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P e en i e Conse a ion: a Key Me hod o Ensu e Cul u al He i age’s Au hen ici y and
In eg i y in P ese a ion P ocess
Wi ilande , Heidi
Wi ilande , H. (2012). P e en i e Conse a ion: a Key Me hod o Ensu e Cul u al
He i age’s Au hen ici y and In eg i y in P ese a ion P ocess. e-conse a ion
magazine, 6(24). h p://www.e-conse a ionline.com/con en / iew/1081
2012
PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION
A Key Me hod
o Ensu e Cul u al He i age
Au hen ici y and In eg i y in he
P ese a ion P ocess
By
Heidi Wi ilande
In oduc ion
Cul u al he i age ep esen s socie y’s collec i e
memo y and i s sel ‐image [1]. Socie y’s he i age
also possesses a uni e sal pe spec i e. This is a
ma e ha conce ns all mankind because all he
na ions’ cul u al he i age can be seen as pa o
he wo ld's cul u al he i age [2]. P ese a ion o
cul u al he i age has been seen as a mo al espon‐
sibili y in socie ies because i main ains and
s eng hens a na ion’s iden i y and unde s and‐
ing o i s pas . In gene al, p ese a ion and con‐
se a ion o cul u al he i age aims o sa egua d
he exis ence o cul u al he i age o all mankind
[3]. The p ese ed cul u al he i age om di e en
cen u ies indica es ha socie ies ha e alued
aspec s o bo h hei pas and con empo a y
cul u es: all he cul u al phenomena a e i s con‐
empo a y cul u e and i hey a e alued and p ese
‐
ed hey may become pas cul u e ep esen a i es.
Socie ies ha e also ac i ely ensu ed he ansmis‐
sion o i s alued cul u al ea u es o he
u u e
gene a ions: ins i u ions such as museums, lib a‐
ies and a chi es we e es ablished o p ese e
hei he i age [4]. Cul u al he i age is used in
socie ies o cons uc and econs uc iden i ies
and mul iple cul u al and social alues [5].
The concep o cul u al he i age is always a esul
o de ini ion and e alua ion based p ocesses [6].
In e na ional cul u al he i age con en ions and
legisla ion (Table I) play a signi ican ole in
es ablishing he amewo ks h ough which social
cul u al elemen s and ea u es a e e alua ed a
na ional le el. This c i e ion is used by o ganized
socie ies cul u al he i age p o essionals and
ins i u ions in de e mining he alued elemen s
in he na ion cul u e and pas [7]. In e na ional
con en ions and legisla ion ha e a signi ican
pa in he cul u al he i age p ocess [8]. Table I
p esen s in e na ional con en ions ha ha e
in luenced he no ms h ough which he concep
o cul u al he i age is e alua ed.
The e a e wo main c i e ia in he e alua ion
p ocess, au hen ici y and in eg i y o cul u al
he i age, which a ise om UNESCO’s Wo ld He i‐
age Con en ion (WHC) ha s a ed he Lis o
Wo ld He i age Si es [1]. In eg i y comes om he
ope a ional guidelines o WHC om 1977. In e‐
g i y is used in measu ing he wholeness and in‐
ac ness o na u al o cul u al he i age si es [9]
and i has been de ined as he objec ’s con inuing
signi icance o e ime [10]. The concep o au hen‐
ici y is a c ea ion o cul u al iden i y ha con‐
sis s o comp ehensi e cul u es and communi ies
This a icle s udies he ole o p e en i e conse a ion in cul u al he i age p ese a ion. I shows h ough
cul u al he i age heo y and conse a ion p o essions de elopmen p ocess how impo an pa p e en i e
conse a ion has had and s ill has in cul u al he i age p ese a ion and damage p e en ion. P e en i e
conse a ion is a mul idisciplina y o ien a ion ha uses indi ec measu es and ac ions o a oid o o
minimize u u e de e io a ion o loss o cul u al he i age. Conse a ion p o essionals should ecognize i s
impo ance as he mos e ec i e me hod in p omo ing he long‐ e m p ese a ion o cul u al he i age.
