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Embedding sustainability into construction supply chain management: An empirical investigation

Maliatsina, Iryna · 2018

Abstract

In the context of globalization and increased international market competition, various Finnish companies and organizations driven by different forces devote considerable efforts to assessing, preventing, and reducing the negative environmental impacts of their actions. Nevertheless, the construction industry still contributes significantly to the total amount of fossil carbon dioxide emission of the country. Moreover, the building construction process has a notable effect not only on air, but water, land and noise pollution. Many researchers acknowledge the positive effect of embedding sustainability principles into a company’s business strategy and operations on sustainable business performance. In the scope of this thesis, the link between green supply chain management and sustainable firm performance is investigated through different lenses from the theoretical and empirical perspectives and with consideration of the triple bottom line approach, which dynamically integrates the economic, ecological and social sustainability dimensions. This research addresses the critical problem of understanding the negative environmental impacts of the actions undertaken on each stage of the construction project and discovering the possible ways to prevent or overcome such issues identified. The evidence was collected from a cross-country sample of Finnish construction companies using the mixed quantitative and qualitative research methods. The empirical results support the NRBV concept of a firm's competitive advantage and demonstrate that organizations that consider the environmental impacts of their activities have better economic, social and environmental performance. The research findings of this thesis contribute to the development of the valuable reference for supporting the governmental decisions on establishing initiatives to incent embedding green supply chain practices in Finnish construction supply chains.

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Embedding sustainability into construction supply chain management: An empirical investigation

Author: Maliatsina, Iryna
Year: 2018
Source: https://lutpub.lut.fi/bitstream/10024/158482/1/mastersthesis_maliatsina_iryna.pdf
1
LAPPEENRANTA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
School o Business and Managemen
Supply Chain Managemen
I yna Malia sina
EMBEDDING SUSTAINABILITY INTO CONSTRUCTION SUPPLY CHAIN
MANAGEMENT: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
Mas e ’s Thesis, 2018
1s Supe iso : Mikko Pynnönen, P o esso , D.Sc.
2nd Supe iso : Pie o E angelis a, Ph.D.
2
ABSTRACT
Au ho :
Ti le:
Facul y:
Majo / Mas e ’s
P og amme:
Yea :
Mas e ’s Thesis:
Supe iso s:
Keywo ds:
I yna Malia sina
Embedding Sus ainabili y In o Cons uc ion Supply Chain
Managemen : An Empi ical In es iga ion
School o Business
Supply Chain Managemen / Mas e ’s Deg ee P og amme in
Supply Chain Managemen
2018
Lappeen an a Uni e si y o Technology
125 pages, 19 igu es, 45 ables; 7 appendices
P o ., D.Sc. Mikko Pynnönen
Ph.D. Pie o E angelis a
G een Supply Chains; Cons uc ion Indus y; Sus ainable Supply
Chains; Finland
In he con ex o globaliza ion and inc eased in e na ional ma ke compe i ion, a ious
Finnish companies and o ganiza ions d i en by di e en o ces de o e conside able e o s
o assessing, p e en ing, and educing he nega i e en i onmen al impac s o hei ac ions.
Ne e heless, he cons uc ion indus y s ill con ibu es signi ican ly o he o al amoun o
ossil ca bon dioxide emission o he coun y. Mo eo e , he building cons uc ion p ocess
has a no able e ec no only on ai , bu wa e , land and noise pollu ion.
Many esea che s acknowledge he posi i e e ec o embedding sus ainabili y p inciples
in o a company’s business s a egy and ope a ions on sus ainable business pe o mance.
In he scope o his hesis, he link be ween g een supply chain managemen and
sus ainable i m pe o mance is in es iga ed h ough di e en lenses om he heo e ical
and empi ical pe spec i es and wi h conside a ion o he iple bo om line app oach, which
dynamically in eg a es he economic, ecological and social sus ainabili y dimensions.
This esea ch add esses he c i ical p oblem o unde s anding he nega i e en i onmen al
impac s o he ac ions unde aken on each s age o he cons uc ion p ojec and
disco e ing he possible ways o p e en o o e come such issues iden i ied. The e idence
was collec ed om a c oss-coun y sample o Finnish cons uc ion companies using he
mixed quan i a i e and quali a i e esea ch me hods. The empi ical esul s suppo he
NRBV concep o a i m's compe i i e ad an age and demons a e ha o ganiza ions ha
conside he en i onmen al impac s o hei ac i i ies ha e be e economic, social and
en i onmen al pe o mance. The esea ch indings o his hesis con ibu e o he
de elopmen o he aluable e e ence o suppo ing he go e nmen al decisions on
es ablishing ini ia i es o incen embedding g een supply chain p ac ices in Finnish
cons uc ion supply chains.
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Fi s , I would like o eco d my since e g a i ude o my hesis supe iso s, P o . Mikko
Pynnönen and D . Pie o E angelis a, o hei con inuous suppo and ad ice. Thei
ins uc ions and commen s con ibu ed immensely o achie ing he scien i ic goals o his
esea ch. My special hanks a e di ec ed o he head o my Mas e ’s p og am, P o . Ka ina
Lin ukangas o he oppo uni y o s udy in such a wonde ul and inspi ing en i onmen .
I would like o gi e special hanks o P o . Ma ko To kkeli and my colleagues in he LUT
Kou ola Uni . I is an hono o be a pa o he eam; he knowledge, and skills gained om
he esea ch wo k ha e been essen ial o me in his p ojec . My special hanks a e di ec ed
o D . Da ia Podme ina, Eka e ina Alba s, and Roman Teplo . Thank you o you suppo
in e ms o ideas and spi i s. You a e my ole models o knowledgeable, skilled and
success ul academic p o essional. I would also like o hank D . Ma ylda Jablonska-Sabuka
o he help in he esea ch p ocess.
Special hanks I would like o add ess o Ki si Tai alan i, Ci il and Cons uc ion Enginee ing
Deg ee p og am manage a Saimaa UAS, o he aluable p o essional suppo and
insigh s. I am also e y g a e ul o my colleague, Jaan-Pauli Kimpimaki, o his commen s
and inspi ing discussions.
This wo k includes case s udies co e ing ou companies: Mes a i oimin a Oy, Sain -Gobain
Finland Oy, HKR-Rakennu aja and Biono a Oy. I would like o hank he companies’
ep esen a i es o hei willingness and ime spen o pa icipa e in his s udy. Wi hou hei
e y open-minded a i ude, compiling he case s udy da a o analysis would no ha e been
possible.
A e y special “Thank you” goes o my belo ed amily. My mum, my dad and, my g annies,
hank you o always belie ing in me, o you suppo and mo i a ion. Thanks o my
g andpa, D . Vladimi Malia sin, o encou aging me o ake his en u e.
Finally, I would like o exp ess my g a i ude o my closes iends Helen, Amanda, Ka e,
Ki ill and Nika o mo i a ing me and eminding me o s ay ue o mysel .
I yna Malia sina
Lappeen an a, Augus 2018
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 9
1.1 Backg ound ............................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Resea ch Objec i es and Ques ions ........................................................................ 13
1.3 Resea ch App oach and Delimi a ions ..................................................................... 14
1.4 Me hods Summa y .................................................................................................. 15
1.5 S udy S uc u e ........................................................................................................ 16
2 SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 17
2.1 GSCM de ini ion ...................................................................................................... 17
2.2 Me hodological aspec s and ini ial da a s a is ics .................................................... 18
2.3 Bibliome ic analysis ............................................................................................... 21
2.4 Ne wo k analysis o publica ions ............................................................................. 23
3 SUPPLY CHAIN MANGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION ................................................ 28
3.1 P e-cons uc ion S age............................................................................................ 28
3.2 Cons uc ion S age ................................................................................................. 30
3.3 Pos -Cons uc ion S age ......................................................................................... 31
3.4 Cons uc ion Li e Cycle Assessmen (LCA) ............................................................. 31
4 DEVELOPING A MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT FOR GSCM ................................. 32
4.1 Concep ual model o GSCM in cons uc ion ............................................................ 32
4.2 GSCM p ac ices ...................................................................................................... 33
4.2.1 G een S a egy ................................................................................................ 33
4.2.2 G een Design .................................................................................................. 35
4.2.3 G een P ocu emen ......................................................................................... 37
4.2.4 G een T anspo a ion ...................................................................................... 39
4.2.5 G een Cons uc ion ......................................................................................... 40
4.2.6 G een Moni o ing and Imp o emen ................................................................ 42
4.3 GSCM pe o mance ................................................................................................ 43
4.3.1 En i onmen al pe o mance (EP) measu emen s ............................................ 44
4.3.2 Economic pe o mance (EcP) measu emen s .................................................. 44
4.3.3 Social pe o mance (SP) measu emen s ......................................................... 45
4.4 GSCM d i e s ......................................................................................................... 46
4.4.1 Ex e nal d i e s ............................................................................................... 46
4.4.2 In e nal d i e s ................................................................................................. 47
4.5 GSCM ba ie s ........................................................................................................ 47
4.5.1 Ex e nal ba ie s .............................................................................................. 48
4.5.2 In e nal ba ie s ............................................................................................... 48
5
5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 50
5.1 Ques ionnai e su ey me hod ................................................................................. 50
5.2 Case s udy me hod ................................................................................................. 53
6 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ......................................................................................... 55
6.1 Quan i a i e Analysis............................................................................................... 55
6.1.1 Desc ip i e s a is ics ........................................................................................ 55
6.1.2 Missing-da a Mechanism and Fac o Analysis o GSCM p ac ices ................. 60
6.1.3 Fac o analysis and Reliabili y o Measu emen scales o GSCM pe o mance,
GSCM d i e s and ba ie s ....................................................................................... 64
6.1.4 Reg ession analysis ........................................................................................ 69
6.2 Quali a i e Analysis ................................................................................................. 77
6.2.1 Desc ip ion o cases ........................................................................................ 77
6.2.2 Reliabili y and alidi y ...................................................................................... 79
6.3 GSCM p ac ices di usion analysis .......................................................................... 85
7 CONCLUSION, LIMITATION AND FUTURE RESEARCH .......................................... 88
7.1 Discussion and conclusion ...................................................................................... 88
7.2 Theo e ical implica ions ........................................................................................... 91
7.3 Manage ial and go e nmen al implica ions ............................................................. 92
7.4 Limi a ions and u u e esea ch ............................................................................... 92
REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 94
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 E olu ion o he esea ch on sus ainable SCM om 2008 o 2018
APPENDIX 2: The ques ionnai e
APPENDIX 3: Desc ip i e s a is ics o GSCM p ac ices
APPENDIX 4: Desc ip i e s a is ics o sus ainable pe o mance indica o s
APPENDIX 5: Desc ip i e s a is ics o GSCM p ac ices d i e s and ba ie s
APPENDIX 6: Missing da a summa y o GSCM p ac ices
APPENDIX 7: Shapi o-Wilk es o no mal da a o GSCM pe o mance, GSCM d i e and
ba ie s

6
LIST OF FIGURES
Figu e 1 A isual diag am o esea ch me hods............................................................... 15
Figu e 2 The s uc u e o s udy ........................................................................................ 16
Figu e 3 The end in he numbe o pape s published in he ield o GSCM om 2008 ill
2018 ................................................................................................................................ 20
Figu e 4 Geog aphy o con ibu ing pa ies ...................................................................... 23
Figu e 5 The map o he nodes in ou clus e s................................................................ 24
Figu e 6 The map o modula i y classes and he op PageRank a icles .......................... 25
Figu e 7 Iden i ied esea ch s eams in GSCM ................................................................ 25
Figu e 8 Cons uc ion Supply Chain ................................................................................ 28
Figu e 9 The concep ual model o GSCM in cons uc ion ................................................ 32
Figu e 10 G een s a egy py amid ................................................................................... 34
Figu e 11 The weighing sys ems o g een building a ing sys ems compa ison ............... 36
Figu e 12 Dis ibu ion o oles in he cons uc ion p ocess ............................................... 56
Figu e 13 The summa y esul s o eg ession coe icien s o H1-H10 hypo hesizes es ing
........................................................................................................................................ 76
Figu e 14 Aue kulma building, Jä enpää ....................................................................... 77
Figu e 15 Villa ISOVER, Helsinki .................................................................................... 78
Figu e 16 NZEB o ice building, Helsinki.......................................................................... 78
Figu e 17 G een P ojec Cons uc ion and possible e en s occu ing .............................. 82
Figu e 18 The numbe o ISO 14001 ce i ied en e p ises om 1994 o 2016 .................. 86
Figu e 19 ISO 14001 cu e om he i ed esul s ........................................................... 87
7
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Resea ch ques ion and sub ques ions ................................................................ 14
Table 2 Ini ial sea ch esul s ............................................................................................ 19
Table 3 The en jou nals ha published he mos a icles on he opic o he GSCM ....... 20
Table 4 Fi e au ho s con ibu ed he mos o he opic in es iga ion ................................ 21
Table 5 O ganiza ions con ibu ed o esea ch and hei loca ions................................... 22
Table 6 Top h ee he mos con ibu ing uni e si ies ....................................................... 22
Table 7 The mos equen keywo ds .............................................................................. 23
Table 8 “G een S a egy” p ac ices cons uc s ................................................................ 34
Table 9 The weighing sys ems o LEED, G een S a and BREEAM ................................ 36
Table 10 “G een Design” p ac ices cons uc s ................................................................. 37
Table 11 “G een P ocu emen ” p ac ices cons uc s ....................................................... 38
Table 12 “G een T anspo a ion” p ac ices cons uc s ..................................................... 39
Table 13 “G een Cons uc ion” p ac ices cons uc s ........................................................ 41
Table 14 “G een Moni o ing and Imp o emen ” p ac ices ................................................ 43
Table 15 “GSCM EP” p ac ices cons uc s ...................................................................... 44
Table 16 “GSCM EcP” p ac ices cons uc s .................................................................... 45
Table 17 “GSCM SP” p ac ices cons uc s ...................................................................... 45
Table 18 “Ex e nal d i e s o GSCM” cons uc s.............................................................. 46
Table 19 “In e nal d i e s o GSCM” cons uc s ............................................................... 47
Table 20 “Ex e nal ba ie s o GSCM” cons uc s ............................................................ 48
Table 21 “In e nal ba ie s o GSCM” cons uc s ............................................................. 49
Table 22 Cha ac e is ics o esponden s ........................................................................ 56
Table 23 Cha ac e is ics o companies ............................................................................ 57
Table 24 Ro a ed ac o loadings on G een Design p ac ices .......................................... 61
Table 25 Ro a ed ac o loadings on G een S a egy and G een Moni o ing p ac ices ..... 62
Table 26 Ro a ed ac o loadings on G een Pu chasing and G een T anspo a ion
p ac ices.......................................................................................................................... 63
Table 27 Ro a ed ac o loadings on G een Cons uc ion p ac ices ................................. 64
Table 28 Summa y desc ip ion o GSCM P ac ices ........................................................ 64
Table 29 Ro a ed ac o loadings on GSCM P ac ices ..................................................... 65
Table 30 Summa y desc ip ion o GSCM Pe o mance .................................................. 66
Table 31 Ro a ed ac o loadings on GSCM D i e s ........................................................ 67
Table 32 Summa y desc ip ion o GSCM D i e s ........................................................... 68
Table 33 Ro a ed ac o loadings on GSCM Ba ie s ....................................................... 68
Table 34 Summa y desc ip ion o GSCM Ba ie s .......................................................... 69
Table 35 De eloped summa y scales o GSCM pe o mance and GSCM D i e s and
Ba ie s ........................................................................................................................... 69
Table 36 Reg ession Resul s o G een Design e ec on i m Pe o mance .................... 70
Table 37 Reg ession Resul s o G een S a egy e ec on i m Pe o mance .................. 71
Table 38 Reg ession Resul s o G een Moni o ing e ec on i m Pe o mance............... 72
Table 39 Reg ession Resul s o G een P ocu emen e ec on i m Pe o mance ........... 72
Table 40 Reg ession Resul s o G een T anspo a ion e ec on i m Pe o mance ........ 73
Table 41 Reg ession Resul s o G een Cons uc ion e ec on i m Pe o mance ........... 73
Table 42 Reg ession Resul s o GSCM D i e s and Ba ie s e ec on G een Design and
G een Cons uc ion ......................................................................................................... 75
Table 43 Reg ession Resul s o GSCM D i e s and Ba ie s e ec on G een S a egy,
G een Moni o ing, G een Pu chasing and G een T anspo a ion ..................................... 75
Table 44 O e iew o he cases s udied .......................................................................... 77
Table 45 The numbe o ISO 14001 ce i ied en e p ises om 1994 o 2016 ................... 86
8
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CSR – Co po a e Social Responsibili y
DoI – Di usion o Inno a ion
EcP – Economic Pe o mance o company
EP – En i onmen al Pe o mance o he company
EU –Eu opean Union
GSCM – G een Supply Chain Managemen
LCA - Li e Cycle Assessmen
MI - Mul iple Impu a ion Me hod
NZEB – Ne -Ze o Ene gy Building
SCM – Supply Chain Managemen
SP – Social Pe o mance o company
TBL – T iple Bo om Line
RBV – Resou ce-Based View
m – po en ial ma ke size
p – coe icien o inno a ion
S – numbe o adop e s a ime
Y – cumula i e numbe o adop e s as o ime
q – coe icien o imi a ion
9
1 INTRODUCTION
The i s chap e gi es insigh s in o he empi ical and heo e ical backg ound o he
esea ch p esen ed in his hesis, iden i ies he po en ial esea ch gap explo ed la e wi h a
sys ema ic li e a u e e iew, s a es he esea ch objec i es and ques ions. Subchap e 1.4
is de o ed o a desc ip ion o he me hods applied, while he s uc u e o his hesis is
p esen ed in he las subchap e 1.5.
1.1 Backg ound
In he ollowing pa o he hesis, he empi ical backg ound o he esea ch will be explained
wi h he pa icula ocus on he case coun y. A e ha , he unde lying heo e ical ounda ion
o he hesis will be in oduced and explo ed u he using a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew in
chap e 2.
1.1.1 Empi ical Backg ound
In he con ex o globaliza ion and inc eased in e na ional ma ke compe i ion, a ious
Finnish companies and o ganiza ions d i en by di e en o ces de o e conside able e o s
o assessing, p e en ing, and educing he nega i e en i onmen al impac s o hei
decisions. Va ious global, na ional, and egional go e nmen al ini ia i es s imula e he
indus y p ac i ione s and academic communi y o 'lean o wa d' in explo ing he easibili y
o ac ions, non-e iden pollu an s, and possible me hods o he sys em pe o mance
imp o emen .
Many coun ies including, o example Ge many, F ance, he Ne he lands, and Finland,
ha e se he a ge s o a low-ca bon and esou ce-e icien socie y and a sus ainable
na ional economy (B unila, 2017). On he o he hand, he ambi ious goals ha e been s a ed
in he Eu opean Union (EU) o g eening he cons uc ion indus y by 2030 (FTP, 2012a,
FTP, 2012b). Finland has been chosen as he case coun y o se e al easons ha will be
discussed nex . Finnish na ional policy, in e alia, gi es a no able impo ance o sus ainable
de elopmen ca ied ou in line wi h he EU policies (Minis y o he En i onmen , 2018).
Cons uc ion indus y emi ed conside ably la ge, 1,23 million ons, amoun o ossil ca bon
dioxide (CO2) in o he ai in Finland in 2015 (Tilas okeskus, 2018a). As equi ed o he
sus ainably buil en i onmen in Finland, much emphasis is placed on ene gy e iciency and
g een echnology de elopmen . Fo example, Ene gy e icien Mo gages Ac ion Plan
16
1.5 S udy S uc u e
The hesis s a s wi h an in oduc o y chap e ha s a es he objec i es o he s udy and
esea ch ques ions. Based on he ocus and heo e ical di ec ion gi en, a sys ema ic
li e a u e e iew on he opic is conduc ed. Resul s o ne wo k analysis and a icle clus e ing,
he leading wo ks in he ield o GSCM and speci ically GSCM in he cons uc ion ield a e
ou lined and s udied in-dep h. In he nex chap e , he main cha ac e is ics o cons uc ion
supply chain a e desc ibed. A e ha , he hesis con inues wi h discussion o de eloped
scales and measu emen i ems o he u u e ques ionnai e. Nex , he quali a i e and
quan i a i e esea ch me hods o da a collec ion a e s a ed, and he analysis esul s a e
in e p e ed wi h conside a ion on hypo heses p e iously men ioned. Las ly, he main
indings and conclusions on he wo k a e discussed in mo e de ails. Schema ically he
s uc u e o he s udy is p esen ed in igu e 2.
Figu e 2 The s uc u e o s udy

