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Associa ions o age, body size, and ma u a ion wi h physical ac i i y in ensi y in
di e en labo a o y asks in child en
© 2021 In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup
Accep ed e sion (Final d a )
Haapala, Ee o A.; Gao, Ying; Ran alainen, Timo; Finni, Taija
Haapala, E. A., Gao, Y., Ran alainen, T., & Finni, T. (2021). Associa ions o age, body size, and
ma u a ion wi h physical ac i i y in ensi y in di e en labo a o y asks in child en. Jou nal o
Spo s Sciences, 39(12), 1428-1435. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/02640414.2021.1876328
2021
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Associa ions o age, body size, and ma u a ion wi h physical ac i i y in ensi y in
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di e en labo a o y asks in child en
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Ee o A. Haapala1,2, Ying Gao1,3, Timo Ran alainen1, Taija Finni1
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1Facul y o Spo and Heal h Sciences, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Jy äskylä, Finland; 2Ins i u e
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o Biomedicine, School o Medicine, Uni e si y o Eas e n Finland, Kuopio, Finland;
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3Depa men o Spo s Science, College o Educa ion, Zhejiang Uni e si y, Hangzhou, China.
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ORCID / wi e :
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EAH: 0000-0001-5096-851X / @Ee oHaapala
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YG: 0000-0003-1440-0681 / NA
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TR: 0000-0001-6977-4782 / @ j an al
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TF: 0000-0002-7697-2813 / @TaijaFinni
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Co esponding au ho : Ee o Haapala, PhD, Spo s & Exe cise Medicine, Facul y o Spo and
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Heal h Sciences, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Uni e si y o Jy äskylä,
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Jy äskylä, Finland. Tel: +358 40 805 4210, Fax: +35817 162 131, Email:
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ee o.a.h[email p o ec ed], O cID: 0000-0001-5096-851X
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ABSTRACT
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We in es iga ed he associa ions o age, sex, body size, body composi ion, and ma u i y wi h
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measu es o physical ac i i y (PA) in ensi y in child en. PA in ensi y was assessed using V
O2
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as % o V
O2 ese e o V
O2 a en ila o y h eshold (VT), muscle ac i i y measu ed by ex ile
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elec omyog aphy, mean ampli ude de ia ion (MAD) measu ed by accele ome y, and
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me abolic equi alen o ask (MET) du ing labo a o y ac i i ies. Age, s a u e, and skele al
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muscle mass we e in e sely associa ed wi h V
O2 as % o V
O2 ese e and V
O2 as % o V
O2 a
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VT, du ing walking o unning on a eadmill o 4, 6, and 8 km/h (Spea man =-0.645 o -
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0.358, p<0.05). Age was in e sely associa ed wi h MAD du ing walking on eadmill o 4
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km/h ( =-0.541, p<0.05) and posi i ely associa ed wi h MAD du ing unning on a eadmill
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o 8 km/h, playing hopsco ch, and du ing sel -paced unning ( =0.368 o 0.478, p<0.05). Fa
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mass was posi i ely associa ed wi h V
O2 as % o V
O2 ese e and V
O2 as % o V
O2 a VT and
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wais ci cum e ence was posi i ely associa ed wi h V
O2 as a % o V
O2 ese e and muscle
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ac i i y du ing s ai climbing ( =0.416 o 0.519, p<0.05). Fixed accele ome y cu -o s used
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o de ine PA in ensi ies should be adjus ed o age, sex, body size, and body composi ion.
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Key wo ds: child; physical ac i i y; accele ome y; elec omyog aphy; body composi ion
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Disclosu e s a emen : No po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho s.
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Da a a ailabili y s a emen : The da ase s gene a ed du ing and/o analysed du ing he
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cu en s udy a e a ailable om he co esponding au ho on easonable eques .
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INTRODUCTION
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Accele ome y has become he p e e ed de ice-based me hod o assess olume and in ensi y
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o habi ual physical ac i i y (PA) 1. Highe le els o mode a e- o- igo ous in ensi y physical
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ac i i y (MVPA) and igo ous PA (VPA) assessed by accele ome y ha e been consis en ly
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associa ed wi h lowe le els o adiposi y, ca diome abolic isk, a e ial s i ness, and highe
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ca dio espi a o y i ness in child en and adolescen s 1,2.