The e o e, p e en i e conse a ion should be he basic heo e ical pe spec i e in all cul u al he i age
p ese a ion. I can and ough o be used in he en i e ield o cul u al he i age and main enance wo k
because i conside s all he ci cums ances ha may cause de e io a ion o cul u al he i age. Addi ionally,
i is he key me hod o ensu ing ha cul u al he i age is p ese ed as au hen ically as possible h ough
cul u al he i age managemen and ca e.
PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION
165
e‐conse a ion
in socie ies [1]. Au hen ici y is o en de ined as
being genuinely and exac ly wha is claimed o be
[11].
The Wo ld He i age Con en ion gi es pa a‐
me e s h ough which he au hen ici y o cul u al
he i age can be e alua ed using he " es o
au hen ici y”. This es is used in WHC o jus i y
nomina ions o he Wo ld He i age Lis . The e was
a need
o s udy he meaning and applicabili y o
au hen
ici y dimensions
in WHC con ex and,
he e o e,
UNESCO’s Wo ld He i age Commi ee’s
eigh een h
session published The Na a Documen
on Au hen ici y in Rela ion o he Wo ld He i age
Con en ion in 1994, which was d a ed a he
con e ence wi h he same name in Japan in
No embe 1993. The pu pose o he Na a docu‐
men was o cla i y he dimensions o au hen i‐
ci y in di e en cul u es in WHC ela ion [12].
The es o au hen ici y c ea es a pic u e o
genuine cul u al he i age in he Wo ld He i age
Con en ion. In his es , he i s c i e ion is ha
he wo k o human c ea i i y is genuine and i
s ands on i s own me i s. The second c i e ion is
ha he au hen ic wo k e e s o es imony o
is
a ep esen a i e sample o ue cul u al adi ion.
The hi d c i e ion is ha he au hen ici y e e s
166 e‐conse a ion
HEIDI WIRILANDER
o he in e change o alues o ideas and ha he
in e change o alues has o iginally aken place
in he cul u al he i age si e in ques ion [12].
Acco ding o he Na a Documen , au hen ici y is
de ined as an essen ial elemen in de ining,
assessing and moni o ing cul u al he i age. The
documen asse s ha an objec ’s au hen ici y o i‐
gina es om a speci ic cul u al con ex ha should
be e alua ed o con i m i s exis ence [13].
The Na a Documen on Au hen ici y also decla es
ha he di e si y o cul u es and he i age a e
i eplaceable sou ces o in ellec ual ichness o
humankind and, he e o e, should be p o ec ed.
The documen s a es ha di e si y in cul u al
he i age exis s in mode n socie ies and i s
su i al demands espec o o he cul u es and
all aspec s o hei belie sys ems. Au hen ici y
is linked o a la ge a ie y o in o ma ion sou ces
on cul u al he i age. Rele an in o ma ion on
au hen ici y enables e alua ion o he o m,
design, ma e ials, use, unc ion, adi ions,
echniques, loca ion, se ing, spi i , eeling, as
well as in e nal and ex e nal ac o s o cul u al
he i age. These ac o s de ine he o iginali y
le el o cul u al he i age [13].
Table I. Cul u al he i age con en ions ha ha e in luenced he no ms ough which cul u al he i age is e alua ed.
