262
BRIEF REPORTS
BRIEF REPORTS
0.
HALKKA,
L.
HALKKA,
M.
RAATIKAINEN
and
A.
VASARAINEN:
T ansmission
o genes o colou polymo phism in
Philaenus.
(Recei ed Janua y
3 h,
19GS)
Colou polymo phism in na u al popula ions o
Pilaenus spuma ius
(L.)
(Ho nop e a, Ce copidae) has been he subjec o a leas
27
publica ions. In
mos pa s o he wo ld,
a
numbe o colou o ms occu in each popula ion,
in such a ios ha he moa equen o m, in he emaks, seldom exceeds
10
O/o
o
he o al
o
his sex. In sou he n Finland, he equency o mos
o
he
coloa o ms anges be ween
3
and
5
pe cen . Thus, in c ossing expe imen s,
i any o he colou o ms is obse ed in h ee successi e
gene a ion,^
wi h
a
equency signi ican ly highe han
5
Oio,
his implies ha ansmission is due
o
he edi a y de e minan s ei he in he cy opla,sm o in he ch omosomes.
In c os,sing meadow spi lebugs o gene ic analysis, we s a ed wi h
60
pai s in he
P
gene a ion. O hese,
24
yielded
F1
p ogeny (HALKKA
e
al.,
1966).
In he
F2
gene a ion, only
9
p ogenies wi h e y small sibships could
be sco ed. These
9
p ogenies we e enough, howe e , o 'demons a e beyond
doub he exis ence o ch omosomal de e minan s speci ic o each o he
colou pheno ypes. Six o he nine p ogenies e.sul ed om sib ma ings in he
F1
and hei ou come is p esen ed in he pedig ees below.
The code numbe s used o he c osses a e he same as we e used in ou
analysis
o
he
F1
gene a ion (HALXKA
e
al.,
1966).
The
F1
and
F2
p ogenie i
o c osses
9
and
57
p oduced only
ypica
pheno ypes. Ob iously, in he males
o he
P
gene a ion, no unexp essed colou genes we e p esen .
C oss
30,
on
he o he hand, is in elligible i i is assumed ha in he
P
gene a ioa male an unexp essed
lop
gene was p esen . This gene was inhe i ed
b he
Fl
emale pa en and u he
by
he single e nale which alone cons i-
u es he
F2.
In c oss
19,
a
i
gene, o iginally p esen in he
P
male, is ansmi ed
h ough he
F1
gene a ion o an
F2
emale.
C oss
59
shows ansmission o
i
and c oss
41
ansmission o
lop
h ough
h ee gene a ions in he emale line.
Th ee o he nine
F2
p ogenies a e he esul
o
non-sib ma ings in he
F1
gene a ion, and a e gi en in he amily ees below.
BRIEF
REPORTS
263
(A)
Ice
?
X
yp
d
mia
X
i
d
Ice
9
i
d
i
?
yp
Q
yp
?
yp
d
lop
9
i
d
i
d
(B)
lop
?
X
yp
d
i
?
X
yp
d
(C)
ma
9
x
yp
d
ma
9
x
i
d
ma
9
yp
d
ma
9
On case
A,
he
i
gene is ansmi ed om
P
male o
F1
male o F2 emale,
and he
Ice
gene om
P
emale o
F1
emale. Occu ence
o
yp
indi iduals
in he
F2
shows ha bo h he
F1
pa en s a e he e ogyzo es.
In case
B,
he
i
gene is ansmi ed om
P
emale o
F1
male o F2 male
and he
lop
gene om
P
emale o F1 emale.
In case
C,
he
ma
gene exp essed in he 172 emale was inhe i ed ei he in
he emale line o h ough he
F1
male, in which, as in gene al in males, his
gene was no exp essed.
Summa izing, he pooled e idence o hese c ossings shows ha :
(1)
The colou genes (o pe haps "supe genes", as de ined by
E.
B.
FORD)
a e ansmissible h ough
3
gene a ions, om one sex o ano he as well as in
he Same sex.
(2)
The genes a e ch omo5omal and no cy oplasmic.
(3)
Since
Philaenus
males a e
XO
as ega ds he sex ch omosomes and since
i
is inhe i ed om male o male, his gene mus be au osomal. The o he
genes may be allelomo phs o
i.
The genes de e mining colou polymo phism in
Philaenus
also egula e he
esponze o he meadow spli lebug o clima ic and o he ac o s in he na u al
en i onmen . Recen pape s on his subjec include hose o HUTCHINSON
(1964),
REREGOVOY
(1966),
HALKKA,
KAATIKA~NEN
and VILHASTE
(1967),
HALKKA,
RAATIKAINEN,
VASARAINEN
and HEINONEN
(1967)
and
FARISH
and
SCUDDER
(1967).
Depa men o Gene ics, Uni e si y o Helsinki,
P.
Rau a ieka u
13,
Hel-
sinki, and Depa men o Pes In es iga ion, Ag icul uTal Resea ch Cen e,
Tikku ila, Finland.