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Cu -o s de ining ligh PA, mode a e PA, and igo ous PA in child en and adolescen s ha e
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been c ea ed using speci ic calib a ion ac i i ies 3–5. These calib a ion ac i i ies ha e been
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used o in es iga e he poin o accele a ion magni ude sepa a ing e.g. slow walking as ligh
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PA om b isk walking and climbing up and down he s ai s as mode a e PA 3–5. Al hough
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some o hese calib a ion s udies ha e measu ed oxygen up ake (V
O2) du ing he calib a ion
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ac i i ies, PA in ensi y cu -o s ha e been mainly c ea ed using subjec i e c i e ia based on
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calib a ion ac i i ies a he han physiological esponses 3–5. Fu he mo e, con e ing
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accele ome y me ics o me abolic equi alen s o asks (METs) and u ilising commonly used
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MET-based cu -o s o PA in ensi ies ha e been sugges ed o imp o e compa abili y
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be ween s udies 6. Howe e , physiological a ionale o he usage o METs in he assessmen
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o PA in ensi y is lacking 7 and ixed MET-based cu -o s ha e been ound o unde es ima e
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PA in ensi y and olume in un i and obese adul s8 and o misclassi y PA in ensi y in child en
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9.
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G ow h and ma u a ion a e dominan biological p ocesses du ing childhood and adolescence
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cha ac e ised by inc eased body size, sexually dimo phic changes in body composi ion, and
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mo phological and unc ional changes in ca dio espi a o y, neu omuscula , and me abolic
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sys ems 10,11. Exe cise capaci y also inc eases wi h inc easing age and ad ancing ma u i y 10.
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Ne e heless, none o he p e ious calib a ion s udies ha e aken body size, ma u a ion, o
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body composi ion in o accoun in he p oposed cu -o s 3–5,12. Fu he mo e, p e ious la ge
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scale PA s udies in paedia ic popula ions ha e used he same ixed accele ome y cu -o s
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o he assessmen o PA in ensi y o child en and adolescen s wi h age o he pa icipan s
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a ying om 3 o 18 yea s 13–17. Howe e , because o g ow h and ma u a ion and
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accompanying changes in locomo o economy 18,19, using he same cu -o s in child en and
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adolescen wi h di e en ages, body sizes, and body composi ions may lead o la ge e o s in
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he es ima ion o PA p e alence and he associa ions o PA wi h heal h and wellbeing.
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Ne e heless, some e idence also sugges s ha he same accele ome e cu -o s could be
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applied o adolescen s and adul s 20. Fu he mo e, some s udies sugges ha muscle ac i i y
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measu ed by elec omyog aphy (EMG) could p o ide a di ec and use ul measu e o PA
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in ensi y in child en 21, bu he knowledge on he associa ions o age, sex, body size, body
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composi ion, and ma u i y wi h muscle ac i i y in di e en PA in ensi y calib a ion ac i i ies
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is limi ed. The e o e, esea ch on he ole o age, g ow h, and ma u a ion on he PA in ensi y
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du ing he calib a ion ac i i ies is wa an ed.
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A ailable and commonly used accele a ion magni ude cu -o s u ilised o de ine PA in ensi y
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in child en and you h3–5,12 a e based on se e al di e en me hods and calib a ion asks.
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Howe e , hese ixed PA in ensi y cu -o s p o ide absolu e alues which a e used o de ine
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ligh PA, mode a e PA, and igo ous PA in child en and adolescen s wi hou conside a ion
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whe he p oposed PA in ensi y cu -o s desc ibe he same in ensi y among child en wi h
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di e en body sizes and body composi ions o among di e en age- and ma u a ion g oups.
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The e o e, we in es iga ed he associa ions o age, sex, body size, body composi ion,
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es ima ed yea s om he peak heigh eloci y (YPHV), and pube al s a us wi h accele a ion
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magni ude and MET-based PA in ensi y in child en. We u he in es iga ed whe he age,
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sex, body size, body composi ion, es ima ed yea s om he peak heigh eloci y (YPHV),
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and pube al s a us we e associa ed wi h indi idualised measu es o PA in ensi y de ined
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using V
O2 ese e, en ila o y h eshold (VT), and muscle ac i i y.
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METHODS
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Pa icipan s
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This s udy was based on he labo a o y phase o he Child en’s Physical Ac i i y Spec um
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(CHIPASE) s udy 22. A o al o 35 child en (21 gi ls, 14 boys) aged 7–11 yea s we e ec ui ed
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om local schools by lea le s and wo d o mou h ad e isemen o pa icipa e in he s udy.
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Volun ee ing child en we e accep ed in o o he s udy sample in he o de o en olmen . The
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applicabili y o he child en was checked by he esea ch s a and child en we e included i
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hey we e appa en ly heal hy and we e able o pe o m he physical ac i i ies a mode a e and
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igo ous in ensi ies. Child en wi h ch onic condi ions o disabili ies we e excluded om he
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s udy. The numbe o pa icipan s in he cu en da a analyses a ied om 27 o 35
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pa icipan s wi h accep able da a quali y. Mos missing da a was om he ac i i y whe e he
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pa icipan s we e asked o un a ound an indoo ack a sel -paced speed (27 pa icipan s
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wi h accep able METs da a). The s udy p o ocol was app o ed by he E hics Commi ee o
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he Uni e si y o Jy äskylä. All child en ga e hei assen and hei pa en s/ca egi e s ga e
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hei w i en in o med consen s. The s udy was conduc ed in ag eemen wi h he Decla a ion
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o Helsinki.