Con en ion Ins i u ion Yea
Eu opean Cul u al Con en ion Eu opean Council 1954
Hague Con en ion o he P o ec ion o Cul u al P ope y
in he E en o A med Con lic UNESCO 1954
Cha e o Venice ICOMOS 1964
Wo ld He i age Con en ion UNESCO 1972
Na a Documen on Au hen ici y
in Rela ion o he Wo ld He i age Con en ion UNESCO 1994
Second P o ocol o he Hague Con en ion o he
P o ec ion o Cul u al P ope y in he E en o A med Con lic UNESCO 1999
Con en ion on he P o ec ion and P omo ion
o he Di e si y o Cul u al Exp essions UNESCO 2005
F amewo k Con en ion on he Value
o Cul u al He i age o Socie y Eu opean Council 2005
and a chaeological si es. Cul u al he i age could
exis in coun yside landscapes and in u ban and
indus ial si es [8]. New museology endencies
ha e de ined cul u al he i age as a ep esen a‐
ion o con empo a y socie y alues. I p oduces
in o ma ion ha c ea es a ision o cul u al ele‐
men s chosen o be pa o cul u al he i age and
o he s ha ha e been le ou [14]. Acco ding
o Tomisla Šola, cul u al he i age is always an
exp ession o socie y adi ion and alues. Šola’s
gene al heo y on he i ology a o ds he unde ‐
s anding on he backg ound and meaning o cul‐
u al he i age and he objec i es o he i age
p o essionals. This esul s in ha he concep o
cul u al he i age is in luenced by memo y ins i‐
u ions, hei isions and missions, as well as
hei posi ion in socie y [15].
UNESCO eleased he Uni e sal Decla a ion on
Cul u al Di e si y in 2001. This documen ecog‐
nized he mul i o m na u e o cul u e in ime and
space. Acco ding o i , e sa ile na u e o cul u e
can be eached h ough unique and plu al g oups
iden i ies, which make up human socie ies. Cul u‐
al di e si y was decla ed o be as impo an
o
humankind as biodi e si y because i is a sou ce
o cul u al exchange, inno a ion and c ea i i y
[8]. The e o e, cul u al he i age p ocess should
be as open and democ a ic as possible, engaging
di e en g oups and en i e socie ies in he cul‐
u al he i age de ini ion p ocess.
The T adi ion o P ese a ion
Conse a ion means o keep and o p ese e [16].
Conse a iono cul u alhe i agehas, inalli s o ms
and his o y, pu sued he p ese a ion o alues
ha a e a ached o he ea u es o he i age [13].
The aim o p e en i e conse a ion a mini
mizing
de e io a ion and loss o cul u al he i age has a
long his o y and adi ion in socie ies. This is
E en hough in e na ional con en ions and legal
ins umen s c ea e he ame h ough which cul u‐
al he i age is de ined and e alua ed globally, he
applica ions ha selec he cul u al elemen s o
socie ies o he cul u al he i age p ocess a e
managed a na ional le el. The cul u al
he i age
p ocess a he na ional le el ep esen s he na‐
ion’s ision o i s signi ican his o y and
cul u al
elemen s. This p ocess o de ini ion esul s
in ha
cul u al he i age has a signi ican
ole in he
cons uc ion o na ional iden i ies and
commonly
app ecia ed cul u al cus oms [7].
Cul u al he i age has some imes been seen as a
way socie y has o p ese e i s cul u al alues.
The abili y o an indi idual people o unde s and
hese alues depends on he amoun and he
quali y o in o ma ion ha is p oduced in he
cul u al he i age p ocess [13]. Addi ionally, he
concep o au hen ici y has some imes become an
indica o o shi ing as es ha change h ough
gene a ions and imes [1]. The c edibili y and
u h ulness o he alues connec ed o cul u al
he i age can be e ealed by e alua ing socie y’s
his o y [13].
The concep o au hen ici y can also gi e ise o
phenomena ha in luence nega i ely he p ocess
o cul u al he i age. Cul u al iden i ies a e some
‐
imes p esen ed h ough agg essi e na ionalism,
which s i es o elimina e mino i y cul u es in
socie ies [13]. When ue au hen ici y is a isk,
he c edibili y o cul u al he i age is los [11].
The e o e, he meaning o au hen ici y in he
p ese
a ion o cul u al he i age is o illumina e
he collec i e and di e se na u e o he memo y
and his o y o socie y [13].
The concep o cul u al he i age began o b oaden
a e he Wo ld He i age Con en ion (1972).
Cul u al he i age began o include bo h human
and na u al en i onmen as well as a chi ec u al
PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION
167
e‐conse a ion

e iden in he long s anding p ac ice o cul u al
he i age p o ec ion such as buildings, sculp u es,
aes he ic objec s and wo k o a om i e, loods,
ainwa e , ea hquakes, insec s, mould and high
humidi y [17]. The adi ion o p ese a ion is
mucholde han he mode nconse a ionhis o y.