Li e a u e ci ed
BEREGOVOY,
V. E.
1966.
Va ia ion
o
he na u al popula ions
o
he
meadow spi le-
bug
(Phi aenus
spunin ius
L. Ho nop e a, Ce copidae).
-
Gene ika
2:
134-144.
(In Russian, wi h English summa y.)
FARISH,
D.
J.
and
SCUDDER,
G. G.
E.
1967.
The polymo phism
in
Phi uenus
spu nmius
(L.)
(Hemip e a: Ce copidae) in B i ish Colnmbia.
-
J.
En omol.
SOC.
B i ish
Columbia
64:
45-51.
HALKKA,
O.,
HEINONEN. L.,
RAATIKAINEN,
M.
and
VASARAINEN,
A.
1966.
C ossing ex-
pe imen s wi h
Phi aenus
spunia ius
(Ho nop e a).
-
He edi as
56:
406-312.
HALKICA,
O.,
RAATIKAINEN,
hi.,
VASARAINEN,
A.
and
HEINONEN,
L.
1967.
Ecology and
264
BRIEF
REPORTS
ecological gene ics
o
Philoenus
spumn ius
(L.)
(Homop e a).
-
Ann.
Zool.
Fenn.
4:
1-18,
HALKKA,
O.,
KAATIKAINEN,
M.
and
VILBASTE,
J.
1967.
Modes
o
halance in
he
poly-
mo phism
o
Philaenus
spumn ius
(I,.)
(Homop e a).
-
Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn.
HUTCHINSON,
G.
E.
1964.
A
no e on he polymo phism
o
Philaenus
spumn ius
(L.)
A
IV
207:
1-16.
(Homop ., Ce copidae) in B i ain.
-
En omol. Mon h. Mag.
99:
175-178.
I<.-H.
GUSTAVSON
and
J.
VERNEHOLT:
The
XYY
synd, ome in a p epube -
(Recei ed Janua y 12 h,
1968)
al boy.
The esul s o an XYY sex-ch omosome cons i u ion in man appea s o be
a iable. Some cases a e no mally de eloped e ile males wi h no mal in elli-
gence (HAUSCHKA
e
al.,
1962).
In o he cases he e a e abno mali ies o he
ex e nal geni alia
(DUNN
nl.,
1961;
FRACCARO
e
al.,
1962;
VIGNETTI
e
nl.,
1964)
and/o men al e a da ion
(FRACCARO
e
al.
1962;
WILTON and LEVER,
1966;
KICCI
and MALACARNE,
1964;
COURT
BROWN
e
al.,
1964).
The XYY sex-ch omosome cons i u ion has gained inc easing in e es since
JACOBS
e
01.
in
1965
epo ed an inc eased incidence o his ka yo ype among
men ally subno mal pa ien s wi h agg essi e beha iou and all s a u e.
No
abno mal physical ea u es dis inguished hese pa ien s om no mal men
(PRICE
e
al.,
1966)
bu hei pe sonali ies showed ex eme emo ional in-
s abili y
combined wi h an incapaci y o ole a e e en mild us a ions. They
began hei c iminal ac i i ies a a e y young age bu he e was no signi ican
amily his o y o c ime
OT
men al illness
(PRICE
and WHATMORE,
1967).
Recen
in es iga ions indica e ha he e is an inc eased equency o elec oencephalo-
g aphic abno mali ies and epilepsy in XYY pa ien s (FORSSMAN,
1967
;
Fo~ss-
MAN
and HAMHERT,
1968).
The e a e only
a
ew epo s wi h de ailed clinical desc ip ions
o
p e-
pube al pa ien s wi h an
XYY
sex-ch omosome cons i u ion (DUNN
e
al.,
1961;
SANDBERG
e
al.,
1963;
KOSENOW
and
PFEIFFER.
1967).
We ha e ecen ly
s udied an
8
‘/e
yea -old
boy,
who wa? admi ed o he Paedia ic clinic, Uni-
e dy Hospi al, Uppsala, because o di icul ies a school and clumsy mo e-
men s. A he ime o he pa ien ’s bi h his mo he was
31
and his a he
37
yea s o age. Bo h pa en s we e no mal and in good heal h.
A
pa e nal i s
cou7in o he pa ien was men ally subno mal and o all s a u e. The amily
his o y was o he wise nega i e. The mo he ga e no his o y o abo ions. She
had had wo p egnancies; he i s esul ed in a no mal gi l, whose subsequen
de elopmen was no mal. The second p egnancy, esul ing in he bi h o he
p esen pa ien , was une en ul. He was bo n
2
weeks a e e m. The deli e y
was
no mal. The bi h weigh was
4250
g
and heigh
56
cm. The chiild’s psycho-
mo o de elopmen was somewha e a ded and he had ob ious di icul ies in
keeping ab eas a school. He was abno mally sensi i e, lacked ini ia i e, be-
came e y easily i ed and had g ea di icul y in es ablishing con ac wi h