17
2 SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
In his chap e , GSCM p ac ices a e s udied om a holis ic poin o iew and he GSCM
opic de elopmen in he las en yea s is examined h ough a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew
and bibliome ic analysis o a icles published om 2008 o 2018. The conduc ed li e a u e
e iew in ends o unco e aspec s no discussed by p e ious esea che s. This pa o he
wo k is s uc u ed as ollows: he emainde o he chap e begins wi h an o e iew o he
GSCM explaining how he concep has been de ined and analyzed in he pas . Secondly,
he esea ch me hodology is ou lined. Some gene al obse a ions will be made be o e
p esen ing an in-dep h analysis conduc ed using he so wa e SciMAT, BibExcel, and Gephi
as bibliome ic and ne wo k analysis ools. A e ha , he esul s o he li e a u e e iew a e
summa ized, some limi a ions a e p esen ed, and he esea ch gap is iden i ied.
2.1 GSCM de ini ion
The heo ies o SCM and en i onmen al managemen as s a egic o ganiza ional p ac ices
used o achie e compe i i e ad an ages ha e been ge ing g ea e a en ion du ing he
pe iod o he la e 1980s and ea ly 1990s (Fahimnia, Sa kis, and Da a zani, 2015). As he
ield e ol ed, anecdo al case s udies de eloped in o heo e ical imp o emen
in es iga ions, and ul ima ely heo y is es ing empi ical s udies wi h mo e ad anced o mal
modeling ins umen s o assessing GSCM (Sa kis, Zhu and Lai, 2011). A he beginning o
he 2010s, GSCM p ac ices ha e al eady ma u ed in some de eloped coun ies. Howe e ,
GSCM was s ill a ela i ely new end o mos o he de eloping coun ies (Lu h a, Ga g
and Haleem, 2014). By and la ge, he GSCM has been ecognized as a sys em ha can
con ibu e o sus ainabili y pe o mance enhancemen and plays an essen ial ole in
de e mining he cumula i e en i onmen al impac o any company in ol ed in supply chain
ac i i ies. The mos ecen p ac ical e idence was p o ided by he Uni ed Na ions Global
Compac sus ainabili y s udy o majo companies. This epo e alua es p og ess ega ding
how o ganiza ions a e aking ac ion on he sus ainable de elopmen goals and ea u es en
in e iews wi h business leade s. The esul s emphasize ha 75% o companies say hey
a e aking ac ion on sus ainable SCM (Uni ed Na ions Global Compac , 2017).
Cu en ly, he e is no uni e sal de ini ion o g een and sus ainable supply chains ha has
been accep ed by academics. Pa ly i is caused by he di icul y o gi ing a de ini ion o a
supply chain and s a ing i s bounda ies. An o en ci ed a icle by Ahi and Sea cy (2013)
iden i ied a o al o 22 de ini ions o GSCM and 12 de ini ions o sus ainable SCM. In
18
gene al, he mos commonly ci ed de ini ion in he a icles is one s a ed by S i as a a (2007)
(discussed in chap e 1.1).
All in all, he g eening o a supply chain is conside ed as a po en ially powe ul ool o
enhance a company's eco d on co po a e social esponsibili y, diminish epu a ional isks,
dec ease was es, and imp o e lexibili y o eac o new en i onmen al egula ions
(Simpson, Powe , and Samson, 2007). In hei esea ch Tes a and I aldo (2010) ha e
iden i ied he p ima y d i e s o implemen a ion o GSCM such as posi i e co po a e image,
inc eased e iciency, and inno a ion leade ship. Rega ding he unde lying pu poses o
GSCM He ani, Helms and Sa kis (2005) name ex e nal epo ing, in e nal con ol and
in e nal analysis.
The exis ing li e a u e encompasses di e en app oaches o GSCM based on he p ima y
ea u es o a ious con ex s such as p ocess design (Chen e al., 2012), pu chasing
(Mi hedaya ian, Azadi and Fa zipoo Saen, 2014), supplie selec ion (Villanue a-Ponce e
al., 2015; Jens K. Roeh ich, Hoejmose and O e land, 2017) and de elopmen (Hoejmose,
B amme and Milling on, 2012), p oduc li ecycle (Besbes e al., 2013), en i onmen al and
ope a ional pe o mance (Woo e al., 2016). Resea ch has been concen a ed on
assessmen o he ield g ow h, esea ch gap iden i ica ion, case s udies, and pa icula
a eas o esea ch in e es . By applying con en analysis and desc ip i e s a is ics, he
examina ion o he li e a u e ac oss au ho s, opics, and a eas has been de eloped. In his
wo k, ne wo k analysis has been applied o clus e s o esea ch e olu ion wi hin he GSCM
li e a u e and on g aphically inspec ing he e olu ion o he opic om 2008 o 2018.
2.2 Me hodological aspec s and ini ial da a s a is ics
Li e a u e e iews iden i y i al scien ific con ibu ions o a field o ques ion, while me a-
analysis o e s a s a is ical me hod o syn hesizing findings o ge o e all eliabili y
una ailable om any single s udy alone (T an ield, Denye and Sma , 2003). As has been
ecommended in he esea ch by Rowley and Slack (2004) and Fahimnia, Sa kis and
Da a zani (2015), a s uc u ed, i e-s ep me hodology app oach o da a collec ion and
ho ough e alua ion is applied in his s udy. The aim is o iden i y he mos impo an pape s
on he opic, de ine he opical ields o esea ch and gi e insigh s o esea ch in e es s in
his wo k.
19
The p elimina y sea ch esul s ha e shown ha he e is a lack o publica ions on he speci ic
opic o GSCM in cons uc ion indus y. The e o e, in his pape , ocus is placed on he
GSCM in gene al wi h conside able a en ion o he cons uc ion indus y. Based on he
pape by Gu u, Sea cy and Jabe (2015) ha s udied he keywo ds used in he
en i onmen ally ocused supply chain li e a u e, he keywo ds "sus ainable supply chains"
and "g een supply chains" we e he mos popula among au ho s du ing he pe iod o 2007
and 2012. Acco dingly, he keywo ds used o his da a collec ion included “sus ainable,”
“supply chain,” “g een,” “en i onmen al.” The combina ions o hese keywo ds used in his
s udy a e (1) G een Supply Chain, (2) En i onmen al Supply Chain, (3) Sus ainable Supply
Chain.
Rega ding his s age o analysis, i has been decided o begin wi h he selec ion o he mos
encompassing da abases. In hei wo k, de Oli ei a e al. (2017) ha e iden i ied ha he
majo i y o he esea ch a icles ela ed o he opic o SCM we e included comp ehensi ely
in wo da abases: Web o Science and Scopus. Howe e , because o he scope and
so wa e compa ibili y, a choice was made o con inuing wi h he sea ch p ocedu e using
only he Web o Science da abase.
Following p e ious s eps, he a icles in which he sea ch e ms we e used in he i le,
abs ac and keywo ds we e collec ed and s o ed. Fu he mo e, he language was limi ed
o English, he yea o publica ion included om 2008 o 2018, he sea ch was na owed o
"jou nal a icles" and excluded "con e ence pape s," "books" and "chap e s o books." The
Web o Science ca ego ies no ela ed o he business ield such as “Law,” “Biology,”
“Mechanics,” and o he s we e excluded om he sea ch. A o al o 479 pape s we e ound
using his que y. The ca ego iza ion o sea ch esul s o bo h se s o sea ch e ms is
p esen ed in able 2. The Mendeley and Zo e o so wa e we e used o s o e and s udy he
sea ch esul s o include all he necessa y a icle de ails such as i le, au ho s׳ names,
abs ac , keywo ds, and e e ences.
Table 2 Ini ial sea ch esul s
Da abase
Sea ch e ms
Sea ch esul s
(no. o pape s)
Web o Science
G een Supply Chain
450
En i onmen al Supply Chain
27
Ecological Supply Chain
2
To al
479
20
A e elimina ion o duplica es, 474 unique pape s emained in he da ase . Nex , he da a
was p elimina y scanned o emo e a icles w i en by anonymous au ho s o ones ha
we e published in comme cial magazines and do no ha e a obus esea ch s udy behind.
To in es iga e how he popula i y le els o he opic among academics has been changing
o e ime, he end in he numbe o pape s published is d awn (p esen ed in igu e 3). The
igu e 3 shows he e is a clea geome ic g ow h in he numbe o publica ions pe yea ,
e en hough he opic is s ill in he ea ly s age o he in es iga ion. The yea 2018 has been
included as well; al hough i does no ha e a ep esen a i e powe (only da a om hal a
yea a ailable was analyzed).
Figu e 3 The end in he numbe o pape s published in he ield o GSCM om 2008 ill 2018
Acco ding o he s a is ic conduc ed emaining 474 pape s we e published in mo e han 130
di e en scien i ic jou nals. The op 10 jou nals ha e con ibu ed o publishing 262 s udies
ha ep esen abou 55% o all a icles published. The ma ix o jou nals and yea s o
publishing can be seen in able 3. Mo eo e , he Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion as he key
con ibu o o he a ea is also he mos ci ed by o he jou nals.
Table 3 The en jou nals ha published he mos a icles on he opic o he GSCM
Name o he Jou nal / Yea
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
To al
Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion
1
1
2
1
13
2
6
25
22
12
85
In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Economics
2
2
3
8
2
5
12
5
4
3
46
In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Resea ch
2
1
6
3
2
7
3
1
3
28
T anspo a ion Resea ch Pa E-Logis ics and
T anspo a ion Re iew
2
1
6
1
6
3
1
20
P oduc ion Planning & Con ol
3
1
4
3
3
4
18
Supply Chain Managemen – an In e na ional
Jou nal
4
1
4
1
3
1
3
17
Resou ces Conse a ion and Recycling
1
6
1
2
2
2
2
1
17
Expe Sys ems wi h Applica ions
1
4
2
3
1
11
Benchma king – an In e na ional Jou nal
1
7
2
1
11
In e na ional Jou nal o Ope a ions and
P oduc ion Managemen
1
1
3
1
1
2
9
To al
6
4
5
15
29
26
27
38
47
40
25
262
0
50
100
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Numbe o published ac icles
21
A e he ini ial analysis was inalized, he p ocess ha included wo pa s o la e da a
analysis was ca ied ou . The da abase was s uc u ed o conduc bibliome ic and ne wo k
analyses. Fo hese easons, BibExcel and Gephi so wa e we e op ed o due o hei
e ec i eness, ad anced isualiza ion and in es iga ion op ions. In he nex pa o he
analysis, he sys ema ic li e a u e e iew map was de eloped, concep ma ix was d awn,
and all a icles we e so ed in o he di e en ca ego ies. Each o he de ined ca ego ies we e
la e in es iga ed in-dep h and main indings a e summa ized in he la e pa o he e iew.
2.3 Bibliome ic Analysis
On he ollowing s age, he bibliome ic analysis was ca ied ou using he da abases
combined du ing he p e ious s eps. The leading so wa e used du ing his p ocess was
BibExcel due o con enience o impo ing da a expo ed om Web o Science, and a ious
ools p o ided o conduc an ex ensi e and in-dep h da a analysis. A i s , he da a was
sys ema ically o ganized, and a numbe o di e en OUT- iles we e c ea ed. In p inciple,
he p ima y analysis was o in es iga e he in o ma ion on he au ho s' names, i les o he
a icles, yea s o publica ions, keywo ds used and egions whe e he au ho s we e loca ed.
A e ha , e e ences and ne wo ks we e in es iga ed sepa a ely. Because o he
complexi y o BibExcel, a pape by Pe sson, Danell, and Schneide (2009) has been used
as a manual o unning he p ocess o analysis.
As can be seen om he able 4, J.Sa kis domina es he lis o o al pape s published. Ou
o 30 pape s p esen ed by him, mos we e ocused on Indus ial Enginee ing and
Ope a ions Resea ch. Some o he pape s we e co-w i en wi h he second mos
con ibu ing au ho Q.H. Zhu, who is mainly s udying he GSCM p ac ices in he Chinese
o igina ions and Asian ma ke .
Table 4 Fi e au ho s con ibu ed he mos o he opic in es iga ion
Au ho
Numbe o a icles published
Sa kis, J.
30
Zhu, Q. H.
19
Go indan, K.
17
Jabbou , A. B. L. D.
12
Jabbou , C. J. C.
12
One mo e pa o sys ema ic li e a u e analysis is he geog aphic dis ibu ion o knowledge
and he esea ch conduc ed on he opic. The dis ibu ion o he pape s ac oss he globe
was sys ema ized and is p esen ed in able 5.

22
Table 5 O ganiza ions con ibu ed o esea ch and hei loca ions
Geog aphical Region
Numbe o pape s
Con ibu ion, (%)
Eu ope
136
28,69
No he n Eu ope
25
5,27
Eas Eu ope
8
1,69
Wes e n Eu ope
77
16,24
No heas e n Eu ope
3
0,63
Sou he n Eu ope
23
4,85
No h Ame ica
56
11,81
Uni ed S a es
46
9,70
Canada
10
2,11
Asia
216
45,57
Sou h Asia
33
6,96
Sou heas Asia
19
4,01
Wes e n Asia
25
5,27
Middle Eas
139
29,32
Oceania
21
4,43
Sou h Ame ica
24
5,06
A ica
3
0,63
Sub-Saha an A ica
2
0,42
No he n A ica
1
0,21
Res o he Wo ld
18
3,80
To al
474
100,00
As can be seen om he able 5, mos o he pape s come om he Asian egion (45 %), in
pa icula om coun ies om he Middle-Eas . The nex mos con ibu ing egion is Eu ope
o aling app oxima ely 30 % o he 474 a icles. In gene al, h ee o he mos con ibu ing
esea ch cen e s a e he Dalian Uni e si y o Technology, he Uni e si y o Sou he n
Denma k and Islamic Azad Uni e si y (Table 6).
Table 6 Top h ee he mos con ibu ing uni e si ies
Name o he Uni e si y
Loca ion
Numbe o Pape s
Dalian Uni e si y o Technology
Dalian Ci y, China
12
Uni e si y o Sou he n Denma k
Odense, Denma k
11
Islamic Azad Uni e si y
Teh an, I an
9
The da a on he geog aphic dis ibu ion was also isually analyzed using GPS mapping
ools. Figu e 4 shows he map o he loca ions o he esea ch o igins. The size o he ci cles
is equi alen o he con ibu ion le el o each esea ch cen e . As i can be seen, he Uni ed
S a es o Ame ica, China, and Wes e n Eu ope can be cha ac e ized by he highe densi y
o con ibu ing o ganiza ions. Looking a igu e 4, i could easonably be s a ed ha he
esea ch on he opic o GSCM has been ca ied ou all o e he globe.
23
Figu e 4 Geog aphy o con ibu ing pa ies
Finally, he da a was e iewed o in es iga e he keywo ds and iden i y he au ho s who
mos equen ly use hem in hei a icles. The in o ma ion collec ed has been e alua ed
using he equency ools, and he lis o he op wen y keywo ds named in he pape s a e
p esen ed in able 7. The mos epea ed wo ds a e “pe o mance,” “managemen ” and
“model.” Mo eo e , he e some speci ic e ms used like “en i onmen al managemen ,”
“sus ainabili y” and “g een” ha a e indica o s o he impo an ocus o he a icles on he
opic o GSCM.
Table 7 The mos equen keywo ds
Key Wo d
F equency
Key Wo d
F equency
”Pe o mance”
163
”Implemen a ion”
41
”Managemen ”
109
”Logis ics”
41
”Model”
96
”Design”
39
”Indus y”
93
”Managemen -p ac ices”
35
”Impac ”
72
”G een”
35
”En i onmen al-managemen ”
69
”Selec ion”
34
”F amewo k”
66
”In eg a ion”
33
”Pe spec i e”
63
”Compe i i e ad an age”
32
”Sus ainabili y”
57
”Fi m pe o mance.”
31
”Re e se logis ics.”
47
”Ini ia i es”
31
2.4 Ne wo k analysis o publica ions
In he ollowing pa o he wo k, a ne wo k analysis o he da a sample is s udied using he
isualiza ion ools. Al hough many so wa e can be used o his kind o analysis, Gephi was
op ed o because o he a ious guidelines a ailable, and compa ibili y wi h BibExcel
applied on he p e ious s eps. Fi s ly, he in o ma ion on he ci a ions used in all 474 a icles
was edi ed and con e ed o he “.ne ” o ma and impo ed o Gephi. Gephi is open-sou ce
24
so wa e o ne wo k isualiza ion and analysis. I allows in es iga ing pa e ns and ends,
highligh s ou lie s and uses a 3D ende engine o display la ge g aphs in eal- ime (Gephi,
2018). The p ima y ci a ion analysis showed ha only 228 pape s ou o 474 had ci ed each
o he . The emaining 228 a e connec ed h ough 14 996 di e en links be ween each o he
and explo e he e olu ion o opic o e ime. The esul s o mapping he leading au ho s on
he subjec du ing h ee pe iods: (1) 2008-2012; (2) 2013-2015; (3) 2016-2018 a e
p esen ed in appendix 1, igu e1-3.
A e unning he modula i y s a is ics and ge ing he esul s, ou di e en classes we e
iden i ied. As i is isually ep esen ed class h ee includes he mos signi ican numbe o
a icles, 47,71% o he whole da a sample. The lis o he mos highly ci ed pape s in each
o he ou clus e s can be seen in Figu e 5. Fu he , he undi ec ed PageRank ool was
applied. This ool anks nodes “pages” acco ding o how o en a use ollowing links will
non- andomly each he node “page.” The e o e, he diag am in Figu e 5 lis s he a icles
acco ding o he esul s o hei PageRank. SciMAT so wa e was applied as well o
in es iga e he leading au ho s and clus e s e olu ion o e ime wi h esul s p esen ed in
appendix 1. A e he analysis has been done, he mos ci ed a icles in each class ha e
been s udied o unde s and he main opics hey we e ocused on and wha a e he po en ial
esea ch gaps o be add essed in his esea ch.
Figu e 5 The map o he nodes in ou clus e s
25
Modula i y classes
Class 3
Class 0
Class 1
Class 2
(Zimon, 2016)
(Zhu and He, 2017)
(Zhu, Tian, and Sa kis,
2012)
(Zhang, Zhang, and Tang,
2017)
(Xie and B een, 2012)
(Zhu e al., 2008)
(Zhu, Sa kis, and Lai, 2012)
(Zhu, Sa kis, and Lai, 2008)
(Younis, Sunda akani, and
Vel, 2016)
(Yu e al., 2014)
(Zhu e al., 2017)
(Wu e al., 2015)
(Vijay a gy, Thakka and
Aga wal, 2017)
(Selli o, 2018)
(Cheng and Sheu, 2012)
(Cheng, 2011)
(Cheng, Yeh and Tu, 2008)
GSCM p ac ices
E ec s o GSCM p ac ices
on company pe o mance
GSCM in eme ging
economies
T us and knowledge
sha ing in GSCM
Figu e 6 The map o modula i y classes and he op PageRank a icles
Sys ema ic li e a u e e iew analysis helped o iden i y he mos in luen ial a icles in he
b oad and highly esea ched opic o GSCM. All ou classes will be discussed and
compa ed in he es o his chap e wi h he g ea e emphasis placed on he i s wo classes
o de elop a holis ic unde s anding o he esea ch opic (see igu e 7).
Figu e 7 Iden i ied esea ch s eams in GSCM
E en hough many s udies ha e epo ed he impo ance o GSCM and eco logis ics in
c ea ing a s a egy o he company (e.g. Zimon, (2016); Zhu, Tian and Sa kis, (2012); Xie
and B een, (2012)), a gene ic amewo k o embedding he en i onmen al p inciples in
managing supply chains has no ye been de eloped. Majo i y o au ho s see GSCM mos ly
h ough he con ex o s anda dized quali y managemen sys ems, such as ISO 9001 and
ISO 1400 (Zimon, (2016); Xie and B een, (2012)). On he o he hand, he pape s om he
second clus e a e discussing he en i onmen al sus ainabili y om he pe spec i e o us ,
in e -o ganiza ional ela ionships and knowledge sha ing (Cheng and Sheu, (2012); Cheng,
(2011); Cheng, Yeh, and Tu, (2008)).
32
4 DEVELOPING A MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT FOR GSCM
The comp ehensi e e iew o he li e a u e on GSCM, co e ing cu en ends in he ield,
shows ha exis ing amewo ks ha de ine he mos common GSCM p ac ices and hei
impac on he economic, social and en i onmen al pe o mance o he company a e no
di ec ly applicable o analysis o GSCM in he building sec o . In he p e ious chap e , he
s ages, lows, and membe s o he cons uc ion supply chain ha e been iden i ied. This pa
o he hesis discusses (1) concep ual model o GSCM in cons uc ion; (2) GSCM p ac ices
ha could be implemen ed on each s age o cons uc ion supply chain; (3) ba ie s ha
p e en implemen a ion on GSCM p ac ices; (4) d i e s ha ini ia e implemen a ion o
GSCM p ac ices; (5) impac o GSCM p ac ices on company pe o mance.
4.1 Concep ual model o GSCM in cons uc ion
Many esea ch s udies in he ield o SCM (Youn e al., 2011; Zhu, Sa kis and Lai, 2012a; Mi a
and Da a, 2014; Das, 2017; To o ella, Mio ando and Ma odin, 2017) a e ollowing he simila
concep ual app oach o “SCM p ac ices and hei impac on company pe o mance.” In his
hesis he same amewo k is implemen ed based on exis ing esea ch in he ield and co e s
(1) he p ima y cons uc s o GSCM p ac ices encompassing economic, en i onmen al, and
social dimensions (TBL), (2) cons uc s o GSCM pe o mance measu es and (3) cons uc s o
d i e s and ba ie s ha e ec GSCM implemen a ion in he company. The concep ual model
o his hesis depic ing he impac o GSCM on he sus ainable pe o mance o he i m is
p esen ed in igu e 9 and will be u he discussed in he ollowing pa o he chap e .
Figu e 9 The concep ual model o GSCM in cons uc ion