The De A chi ec u a (On A chi ec u e, published as
Ten Books on A chi ec u e) by Ma cus Vi u ius
Pollio, w i en a ound 15 BC, eco ded he expe ‐
ise abou oman ma e ials, echniques and con‐
s uc ion p ocesses. The wo k o Vi u ius was
ollowed in he 15 h cen u y I alian Renaissance
by Leon Ba is a Albe i in his De Re Aedi ica o ia
(1452, On he A o Building) [18]. Simon Lambe
in oduces he idea ha he e a e w i en
docu‐
men s om a ound he se en een h cen u y ha
discuss he idea o p o ec ing cul u al he i age
om damage and u he des uc ion [17]. One
o hese ins ances was he conse a ion
p ojec s
o he escoes by Raphael in Rome in 1659 and
1702, which we e documen ed ho oughly.
P e
‐
en ion me hods we e used in hese in e en ion
p ojec s o a oid damages o he escos
du ing
he conse a ion wo ks [17]. Acco ding o Lambe ,
conse a ion p o essionals in he la e 18 h and
ea ly 19 h cen u ies also unde s ood he possibi‐
li y ha ce ain ea men s hemsel es could
cause ha m o cul u al he i age. As an example
o his, Lambe [17] b ings up Pie o Edwa ds’
w i ings om 1777 [19] and 1798 [20]. Pie o
Edwa ds was he di ec o o Res o a ion o The
Public Pic u es o Venice and Rial o and managed
he pain ing es o e s and inspec o s. Edwa ds was
agains highly in asi e in e en ions and ensu ed
ha he p e en i e ca e me hods we e applied o
en i e collec ions du ing es o a ion wo ks [17].
Simon Lambe s a es ha one o he ea lies
w i en documen s on p e en i e conse a ion
applica ions we e in oduced in Caspe F. Neickel’s
Museog aphia, a guide o museums, galle ies and
lib a ies in Eu ope published in 1727. In his guide
,
Neickel p o ides ins uc ions on how o a oid
mois u e p oblems, how insec pes s should con‐
s an ly be moni o ed o , and how damages o h
e
exhibi s can be a oided h ough ca e ul planning.
Addi ionally, Neickel lis ed 25 ules1 o collec‐
ion ca e ha esemble mode n me hods [17].
P o ec ion o cul u al he i age has o en mean
planned ac i i ies ha included egula moni o‐
ing and main enance o objec s. In 16 h cen u y
England, ca e o cul u al he i age was in oduced
h ough he idea o “housekeeping”. Housekeep‐
ing guidelines we e gi en o main enance and
managemen pe sonnel and included p ac ical
ad ice and ecommenda ions abou dus , humid
‐
i y,
hea , ligh , insec con ol and e en damage
ha could be caused by ab asion [17].
Mode n Conse a ion
Acco ding o Jukka Jokileh o, he heo e ical
ounda ions o mode n conse a ion ga e John
Ruskin and he an i‐ es o a ion mo emen in mid
and la e 19 h cen u y. The an i‐ es o a ion
mo emen c i icized es o a ion a chi ec s o
des oying he au hen ici y o his o ic buildings
and ough o he p o ec ion, conse a ion and
main enance o he au hen ic alues in buildings
.
Al hough Ruskin did no w i e a heo y o con‐
se a ion p ac ise, he iden i ied he alues and
signi icance o his o ic au hen ici y in buildings
and objec s. Ruskin’s guiding p inciples in iden‐
i ica ion we e: sac i ice, u h, powe , beau y,
li e, memo y and obedience [21].
168 e‐conse a ion
1
Neickel’sguideincluded o exampleguidanceinobjec
handling and he p e en ion.
2The In e na ional Museum O ice was a body o he Leagues
o Na ions ha exis ed be o e UN [4, p. 2].
