GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
Geosci. Model De . Discuss., 6, 3003–3032, 2013
www.geosci-model-de -discuss.ne /6/3003/2013/
doi:10.5194/gmdd-6-3003-2013
© Au ho (s) 2013. CC A ibu ion 3.0 License.
EGU Jou nal Logos (RGB)
Ad ances in
Geosciences
Open Access
Na u al Haza ds
and Ea h Sys em
Sciences
Open Access
Annales
Geophysicae
Open Access
Nonlinea P ocesses
in Geophysics
Open Access
A mosphe ic
Chemis y
and Physics
Open Access
A mosphe ic
Chemis y
and Physics
Open Access
Discussions
A mosphe ic
Measu emen
Techniques
Open Access
A mosphe ic
Measu emen
Techniques
Open Access
Discussions
Biogeosciences
Open Access
Open Access
Biogeosciences
Discussions
Clima e
o he Pas
Open Access
Open Access
Clima e
o he Pas
Discussions
Ea h Sys em
Dynamics
Open Access
Open Access
Ea h Sys em
Dynamics
Discussions
Geoscien i ic
Ins umen a ion
Me hods and
Da a Sys ems
Open Access
Geoscien i ic
Ins umen a ion
Me hods and
Da a Sys ems
Open Access
Discussions
Geoscien i ic
Model De elopmen
Open Access
Open Access
Geoscien i ic
Model De elopmen
Discussions
Hyd ology and
Ea h Sys em
Sciences
Open Access
Hyd ology and
Ea h Sys em
Sciences
Open Access
Discussions
Ocean Science
Open Access
Open Access
Ocean Science
Discussions
Solid Ea h
Open Access
Open Access
Solid Ea h
Discussions
The C yosphe e
Open Access
Open Access
The C yosphe e
Discussions
Na u al Haza ds
and Ea h Sys em
Sciences
Open Access
Discussions
This discussion pape is/has been unde e iew o he jou nal Geoscien i ic Model
De elopmen (GMD). Please e e o he co esponding inal pape in GMD i a ailable.
Tes o alidi y o a dynamic soil ca bon
model using da a om lea li e
decomposi ion in a Wes A ican opical
o es
G. H. S. Guendehou1,2, J. Liski3, M. Tuomi3, M. Moudachi ou4, B. Sinsin5, and
R. Mäkipää2
1Cen e Béninois de la Reche che Scien i ique e Technique, 03 BP 1665 Co onou, Bénin
2Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e, P.O. Box 18, 01301 Van aa, Finland
3Finnish En i onmen Ins i u e, P.O. Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
4Labo a oi e de Pha macognosie, Facul é des Sciences e Techniques,
Uni e si é d’Abomey-Cala i, 01 BP 918 Co onou, Bénin
5Labo a oi e d’Ecologie Appliquée, Facul é des Sciences Ag onomiques,
Uni e si é d’Abomey-Cala i, 01 BP 526 Co onou, Bénin
Recei ed: 8 Ap il 2013 – Accep ed: 6 May 2013 – Published: 28 May 2013
Co espondence o: G. H. S. Guendehou ([email p o ec ed],
[email protected])
Published by Cope nicus Publica ions on behal o he Eu opean Geosciences Union.
3003
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
Abs ac
We e alua ed he applicabili y o he dynamic soil ca bon model Yasso07 in opical
condi ions in Wes A ica by simula ing he li e decomposi ion p ocess using as e-
qui ed inpu in o he model li e mass, li e quali y, empe a u e and p ecipi a ion col-
lec ed du ing a li e bag expe imen . The expe imen was conduc ed o e a six-mon h5
pe iod on lea li e o i e dominan ee species, namely A zelia a icana, Anogeissus
leioca pa, Ceiba pen and a, Dialium guineense and Diospy os mespili o mis in a semi-
deciduous e isol o es in Sou he n Benin. Since he p edic ions o Yasso07 we e
no consis en wi h he obse a ions on mass loss and chemical composi ion o li e ,
Yasso07 was i ed o he da ase composed o global da a and he new expe imen-10
al da a om Benin. The e-pa ame e ized e sions o Yasso07 had a good p edic i e
abili y and e ined he applicabili y o he model in Benin o es ima e soil ca bon s ocks,
i s changes and CO2emissions om he e o ophic espi a ion as main ou pu s o he
model. The indings o his esea ch suppo he hypo hesis ha he high a ia ion o
li e quali y obse ed in he opics is a majo d i e o he decomposi ion and needs15
o be accoun ed in he model pa ame e iza ion.