33
4.2 GSCM P ac ices
G een supply chain p ac ices a e ac i i ies pe o med in he companies o lessen he
ad e se en i onmen al, social and economic impac ela ed o hei ope a ions. The main
GSCM p ac ices in cons uc ion indus y iden i ied based on he exis ing li e a u e e iew
and included in he concep ual model o his hesis, a e:
• G een S a egy;
• G een Design;
• G een P ocu emen ;
• G een Cons uc ion;
• G een T anspo a ion;
• G een Moni o ing.
A he same ime, i should be no ed ha he ele ance o hose g een p ac ices a ies o
each cons uc ion chain membe . This ma e will be add essed du ing discussion o
p oposed sus ainable p ac ices.
4.2.1 G een S a egy
Building companies and o he membe s o cons uc ion supply chain a e aced wi h
inc easing p essu e o educe he nega i e impac s o hei ac i i ies and inco po a e
en i onmen ally sus ainable s a egies in hei businesses (Labuschagne and B en , 2005;
Akadi i and Fadiya, 2013). A g een s a egy essen ially helps a i m o make g ounded
decisions ha ha e a posi i e impac no only on he business bu on he en i onmen . The
p inciples ha de e mine he basis o a g een s a egy should di ec he business o make
decisions based on solid business easoning and make good business sense (Olson,
2008).
The bes p ac ices ha suppo a g een s a egy es ablishmen in he company a e (1) lead
by example (leade ship suppo and coo dina ion); (2) aining p o ision ( e eshing aining
and new hi e aining); (3) app op ia e ools ins alla ion (i.e., ideo con e encing, ecycling
ecep acles); (4) pe o mance measu ing and epo ing; (5) sha ed esponsibili y
( esponsibili y a all le els o he company); (5) communica ion and change managemen
plan in place (Olson, 2008). On he o he hand, aking in o conside a ion he alue
managemen app oach, Abidin and Pasqui e (2005) ha e iden i ied he sus ainabili y
p inciples as showing conce n o people by ensu ing hey li e in a heal hy, sa e
en i onmen ; aking long- e m pe spec i e and sa egua ding he in e es s o u u e
34
gene a ions, comba ing po e y and social exclusion; espec ing en i onmen al limi s. The
s a egy py amid in luenced h ough a g een s a egy is p esen ed in igu e 10.
Figu e 10 G een s a egy py amid (Olson, 2008)
Al hough i is c ucial o p omo e he sus ainable de elopmen mission wi hin he company,
he decision make s will be mos likely o ac i ely engage in de eloping hese g een
p ac ices only i hey pe cei e ha his cogni ion can suppo hem in achie ing
compe i i eness in he ma ke (Zhang, Shen and Wu, 2011a). In his con ex , i is also
impo an o indica e ha he e ec i e communica ion on he en i onmen al issues be ween
all laye s o subcon ac o s can ensu e ha g een s a egy is implemen ed no only wi hin
he company bounda ies bu ac oss he whole supply chain (Shen and Tam, 2002; Ade unji,
P ice and Fleming, 2008). The “G een S a egy” was measu ed using i e i ems adap ed
om di e en li e a u e sou ces (see able 8).
Table 8 “G een S a egy” p ac ices cons uc s
Measu emen I ems
Key e e ences
GS1 S a ing clea ly he en i onmen al goals in he business s a egy
(Ed a dsson, 2007)
GS2 E alua ing he bene i s and cos s o he p ojec o socie y and
en i onmen
(Abidin and Pasqui e, 2005)
GS3 E ec i e communica ion on he en i onmen al issue be ween all
laye s o subcon ac o s
(Shen and Tam, 2002);
(Ade unji, P ice and Fleming,
2008)
GS4 Inclusion o en i onmen al managemen in ende ing equi emen s
GS5 Top-managemen commi men o sus ainabili y
(Akadi i and Fadiya, 2013)
The de eloped and implemen ed g een s a egy inhe en ly leads o ‘g eening’ o decisions
on SCM ha consequen ly ha e a posi i e impac on he en i onmen and socie y. The
clea ision and unde s anding o he mission can no only con ibu e o he posi i e inancial
pe o mance o he i m bu o de elop a s ong sense o uni y, mu ual esponsibili y, and
s a egic ision among he wo ke s. Hence, he ollowing hypo hesis was posi ed:
H1: G een S a egy de eloped and implemen ed has a posi i e impac on a i m’s
sus ainabili y pe o mance.
35
4.2.2 G een Design
The ene gy-e icien buildings a e designed wi h an aim owa d educing hea ing, cooling
and ligh ing ene gy consump ion and li ecycle ma e s: ab ica ion o ma e ials,
cons uc ion, main enance, and was e ea men (Peupo ie , Thie s and Guia a ch, 2013).
The g een design p ac ices a e he mos ele an o he p e-cons uc ion s age in which
a chi ec s and consul an s a e he p ima y s akeholde s. Ne e heless, o en he
cus ome /end use has he mos powe in he u u e design decision-making p ocess. The
g een design o cons uc ion p ojec ha akes in o conside a ion he ene gy consump ion,
wa e consump ion and o he aspec s o u u e ope a ing cos s o he house is i al o LCA
o he p ojec . The p inciples o g een a chi ec u e a e implemen ed in he new ype o
en i onmen ally iendly houses – an Eco-house - which can be de ined as a house ha
has a low impac on he en i onmen , consumes less ene gy and is cons uc ed using he
eco- iendly ma e ial and echnology. Al hough he g een building design opic and Eco-
house concep a e gaining much a en ion in he ecen yea s, hey a e s ill conside ed niche
ma ke s. The eason o niche ma ke s a us is ha he designs o eco-houses a e ha d o
s anda dize as hey can equi e he ins alla ion o a a ie y o unique ea u es and
echnologies (Ma uejols, Ryan and Young, 2013).
A di e en pe spec i e can be adop ed o in es iga e how sus ainable building design is –
om he iewpoin o g een building a ing sys ems. Cu en ly, a ious exis ing g een
building a ing sys ems ha aim o iden i y he en i onmen al pe o mance (EP) o he
building design include (Re zla , 2008; He e al., 2018): LEED (Uni ed S a es and Canada),
BRE En i onmen al Assessmen Me hod (Uni ed Kingdom), GS (Aus alia) ASGB (China),
Comp ehensi e Assessmen Sys em o Buil En i onmen E iciency (Japan), G een Ma k
Scheme (Singapo e), DGNB (Ge many), e c. The cen al h ee g een building a ing
sys ems we e selec ed o la e compa ison o gi e mo e de ails on wha a e he ca ego ies
ha we e in es iga ed o e alua e he sus ainabili y o he building design a e LEED, G een
S a , and BREEAM. The o e iew o he classes is p esen ed in Table 9.
Mo eo e , igu e 11 shows he compa ison o he di e en weigh ing ca ego ies o he
selec ed a ing sys ems. As can be seen, he mos signi ican ocus a ea is he sus ainable
ene gy ca ego y ollowed by indoo en i onmen al quali y, ma e ials and p ojec loca ion.
These ca ego ies will be included as cons uc s o he la e de eloped and applied
measu emen sys em.
36
Table 9 The weighing sys ems o LEED, G een S a and BREEAM (Abd El-Hameed, Mansou , and
Faggal, 2017; BREEAM, 2016; He e al., 2018b)
LEED V4 ( he Uni ed
S a es and Canada)
Ca ego y
Weigh ing,
%
G een S a (New
Zealand)
Ca ego y
Weigh ing,
%
BREEAM
(Uni ed
Kingdom)
Ca ego y
Weigh ing,
%
Loca ion and
anspo a ion
17
Managemen
14
Managemen
12
Sus ainable si es
10
Indoo en i onmen
quali y
17
Ene gy
43
Wa e e iciency
11
Ene gy
22
Wa e
11
Ene gy and
a mosphe e
33
T anspo
10
Ma e ials
8
Ma e ial and esou ces
13
Wa e
12
Pollu ion
6
Indoo En i onmen al
Quali y
16
Ma e ials
14
Was e
3
Land use and
ecology
6
Heal h and
Wellbeing
17
Emissions
5
Figu e 11 The weighing sys ems o g een building a ing sys ems compa ison
“G een Design” was measu ed using ele en i ems adap ed om di e en li e a u e sou ces
(see able 10). Impo an o highligh ha acco ding o esea ch o ganized by he Wo ld
G een Building Council (WGBC, 2010), i is possible o a ach a inancial alue o he cos
and bene i s o g een buildings due o he numbe o easons. Fi s ly, he design and
cons uc ion cos s o g een building ha e dec eased signi ican ly in he ecen yea s.
Mo eo e , he legisla ion on sus ainable cons uc ion became s ic e . Thi dly, he supply
chain o du able ma e ial and equipmen ma u ed. Fou hly, he le el o knowledge and
awa eness abou en i onmen al issues among in es o s, sha eholde s, and inal cus ome s
inc eased in luencing he ma ke . Fi hly, he esul s o he analysis e eal ha wo ke s can
become mo e c ea i e and p oduc i e, and enan s can become heal hie i hey inhabi
0
10
20
30
40
50
Managemen
Ene gy
Wa e
Indoo
en i onmen
quali y
Loca ion and
anspo a ion
Emissions
Ma e ials LE ED V4 ( he Uni ed
S a es and Canada)
G een S a (New
Zealand)
BREE AM (Uni ed
Kingdom)
37
g een buildings. Las ly, he sus ainabili y isks can a ec he en al income and he expec ed
alue o eal es a e asse s se e ely. Thus, g een building design has also a posi i e impac
on isk mi iga ion.
Table 10 “G een Design” p ac ices cons uc s
Measu emen I ems
Key e e ences
GD1 En i onmen al impac assessmen o design
(Zhang, Shen and Wu, 2011a)
GD2 Conside a ion o lo a and auna popula ions
(May and and Cle geau, 2018)
GD3 P o ision o na u al ligh ing
(Zhang, Shen and Wu, 2011a);
(Tam e al., 2006);
(Balasub amanian and Shukla,
2017)
GD4 P o ision o was ewa e ecycling
GD5 Conside a ion o ene gy e ficien (EE) ligh ing sys em
GD6 Conside a ion o EE hea ing sys em
GD7 Conside a ion o EE au oma ion sys ems
GD8 Conside a ion o EE en ila ion and ai condi ioning sys ems
GD9 Conside a ion o ma e ials wi h high ecycled con en and low
embodied ene gy
GD10 Conside a ion o educe he use o haza dous ma e ials
GD11 Conside a ion me hods and ma e ials o noise con ol/noise
educ ion
(Tam e al., 2006)
Va ious g een a chi ec u e ini ia i es implemen ed in he design o he u u e buildings such
as ene gy e icien ligh ing sys em, ene gy e icien hea ing sys em, ene gy e icien
au oma ion sys ems and o he s a e aimed a nega i e oo p in educ ion. Besides, he
g een design migh be conside ed as mo e a ac i e by cus ome s. Hence i migh lead o
highe demand in he cons uc ion ma ke and consequen ly o highe p o i abili y. On he
o he hand, he conside ed was e managemen sys ems can con ibu e o he ma e ial
sa ings and less was e gene a ed. Mo eo e , he mode n Eco-house a chi ec u al design
is usually conside ed as mo e mode n, sma and s ylish imp o ing he company’s image
because o he enhanced aes he ics o he inal building and su ounding a ea. Hence he
ollowing hypo hesis was p oposed:
H2: G een building design has a posi i e impac on a i m’s sus ainabili y pe o mance.
4.2.3 G een P ocu emen
G een p ocu emen has become a sizeable c oss-disciplina y a ea o he esea ch ha
includes a ious opics such as eco-labeling (B a e al., 2012), supplie selec ion (Iga ashi,
De Boe and Michelsen, 2015; J.K. Roeh ich, Hoejmose and O e land, 2017), g een public
p ocu emen (Iga ashi, De Boe and Michelsen, 2015; Rain ille, 2018), knowledge sha ing
(Kai, Wei and Meng-Lin, 2014), LCA (Bu , Tolle and Bi gisson, 2015), e c.