HEIDI WIRILANDER
P og ess in scien i ic esea ch in he beginning
o he 20 h cen u y also p o ided new means ha
could be applied o cul u al he i age p ese a ion
[17]. I may be conside ed ha mode n conse ‐
a ion s a ed in 1930, when he In e na ional
Museum O ice2o ganized he i s In e na ional
Con e ence o he S udy o Scien i ic Me hods
o he Examina ion and Conse a ion o Wo ks
o A . Once he Uni ed Na ions (UN) and he
Uni ed Na ions Educa ional, Scien i ic and Cul‐
u al O ganiza ion (UNESCO) we e es ablished,
he In e na ional Museum O ice was in eg a ed
wi h he In e na ional Counsel o Museums (ICOM)
in 1946. The In e na ional Council on Monumen s
and Si es (ICOMOS) was ounded by UNESCO in
1965 [22]. The i s in e na ional measu e o
conse a ion p ac ice was gi en in 1931 in he
A hens Cha e . This cha e la e inspi ed he
second measu e se ing documen , he Venice
cha e in 1961 [23].
The conse a ion p o ession began o de elop in
Eu ope and in he Uni ed S a es du ing he 1950’s
and 1960’s [24]. The incen i e behind his de e‐
lopmen was he ising conce n o e lack o con‐
ol o e ea men s ca ied ou by poo ly ained
conse a ion echnicians and a isans [24]. The
his o y o o ganized conse a ion aining begun
in 1956 when UNESCO es ablished he Rome Cen e
which s a ed wo king h ee yea s a e he ini ial
p oposal in 1959. The Rome Cen e has been
known as ICCROM since 1977 [25]. Since he ea ly
1980’s many coun ies ha e es ablished hei
conse a ion aining a highe educa ion ins i‐
u ions, mos ly a uni e si ies [22].
The In e na ional Ins i u e o Conse a ion o
His o ic and A is ic Wo ks’ (IIC) Ame ican G oup
p esen ed i s i s se o guidelines and s anda ds
in he ield o conse a ion in 1963 in a documen
known as he Mu ay Pease Repo . A code o
p o essional e hics was la e added o his
documen and i was published as The Code o
E hics and P ac ice in 1979 [24].
S anda ds in conse a ion a e based on pas expe‐
iences and cu en knowledge. The objec i e
was o imp o e he p ese a ion o cul u al he i‐
age and main ain i s usabili y [24]. Acco ding
o Rebeca Alcán a a, he use o s anda ds was
in oduced in he ield o conse a ion ough
ecommenda ions o p ese a ion o collec ions
in he la e 1940’s. These s anda ds ga e ecom‐
menda ions o sui able le els o ela i e humidi y,
empe a u e and ligh . Du ing he 1960’s, hese
ea ly ecommenda ions began o use by he wo d
s and in ela ion o p e en i e conse a ion
measu es. The ea lies s anda ds conce ning
p e en i e conse a ion we e Robe Fulle ’s
S anda ds o Exposu e o Ligh (1963) and Na han
S olow’s S anda ds o he Ca e o Wo ks o A in
T ansi (1981) [24].
In he 1970’s, he heo e ical concep s o conse ‐
a ion s a ed o e ol e in o app ecia ion o
minimal in e en ion in he ca e o cul u al he i‐
age objec s, which in luenced he as de elop‐
men o p e en i e conse a ion heo y. This
de elopmen and he e‐e alua ion o he e e ‐
sibili y ques ion esul ed in minimalis endencies
becoming dominan in conse a ion [25]. This
p og ess made p e en i e conse a ion me hods
mo e p ecise and ex ensi e [26].
Theo y o P e en i e Conse a ion
and Risk Managemen
The in en ion o conse a ion is o sa egua d he
au hen ici y and he in eg i y o cul u al he i age
[27]. I usesallmeasu esandac ions oensu e he
accessibili yo cul u al he i age in hep esen and
u u e imes. Conse a ion p e en s o e a ds he
de e io a ion o cul u al he i age by con olling
PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION
169
e‐conse a ion
he en i onmen and i em’s s uc u e o main ain
he i ems as unchanged as possible [28]. Acco d‐
ing o he la es de ini ions, conse a ion includes
p e en i e conse a ion, emedial conse a ion
and es o a ion. All measu es and ac ions in
conse a ion espec he signi icance and he
physical p ope ies o cul u al he i age i em [29].