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Based on he main esea ch ques ion o he CHIPASE S udy, a sample size o 30 was
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es ima ed o p o ide su icien s a is ical powe o di e en ia ing METs be ween si ing
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(1.33 ± 0.24) and s anding (1.59 ± 0.37) based on he da a o Mansoubi e al.23 wi h 80%
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powe and 5% α-e o le el.
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S udy p o ocol
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The pa icipan s isi ed he labo a o y on h ee occasions. A he i s isi , esea ch s a
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explained he esea ch p o ocol o child en and hei pa en s. They we e also amilia ised o
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he labo a o y en i onmen and measu emen equipmen . A he second isi , child en a i ed
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a he labo a o y in he mo ning a e 10-12 hou o e nigh as o assessmen o
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an h opome ics, body composi ion, and es ing V
O2. A he hi d isi , child en we e asked
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o pe o m ollowing ac i i ies o 4.5 minu es in a andom o de in e spe sed wi h 1-minu e
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es : si ing quie ly, si ing while playing a mobile game, s anding quie ly, s anding while
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playing a mobile game, playing hopsco ch, walking up and down he s ai s, and walking o
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unning on a eadmill a 4, 6, and 8km/h. They we e also asked o walk and un a ound an
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indoo ack a sel -chosen speed o 4.5 minu es. A he end o he hi d isi , child en
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pe o med maximal ca diopulmona y exe cise es on a bicycle e gome e .
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Assessmen s
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Body size and body composi ion
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S a u e was measu ed o he nea es 0.1 cm using a wall-moun ed s adiome e . Body mass
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(BM), skele al muscle mass (SMM), a mass (FM), a ee mass, and body a pe cen age
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we e measu ed by InBody 770 bioelec ical impedance de ice (Biospace L d., Seoul, Ko ea).
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Body mass index (BMI) was calcula ed by di iding body weigh wi h body heigh squa ed
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and body mass index s anda d de ia ion sco e (BMI-SDS) was compu ed using he Finnish
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e e ences 24. Wais ci cum e ence (WC) was measu ed o he nea es 0.1 cm using a
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uns echable measu ing ape a mid-dis ance be ween he op o he iliac c es and he bo om
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o he ib cage. Hip ci cum e ence (HC) was measu ed a he wides ci cum e ence o e he
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g ea ochan e .
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Yea s om peak heigh eloci y and pube al s a us
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Yea s om peak heigh eloci y and pube al s a us (YPHV) was es ima ed using a sex-
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speci ic o mula desc ibed by Mi wald e al. 25. Pube al s a us was assessed acco ding o
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sel - epo ed geni al de elopmen in boys and b eas de elopmen in gi ls on he basis o he
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i e-s age c i e ia desc ibed by Tanne 26. We de ined hose a S age I as p e-pube al and
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hose a S age II as hose who had en e ed pube y.
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Oxygen up ake
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Mobile me abolic ca (Oxycon mobile, Ca eFusion Co p, USA) was calib a ed and dead
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space was adjus ed o 78 mL o he pe i e size o he ace mask ollowing he manu ac u e ’s
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ecommenda ions. V
O2, ca bon dioxide p oduc ion (V
CO2) and espi a o y exchange a io
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(RER) we e collec ed b ea h by b ea h and compu ed in non-o e lapping 1 second epoch
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leng hs. Res ing V
O2 was de e mined as he mean alue be ween he 15 h and 25 h minu e o
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30 minu es o supine es when he s eady s a e was eached. When s eady s a ed was no
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obse ed be ween 15 h and 25 h minu e, he s eady s a e was isually selec ed o u he
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analysis. In physical ac i i ies, V
O2 was a e aged o e 2 minu es om he 3 d and 4 h
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minu es o each ask when pla eau in V
O2 and V
CO2 was obse ed 22. V
O2 ese e as a
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pe cen age o V
O2peak du ing di e en physical ac i i ies was calcula ed as (V
O2 du ing PA
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ask / (V
O2peak - V
O2 du ing es )) x 100. V
O2 a VT was de e mined indi idually by wo
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exe cise physiologis s using modi ied V-slope me hod and any disag eemen s we e sol ed by
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hese wo exe cise physiologis s. V
O2 a VT was e i ied u ilising he equi alen s o V
E /
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V
CO2 and V
E / V
O2.