38
The g een, sus ainable ma e ial, se ice o p oduc ha e a minimal nega i e o e all impac
on he en i onmen i compa ed wi h simila s anda d p oduc o se ice (Boha i e al.,
2017). The nega i e e ec ela ed o pu chasing is o en associa ed wi h ca bon dioxide
emission gene a e du ing p oduc usage, high wa e o ene gy consump ion du ing he
manu ac u ing p ocess, nega i e impac on he heal h and o he aspec s o he human
en i onmen . Ano he impo an aspec o he g een p ocu emen is in boos ing o demand
o g een, sus ainable p oduc s, se ices, and ma e ials manu ac u ing, inno a ion, and
de elopmen . G een p ocu emen adop ion inc eases knowledge abou he sus ainable
p ac ices and p ocesses sp eading on he ma ke . In he cons uc ion indus y, g een
p ocu emen p ac ices conside he whole li ecycle o he p oduc s a ing om he aw
ma e ial p oduced, i s anspo a ion o he si e, packaging used, wa ehousing and la e
disposal (Wong, Chan and Wadu, 2016). Fu he mo e, he g een p ocu emen is ele an
o he p e-cons uc ion, ende ing s age as well as o cons uc ion s age. Many esea che s
conside he close collabo a ion wi h supplie s, sha ing he knowledge and equi emen o
ob ain necessa y en i onmen al ce i ica ion as an essen ial pa no only g een
p ocu emen bu g een s a egy. The “G een P ocu emen ” p ac ices a e measu ed using
ou i ems adap ed om di e en li e a u e sou ces (see able 11).
Table 11 “G een P ocu emen ” p ac ices cons uc s
Measu emen I ems
Key e e ences
GP1 En i onmen al c i e ia a e included in ma e ial pu chase decisions
(Ade unji, P ice and Fleming,
2008); (O o i, 2000)
GP2 In o ma ion sha ing wi h supplie s ega ding he echnological
de elopmen s ela ing o hei ope a ions
(O o i, 2000)
GP3 Requi e supplie s o disclose in o ma ion abou hei
en i onmen al p ac ices
GP4 Requi e supplie s o ob ain ce i ica ion o hei en i onmen al
managemen sys ems
The ma e ial cos s sha e he mos signi ican pa o he o e all p ojec cons uc ion
expenses. On he o he hand, he ma e ials selec ed mus mee no only p ice bu he quali y
c i e ia as well. The choice o he u u e supplie , building long- e m win-win ela ionships
and wo king closely on e ec i e pa ne ships can ha e an ex ao dina y impac no only on
he p ojec cos s educ ion and imp o emen o he i m's image, bu may also con ibu e o
enhanced en i onmen al impac o he whole cons uc ion supply chain. These led o he
p oposi ion o he ollowing hypo hesis:
H3: G een p ocu emen p ac ices ha e a posi i e impac on a i m’s sus ainabili y
pe o mance.
39
4.2.4 G een T anspo a ion
The as majo i y o esea che s associa e he nega i e side o anspo a ion ac i i ies o
cons uc ion p ima y wi h GHG emissions (Wong e al., 2014; Hong e al., 2015; Zhang and
Wang, 2016; Balasub amanian and Shukla, 2017b). GHG emissions a e gene a ed du ing
(1) ma e ial anspo a ion, (2) equipmen anspo a ion and (3) s a anspo a ion (Hong
e al., 2015), and among hem, he building ma e ial anspo a ion has he mos signi ican
impac on na u e. Building ma e ials can be anspo ed by ail, oad, and sea (Zhang and
Wang, 2016). The emissions amoun depends on he anspo a ion me hod, he a e age
anspo a ion dis ance, and he weigh o he building ma e ials. The same s udy by Zhang
and Wang, (2016) e ealed ha CO2 emission om anspo a ion ia oad sha es he mos
signi ican pa o he CO2 emissions in building ma e ials’ anspo a ion s age. The eason
behind popula i y o his mean o anspo a ion is he inc easing demand o a me hod wi h
he highes e iciency, mobili y, and lexibili y ha oad anspo o e s.
In he pape by E angelis a, San o o and Thomas (2018), he au ho s we e discussing he
ene gy e iciency in oad eigh anspo based on a comp ehensi e li e a u e e iew and
e ealed he impo ance o implemen a ion o he numbe o ene gy e iciency ac ions such
as eco-d i ing, ehicle e iciency, collabo a i e ac ions wi h ano he supply chain membe s,
e c. Acco ding o he cu en esea ch, he en i onmen al sus ainabili y in anspo a ion can
be achie ed in di e en ways. Fi s ly, uel-e icien ehicles can be u ilized o educe he
nega i e en i onmen al oo p in . On he o he hand, conside ing he emissions gene a ed
while anspo ing employees can be cu i ideo con e encing will be used a he han ace-
o- ace mee ings. One mo e easonable solu ion would be public o sha ed means o
anspo a ion as al e na i es o pe sonal anspo . Las ly, he accommoda ions o s a can
be o ganized nea p ojec si es o dec ease s a anspo a ion impac s (BRE, 2003).
“G een T anspo a ion” was measu ed using ou i ems adap ed om di e en li e a u e
sou ces (see able 12).
Table 12 “G een T anspo a ion” p ac ices cons uc s
Measu emen I ems
Key e e ences
GT1 P o ision o accommoda ion o employees nea p ojec si es
(Balasub amanian and Shukla,
(2017); (Zhang and Wang,
2016); (BRE, 2003)
GT2 Employees a e encou aged o use sha ed anspo and public
anspo
GT3 Ma e ials a e anspo ed in ull uckload quan i ies
GT4 Ma e ials a e anspo ed in uel e ficien ehicles
40
Bo h la ge and small cons uc ion p ojec s include he logis ics and anspo a ion s ages
usually ela ed o he p ocess o ma e ials and equipmen deli e y o he si e. In he
Eu opean ma ke , much a en ion is placed on he educ ion o he ca bon emissions o he
a mosphe e p oduced om anspo a ion p ocesses. Conside ed alloca ion, means o
anspo a ion and uel selec ion can educe he cos s o he building p ojec , while he
in luence on he en i onmen is pa icula ly no able. Ul ima ely, he e migh be a ela ionship
be ween a i m's image enhancemen and g een anspo a ion. Hence, he ollowing
hypo hesis was p oposed:
H4: G een anspo a ion p ac ices ha e a posi i e impac on a i m’s sus ainabili y
pe o mance.
4.2.5 G een Cons uc ion
Du ing he cons uc ion phase o he buildings' de elopmen , mos o he esou ces used
a e non- enewable and ha e a nega i e impac on he na u e. The eam e o s on-si e
de e mine how e icien he en i onmen al managemen is. Tha includes engagemen and
suppo om he de elope , main con ac o and o he pa ies in ol ed (Tam, Tam, and
Tsui, 2004). Ensu ing he wa e quali y con ol on he cons uc ion si e is c i ical. Acco ding
o CIRIA epo (1999), any hing ha can po en ially pollu e wa e , o ins ance, muddy
wa e , has o be blocked om wa e d ainage su ace. The e o e, he wa e ecycling sys em
ins alla ion, as well as moni o ing o wa e usage and was ewa e collec ion du ing he
cons uc ion p ocess, a e ecommended.
To ensu e he sus ainabili y o he cons uc ion p ocess manage s a e equi ed o conside
he wo ke s' heal h and sa e y, he heal h o occupan s, and communi y dis u bance.
Mo eo e , conside a ion o he me hods and ma e ials o noise con ol and educ ion du ing
cons uc ion o he building is c i ical along wi h he using o p e ab ica ed componen s ha
con ibu es o educ ion o amoun o on-si e cons uc ion ac i i ies and cons uc ion
du a ion. Consequen ly, he nuisance ac o s such as ligh pollu ion, dus and o he
pollu an s nega i ely a ec ing he wellness o he nea by communi y mus be ca e ully
conside ed (Chen, Okudan, and Riley, 2010; Zhang, Shen and Wu, 2011).
Acco ding o he s udy by Chen, Okudan, and Riley (2010) he e ec i e was e con e sion,
educ ion o he ma e ial consump ion, and ecyclabili y possibili y con ibu es e ec i ely o
he educ ion in ene gy consump ion and nega i e en i onmen al oo p in . The mos
41
conside able pa o cons uc ion p ocesses is ca ied ou a he manu ac u ing plan , whe e
s ic con ol o quan i ies o cons i uen ma e ials is possible, and was e ma e ials a e ease
o be eused. As a esul , he amoun o was e can be signi ican ly elimina ed. Tam e al.
(2007) acknowledge ha p e ab ica ion migh con ibu e o he educ ion o was e a ising
om plas e ing by 100%, imbe o mwo k by 74-87%, and conc e e wo ks by 51%–60%.
Cons uc ion supply chain membe s a e held accoun able o enhance hei EP by se ing
and accomplishing hei en i onmen al goals. Be e EP du ing he cons uc ion phase o
he p ojec can also be achie ed by employing au oma ed echnologies a he p ojec le el.
Consequen ly, cons uc ion au oma ion and obo ics should be used o educe he nega i e
en i onmen al impac s and be conside ed as a cons uc o g een p ac ices implemen ed
by manage s (Qi e al., 2010; Pan e al., 2018). “G een Cons uc ion” was measu ed using
nine i ems adap ed om di e en li e a u e sou ces (see able 13).
Table 13 “G een Cons uc ion” p ac ices cons uc s
Measu emen I ems
Key e e ences
GC1 P o ision o was e wa e ecycling a p ojec /manu ac u ing si e
(Zhang, Shen and Wu, 2011a)
(Balasub amanian and Shukla,
(2017)
GC2 Use o p e ab ica ed componen s in p ojec s
GC3 Implemen a ion o comp ehensi e was e aba emen plan o
p ojec /manu ac u ing si es
(Tam, Tam and Tsui, 2004);
(Zhang, Shen and Wu, 2011a)
GC4 Implemen a ion o comp ehensi e ma e ial sa ing plan
(Tam, Tam and Tsui, 2004)
GC5 Implemen a ion o comp ehensi e land sa ing plan
(Liu e al., 2006); (Shen e al.,
2005)
GC6 Au oma ion is used o onsi e cons uc ion/manu ac u ing ac i i ies
(Chen, Okudan and Riley,
2010); (Pan e al., 2018)
GC7 Fuel e ficien equipmen /machine y is used a
p ojec /manu ac u ing si e
(Shi e al., 2013)
GC8 In es men in g een equipmen and echnology
(Tam, Tam and Tsui, 2004)
GC9 Conside a ion me hods and ma e ials o noise con ol/ noise
educ ion du ing cons uc ion
(Ying Liu, Pheng Low and He,
2012)
The longes pa o he cons uc ion p ocess is he ac ual on-si e wo ks ha equi e much
a en ion and in luen ial decision-making p ocesses. Much can be done by he con ac o o
imp o e he sus ainabili y o he p ojec . The was ewa e ecycling p o ision, as well as
implemen a ion o he comp ehensi e ma e ial sa ing plan and land sa ing plan, can ha e
a posi i e impac on he sus ainabili y pe o mance o a company on cons uc ion si e. The
ac ions such as noise con ol du ing cons uc ion, ad anced g een echnologies used and
o he migh lessen he communi y dis u bance and he associa ed cos s and du a ion o he
p ojec . The e o e, he ollowing hypo hesis was p oposed:
H5: G een si e cons uc ion p ac ices ha e a posi i e impac on a i m’s sus ainabili y
pe o mance.
48
d i e s can become ba ie s (Walke , Di Sis o, and McBain, 2008). Fo ins ance, in a
si ua ion whe e egula ions can p omo e o block GSCM ini ia i es (Po e and Linde, 1995).
4.5.1 Ex e nal Ba ie s
The ex e nal ba ie s can be de ined as he obs acles ha canno be con olled by he
o ganiza ion. Fi s ly, g een p ac ices implemen a ion equi es human esou ces wi h he
p o essional expe ience in he ield, and as ound in he p e ious s udy by O o i (2000), his
ba ie migh be he mos impo an o he cons uc ion indus y.
Secondly, ano he common ba ie o embedding sus ainabili y in managing cons uc ion
supply chain is he lack o supplie s' and o he pa ne s’ commi men . Mo eo e , o en i ms
a e opposed o g een knowledge exchange because o he isks o oppo unis ic beha io
and e ealing weaknesses ha migh lead o a loss o compe i i e ad an age on he ma ke .
Ne e heless, nowadays he e is a de ini e end owa ds mo e coope a ing pa ne ship ha
can lead o win-win esul s and highe e iciency in he supply chain.
The las wo indica o s adop ed om he li e a u e and used in his s udy a e ela ed o he
cus ome 's a i ude owa d en i onmen al sus ainabili y. As p e iously men ioned he
de elopmen o g een p ac ices, echnologies and inno a ion o en equi e highe inancial
in es men s. I he ma ke does no ecognize his ini ia i e, meaning ha cus ome s a e
no willing o pay o addi ional cons uc ion cos s, i can become a c i ical ba ie o a
GSCM p ac ices implemen a ion. The ex e nal ba ie s we e measu ed using i e i ems and
a e lis ed in able 20.
Table 20 “Ex e nal ba ie s o GSCM” cons uc s
Measu emen I ems
Key e e ences
EB1 Sho age o g een p o essionals
(Shi e al., 2013); (Zhu e al.,
2005); (O o i, 2000)
EB2 Lack o pa ne s’ commi men
EB3 In lexible and igh s akeholde s’ deadlines
EB4 Lack o buye awa eness
EB5 P essu e o lowe p ices
4.5.2 In e nal Ba ie s
The in e nal ba ie s a e he limi s ha a ise wi hin he i m's bounda ies and a e unde
company’s con ol. Simila o he in e nal ba ie s, lack o knowledge in sus ainabili y can
be an obs acle ha s ops he company om ini ia ion o sus ainable ac ion. Mo eo e , i

49
manage s a e pe cei ing commi men o sus ainabili y as a ade-o o business p o i abili y
he changes in hei a i udes should be ega ded as he i s and mos impo an s ep o
eaching he en i onmen al sus ainabili y o i m’s ope a ions. The change in mindse s can
be achie ed hough speci ic aining as ecommended by Bowen e al. (2001) ha will help
o o e come he issue o ‘en i onmen al illi e acy.’ The in e nal ba ie s we e measu ed
using h ee i ems and a e indica ed in able 21.
Table 21 “In e nal ba ie s o GSCM” cons uc s
Measu emen I ems
Key e e ences
IN1 Lack o sus ainabili y knowledge
(Shi e al., 2013); (Zhu e al.,
2005); (O o i, 2000)
IN2 High cos s o implemen a ion
IN3 Lack o aining and commi men
To conclude on his discussion, he supply chain is no ope a ing in a comple ely closed
en i onmen . The in luence o he a ious s akeholde s such as NGOs, go e nmen ,
compe i o s, supplie s can be posi i e o nega i e and a he s op o encou age GSCM
p ac ices implemen a ion. Because he d i e s and ba ie s ha cons uc ion i ms ace in
Finnish ma ke ha e no been in es iga ed in-dep h be o e, his gap will be add essed while
es ing he ollowing hypo heses:
H7: Ex e nal ba ie s ha e a nega i e impac on GSCM p ac ices.
H8: In e nal ba ie s ha e a nega i e impac on GSCM p ac ices.
H9: Ex e nal d i e s ha e a posi i e impac on GSCM p ac ices.
H10: In e nal d i e s ha e a posi i e impac on GSCM p ac ices.
50
5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In he p e ious chap e s, he s udy commenced wi h a comp ehensi e li e a u e e iew o
ga he a necessa y knowledge and de elop a se o indica o s o access he in luence o
g een cons uc ion SCM p ac ices in he i m’s pe o mance. This esea ch aims o iden i y
he impo ance o di e en GSCM cons uc s in achie ing he company’s sus ainabili y. This
s udy u ilized a wo-s ep sequen ial me hod o (1) a s uc u ed ques ionnai e su ey and (2)
case s udy analysis.
The g een p ac ices in cons uc ion p ojec managemen a e well s udied in Asian ma ke s,
o example, Zhu, Sa kis, and Lai (2012b); Moon Gyu Kim e al. (2016); Balasub amanian
and Shukla (2017b); Ma hiyazhagan e al. (2018). To explo e he e ec o GSCM in he
con ex o Finnish cons uc ion sec o he p ima y da a we e collec ed using he
ques ionnai e. Impo an o highligh , ha measu emen scales used in his esea ch a e
p edesigned, meaning ha hey we e de eloped and es ed in p e ious esea ch.
Ne e heless, he scales we e adjus ed o he pu poses o he cu en s udy. The
independen a iables o he model analyzed a e GSCM p ac ices which include (1) G een
S a egy; (2) G een Design; (3) G een P ocu emen ; (3) G een Cons uc ion; (4) G een
T anspo a ion; (5) G een Moni o ing. The main dependen a iables in he model a e (1)
economic (2) en i onmen al and (3) social pe o mance o he company. The ques ionnai e
used o esea ch da a collec ion can be seen in Appendix 2.
Fu he mo e, o de elop a holis ic iew on he ma e he case s udies we e conduc ed o
alida e he indings om he quan i a i e ques ionnai e and disco e s a egies applied by
Finnish companies o imp o e he sus ainabili y o hei pe o mance in cons uc ion
p ocess. All in e iewees ha ook pa in esea ch had b oad knowledge and expe ience
in he cu en g een p ac ices in cons uc ion ield.
5.1 Ques ionnai e su ey me hod
The ques ionnai e su ey me hod has been applied in his s udy o in es iga e he
impo ance o implemen ing he GSCM p ac ices in managing cons uc ion supply chains
in Finland. As claimed by Saunde s, Lewis and Tho nhill (2016) he su ey ques ionnai e is
mo e common, objec i e, and quan i iable me hod o es ing hypo heses. The p e ious
li e a u e e iew has laid a s ong ounda ion o a u u e measu emen ins umen design.
51
The su ey has been cons uc ed based on he measu emen ins umen illus a ed in-dep h
in chap e 4. Besides, as some o he i ems we e no ele an o some o he cons uc ion
chain membe s (i.e., g een design elemen s a e mo e ele an o a chi ec u e en e p ise
han o aw ma e ials supplie ), he combina ion o GSCM p ac ices we e adjus ed o each
o he s akeholde s and non- ele an i ems we e emo ed o : (1) de elope ; (2)
a chi ec /consul an ; (3) con ac o ; (4) supplie .
The o m o he ques ionnai e was designed in a way simila o he su ey used in he
s udies conduc ed by Zhu e al. (2007) and Balasub amanian and Shukla (2017a). The
su ey consis s o i e main pa s. The i s pa explains he objec i es o he esea ch and
hei impo ance. In pa wo, he esponden s a e asked abou he company's de ails (such
as size, yea o es ablishmen ) and some pe sonal in o ma ion (such as posi ion in he
company and numbe o yea s o ele an expe ience). The hi d pa deals wi h ques ions
ela ed o GSCM p ac ices and in i es esponden s o desc ibe ac ions adop ed using a
i e-poin Like scale anging om 1 (‘No conside ing i ’) o 5 (‘Implemen ing success ully’).
Nex pa consis s o s a emen s e alua ing he sus ainable pe o mance o he i m and
asks esponden s o desc ibe he pe o mance o he o ganiza ion using a i e-poin Like
scale anging om 1 (‘S ongly disag ee’) o 5 (‘S ongly ag ee’). The las wo pa s a e
ocused on d i e s and ba ie s o GSCM implemen a ion in he company and eques
esponden s o assess he impo ance o hem o he i m using a i e-poin Like scale
anging om 1 (‘Ve y low’) o 5 (‘Ve y high’).
P io o he main su ey p ojec emba king, pilo es ing was conduc ed o examine he
comp ehensi eness o he ques ionnai e, he signi icance o he elemen s and hei
ele ance o he s akeholde s. The su ey ques ionnai e was ansla ed om he English
e sion o Finnish language wi h he assis ance o a na i e Finnish speake and b ough
back o English e sion by ano he na i e speake o secu e a clea unde s anding o he
elemen s and o e i y he meaning o he e ms was e ained. The pilo su ey has been
deli e ed o a numbe o expe s: indus y p o essional, p o esso in he ield and g adua e
esea che , ha had he necessa y expe ience and knowledge in he ield o cons uc ion
and SCM asking o hei eedback on he s uc u e o he ques ions, use o echnical
cons uc ion language and e ms, and whe he he elemen s a e p ope o e alua ion
pu poses o some o hem should be elimina ed o edi ed. Two expe s s a ed hei conce ns
abou using he Finnish language in he su ey explaining i wi h he di icul y o unde s and
some echnical e ms a e ansla ion and he o e all p eponde ance o he English
language among Finnish cons uc ion p ac i ione s. Hence, i has been decided o use he
52
English e sion o he su ey o u he da a collec ion. The ques ionnai e was inalized
based on all ele an commen s ecei ed du ing he pilo es ing s age.
The su ey in his s udy has been conduc ed among Finnish companies ope a ing in he
cons uc ion indus y and, in pa icula , among employees esponsible o p ojec
managemen o sus ainable de elopmen ep esen a i es o hese companies. The su ey
was ca ied ou om June o Augus 2018. The Amadeus da abase has been used o
iden i y he lis o 318 en e p ises po en ially sui able o his s udy. Ini ially, he lis o all
companies’ con ac o s, a chi ec u es, consul an s and supplie s o aw ma e ials and
equipmen ha e been ob ained. A e ha , he lis was cleaned - e e y companies'
desc ip ion and a ailable in o ma ion we e in es iga ed o elimina e non- ele an
o ganiza ions. Nex , an email explaining he pu pose o he s udy was sen o he manage s
o hese 318 companies. To inc ease he esponse, a e a numbe o me hods ad ised by
he EU na ional s a is ical en i ies ela ed o he su ey p ojec managemen we e applied.
In he las ques ion, he op ion o communica ing he su ey's esul s o he esponden s
comple ed he ques ionnai e was indica ed. The h ee emails wi h eminde s o di e en
le el o impo ance and di e en messages we e sending o he po en ial esponden s
weekly. Finally, 51 su eys we e comple ed wi h a esponse a e o 16 pe cen .
Howe e , due o ime cons ain s only i s 48 esponses we e used in his s udy. This
sample is conside ed ep esen a i e and easonable as many empi ical esea ch s udies
conduc ed on he simila opic ha e accep ed simila su ey sample size. Fo example,
Zhang, Shen and Wu (2011) in hei esea ch in es iga ed he g een s a egy in housing
de elopmen and we e analyzing he o al o 45 esponses. Dese ing o be men ioned, is
ha a small by popula ion coun y such as Finland (Tilas okeskus, 2018b), al hough
showing he high le el o s anda ds and compe i i eness in many sec o s o he economy,
does no ha e as many cons uc ion en e p ises ope a ing in he ma ke , as, e.g. he
Chinese o Russian ma ke s do. This ques ionnai e su ey was ocused on a ious
membe s o he cons uc ion supply chain and esponden s wi h di e en manage ial le els
o enhance he ep esen a i eness o he s udy. O he 48 esponses, six esponses we e
emo ed because o hei incomple eness, lea ing 42 alid esponses o u he da a
analysis.
The su ey ques ionnai e includes 36 ques ions di ided in o i e g oups. The las ques ion
in he i s sec ion is ela ed o he ole o he company in he cons uc ion p ocess and leads
o he “i ” condi ion o ou sepa a e b anches wi h di e en se s o ques ions ele an o
53
each o he ole ypes. The nex sec ion includes he i ems ela ed o he GSCM p ac ices
inco po a ed in he o ganiza ion. The hi d, ou h and i h sec ions a e iden ical o all
companies and include ques ions ela ed o he sus ainable pe o mance o he en e p ise,
d i e s, and ba ie s o g een p ac ices’ implemen a ion espec i ely.
Analysis o he esponden s’ backg ound in o ma ion shows ha eliabili y and c edibili y o
he s udy esul s a e high, as mos o esponden s hold manage ial posi ion in he company,
e.g., op manage (30,9%), middle manage (54,7%). Fu he mo e, mos (64,3%) o he
esponden s ha e mo e han en yea s o p o essional expe ience in he cons uc ion
indus y.
5.2 Case s udy me hod
Because his s udy can be conside ed as an explo a o y in some aspec s o i s na u e, a
quali a i e esea ch design was chosen o be ca ied ou among g een cons uc ion cases
in Finland (Pa on, 1990). To unde s and wha kind o bene i s commi men o he GSCM in
cons uc ion can ha e o he company, ou case s udies wi h h ee Finnish cons uc ion
companies and one so wa e de elope i m we e conduc ed o deepen unde s anding o
he opic and co obo a e su ey esul s indings. The p incipal da a collec ion me hod in
his s udy was in e iewing.
The lis o he sample companies o be con ac ed o an in e iew was ob ained om he
eco d o he g een building examples quo ed by G een Building Council Finland (GBC
Finland) (G een Building Council Finland, 2014). The po en ial in e iewees ha e been
i s ly con ac ed ia email ha desc ibed he esea ch and he impo ance o company
pa icipa ion. Round o in e iews was enac ed in Augus 2018. The in e iews we e
conduc ed ia Skype o phone and s uc u ed as a se o open ques ion and discussion
opics. The semi-s uc u ed in e iew o ma enabled pa icipan s o aise issues and
ques ions ha we e no p epa a o y que ied. Only one key in o man pe case was
in e iewed. Besides, in e nal documen a ion, including echnical epo s, cons uc ion
plans, p ojec dia ies, and o he ma e ial was used as a seconda y da a sou ce o ex end
and con i m he in e iew da a.
The discussion hemes o he i s h ee in e iews e lec he concep ual amewo k o
GSCM in cons uc ion ( igu e 9) used o de elop a measu emen ins umen and include:

54
(1) The g een p ac ices/elemen s/ echnologies/sys ems used in cons uc ion p ojec (see
‘GSCM p ac ices’ in igu e 9);
(2) The in luence o he GSCM p ac ices unde aken in he p ojec on social, economic and
EP o he company (see ‘GSCM pe o mance’ in igu e 9);
(3) The ba ie s and d i e s he company aced in adop ing GSCM p ac ices (see ‘GSCM
D i e s and Ba ie s’ in igu e 9).
One in e iew has been ca ied ou wi h he ep esen a i e o he so wa e de elope
company ha o e s GSCM solu ions o Finnish cons uc ion sec o . The simila opics ha e
been discussed wi h in e iwee bu wi h mo e ocuse on he ields he company ope a es
in. I he in e iewee accep ed, he dicussion had been eco ded. O he wise, he no es ha e
been aken du ing he con e sa ion.
A comp ehensi e da a collec ion p ocess in his esea ch was aimed o be kep anspe en
and sy ema ic. The e o e, while wi h some limi a ions ela ed o he quali a i e esea ch bias
(add essed in he nex chap e ), he da a sample ga he ed can be coside ed ep esen a i e
o he popula ion. As he inal da ase has been o med om wo ypes o da a: quali a i e
and quan i a i e, wo sepa a ed analysis we e pe o med, and hei esul s and indings a e
discussed in he nex chap e .
55
6 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
In he ollowing chap e , he da a sample collec ed will be analyzed wi h he STATA SE15
(Da a Analysis and S a is ical So wa e), NVi o 12 (Quali a i e and Mixed Me hod So wa e)
and MATLAB (Ma hema ical Compu ing So wa e). In each analysis, i s ly, he basic
in o ma ion abou he esponses and cases is desc ibed. Nex , he eliabili y and alidi y o
he mul i-i em scales a e assessed in he quan i a i e and quali y o esea ch design is
examined in quali a i e analysis pa s. Fu he mo e, a he end o each analysis he inding
esul s a e summa ized and illus a ed. Las ly, as he s udy is conduc ed o he case
coun y, he addi ional analysis on he Finnish ma ke and di usion o inno a ion p ac ices
among Finnish companies is p esen ed in he las pa o his chap e .
6.1 Quan i a i e Analysis
The i s pa o he analysis discusses he esul s o examining da a collec ed h ough he
su ey. Fi s , he desc ip i e s a is ics o he da ase is p o ided. A e ha , he missing da a
mechanism is discusses, and he impu a ion me hod explained. Nex , based on he ac o
analysis conduc ed he eliabili y measu emen ins umen is e alua ed. Finally, he
eg ession analysis aimed o answe he esea ch ques ion is pe o med and he esul s o
hypo hesizes es ed a e e alua ed.
6.1.1 Desc ip i e s a is ics
This pa o he chap e is ocused on he basic ea u es o he collec ed in o ma ion:
desc ibes he cha ac e is ics o esponden s and company ela ed da a, he equency,
a ia ion, dispe sion o GSCM indica o s.
Cha ac e is ics o esponden s and company ela ed in o ma ion
Table 22 p esen s he p o ile o he esponden s. Mos o he esponden s a e be ween 35
and 45 yea s old (57,1%), while none o he esponden s is unde 25 yea s old. Mo eo e ,
mos o he esponden s ha e mo e han en yea s o p o essional expe ience in he
cons uc ion indus y (64,3%). In addi ion, he majo i y o esponden s hold ei he middle
managemen (54,8%) o op managemen (31,0) posi ion.
56
Table 22 Cha ac e is ics o esponden s
Cha ac e is ics o esponden s (sample size, N=42)
F equency
%
Responden s’ age
Unde 25
0
0,0
25-35
3
7,1
35-45
24
57,1
45-55
11
26,2
O e 55
4
9,5
Numbe o yea s o p o essional wo k expe ience in he
cons uc ion indus y
0-2
3
7,1
3-5
3
7,1
6-10
9
21,4
O e 10
27
64,3
Responden s’ posi ions in he company
Top managemen (i.e. P esiden , CEO, Vice P esiden )
13
31,0
Middle Managemen (i.e. Di ec o , Senio Manage , Manage )
23
54,8
Non-manage ial (i.e. accoun an , assis an , specialis , e c.)
6
14,3
Table 23 p esen s in o ma ion on he dis ibu ion o he companies ega ding he age, size
and he cen al ole in he cons uc ion p ocess. Mos o he companies we e es ablished
be ween 1990 and 2010 (50%). The majo i y o he i ms in he da ase a e small and
medium-sized en e p ises while he leas ep esen ed ca ego y is companies wi h mo e
han 5000 employees (2,4%). Va ious membe s o he cons uc ion p ocess ook pa in he
s udy wi h he “Con ac o ” and “Supplie ” ep esen ing he la ges g oup, 52,4%, and 53,8%
espec i ely (Figu e 12).
Figu e 12 Dis ibu ion o oles in he cons uc ion p ocess (N=42)
14%
10%
52%
24%
De elope
A chi ec /Consul an
Con ac o
Supplie
57
Table 23 Cha ac e is ics o he companies
Cha ac e is ics o esponden s (sample size, N=42)
F equency
%
Yea o es ablishmen
Be o e 1950
4
9,5
1950-1970
8
19,0
1970-1990
6
14,3
1990-2010
21
50,0
2010 and ea lie
3
7,1
Numbe o employees
Less han 50
12
28,6
51-100
18
42,9
101-300
5
1,9
301-500
3
7,1
501-5000
3
7,1
Mo e han 5000
1
2,4
Main ole in cons uc ion supply chain
De elope
6
14,3
A chi ec / Consul an
4
9,5
Con ac o
22
52,4
Supplie
10
23,8
Desc ip i e s a is ics o GSCM p ac ices indica o s
Based on he su ey esul s he ela i e weigh o each o he g een p ac ice a iables was
de e mined by he mean alues o esponses and p esen ed in appendix 3, able 1. The
esul s a e shown g aphically in igu e 1 in appendix 3. I can be seen om he able 1 ha
mos o he esponden s indica ed hey ake in o conside a ion G een S a egy p ac ices in
hei companies. Howe e , he esponses o he ep esen a i es om he Con ac o
companies a e less ocused on his ca ego y han o he s. The leas popula among all
esponden s is he i em GS3 ‘E ec i e communica ion on he en i onmen al issue be ween
all laye s o subcon ac o s.’ The eason behind migh be in he p ac ical implica ion o he
communica ion channels. The op managemen commi men is p ac iced o conside ed in
mos o he companies- esponden s.
Rega ding G een Design, he means o nea ly all i ems a e highe han ou meaning ha
hey we e selec ed as implemen ed in p ac ice by mos o he companies. I is impo an o
highligh ha in he case o A chi ec /Consul an en ou o ele en i ems we e op ed as
“implemen ed success ully” indica ing he e y high le el o sus ainable design p ac ice in
he a chi ec u al indus y. Howe e , i migh be easonable o assume ha he elemen s
64
Table 27 Ro a ed ac o loadings on G een Cons uc ion p ac ices
Va iable
Label
Ro a ed loadings
Uniqueness
Fac o 1
Fac o 2
GC1*
P o ision o was e wa e ecycling a
p ojec /manu ac u ing si e
GC2*
Use o p e ab ica ed componen s in p ojec s
GC3*
Implemen a ion o comp ehensi e was e aba emen
plan o p ojec /manu ac u ing si es
-0,443
0,802
GC4
Implemen a ion o comp ehensi e ma e ial sa ing
plan
0,966
0,065
GC5
Implemen a ion o comp ehensi e land sa ing plan
0,804
0,353
GC6*
Au oma ion is used o onsi e
cons uc ion/manu ac u ing ac i i ies
0,481
0,768
GC7
Fuel e ficien equipmen /machine y is used a
p ojec /manu ac u ing si e
0,500
0,750
GC8
In es men in g een equipmen and echnology
1,000
0,000
GC9*
Conside a ion me hods and ma e ials o noise
con ol/ noise educ ion du ing cons uc ion
Eigen alue
1,777
1,481
MSA
0,598
0,462
C onbach alpha
0,868
0,709
* i ems GC1-3, GC6 and GC9 we e d opped o imp o e in e nal consis ency o he scale
Table 28 Summa y desc ip ion o GSCM P ac ices
Summa ized scale
Numbe o a iables
Min
Max
Mean
S d. De .
EE_Sys
4
1,00
5,00
3,25
1,357
Ma e
3
1,00
5,00
3,18
1,114
P o _Na _Res
2
2,00
5,00
4,25
1,006
G _S a
5
1,00
5,00
3,01
1,242
Moni o
3
1,00
5,00
2,73
1,303
P ocu
4
1,00
4,50
2,87
0,892
T ansp
4
1,00
4,75
2,71
1,124
Sa _Plan
2
1,00
4,00
2,37
1,031
G _Techn
2
1,00
5,00
2,75
1,350
6.1.3 Fac o analysis and Reliabili y o Measu emen scales o GSCM pe o mance, GSCM
d i e s and ba ie s
P e iously, he s a emen s we e g ouped in o GSCM pe o mance, GSCM d i e s and
ba ie s based on he li e a u e e iew and expe s’ opinion. Howe e , he way he
s a emen s we e iewed by esponden s and g ouped du ing measu emen ins umen
de elopme may be di e en . The ac o analysis can be used o de e mine he ac o ial
alidi y o he GSCM measu es assessed by a ious indices (Ha dy and B yman, 2009, pp.
25-26). Mo eo e , wi h ac o analysis summa ed scales can be compu ed and used in he
la e analysis (Hai e al., 1998, p.90).
The ac o analysis was conduc ed sepa a ely o (1) GSCM pe o mance, (3) GSCM d i e s
and (4) GSCM ba ie s (see chap e 4). All a iables a e con inuous and in e dependen in

65
each ca ego y. Resul s o Shapi o-Wilk es , designed o da ase s wi h 4 ≤ N ≤ 2000
obse a ions (STATA, 2018), howe e , indica e ha he null hypo hesis ha a iables EM1-
4, EM7, EB5 and IN2 a e no mally dis ibu ed can be ejec ed, bu he hypo hesis ha all
emaining a iables a e no mally dis ibu ed canno be ejec ed (see Appendix 6, able 1
and 2). I places some limi a ions o he in e p e a ion o he es esul s.
GSCM pe o mance – Fac o Analysis
All 15 a iable used o measu e he GSCM pe o mance o he company we e es ed in
Fac o Analysis. The ecommended a io o esponses pe a iable is 10 (Joseph F Hai e
al., 1998, p.99). Howe e , as i can be seen in he case o EP ela ed i ems he equi emen
is no me (42 cases, 8 a iables). The e o e, he es was conduc ed se e al imes o
ensu e he esul s a e he mos alid. Table 29 p esen s he esul s o GSCM p ac ices
es ing.
Table 29 Ro a ed ac o loadings on GSCM p ac ices
Va iable
Label
Ro a ed loadings
Uniqueness
Fac o 1
Fac o 2
Fac o 3
Fac o 4
EM1*
Numbe o en i onmen al acciden s has
declined
0,413
0,829
EM2
G eenhouse gas emissions ha e
dec eased
0,766
0,401
EM3
Wa e consump ion has dec eased
0,837
0,330
EM4
Ene gy consump ion has dec eased
0,668
0,622
EM5
Landfill was e has dec eased
0,782
0,388
EM6
Haza dous ma e ial use has dec eased
0,755
0,430
EM7
A company’s en i onmen al si ua ion has
imp o ed
0,787
0,379
EM8
Si e dis up ion has dec eased
0,764
0,416
ECM1
Ma e ial expenses pe uni
cons uc ed/manu ac u ed ha e dec eased
0,757
0,427
ECM2*
Cos o was e ea men and discha ge pe
uni cons uc ed/manu ac u ed has
dec eased
ECM3
En i onmen al penal ies and ines pe uni
cons uc ed/manu ac u ed has dec eased
0,650
0,577
SM1
The co po a e image in en i onmen al
pe o mance has imp o ed
0,875
0,234
SM2
The numbe o en i onmen - ela ed
sickness and inju ies has educed
0,352
0,876
SM3
Aes he ic o design has imp o ed
0,816
0,334
SM4
Communi y dis u bance du ing cons uc ion
has dec eased
0,801
0,358
Eigen alue
1,734
1,803
1,581
2,197
Cum %
0,455
0,601
0,527
0,549
MSA
0,600
0,660
0,607
0,665
C onbach alpha
0,602
0,649
0,586
0,696
* i ems EM1 and ECM2 we e d opped o imp o e in e nal consis ency o he scale
66
The Kaise c i e ia o sampling adequacy (MSA) is used o deciding on numbe o ac o s
o be e ained. I can be seen, ha MSA is 0,60 o highe in all ou ac o s, sugges ing he
accep able medioc e sampling adequacy (Ce ny and Kaise , Hen y, 1977). Mo eo e , he
ex ac ion me hod applied is P incipal Componen and ac o o a ion me hod used is
a imax, ha maximizes he a iance wi hin he ac o by dec easing low loadings and
inc easing high loadings.
The esul s o Fac o Analysis indica e which i ems should be combined o o m a scale o
measu e GSCM p ac ices. Fou ac o s we e de e mined, and in some cases he i ems we e
d opped ou o eplaced. The a iable EM1 was emo ed om Fac o 1 because o he high
uniqueness o imp o e he in e nal consis ency o he scale. Mo eo e , he eliabili y o
adjus ed scales was es ed wi h C onbach’s Alpha coe icien . Al hough he eliabili y o
Fac o 3 has imp o ed by dele ing a iable ECM2, i emained a bi lowe han
ecommended le el 0,60. Howe e , i was decided o con inue wi h all he ac o s c ea ed.
Impo an o no e, ha al hough ini ially a iable EM8 has been conside ed as EP, based
on he es esul s i em “Si e dis up ion has dec eased” became a pa o EcP. Tha could
be explained logically as dec eased si e dis up ion in mos cases di ec ly associa ed wi h
highe EcP. Finally, he new a iables wi h ollowing labels we e c ea ed:
• Fac o 1 – “En _Pe _B” - EP o Building ( a iables EM2, EM3, EM4);
• Fac o 2 – “En _Pe _S” – EP on Si e ( a iables EM5, EM6, EM7);
• Fac o 3 – “Econ_Pe ” – EcP ( a iables EM8, ECM1, ECM3);
• Fac o 4 – “Soc_Pe ” – SP ( a iables SM1, SM2, SM3, SM4).
The summa ized scales desc ip ion is p esen ed in able 30. The esul s o Pea son
Co ela ion indica es ha he e is a posi i e ela ionship be ween EcP and EP o Building
(Co ela ion = 0,46 a 0,01 le el) and be ween EcP and SP (Co ela ion = 0,53 a 0,01 le el).
Tha means ha he highe he EcP o cons uc ion company, he mo e likely he SP will be
high and simila o his he highe EcP o he company, he highe likelihood o highe EP o
he cons uc ed buildings.
Table 30 Summa y desc ip ion o GSCM Pe o mance
Summa ized scale
Numbe o a iables
Min
Max
Mean
S d. De .
En _Pe _B
3
2,33
4,33
3,476
0,489
En _Pe _S
3
2,33
4,67
3,619
0,549
Econ_Pe
3
2,33
4,00
3,286
0,475
Soc_Pe
4
2,25
4,50
3,560
0,490
67
GSCM d i e s – Fac o Analysis
To conduc he ac o analysis o GSCM d i e s, all eigh a iables we e es ed. To mee
he equi emen o 10 i ems pe a iable he es has been conduc ed o each hal and
epea ed se e al imes wi h di e en combina ion o ensu e he highes alidi y. The esul s
o he analysis a e p esen ed in able 31. As seen, MSA is highe han 0,60 in bo h ac o s,
sugges ing he accep able medioc e sampling adequacy (Ce ny and Kaise , Hen y, 1977).
Mo eo e , he ex ac ion me hod applied is he P incipal Componen and ac o o a ion
me hod used is a imax, ha maximizes he a iance wi hin he ac o by dec easing low
loadings and inc easing high loadings. To imp o e he in e nal consis ency o he scale, he
a iable ID4 was emo ed om Fac o 2. The eliabili y o adjus ed scales was es ed wi h
C onbach’s Alpha coe icien . The ollowing new a iables wi h adop ed scales we e
c ea ed:
• Fac o 1 – “Ex _D ” – Ex e nal D i e s ( a iables ED1, ED2, ED3, ED4);
• Fac o 2 – “In _D ” – In e nal D i e s ( a iables ID1, ID2, ID3).
The desc ip ion o summa ized scales is p esen ed in able 32.
Table 31 Ro a ed ac o loadings on GSCM d i e s
Va iable
Label
Ro a ed loadings
Uniqueness
Fac o 1
Fac o 2
ED1
Go e nmen egula ions
0,660
0,564
ED2
P essu e om supply chain s akeholde s
0,803
0,355
ED3
P essu e om compe i o s
0,803
0,309
ED4
P essu e om he clien
0,753
0,432
ID1
Imp o ing epu a ion and b and image
0,867
0,247
ID2
En i onmen al commi men
0,817
0,332
ID3
Cos Reduc ion
0,691
0,522
ID4*
In e na ionaliza ion oppo uni ies
0,169
Eigen alue
2,340
1,897
Cum %
0,585
0,633
MSA
0,758
0,616
C onbach alpha
0,762
0,709
* i em ID4 was d opped o imp o e in e nal consis ency o he scale
Fu he mo e, he esul s o Pea son Co ela ion indica e ha he e is a posi i e ela ionship
be ween In e nal D i e s and Ex e nal D i e s (Co ela ion = 0,45 a 0,01 le el), meaning
ha he company ha conside ed he impo ance o Ex e nal D i e s being high will mo e
likely ind he Ex e nal D i e s being high as well.
68
Table 32 Summa y desc ip ion o GSCM D i e s
Summa ized scale
Numbe o a iables
Min
Max
Mean
S d. De .
Ex _D
4
2,25
4,75
3,369
0,710
In _D
3
1,66
4,66
3,714
0,669
GSCM ba ie s – Fac o Analysis
Las ly, he Fac o Analysis has been conduc ed o GSCM ba ie s, and included eigh
i ems. Because he equi emen o a leas 10 obse a ions pe a iable a e no me , he
analysis was conduc ed o di e en combina ions o ou i ems. The esul s a e p esen ed
in able 33. The es shows ha MSA is highe han 0,60 in bo h ac o s, sugges ing he
accep able medioc e sampling adequacy (Ce ny and Kaise , Hen y, 1977).
Table 33 Ro a ed ac o loadings on GSCM ba ie s
Va iable
Label
Ro a ed loadings
Uniqueness
Fac o 1
Fac o 2
EB1*
Sho age o g een p o essionals
EB2
Lack o pa ne s’ commi men
0,218
0,952
EB3
In lexible and igh s akeholde s’ deadlines
0,795
0,368
EB4
Lack o buye awa eness
0,783
0,387
EB5
P essu e o lowe p ices
0,860
0,261
IN1
Lack o sus ainabili y knowledge
0,785
0,384
IN2
High cos s o implemen a ion
0,725
0,475
IN3
Lack o aining and commi men
0,663
0,560
Eigen alue
2,031
1,581
Cum %
0,508
0,527
MSA
0,656
0,602
C onbach alpha
0,609
0,570
* i em EB1 was d opped o imp o e in e nal consis ency o he scale
To imp o e he in e nal consis ency o he scale, he a iable EB1 was emo ed om Fac o
1. The eliabili y o adjus ed scales was es ed wi h C onbach’s Alpha coe icien . Al hough
scale Ex e nal Ba ie s could ha e been imp o ed by dele ing i em EB2, i was decided o
keep i as he scale is close o o iginal and a accep able le el. Mo eo e , he esul o he
analysis o scale “In e nal Ba ie s” shows he eliabili y being lowe ha ecommended
le el. Howe e , because he ecei ed esul was he highes possible wi h all elemen s
combina ions and he scale is he same as he o iginal i has been decided o accep i .
Thus, he ollowing new a iables we e c ea ed:
• Fac o 1 – “Ex _Ba ” – Ex e nal Ba ie s ( a iables EB2, EB3, EB4, EB5);
• Fac o 2 – “In _Ba ” – In e nal Ba ie s ( a iables IN1, IN2, IN3).
69
The desc ip ion o summa ized scales is p esen ed in able 34.
Table 34 Summa y desc ip ion o GSCM Ba ie s
Summa ized scale
Numbe o a iables
Min
Max
Mean
S d. De .
Ex _Ba
4
1,50
4,25
3,191
0,607
In _Ba
3
2,00
4,33
3,214
0,588
GSCM pe o mance, GSCM d i e s and GSCM ba ie s – Final Scales
As a esul o p e ious analysis, he summa ized scales we e de eloped o GSCM pe o mance,
d i e s, and ba ie s. In all de eloped scales he eliabili y s ayed a he same le el o imp o ed as
indica ed by C onbach alue c i e ia. In he case o EP he scale has been di ided in o pe o mance
ela ed o cons uc ed buildings and pe o mance on cons uc ion si e.
Table 35 De eloped summa y scales o GSCM pe o mance and GSCM d i e and ba ie s
Scale
Ini ial Scale
Final Scale
Mean
S d.
De .
Numbe o
a iables
C onbach
alpha
Numbe o
a iables
C onbach
alpha
GSCM pe o mance
EP
8
0,563
3
0,602
3,476
0,489
3
0,649
3,619
0,549
EcP
3
0,164
3
0,586
3,286
0,475
Social Pe o mance
4
0,696
4
0,696
3,560
0,490
GSCM d i e s and ba ie s
Ex e nal D i e s
4
0,762
4
0,762
3,369
0,710
In e nal D i e s
4
0,629
3
0,709
3,714
0,669
Ex e nal Ba ie s
5
0,603
4
0,609
3,191
0,607
In e nal Ba ie s
3
0,570
3
0,570
3,214
0,588
6.1.4 Reg ession Analysis
In he p e ious analysis some p elimina y es s and analysis ha e been conduc ed o
scales imp o emen : (1) missing alues we e impu ed o GSCM pa icles; (2) ac o
analysis conduc ed o GSCM pe o mance; (3) ac o analysis conduc ed o GSCM d i e s
and ba ie s. The ollowing pa o he hesis is ocused on in es iga ing he ela ionship
be ween:
(1) GSCM p ac ices and GSCM pe o mance;
(2) GSCM di e s and GSCM p ac ices;
(3) GSCM ba ie s and GSCM p ac ices.
Each me hod o analysis will be discussed in i s own pa ag aph, de ailing he me hod, any
ancilla y es s conduc ed, as well as he esul s o he es . The small da a sample is usually
cha ac e ized as ha ing less han 20 obse a ions (Hai e al., 1998, p.163). Howe e , he
da a sample used o his analysis is wo imes la ge han his limi . Thus he sample size
is deemed su icien o unning a linea eg ession analysis.