P e en i e conse a ion ac ions a e aken in he
con ex o su oundings o cul u al he i age ob‐
jec o g oup o objec s. The measu es and ac ions
a e indi ec and should no in e e e wi h he
objec s s uc u e and ma e ials. P e en i e con‐
se a ion me hods do no modi y he appea ance
o objec . Remedial conse a ion ac ions a e all
hose di ec ly ca ied ou on an i em o g oup o
i ems. Acco ding o ICOM‐CC, emedial ac ions
should be ca ied ou when he objec s a e so
agile and de e io a ed so se e ely ha hey
could be los in a ela i ely sho ime pe iod i
le wi hou ea men [29]. Remedial conse ‐
a ion ac ions may also some imes modi y he
appea ance o he objec s. Res o a ion ac ions
a e applied o a single i em when i has los pa
o i s signi icance o unc ion because o pas
change o de e io a ion, al hough i should be
always based on espec o he o iginal ma e ials
.
Res o a ion ac ions o en modi y objec ’s appea
‐
ance [29].
The ac ions and measu es o conse a ion ha e
been o ganized acco ding o ou c i e ia. Fi s
o all hey a ge u u e, cu en and pas de e i‐
o a ion. Secondly, hey in luence he ma e ials
and s uc u es o he cul u al he i age i ems bo h
di ec ly and indi ec ly. Thi dly, hey can be applied
o only one objec o g oups o objec s. The ou h
c i e ion e alua es conse a ion ac ions by
e alua ing whe he hese ac ions can be seen o
no on he cul u al he i age i em [30]. P e en ‐
i e conse a ion is mo e han a echnical se o
me hods o moni o ing and adjus ing clima e,
ligh and handling condi ions o non‐des uc i e
le els, i seeks answe s o ques ions o how and
why cul u al he i age is p ese ed [17]. P e en‐
i e conse a ion ac i i ies also include lea ning
om p io adi ions and expe iences in collec‐
ion ca e [18].
Scien i ic esea ch on he ac o s ha cause de‐
e io a ion in cul u al he i age ha e made possi‐
ble o apply mo e speci ic me hods o p e en i e
ca e in collec ion managemen [31]. Planning
based p e en i e conse a ion applica ions a e
also a cos ‐e ec i e way o educe de e io a ion
and o main ain in eg i y and au hen ici y o
cul u al he i age [32]. The heo y o p e en i e
conse a ion is s ongly in luenced by he
concep o non‐in e en i e app oaches [25].
This heo y also p o ides ools o he de elop‐
men o damage p e en ion in ca as ophic si u‐
a ions and daily main enance o cul u al
he i age si es.
Ba clay Jones de ined wo de e io a ion mecha‐
nisms ha h ea en cul u al he i age: he
ac o s ha slowly de e io a e cul u al he i age
ma e ially, and he inciden s ha apidly and
ca as ophically des oy cul u al he i age in a
e y sho ime pe iod [33]. Slow de e io a ion
o objec s o e a long ime pe iod is gene ally
caused, o example, by en i onmen al, s o age
ma e ial o place o s o age issues. Rapid and
ca as ophic damage in cul u al he i age a e
caused by, o example, wa e damages such as
loods, i es, sabo age, na u al disas e s, e o
a acks o ac s o wa [34].