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Accele ome y
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Mo emen was measu ed by iaxial accele ome e (X6-1a, Gul Coas Da a Concep s Inc.,
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Wa eland, USA). We used aw accele a ion da a in ac ual g-uni s, wi h ange up o 6g, 16-bi
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A/D con e sion, and sampling a 40 Hz. The esul an accele a ion o he iaxial
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accele ome e signal was calcula ed om√𝑥2+ 𝑦2+ 𝑧2, whe e x, y and z a e he
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measu emen sample o he aw accele a ion signal in x-, y-, and z-di ec ions. The X6-1a
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accele ome e has been shown o p oduce cong uen esul s wi h he Ac iG aph GT3X
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accele ome e in child en 27. Mean ampli ude de ia ion (MAD) was calcula ed om he
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esul an accele a ion in non-o e lapping 1 s epoch. MAD was calcula ed as he mean
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dis ance o da a poin s abou he mean ( 1
𝑛∑|𝑟𝑖 −𝑟|
𝑛
𝑖=1 whe e n is he numbe o samples in
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he epoch, 𝑟𝑖 is he 𝑖𝑡ℎ esul an sample wi hin he epoch and  is he mean esul an alue o he
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epoch)20,28. The mean o he 1 s MAD alues (g) calcula ed in 2 minu e epochs o each
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ac i i y and in 10 minu e epoch o lying down a e epo ed as he ou comes.
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Tex ile elec omyog aphy
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Tex ile EMG elec odes embedded in o elas ic ga men s we e used o assess muscle ac i i y
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om he quad iceps and he hams ing muscles and has been desc ibed in de ail p e iously 22.
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Fou di e en sizes o EMG sho s (120, 130, 140, and 150 cm) wi h zippe s loca ed a he
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inne sides o sho legs and adhesi e elas ic band in he hem ensu ed p ope i in e e y
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child. The conduc i e a ea o he elec odes o e he muscle bellies o he le and he igh
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quad iceps was 9 × 2 cm2 (leng h × wid h) in all sho sizes, while he co esponding sizes o
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he hams ing muscles we e 6 × 2 cm2 in sizes o 120, 130, and 140 cm and 6.5 × 2 cm2 in
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size o 150 cm. The conduc i e a ea o he e e ence elec odes was 11 × 2 cm2, and hey
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we e loca ed longi udinally o e he ilio ibial band. Wa e o elec ode gel (Pa ke
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in luence he esul s. V
O2peak and VT we e assessed du ing a maximal cycle e gome e es
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and V
O2peak was adjus ed using he da a om eadmill unning o sel -paced unning i
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highe V
O2 was obse ed du ing hose asks. The e o e, i is possible ha we ha e
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unde es ima ed ue V
O2max in some pa icipan s and his may ha e had a mino e ec on
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V
O2 ese e es ima ion. Fu he mo e, we es ima ed APHV and assessed pube al s a us using
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sel - epo s ins ead o measu ing ci cula ing sex s e oids o using clinical examina ion o
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seconda y sex-cha ac e is ics. In addi ion, he inc easing e o in he es ima ion o APHV
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wi h inc easing ime o PHV could ha e an e ec on he es ima ed ma u i y s a us in ou
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sample o ela i ely young child en. Fu he s udies on he e ec o ma u a ion on PA
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in ensi y u ilising mo e accu a e me hods, such as skele al age, in he assessmen o ma u i y
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a e wa an ed. Because o ela i ely small sample size, we we e no able o s udy whe he age
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o ma u i y g oups modi ied he obse ed associa ions o body size and composi ion wi h PA
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in ensi y in di e en asks. Finally, he ela i ely la ge numbe o analyses inc eases he
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possibili y ha some s a is ically signi ican associa ions we e obse ed by chance.
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CONCLUSION
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In conclusion, we ound in e se associa ion o age, s a u e, and SMM wi h PA in ensi y
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de ined using V
O2 ese e and VT. Howe e , MADs and METs did no eliably cap u e hese
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associa ions and ou esul s sugges ha PA in ensi y es ima ed by MAD may o e es ima e
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PA in ensi y in olde and alle child en. The e o e, ou esul s sugges ha s udies alida ing
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accele ome y o muscle ac i i y cu -o s used o de ine PA in ensi ies should be adjus ed o
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age, sex, body size, and body composi ion. Fu he s udies on he ole o hese adjus men s o
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he p e alence o child en mee ing he PA ecommenda ions a e wa an ed.
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Figu e 1. Di e ences in he measu es o physical ac i i y in ensi y be ween gi ls and boys.
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Figu e 2. Di e ences in he measu es o physical ac i i y in ensi y be ween p epube al and
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