70
E ec o GSCM P ac ices on i m Pe o mance
Reg ession is he me hod o en used in social science esea ch o es he hypo hesis o
he exis ence o causal e ec s be ween a iables, es ima e he s eng h o hose e ec s
and compa e i ac oss g oups (Ha dy and B yman, 2009, p.165). Reg ession analysis was
used o es i he GSCM p ac ices signi ican ly p edic ed he i m’s sus ainable
pe o mance. The e o e, es s pe o med aim o e i y hypo hesis H1, H2, H3, H4, H5 and
H6. Because he models we e es ed wi h impu ed alues, he es s o basic assump ions
we e pe o med only o he models wi h no missing da a.
E ec o G een Design on Fi m Pe o mance
The esul s o he eg ession (see able 36) indica e ha (1) h ee p edic o s explain 52,6%
o he a iance (R-squa ed = 0,526, F = 9,65, p<0,001) in EP o Cons uc ion. I was ound
ha Ene gy E icien Sys ems signi ican ly p edic EP o Cons uc ion (β = 0,221, p<0,01),
o he G een Design a iables a e no signi ican p edic o s o EP o Building; (2) all h ee
G een Design i ems we e no signi ican o p edic ing EP on Si e (R-squa ed = 0,152, F =
1,55, p>0,05); (3) i was ound ha Ene gy E icien Sys ems alone signi ican ly p edic s
EcP (β = 0,292, p<0,001). All h ee p edic o s a e no signi ican o p edic ing EcP; (4) h ee
p edic o s explain 48,3% o he a iance (R-squa ed = 0,483, F = 8,13, p<0,001) in Social
Pe o mance. I was ound ha Ene gy E icien Sys ems signi ican ly p edic SP (β = 0,252,
p<0,05), o he G een Design a iables we e no signi ican p edic o s o SP.
Table 36 Reg ession Resul s o G een Design e ec on Fi m Pe o mance
Va iable
Label
Model (1)
Dependen
a iable:
En _Pe _B
Model (2)
Dependen
a iable:
En _Pe _S
Model (3a)
Dependen
a iable:
Econ_Pe
Model (3b)
Dependen
a iable:
Econ_Pe
Model (4)
Dependen
a iable:
Soc_Pe
Ma e
Conside a ion o
ma e ials
0,112
(0,078)
0,212
(0,106)
0,049
(0,097)
0,070
(0,083)
EE_Sys
Ene gy e icien
sys ems
0,221*
(0,089)
-0,072
(0,122)
0,292***
(0,074)
0,148
(0,111)
0,252*
(0,095)
P o _Na
_Res
P o ision o na u al
esou ces
0,047
(0,048)
0,011
(0,066)
-0,094
(0,060)
0,051
(0,051)
Cons an
2,141
(0,500)
3,150
(0,686)
2,281
(0,260)
3,126
(0,626)
2,260
(0,535)
Model Fi
F
9,65
1,55
15,59
8,58
8,13
P ob>F
0,000
0,224
0,000
0,000
0,001
R-squa ed
0,526
0,152
0,464
0,497
0,483
Adjus ed R-squa ed
0,472
0,054
0,434
0,439
0,424
S anda d e o s a e epo ed in pa en heses.
*p<0,05, **p<0,01, ***p<0,001
71
Based on he esul s o he es i can be seen ha : G een Design (Conside a ion o Ene gy
E icien Sys ems in Building Design) has a posi i e e ec on Sus ainable Pe o mance o
he company. Thus, he hypo hesis H2 ecei es pa ial suppo .
E ec o G een S a egy on Fi m Pe o mance
The esul s o he eg ession (see able 37) indica e ha (1) G een S a egy i em is no
signi ican o p edic ing EP o Building (R-squa ed = 0,052, F = 2,21, p>0,05), EcP (R-
squa ed = 0,053, F = 2,21, p>0,05) and SP o he company (R-squa ed = 0,075, F = 3,27,
p>0,05); (2) i was ound ha G een S a egy signi ican ly p edic EP on Si e (β = 0,180,
p<0,01).
Table 37 Reg ession Resul s o G een S a egy e ec on i m Pe o mance
Va iable
Label
Model (5)
Dependen
a iable:
En _Pe _B
Model (6)
Dependen
a iable:
En _Pe _S
Model (7)
Dependen
a iable:
Econ_Pe
Model (8)
Dependen
a iable:
Soc_Pe
G _S a
G een S a egy es ablished
0,090
(0,060)
0,180**
(0,063)
0,087
(0,058)
0,108
(0,059)
Cons an
3,204
(0,197)
3,075
(0,207)
3,022
(0,191)
3,232
(0,195)
Model Fi
F
2,21
8,00
2,21
3,27
P ob>F
0,145
0,007
0,145
0,078
R-squa ed
0,052
0,166
0,053
0,075
Adjus ed R-squa ed
0,028
0,145
0,029
0,052
S anda d e o s a e epo ed in pa en heses.
*p<0,05, **p<0,01, ***p<0,001
The esul s indica e ha : Es ablished G een S a egy has a posi i e e ec on En i onmen al
Pe o mance on he Cons uc ion si e. Thus, he hypo hesis H1 ecei es pa ial suppo .
E ec o G een Moni o ing on Fi m Pe o mance
The esul s o he eg ession (see able 38) indica e ha (1) G een Moni o ing is no
signi ican o p edic ing EP o Si e (R-squa ed = 0,000, F = 0,03, p>0,05); (2) i was ound
ha G een Moni o ing signi ican ly p edic s EP o Building (β = 0,146, p<0,05), EcP o he
company (β = 0,163, p<0,01) and SP o he company (β = 0,205, p<0,001).
The esul s o he analysis show ha : G een Moni o ing p ac ices adop ed by he company
ha e a posi i e e ec on Sus ainable Pe o mance o he company. The e o e, he
hypo hesis H6 ecei es pa ial suppo .
72
Table 38 Reg ession Resul s o G een Moni o ing e ec on i m Pe o mance
Va iable
Label
Model (9)
Dependen
a iable:
En _Pe _B
Model (10)
Dependen
a iable:
En _Pe _S
Model (11)
Dependen
a iable:
Econ_Pe
Model (12)
Dependen
a iable:
Soc_Pe
Moni o
Moni o ing o GSCM
0,146*
(0,054)
-0,012
(0,066)
0,163**
(0,051)
0,205***
(0,049)
Cons an
3,075
(0,165)
3,652
(0,201)
2,838
(0,155)
2,996
(0,150)
Model Fi
F
7,16
0,03
10,05
17,07
P ob>F
0,011
0,854
0,002
0,000
R-squa ed
0,151
0,000
0,200
0,299
Adjus ed R-squa ed
0,130
-0,024
0,180
0,281
S anda d e o s a e epo ed in pa en heses.
*p<0,05, **p<0,01, ***p<0,001
E ec o G een P ocu emen on Fi m Pe o mance
The esul s o he eg ession (see able 39) indica e ha G een P ocu emen is no
signi ican o p edic ing EP o Building (R-squa ed = 0,038, F = 1,21, p>0,05), EP on Si e
(R-squa ed = 0,001, F = 0,05, p>0,05), EcP o company (R-squa ed = 0,001, F = 0,03,
p>0,05) and SP o company (R-squa ed = 0,001, F = 0,06, p>0,05).
Table 39 Reg ession Resul s o G een P ocu emen e ec on i m Pe o mance
Va iable
Label
Model (13)
Dependen
a iable:
En _Pe _B
Model (14)
Dependen
a iable:
En _Pe _S
Model (15)
Dependen
a iable:
Econ_Pe
Model (16)
Dependen
a iable:
Soc_Pe
P ocu
G een P ocu emen
0,114
(0,104)
0,024
(0,114)
0,014
(0,083)
0,024
(0,103)
Cons an
3,211
(0,313)
3,512
(0,345)
3,395
(0,252)
3,554
(0,312)
Model Fi
F
1,21
0,05
0,03
0,06
P ob>F
0,280
0,830
0,862
0,815
R-squa ed
0,038
0,001
0,001
0,001
Adjus ed R-squa ed
0,000
-0,031
-0,032
-0,031
S anda d e o s a e epo ed in pa en heses.
*p<0,05, **p<0,01, ***p<0,001
The esul s o he analysis show ha : he ela ionship be ween G een P ocu emen
p ac ices adop ed by he company and i s Sus ainable Pe o mance has no been ound.
The e o e, he hypo hesis H3 could be nei he ejec ed no con i med.
E ec o G een T anspo a ion on Fi m Pe o mance
The esul s o he eg ession (see able 40) indica e ha G een T anspo a ion is no
signi ican o p edic ing EP o Building (R-squa ed = 0,014, F = 0,45, p>0,05), EP on Si e
73
(R-squa ed = 0,111, F = 3,75, p>0,05), EcP o company (R-squa ed = 0,000, F = 0,00,
p>0,05) and SP o company (R-squa ed = 0,057, F = 1,85, p>0,05).
Table 40 Reg ession Resul s o G een T anspo a ion e ec on i m Pe o mance
Va iable
Label
Model (17)
Dependen
a iable:
En _Pe _B
Model (18)
Dependen
a iable:
En _Pe _S
Model (19)
Dependen
a iable:
Econ_Pe
Model (20)
Dependen
a iable:
Soc_Pe
T ansp
G een T anspo a ion
0,047
(0,071)
0,176
(0,091)
-0,003
(0,068)
0,098
(0,072)
Cons an
3,235
(0,208)
3,125
(0,266)
3,177
(0,201)
3,169
(0,213)
Model Fi
F
0,45
3,75
0,00
1,85
P ob>F
0,508
0,062
0,955
0,184
R-squa ed
0,014
0,111
0,000
0,057
Adjus ed R-squa ed
-0,018
0,081
-0,033
0,026
S anda d e o s a e epo ed in pa en heses.
*p<0,05, **p<0,01, ***p<0,001
The esul s o he analysis show ha : he ela ionship be ween G een T anspo a ion
p ac ices adop ed by he company and i s Sus ainable Pe o mance has no been ound.
The e o e, he hypo hesis H4 could be nei he ejec ed no con i med.
E ec o G een Cons uc ion on Fi m Pe o mance
Based on eg ession esul s (see able 41) i was ound ha bo h p edic o s ela ed o G een
Cons uc ion a e no signi ican o p edic ing EP o Building (R-squa ed = 0,017, F = 0,17,
p>0,05), EP on Si e Building (R-squa ed = 0,179, F = 2,08, p>0,05), EP Building (R-squa ed
= 0,093, F = 0,98, p>0,05) and SP o he company Building (R-squa ed = 0,237, F = 2,96,
p>0,05).
Table 41 Reg ession Resul s o G een Cons uc ion e ec on i m Pe o mance
Va iable
Label
Model (21)
Dependen
a iable:
En _Pe _B
Model (22)
Dependen
a iable:
En _Pe _S
Model (23)
Dependen
a iable:
Econ_Pe
Model (24)
Dependen
a iable:
Soc_Pe
Sa _Plan
Sa ing plans de elopmen
0,014
(0,105)
-0,202
(0,122)
-0,099
(0,072)
-0,172
(0,093)
G _Techn
G een echnology used in
cons uc ion
-0,063
(0,111)
0,173
(0,129)
0,032
(0,077)
0,173
(0,099)
Cons an
3,532
(0,372)
3,589
(0,435)
3,487
(0,258)
3,453
(0,332)
Model Fi
F
0,17
2,08
0,98
2,96
P ob>F
0,847
0,152
0,394
0,076
R-squa ed
0,017
0,179
0,093
0,237
Adjus ed R-squa ed
-0,086
0,093
-0,002
0,157
S anda d e o s a e epo ed in pa en heses.
*p<0,05, **p<0,01, ***p<0,001
80
p ojec ( e e ing o he G een Cons uc ion indica o s); (2) Wha compe i i e ad an ages
en e p ises can gain by engaging in a ious g een cons uc ion p ac ices in he p ojec
( ela ing o he Sus ainable pe o mance indica o s); (3) Wha a e he main ba ie s and
d i e s he company aces in adop ing g een p ac ices ( e e ing o he D i e s and Ba ie s
indica o s).
Ex e nal Validi y
The hi d eccomenda ion is ocused on in es iga ion whe he case s udy indings a e
gene alizable beyond case s udy (Yin 2003, p.37). Al hough he case s udy esea ch design
has been de eloped and ollowed he GSCM heo ies p e iously discussed, i is di icul o
claim ha he esul s o his analysis will be simila in o he ex e nal condi ions (e.g., in
di e en case coun y). The same case s udy analysis should be conduc ed in “second/ hi d
neighbo hood” o es he ex e nal alidi y. Howe e , as he simila esea ch has been
al eady conduc ed in China (Zhang, Shen and Wu, 2011b) and had compa able esul s,
his s udy will be conside ed as ha ing accep able ex e nal alidi y le el.
Reliabili y
The aim o he eliabili y quali a i e analysis is o assu e ha i a la e esea che ollows he
same p ocedu es and conduc s p ecisely he same s udy, la e in es iga o will ge he
same indings (Yin 2003, p.37). Thus, he p ima y goal is o minimize he esea ch bias. In
his s udy, he da abase o he cases has been c ea ed. Mo eo e , all sou ces, indings, and
analyses we e desc ibed as explici ly as possible. Fu he mo e, as he names o he cases
a e no anonymous, he ex e nal audi o has an easy way o e ie ing in o ma ion om
seconda y sou ces.
6.2.3 Logical Models Case S udy Analysis
This s udy will adop he logical model analysis echnique o s ipula e he chain o e en s
o e ime in case s udies ollowing cause-e ec -cause-e ec pa e ns (Yin 2003, pp.127-
128). In his analy ical echnique, i s p oposed by Wholey in (1979) a dependen a iable
o e en occu ed a an ea lie s age becomes an independen a iable o causal e en o
he nex s ep. A he i s s age o he analysis he da a collec ed, including he seconda y
sou ce da a, has been impo ed o he NVi o so wa e and coded. Based on he nodes