The e a e wo impo an aspec s o p e en i e
conse a ion, he echnical and he o ganisa ional
aspec s. The echnical aspec deals wi h moni o‐
ing and con olling he collec ions. The o gani‐
sa ional aspec in ol es people who a e wo king
wi h cul u al he i age o who a e in con ac wi h
170 e‐conse a ion
HEIDI WIRILANDER
i [35]. A he ins i u ional le el he p e en i e
ca e begins wi h he collec ion policies and he
means o collec ion managemen [31]. To wo k
e ec i ely, p e en i e conse a ion me hods
equi e mul idisciplina ily app oach and awa e‐
ness in e e yday ac ions. The o ganiza ional
le el in p e en i e conse a ion should be iewed
mo e b oadly especially in he cases o cul u al
he i age si es and landscapes. In hese cases, he
p e en i e conse a ion p ocess should in ol e
all people and en i e communi ies ha li e nea by
he cul u al he i age si e [32].
Simon Knell has p esen ed he idea ha he e a e
ou scien i ic esea ch le els when p e en i e
conse a ion me hods a e de eloped o p o ec
cul u al he i age [36]: a he i s s age, pa a‐
me e s o he ac o s h ea ening he cul u al
he i age a e lis ed and e alua ed; a he second
le el he
signi icance o he lis ed sa e y h ea s
a e e alu
a ed; he hi d s ep in he de elopmen
p ocess
is o ind me hods o es ima e he e ec s
o hese
h ea s on cul u al he i age; and he
ou h le el in he de elopmen p ocess is o apply
me hods o emo e he collec ion sa e y h ea s.
The main isk ac o s o collec ions a e ound in
indoo s o age en i onmen s. These ac o s a e
clima e, gases, pollu ion and mic obiological
ac o s. Signi ican isks in indoo clima e ela e
o inapp op ia e humidi y, empe a u e and ligh ,
and i is
a ec ed by wall hickness, ai leakage,
en ila ion sys em, hea ing, sola adia ion and
he numbe o isi o s. The amoun o
ou doo
pollens in indoo en i onmen depends on he
building’s en ila ion sys em. Mic obiological
a acks in indoo en i onmen a e ela ed o he
empe a u e and ela i e humidi y o he ai [35].
Risk assessmen and isk‐based models ha e
been inc easingly applied o p e en i e conse ‐
a ion ield since he 1990’s [37]. Jona han
Ashley‐Smi h’s Risk Assessmen o Objec Conse
‐
a ion ha was published in 1999 is a undmen al
publica ion in he ield o isk assessmen .
Acco ding o Robe Walle , isk analysis, ma e ial
esea ch on cul u al he i age i ems and mo e
p ecise de ini ion o de e io a i e pa ame e s
e ec s on cul u al he i age ha e enabled he use
o isk managemen applica ions in p e en i e
conse a ion me hods [37]. This has made he
e alua ion o po en ial damages and h ea s o
collec ions e y e ec i e. E alua ion does no
concen a e on exis ing damage when se ing
o e all p io i ies o he p ese a ion [36]. Risk
assessmen is always based on su eys e alua ing
he collec ion condi ion. O he wise, he chosen
ea men s o manage he collec ion a e no a ‐
ge ed speci ically o wha is a ec ing i a he
momen and wha migh a ec i in he u u e [38].
Minimal in e en ion can be examined indi idu‐
ally o each i em in he collec ion as well as o
one en i e collec ion inside a la ge and di e se
collec ions complex. This conse a ion app oach
can some imes be conside ed p oblema ic i an
i em is impo an om bo h cul u al his o y and
aes he ic s andpoin . Minimal in e en ion
ea men s can some imes ocus on sho ‐ e m
esul s on indi idual objec ’s de e io a ion.
Long‐ e m e ec s on he objec ’s aes he ic appe‐
a ance migh ail in his p ese a ion p ocess.
Minimal in e en ion app oach has also been
seen
as p oblema ic om he collec ion’s accessi
bili y
pe spec i e.Fo example, hishassome imesmean
ha objec s a e conside ed un i o be loaned o
displayed because o hei poo condi ion [25].
Acco ding o Joel Taylo , in eg a ion o he co
l‐
lec ion condi ion s udy and isk assessmen has
made possible o es ablish a p obable cause o
damage in addi ion o he ype o damage. Robe
Walle in oduced he idea ha he o ma o isk
assessmen can be based on he ollowing
PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION
171
e‐conse a ion