜ao de Amparo `a Pesquisa do Estado de S˜ao Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil; Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and Ministry of Education of China (MOEC), China; Croatian Science Foundation and Ministry of Science and Education, Croatia; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnol´ogicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenerg´ıa, Cuba; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for In- – 15 – JHEP09(2019)008 dependent Research — Natural Sciences, the Carlsberg Foundation and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat `a l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut National de Physique Nucl´eaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and R´egion des Pays de la Loire, France; Bundesministerium f¨ur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨ur Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Science, Indonesia; Centro Fermi — Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology , Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI and Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnolog´ıa, through Fondo de Cooperaci´on Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnolog´ıa (FONCICYT) and Direcci´on General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica del Per´u, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education and National Science Centre, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Ministry of Research and Innovation and Institute of Atomic Physics, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russian Science Foundation and Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA), Suranaree University of Technology (SUT) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and United States Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America. 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P losko´n79, M. Planinic97, F. Pliquett69, J. Pluta142, S. Pochybova145, M.G. Poghosyan94, B. Polichtchouk90, N. Poljak97, W. Poonsawat115, A. Pop47, H. Poppenborg144, S. Porteboeuf-Houssais134, V. Pozdniakov75, S.K. Prasad3, R. Preghenella53, F. Prino58, C.A. Pruneau143, I. Pshenichnov62, M. Puccio26,34, V. Punin107, K. Puranapanda141, J. Putschke143, R.E. Quishpe126, S. Ragoni109, S. Raha3, S. Rajput99, J. Rak127, A. Rakotozafindrabe137, L. Ramello32, F. Rami136, R. Raniwala100, S. Raniwala100, S.S. R¨as¨anen43, B.T. Rascanu69, R. Rath49, V. Ratza42, I. Ravasenga31, K.F. Read130,94, K. Redlich84,v, A. Rehman22, P. Reichelt69, F. Reidt34, X. Ren6, R. Renfordt69, A. Reshetin62, J.-P. Revol10, K. Reygers102, V. Riabov96, T. Richert80,88, M. Richter21, P. Riedler34, W. Riegler34, F. Riggi28, C. Ristea68, S.P. Rode49, M. Rodr´ıguez Cahuantzi44, K. Røed21, R. Rogalev90, E. Rogochaya75, D. Rohr34, D. R¨ohrich22, P.S. Rokita142, F. Ronchetti51, E.D. Rosas70, K. Roslon142, P. Rosnet134, A. 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Zurlo140 iDeceased ii Dipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy iii M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear, Physics, Moscow, Russia iv Department of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India vInstitute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Poland 1A.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, Armenia 2Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine 3Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, India 4Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia 5California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, U.S.A. 6Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China 7Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France 8Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnol´ogicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, Cuba – 23 –