81
assigned he logical model has been de eloped and is p esen in igu e 17. The e en s low
ac oss a se ies o boxes and a ows eading om le o igh in he scheme.
In he case A, Aue kulma p ojec apa men building, he pa en company o Mes a iasunno
Oy Mes a i oimin a Oy is no only he esponsible building de elope bu he eal es a e
main enance o ganiza ion. Acco ding o he in e iewee, one o he main easons he
company pu s a lo o a en ion on he whole building li e cycle assessmen is whole building
LCA. Fu u e enan s ha e been ac i ely in ol ed h oughou he whole p ojec p ocess and
hei wishes and needs ha e been aken in o accoun du ing he design and implemen a ion
phases. The Aue kulma apa men building has been designed wi h conside a ion o
ene gy e ficien ligh ing, hea ing (ene gy sou ce – g ound ene gy), au oma ion, en ila ion
and o he sys ems.
Mo eo e , he me hods o lowe ing he wa e consump ion ha e been inco po a ed. Also,
he p og ess o he p ojec has been ac i ely moni o ed. Fu he mo e, o assess he success
o he p ojec audi s we e o ganized egula ly as well as con inuous ollow-up. Two yea s
a e he comple ion, he moni o ing con inued o e i y ha au oma ion and o he sys ems
wo k as designed. One mo e aspec o he p ojec has been he s ong pa ne s’
collabo a ion and coope a ion. The No dic Ecolabel sys em se s s ic ules o he ma e ial
used in cons uc ion, The e o e, he p ojec supply chain membe s has been wo king join ly
o mee no only equi emen s o he end/clien s bu ensu e he minimal whole li ecycle cos s
and cha ac e is ics o ma e ials a e as equi ed.
As he esul s o he embedding sus ainabili y p inciples in o cons uc ion SCM, he o e all
en i onmen al pe o mance o he building and company has imp o ed along wi h he b and
image and cus ome awa eness. The impo ance o his case is in highligh ing he
signi icance o manage ial cogni ion and commi men owa ds sus ainabili y o high
en i onmen al pe o mance. Ano he c ucial ac o is he LCA, conside a ion o u u e cos s
o he building main enance and ecologically sus ainable ma e ials used in cons uc ion
p ocess.
82
Figu e 17 G een P ojec Cons uc ion and possible e en s occu ing
GD
New P ojec
Decision made by he
company o cons uc a
new building /
pa icipa e in new ype
o building cons uc ion
- Case A
- Case B
- Case C
LCA
Assessmen o
he u u e cos s o
main enance:
- Case A
- Case C
- Case D
Cus ome P essu e
Es ablishing o
communica ion channel
o wi h u u e enan s
- Case B
G een Design
The no el g een
a chi ec u al design
wi h lowe
en i onmen al impac
- Case A
- Case B
- Case C
Idea Compe i ion
C owd based Inno a ion
o a chi ec u e design
hough idea compe i ion
- Case B
Conside a ion o
sus ainable ma e ial &
sys ems
Conside a ion o
en i onmen al oo p in o
he ma e ials used in p ojec
cons uc ion
- Case A
- Case B
- Case C
P ojec
Cons uc ion
Conside ing he
en i onmen al impac
o ac i i ies on
cons uc ion si e
- Case A
- Case B
- Case C
B and Image
Imp o emen
Ma ke ing o he g een
ini ia i e, becoming
‘ ailblaze ’ in
sus ainabili y, e c.
- Case A
- Case B
- Case C
New Knowledge
Acquisi ion
Ob aining a new
knowledge abou
embedding
sus ainabili y in SCM,
inno a i e echnologies
ad me hods o be used
in u u e p ojec s
- Case A
- Case B
- Case C
Ce i ica ion
EMS ce i ica ion, e c.
- Case A
- Case D
Fu u e Cos s
educ ion
Reduc ion o he u u e
main enance cos s
- Case A
- Case C
GD
GD
GT
SP
SP
SP
GS
GP
GM
EcP
EP
SP
GC
83
The case B, Villa ISOVER p ojec , is he example o Eco House design. Acco ding o he
in e iewee, i was he e y i s p ojec o his ype in which he company pa icipa ed. The
building is a amily house and cu en ly is open o he public. In e es ing o no e ha in his
case, he c owd based open inno a ion app oach has been e ec i ely adop ed o inding
he mos e icien cons uc ion solu ion hough open a chi ec u al design compe i ion. The
a chi ec u al design o he house akes in o conside a ion he p o ision o na u al ligh ning
and was ewa e ecycling. Acco ding o he in e iewee he o e all sus ainabili y ocus o
he company played a signi ican ole in deciding on joining he p ojec . Mo eo e , he
p ojec was aimed o be no only en i onmen ally bu economical e icien . Las ly, he case
has led o he imp o emen o he social pe o mance o he company hough enhanced
b and image and cus ome awa eness. The impo ance o his case is in he e ec i e
c owdsou cing o en i onmen ally iendly inno a i e solu ions, pionee ing in Eco House
cons uc ion on Finnish ma ke and o e all posi i e expe ience om embedding
sus ainabili y p inciples in cons uc ion SCM.
The case C is NZEB o ice building, En i onmen Cen e building Ympä is ö alo, ha a he
momen o cons uc ion was showing he bes ene gy pe o mance o an o ice building e e
cons uc ed in Finland. In e es ing o no e ha acco ding o in e iewee he ini ia i e o
cons uc mo e sus ainable o ice building came om he u u e building use s and ha e
been endo sed by go e nmen en i y, Ci y o Helsinki. Cu en ly, he building is used by he
Ci y o Helsinki’s En i onmen Cen e and he Facul y o Biological and En i onmen al
Sciences o he Uni e si y o Helsinki. The o ice includes 240 wo kspace, con e ence
ooms, a ca e e ia, and an exhibi ion space. Pe in e iewee, i is essen ial ha he building
is open o all isi o s ha can ollow he o ice’s ene gy consump ion on sc eens ins alled
in he lobby. This ini ia i e inc eases he awa eness o he impo ance o sus ainable
cons uc ion o he public. The p ojec is an excellen illus a ion o ze o-ene gy building. Fo
example, i is analyzed by some esea che s as a case o es ima ing o eal ene gy
consump ion o ne -ze o house in compa ison wi h simula ed calcula ions. Mo eo e , he
in e iewee highligh ed ha al hough he o al cos s we e es ima ed being 21,6 million
eu os, he inal expences we e ema kably lowe - unde 17 million. The impo ance o his
case is in illus a ing how he u u e building use s can igge he sus ainable SCM ini ia i e,
he imp o ed economic pe o mance o he p ojec and inc eased public awa eness h ough
making inished p ojec open o public and u u e esea ch.
As men ioned be o e he las case is he so wa e One Click LCA, de eloped by Biono a
L d. ha suppo s au oma ion o en i onmen al impac s assessmen om exis ing design
84
da a while ensu ing compliance wi h a ious ce i ica ion schemes (i.e., LEED, BREEAM,
DGNB and 30 o he sys ems). Acco ding o he in e iewee, he LCA is c ucial o he
company o achie e a compe i i e ad an age. The so wa e ac s as a quan i a i e analysis
ool in assessing he en i onmen al ho spo s in cons uc ion design. The impo ance o LCA
using he so wa e is in p ojec op imiza ion and be e s design decisions aken by he
de elope and o he membe s o he supply chain. Fo ins ance, One Click LCA has been
success ully applied by Finnish T anspo Agency o calcula e he en i onmen al impac s o
he Ki ikko in e change in as uc u e p ojec o assessmen o he "bene i s he planning
can ha e ega ding he en i onmen al e ec s o such in as uc u e p ojec s" (Biono a L d.,
2018). As pe in e iewee, he case company has a solid sus ainabili y ision and sha e he
common belie e ha cons uc ion specialis s need o s a hinking abou he en i onmen al
impac o hei cons uc ion p ojec s and ocus on emissions educ ion o es ablish a "c adle
o g a e" app oach. Mo eo e , he in e iewee discussed ha cu en ly Finnish cons uc ion
sec o ’s le el o sus ainable pe o mance could no be conside ed as leading in e m o
g een solu ion, al hough "mo ing in he igh di ec ion" and aking necessa y ini ia i es on
he go e nmen al le el. In e iewee el ha he u u e o he cons uc ion indus y was in
ad anced echnological capabili ies ha could lead o s onge collabo a ion be ween
supply chain membe s and de eloped solu ions o mee needs o sus ainable cons uc ion
and socie y.
In conclusion, all ou cases show ha GSCM p ac ices ha e a posi i e e ec on he
sus ainabili y o he company. Howe e , while he high cos s o cons uc ion seemed no o
be a case, he ini ia i e o g een cons uc ion de elopmen is s ill qui e no el o he ma ke .
In he cases A and C, he c i ical eason o GSCM p ac ice adop ion was he LCA
assessmen as he companies we e adop ing wo oles in cons uc ion: as de elopmen and
u u e building main enance esponsible uni y. Impo an o highligh ha in all cases he
main GSCM ini ia i es we e ela ed mos ly ei he o G een Design (Case A, B, C) o
Ce i ica ion (Case A). O he p ac ices, such as g een cons uc ion on si e, g een
anspo a ion, e c., we e no ha impo an . Wo h no ing ha he lack o sus ainabili y
knowledge has no been men ioned as In e nal Ba ie by any o in e iewees. Mo eo e ,
he image o he company has imp o ed in all cases. Rega ding he mos impo an d i e s,
he go e nmen al egula ions, cus ome p essu e, and op-managemen commi men ha e
been highligh ed by many in e iewees.
85
6.3 GSCM p ac ices di usion analysis
The case s udy analysis e ealed ha in all GSCM cases he companies we e ac ing as
“Fi s Mo e ,” meaning ha hei ini ia i e was i s o he ma ke . To in es iga e his ma e ,
i has been decided o conduc an addi ional analysis o explo e he beha io al pa e ns o
he companies and inno a ion di usion on Finnish cons uc ion ma ke , The main pu pose
o his in es iga ion is o de elop a holis ic iew on he p ocess and de elop mo e in o med
and g ounded decisions in he conclusion chap e o he hesis.
The heo y o Di usion o Inno a ion (DoI) was i s in oduced in 1962 by E e e Roge s,
and seeks o explain how new ideas, knowledge, and inno a ion a e sp eading in
popula ions o e ime. Many esea che s chose DoI model as a heo e ical amewo k o
s udy he supply chain inno a ion p ocess in he indus y (Meade and Islam, 2006; Qi e al.,
2011; Zhu, Tian and Sa kis, 2012; Schlepe and Busse, 2013). Acco ding o Roge s (2003),
companies in he ma ke adop an inno a ion o p ac ice a di e en imes o wo main
easons. Fi s , downs eam supply chain membe s ha a e close o he end consume s
a e compa a i ely mo e in he ocus o public in e es . Thus, i migh be mo e c ucial o
hem o adop he p ac ices and enhance he public image. Second, he adop e s can be
mo e open o inno a i eness and be willing o isk- aking. Consequen ly, such companies
as "ea ly adop e s" a e o en highly espec ed ma ke membe s and opinion leade s. By
adop ing he inno a ion, hey gene a e a ligh house e ec o u he adop e s.
The ea ly majo i y usually consis s o a ound one- hi d o he o al amoun o adop e s o
inno a ion. La e , as knowledge has been sp ead and a numbe o adop e s ha e achie ed
a poin o c i ical mass, he di usion becomes sel -sus aining. Inno a ion in he con ex o
cons uc ion could be de ined as an applica ion o a non- i ial change ega ding
imp o emen in a sys em o wo king p ocedu e ha is no el o he ocus company
(Slaugh e , 2000). Embedding sus ainabili y in he p ojec managemen is no a commonly
accep ed p ac ice in he cons uc ion indus y in Eu ope (Eu opean Pa en O ice, 2018).
The e o e, i could be iewed as an inno a i e ac ion and he p ocess o in eg a ion o
sus ainabili y in o managemen cons uc ion sys ems has o be ecognized as an inno a ion
di usion p ocess (Banihashemi e al., 2017).
As his s udy is ocused on in es iga ing he GSCM p ac ices, he analysis o he Finnish
ma ke wi h DoI heo y will gi e insigh s on he beha io al o he ma ke and po en ial
adap a ion pa h. The ISO 14001 ce i ica ion has been selec ed as a GSCM indica o ha

86
will be applied o model de elopmen . Acco ding o Gonzales, Sa kis and Adenso-Diaz
(2008) ISO 14001 ce i ica ion, companies end o gene ally inc ease hei en i onmen al
managemen e o s o collabo a ion and demand o he membe s o he supply chain o
adop g eene beha io . The e o e, he numbe o i ms ha ha e ob ained ISO 14001
ce i ica ion migh be conside ed as objec i e ep esen a i es o he GSCM di usion in
Finland. The da a used o analysis was ob ained om ISOTC (2018) and is p esen ed in
Table 45. The numbe o ISO 14001 ce i ied en e p ises in Finland pe yea and
accumula i e da a used o modeling is shown g aphically in igu e 18.
Table 45 The numbe o ISO 14001 ce i ied en e p ises om 1994 o 2016, (ISOTC, 2018)
Yea
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Inc easing numbe
5
11
31
82
156
470
508
687
Yea
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Inc easing numbe
750
1128
882
923
935
822
991
1107
Yea
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Inc easing numbe
1122
1169
1310
1422
1503
1466
1418
Figu e 18 The numbe o ISO 14001 ce i ied en e p ises om 1994 o 2016
In 1969, F ank Bass has published his wo k on "A new p oduc g ow h model o consume
du ables” which con ibu ed ma hema ical ideas o he DoI concep . The Bass di usion
model uni es he classic inno a ion model and imi a ion model in o one gene alized model
o combine bo h e ec s (Liu e al., 2014) and akes he ollowing o m:
S #=#pm#+#(q#–#p)Y #-#
.
/
Y
2#
###############################################################################################################(1)
whe e Y is he cumula i e numbe o adop e s as o ime , and S is he numbe o adop e s
a ime . m ep esen s po en ial ma ke size. p is he coe icien o inno a ion, which e e s
o an ex e nal in luence o mass ad e ising e ec . q is he coe icien o imi a ion, and i
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Numbe o ISO 14001 ce i ied en e p ises Cummula i e numbe
87
e e s o he in e nal in luence o wo d-o -mou h e ec . Bo h p and q should be equal o o
la ge han ze o by de ini ion.
Exp ession (2) is he cumula i e adop ion as a unc ion o ime:
Y #=#
/#(12345
(
2
(
56.
)
7
)
)
16.
5345#(2
(
56.
)
7) + 37
###
############################################################################################################(2)
The MATLAB so wa e cu e- i ing ool has been used o model he da a and es he da a
i . G aphically, he esul s o i ing can be seen on igu e 19. As can be seen, o e all he
cu e i s he da a qui e well. The es ima ed coe icien o inno a ion, p = 0,046367,
coe icien o imi a ion, q = 0,06483, and po en ial ma ke size, m = 1 786, alues a e
plausible i compa ed wi h simila s udies (Sul an, Fa ley and Lehmann, 1990; Zhu, Tian
and Sa kis, 2012b).
Figu e 19 ISO 14001 cu e om he i ed esul s
The esul s show ha p<q (0,06483<0,046367), which indica es ha he implemen a ion o
GSCM is mainly a ec ed by o he leading en e p ises (no in e nally p oac i ely), and he
di usion cu e is a logis ic cu e wi h di usion a e ising and hen alling (Zhu, Tian and
Sa kis, 2012b). The p ac ical implica ion o hese esul s can be he conclusion ha in
Finland, he p oac i e app oach and sel -mo i a ion owa ds GSCM a e ela i ely low and
companies implemen g een p ac ices due o imi a ion. The e o e, i is i al o he
go e nmen o no only mo i a e he leading i ms in he indus y o adop GSCM p ac ices
bu o sha e hei g een knowledge, solu ion and ini ia i es wi h o he s akeholde s and
ma ke playe s o de elop he necessa y p essu e owa ds sus ainabili y.
88
7 CONCLUSION, LIMITATION AND FUTURE RESEARCH
In his chap e , he conclusion o he esea ch wo k o his hesis is discussed wi h he ocus
on possible heo e ical and manage ial applica ions o he indings. Mo eo e , he sec ion
co e s some limi a ions o he esea ch and desc ibes he po en ial implica ions o indings
o Finnish policy, indus y p ac i ione s and ecommenda ions o u u e esea ch.
7.1 Discussion and Conclusion
The impo ance o mee ing he p inciples o sus ainable de elopmen nowadays became
isible o all o see. Howe e , while a lo o g ounded esea ch has been conduc ed in he
ield o GSCM, he e a e s ill a numbe o esea ch gaps o be co e ed. One o such
knowledge gaps has been add essed in his esea ch. This s udy in es iga es empi ically
he e ec o GSCM p ac ices on suis ainable pe o mance o he company as well as he
d i e s and ba ie s ha suppo o p e en such p ac ice adop ion. E idence was collec ed
om a c oss-coun y sample o Finnish cons uc ion companies using he mixed esea ch
me hod o da a collec ion and analysis. Al hough he inding o his s udy may di e by
coun y, on undamen al le el he esul s o his analysis can be applied o he cons uc ion
indus ies in o he ma ke condi ions aking in o conside a ion he ac ha GSCM issues in
he cons uc ion sec o a e mos ly compa able ac oss he globe.
The main esul s o his hesis esea ch a e desc ibed nex . The sys ema ic li e a u e e iew
conduc ed as a pa o his s udy e ealed ha he GSCM ield can s ill be conside ed as
eme ging and es ablishing. The main con ibu ing au ho s a e changing apidly o e ime,
and a he momen , i is challenging o ecognize one a icle, esea che o esea ch g oup
as being he mos in luen ial and leading. On he o he hand, he e is s ill a lo o po en ial
ields no disco e ed; he e o e, he u he g ow h o a en ion o GSCM opic could be
expec ed. Mo eo e , he geog aphical mapping e ealed ha he Asian egion con ibu ed
ema kably o he amoun o he esea ch a icles ollowed by he EU egion and es o he
wo ld.
Rega ding he empi ical esul s, he mos o he companies pa icipa ed in he su ey
indica ed ha hey ake in o conside a ion g een s a egy p ac ices in hei companies. On
he o he hand, he communica ion on he en i onmen al issue be ween all laye s o
subcon ac o s is one o he leas p ac iced ac ions among Finnish companies. The op
managemen commi men is adop ed o ca e ully conside ed in mos o he companies-
esponden s. The esul s o he su ey ha e also e ealed ha he a chi ec u al design is
89
admi ed as he mos impo an and widely applied GSCM p ac ice. The eason migh be
ha wi h he as de elopmen o new solu ions he measu emen ins umen de eloped by
o he esea che s and applied in his esea ch does no inco po a e any mo e he la es
de elopmen s and ends in he indus y and should be adjus ed o include mo e inno a i e
and ea u ing a chi ec u al solu ions and me hods.
On he o he side, he indings o case s udy me hods show, ha he g een building design
concep s such as Eco House o NZEB a e ela i ely no el o he Finnish ma ke . Mo eo e ,
he case s udy indings show he esul s co esponding o he su ey esul s ha g een
ac ions and p ac ices on cons uc ion si e a e no e y common among Finnish cons uc ion
companies. On he o he hand, he inspec ions du ing he cons uc ion p ojec p ocess is a
widely adop ed me hod among cons uc ion i ms as well and ob aining EMS o ISO
Ce i ica ion. G een p ocu emen p ac ices a e indica ed by Finnish i ms o be a he
a e age le el o adop ion. Mos o he esponden s ha e s a ed he ini ia ion o
implemen a ion hem in o p ac ice. Mos o he i ms equi e supplie s o disclose
in o ma ion abou hei en i onmen al p ac ices du ing he p ocu emen p ocess. O e all,
he mos p e alen g een anspo a ion p ac ice among esponden s was he anspo a ion
o ma e ials in ull uckload quan i ies.
Acco ding o he su ey esul s, he mos in luencing ex e nal d i e o embedding GSCM
p ac ices in he cons uc ion supply chain a e go e nmen egula ions. I indica es he
subs an ial impac o legisla ion conce ning cons uc ion ac i i ies in Finland on he
decision-making p ocesses in en e p ises. On he o he hand, he leas in luencing ex e nal
ac o among all esponden s is he p essu e om compe i o s. The eason behind migh
be in he cu en low le el o GSCM p ac ices adop ion on he na ional cons uc ion ma ke
le el. Rega ding he in e nal d i e s, he cos s educ ion is seen by Finnish i ms as he
mos impo an o decision-making p ocess. In line wi h his esul , he mos signi ican
ex e nal ba ie ha p e en s p ac icing he GSCM p ac ices in he cons uc ion companies
is p essu e o lowe p ices. A he same ime he mos c i ical in e nal ba ie indica ed in
he su ey esul , he lack o sus ainabili y knowledge, has no been pe cei ed as being
ema kably impo an by he in e iewees. The a ionale o ha migh be in he selec ion o
case s udy companies among ones e ec i ely adop ing GSCM p ac ices, while a he same
ime he su ey co e ed all ange cons uc ion i ms GSCM adop e s o no-adop e s.
O e all, he e idence has been ob ained in he posi i e e ec o GSCM p ac ices on he
sus ainable de elopmen o he company. The mos signi ican in luencing i em disco e ed
96
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Please desc ibe he g een design p ac ices in you company:
No conside ing i
(1)
Planning o
conside i (2)
Conside ing i
cu en ly (3)
Ini ia e
implemen a ion (4)
Implemen ing
success ully (5)
Conside a ion o
ene gy e ficien
ligh ing sys em
o
o
o
o
o
Conside a ion o
ene gy e ficien
hea ing sys em
o
o
o
o
o
Conside a ion o
ene gy e ficien
au oma ion sys ems
o
o
o
o
o
Conside a ion o
ene gy e ficien
en ila ion and ai
condi ioning
sys ems
o
o
o
o
o
Conside a ion o
ma e ials wi h high
ecycled con en
and low embodied
ene gy
o
o
o
o
o
Conside a ion o
educe he use o
haza dous
ma e ials
o
o
o
o
o
End o Block: 2. G een Design
S a o Block: 3. G een Pu chasing
Please desc ibe he g een pu chasing p ac ices in you company:
No conside ing i
(1)
Planning o
conside i (2)
Conside ing i
cu en ly (3)
Ini ia e
implemen a ion (4)
Implemen ing
success ully (5)
En i onmen al
c i e ia a e included
in ma e ial
pu chase decisions
o
o
o
o
o
In o ma ion sha ing
wi h supplie s
ega ding he
echnological
de elopmen s
ela ing o hei
ope a ions
o
o
o
o
o
Requi e supplie s o
disclose in o ma ion
abou hei
en i onmen al
p ac ices
o
o
o
o
o
Requi e supplie s o
ob ain ce i ica ion
o hei
en i onmen al
managemen
sys ems
o
o
o
o
o
End o Block: 3. G een Pu chasing
S a o Block: 4. G een T anspo a ion

Please desc ibe he g een anspo a ion p ac ices in you company:
No conside ing i
(1)
Planning o
conside i (2)
Conside ing i
cu en ly (3)
Ini ia e
implemen a ion (4)
Implemen ing
success ully (5)
Employees a e
encou aged o use
sha ed anspo
and public
anspo
o
o
o
o
o
Ma e ials a e
anspo ed in ull
uckload quan i ies
o
o
o
o
o
Ma e ials a e
anspo ed in uel
e ficien ehicles
o
o
o
o
o
End o Block: 4. G een T anspo a ion
S a o Block: 5. G een Cons uc ion
Please desc ibe he g een cons uc ion p ac ices in you company:
No conside ing i
(1)
Planning o
conside i (2)
Conside ing i
cu en ly (3)
Ini ia e
implemen a ion (4)
Implemen ing
success ully (5)
P o ision o was e wa e
ecycling a
p ojec /manu ac u ing si e
o
o
o
o
o
Use o p e ab ica ed
componen s in p ojec s
o
o
o
o
o
Implemen a ion o
comp ehensi e was e
aba emen plan o
p ojec /manu ac u ing si es
o
o
o
o
o
Implemen a ion o
comp ehensi e ma e ial
sa ing plan
o
o
o
o
o
Implemen a ion o
comp ehensi e land
sa ing plan
o
o
o
o
o
Au oma ion is used o
onsi e
cons uc ion/manu ac u ing
ac i i ies
o
o
o
o
o
Fuel e ficien
equipmen /machine y is
used a
p ojec /manu ac u ing si e
o
o
o
o
o
In es men in g een
equipmen and echnology
o
o
o
o
o
Conside a ion me hods
and ma e ials o noise
con ol/ noise educ ion
du ing cons uc ion
o
o
o
o
o
End o Block: 5. G een Cons uc ion
S a o Block: 6. G een Moni o ing
Please desc ibe he g een moni o ing/ g een imp o emen p ac ices in you company:
No conside ing i
(1)
Planning o
conside i (2)
Conside ing i
cu en ly (3)
Ini ia e
implemen a ion (4)
Implemen ing
success ully (5)
Implemen a ion o
EMS; ISO
Ce ifica ion
o
o
o
o
o
En i onmen al
aining
o
o
o
o
o
Inspec ions du ing
he cons uc ion
p ojec
o
o
o
o
o
Es ablishing an
en i onmen al
communica ions link
o ecei e
en i onmen al
complain s and
sugges ions
o
o
o
o
o
Repo ing he
company’s
en i onmen al
ini ia i es wi hin
magazines and
o he media
o
o
o
o
o
End o Block: 6. G een Moni o ing
S a o Block: 1. ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES
Please assess he en i onmen al pe o mance o you company:
S ongly Disag ee
(1)
Disag ee (2)
Neu al (3)
Ag ee (4)
S ongly Ag ee (5)
Numbe o
en i onmen al
acciden s has
declined
o
o
o
o
o
G eenhouse gas
emissions ha e
dec eased
o
o
o
o
o
Wa e consump ion
has dec eased
o
o
o
o
o
Ene gy consump ion
has dec eased
o
o
o
o
o
Landfill was e has
dec eased
o
o
o
o
o
Haza dous ma e ial
use has dec eased
o
o
o
o
o
A company’s
en i onmen al
si ua ion has
imp o ed
o
o
o
o
o
Si e dis up ion has
dec eased
o
o
o
o
o
End o Block: 1. ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES
S a o Block: 2. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE MEASURES
Please assess he economic pe o mance o you company:
S ongly Disag ee
(1)
Disag ee (2)
Neu al (3)
Ag ee (4)
S ongly Ag ee (5)
Ma e ial expenses pe
uni
cons uc ed/manu ac u ed
has dec eased
o
o
o
o
o
Cos o was e ea men
and discha ge pe uni
cons uc ed/manu ac u ed
has dec eased
o
o
o
o
o
En i onmen al penal ies
and ines pe uni
cons uc ed/manu ac u ed
has dec eased
o
o
o
o
o
End o Block: 2. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE MEASURES
S a o Block: 3. SOCIAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES
Please assess he social pe o mance o you company:
S ongly Disag ee
(1)
Disag ee (2)
Neu al (3)
Ag ee (4)
S ongly Ag ee (5)
Co po a e image in
en i onmen al
pe o mance has
imp o ed
o
o
o
o
o
Numbe o
en i onmen - ela ed
sickness and
inju ies has educed
o
o
o
o
o
Aes he ic o design
has imp o ed
o
o
o
o
o
Communi y
dis u bance du ing
cons uc ion has
dec eased
o
o
o
o
o
End o Block: 3. SOCIAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES
S a o Block: 1. DRIVERS
Please assess he impo ance o sus ainabili y d i e s o you company:
Ve y low (1)
Low (2)
Mode a e (3)
High (4)
Ve y high (5)
Go e nmen
egula ions
o
o
o
o
o
P essu e om supply
chain s akeholde s
o
o
o
o
o
P essu e om
compe i o s
o
o
o
o
o
P essu e om clien s
(end-cus ome s)
o
o
o
o
o
Enhancing he
epu a ion and b and
image
o
o
o
o
o
Top manage s'
en i onmen al
commi men
o
o
o
o
o
Cos Reduc ion
o
o
o
o
o
Oppo uni ies o
in e na ionalisa ion
o
o
o
o
o
End o Block: 1. DRIVERS
S a o Block: 2. BARRIERS
Please assess he impo ance o sus ainabili y ba ie s o you company:
Ve y low (1)
Low (2)
Mode a e (3)
High (4)
Ve y high (5)
Sho age o g een
p o essionals
o
o
o
o
o
Lack o pa ne s’
commi men
o
o
o
o
o
In lexible and igh
s akeholde s
deadlines
o
o
o
o
o
Lack o buye
awa eness
o
o
o
o
o
P essu e o lowe
p ices
o
o
o
o
o
Lack o sus ainabili y
knowledge
o
o
o
o
o
High cos s o
implemen a ion
o
o
o
o
o
Lack o
managemen
commi men
o
o
o
o
o
End o Block: 2. BARRIERS
S a o Block: Resul s
Would you like o ecei e he summa y copy o his s udy esul s ia email?
o Yes
o No
End o Block: Resul s
APPENDIX 3: Desc ip i e s a is ics o GSCM p ac ices
Table 1 The ela i e weigh o GSCM p ac ices o membe s o he cons uc ion p ocess
Code
All esponden s
(N=42)
(1) De elope
(N=6)
(2) A chi ec /
Consul an
(N=4)
(3)
Con ac o
(N=22)
(4) Supplie
(N=10)
Mean
Rank
Mean
Rank
Mean
Rank
Mean
Rank
Mean
Rank
G een S a egy
GS1
3,80
1
3,83
2
3,75
2
2,68
3
2,90
2
GS2
3,80
1
3,67
3
4,00
1
2,55
4
-
-
GS3
3,30
3
3,50
4
3,00
4
2,82
2
-
-
GS4
3,80
1
4,00
1
3,50
3
-
-
-
-
GS5
3,60
2
4,00
1
3,00
4
2,86
1
3,10
1
G een Design
GD1
4,20
4
3,67
5
5,0
1
-
-
-
-
GD2
3,90
5
3,17
6
5,0
1
-
-
-
-
GD3
4,30
3
3,83
4
5,0
1
-
-
-
-
GD4
4,20
4
3,67
5
5,0
1
-
-
-
-
GD5
4,50
1
4,33
1
4,8
2
-
-
2,70
2
GD6
4,50
1
4,17
2
5,0
1
-
-
2,20
4
GD7
4,30
3
3,83
5
5,0
1
-
-
1,50
6
GD8
4,40
2
4,00
3
5,0
1
-
-
1,90
5
GD9
4,20
4
3,67
5
5,0
1
2,81
2
2,40
3
GD1
0
4,30
3
3,83
4
5,0
1
3,00
1
3,10
1
GD1
1
4,20
4
3,67
5
5,0
1
-
-
-
-
G een P ocu emen
GP1
2,86
3
3,67
1
-
-
2,64
3
-
-
GP2
3,07
2
3,50
2
4,50
1
2,95
2
-
-
GP3
3,18
1
3,67
1
1,50
2
3,05
1
-
-
GP4
2,61
4
3,33
3
1,50
2
2,41
1
-
-
G een T anspo a ion
GT1
2,36
2
-
-
-
-
2,36
2
-
-
GT2
2,32
3
-
-
-
-
2,32
3
3,00
2
GT3
3,09
1
-
-
-
-
3,09
1
3,30
1
GT4
2,36
2
-
-
-
-
2,36
2
3,00
2
G een Cons uc ion
GC1
1,81
9
-
-
1,00
3
1,81
9
1,00
3
GC2
3,27
1
-
-
5,00
1
3,27
1
-
-
GC3
3,23
2
-
-
1,00
3
3,23
2
-
-
GC4
2,50
7
-
-
4,75
2
2,50
7
-
-
GC5
2,23
8
-
-
5,00
1
2,23
8
-
-
GC6
2,86
4
-
-
-
-
2,86
4
-
-
GC7
2,36
6
-
-
-
-
2,36
6
2,00
2
GC8
2,64
5
-
-
-
-
2,64
5
2,20
1
GC9
2,95
3
-
-
-
-
2,95
3
-
-
G een Moni o ing and Imp o emen
GMI1
2,96
2
3,17
2
1,00
2
2,91
2
2,40
GMI2
2,54
4
3,00
5
4,75
1
2,41
4
2,20
GMI3
3,57
1
3,83
1
1,00
2
3,50
1
-
-
GMI4
2,89
3
3,33
3
-
-
2,77
3
2,80
GMI5
2,50
5
3,17
4
4,75
1
2,32
5
1,60

Appendix 3 con inued
Figu e 1 Desc ip i e s a is ics o GSCM p ac ices: G een S a egy, G een Design, G een
P ocu emen
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Clea
en i onmen al
goals in s a egy
E alua ing e ec
o he p ojec o
socie y and
en i onmen
E ec i e
communica ion on
he en i onmen al
issue be ween
subcon ac o s
Inclusion o
en i onmen al
managemen in
ende ing
equi emen s
Top-managemen
commi men o
sus ainabili y
G een S a egy
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
En i onmen al
impac assessmen
Flo a and auna
popula ions
Na u al ligh ing Was ewa e ecycling Ene gy e ficien
ligh ing sys em
G een Design (1/2)
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Ene gy e ficien
hea ing sys em
Ene gy e ficien
au oma ion
sys ems
Ene gy e ficien
en ila ion and ai
condi ioning
sys ems
Ma e ials wi h
high ecycled
con en , e c.
Reduce he use
o haza dous
ma e ials
Me hods and
ma e ials o
noise con ol
G een Design (2/2)
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
En i onmen al c i e ia
included in ma e ial
pu chase decisions
In o ma ion sha ing wi h
supplie s ega ding he
echnological
de elopmen s
Requi e supplie s o
disclose in o ma ion
abou hei
en i onmen al p ac ices
Requi e supplie s o
ob ain ce i ica ion o
hei EMS
G een P ocu emen
5
4
3
2
1
Appendix 3 con inued
Figu e 2 Desc ip i e s a is ics o GSCM p ac ices: G een T anspo a ion, G een Cons uc ion,
G een Moni o ing and Impo o emen
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
P o ision o
accommoda ion o
employees nea p ojec
si es
Employees a e
encou aged o use public
anspo
Ma e ials a e anspo ed
in ull uckload quan i ies
Ma e ials a e anspo ed
in uel e ficien ehicles
G een T anspo a ion
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Was e wa e
ecycling a
p ojec /manu ac u ing
si e
P e ab ica ed
componen s
Was e aba emen
plan
Ma e ial sa ing plan Land sa ing plan
G een Cons uc ion (1/2)
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Au oma ion is used o
onsi e cons uc ion
Fuel e ficien
equipmen /machine y
In es men in g een
equipmen and echnology
Noise con ol/ noise
educ ion du ing
cons uc ion
G een Cons uc ion (2/2)
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Implemen a ion o
EMS; ISO
Ce ifica ion
En i onmen al
aining
Inspec ions du ing
he cons uc ion
p ojec
En i onmen al
communica ions link
Repo ing he
company’s
en i onmen al
ini ia i es wi hin
media
G een Moni o ing and Imp o emen
5
4
3
2
1
APPENDIX 4: Desc ip i e s a is ics o sus ainable pe o mance indica o s
Table 1 The ela i e weigh o sus ainable pe o mance o membe s o he cons uc ion p ocess
Code
All
esponden s
(N=42)
(1)
De elope
(N=6)
(2) A chi ec /
Consul an
(N=4)
(3)
Con ac o
(N=22)
(4) Supplie
(N=10)
Mean
Rank
Mean
Rank
Mean
Rank
Mean
Rank
Mean
Rank
En i onmen al Pe o mance (EP)
EM1
3,57
3
3,50
4
3,75
3
3,64
2
3,40
3
EM2
3,52
4
3,50
4
4,00
2
3,41
5
3,60
2
EM3
3,52
4
4,00
1
4,00
2
3,41
5
3,30
4
EM4
3,38
6
3,50
4
4,25
1
3,41
5
2,90
6
EM5
3,69
1
3,50
4
4,00
2
3,50
3
4,10
1
EM6
3,52
4
3,83
2
3,25
4
3,45
4
3,60
2
EM7
3,64
2
3,50
4
4,00
2
3,68
1
3,50
3
EM8
3,45
5
3,67
3
3,75
3
3,50
3
3,10
5
Social Pe o mance
SM1
3,79
1
4,00
1
4,75
2
3,73
1
3,40
2
SM2
3,62
1
4,00
1
3
4
3,68
2
3,50
1
SM3
3,40
3
3,50
2
5
1
3,23
4
3,10
3
SM4
3,43
2
3,33
3
4,5
3
3,27
3
3,40
2
Economic Pe o mance (EcP)
ECM1
3,19
3
3,33
3
4,00
1
3,27
1
2,60
3
ECM2
3,29
1
3,50
2
3,75
2
3,05
3
3,50
1
ECM3
3,21
2
3,67
1
3,75
2
3,23
2
2,70
2
Appendix 4 con inued
Figu e 1 Desc ip i e s a is ics o GSCM pe o mance indica o s
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Numbe o
en i onmen al
acciden s has declined
GHG emissions ha e
dec eased
Wa e consump ion has
dec eased
Ene gy consump ion
has dec eased
En i onmen al Pe o mance (1/2)
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Landfill was e has
dec eased
Haza dous ma e ial use
has dec eased
A company’s
en i onmen al si ua ion
has imp o ed
Si e dis up ion has
dec eased
En i onmen al Pe o mance (2/2)
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Ma e ial expenses pe uni
cons uc ed/manu ac u ed
ha e dec eased
Cos o was e ea men and
discha ge pe uni
cons uc ed/manu ac u ed
has dec eased
En i onmen al penal ies and
ines pe uni
cons uc ed/manu ac u ed
has dec eased
Economic Pe o mance
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
The co po a e image in
en i onmen al
pe o mance has
imp o ed
The numbe o
en i onmen - ela ed
sickness and inju ies
has educed
Aes he ic o design has
imp o ed
Communi y dis u bance
du ing cons uc ion has
dec eased
Social Pe o mance
5
4
3
2
1