1 In oduc ion
In opical condi ions in A ica, li le a en ion has been paid o li e decomposi ion and
quan i ica ion o changes in he soil o ganic ca bon (SOC), hough o es soil in his
egion accoun s o 11 % o he wo ld’s soil ca bon pool (FAO, 2010). Quan i ica ion o 20
SOC dynamics in opical A ica is equi ed o imp o e he es ima ion o he global ca -
bon balance. The SOC changes a e epo ed unde he Clima e Change Con en ion
as a pa o he na ional g eenhouse gas in en o ies o he o es y sec o (UNFCCC,
2008, 2010), bu majo i y o he coun ies in opical A ica ei he epo no changes
in SOC s ocks o apply de aul s ock change ac o s o he In e go e nmen al Panel25
on Clima e Change me hodologies (pa ex. IPCC, 2003, 2006) oge he wi h ough
3004
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
es ima ion o he land use and land use change. Unde he Uni ed Na ions F amewo k
Con en ion on Clima e Change (UNFCCC) mechanism o he Reducing Emissions
om De o es a ion and Fo es Deg ada ion in De eloping Coun ies (REDD), he coun-
ies ha e economic incen i es o he conse a ion, he sus ainable managemen and
he enhancemen o hei o es ca bon s ocks and obus me hods leading o con iden 5
and e i ied ca bon s ock es ima es a e inc easingly equi ed. A numbe o s udies ha e
epo ed SOC s ocks es ima ed om only spo adic soil sampling and digi al maps ( o
example Manu e al., 1991; P udencio, 1993; Volko e al., 1999; Hen y e al., 2009)
and he epo ed alues in he exis ing da abases in A ica (Ba jes, 1996, 2002, 2005,
2006; FAO, 2008) consis o global es ima es wi h limi ed indica ions on changes and10
dis ibu ion acco ding o ecosys ems.
The dynamics o SOC is in luenced by li e quan i y and quali y, clima e and
me abolism o decomposing o ganisms and go e ned by o he physical, chemical and
biological ac o s, such as soil p ope ies, which all may be di icul o quan i y (Swi
and Ande son, 1989; Ae s, 1997; Coû eaux e al., 1998; La elle e al., 1993). O e all15
changes in he SOC s ock may be quan i ied wi h measu emen s, bu epea ed mea-
su emen s o soil ca bon s ocks a e labo ious, ime and esou ces consuming e o s
wi h he added d awback o he di icul y o p edic ing u u e le els. Also, ex apola -
ing only a ew SOC measu emen s o a la ge scale may lead o high unce ain y due
o he spa ial a ia ion o SOC. Thus, p ocesses aking place in soil and SOC s ock20
changes a e s udied mos ly h ough he use o decomposi ion models (Coleman and
Jenkinson, 1996; Cu ie and Abe , 1997; Ku z and Apps, 1999; Che o e al., 2001;
Liski e al., 2005; Sie a e al., 2012). The applica ion o he model-based app oach
could also help coun ies o mee SOC epo ing equi emen s in opical A ica, whe e
esou ces a e limi ed. Howe e , model esul s and hei applicabili y depend on model25
s uc u e and pa ame e s, as well as on a ailable inpu in o ma ion and assump ions
used (Pel oniemi e al., 2007; Palosuo e al., 2012).
To ou knowledge, no SOC model calib a ed using li e decomposi ion da a om
o es s in A ica is a ailable. The li e quali y is known o be he mos impo an
3005
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
de e minan o he decomposi ion a e a egional scale (e.g. Tian e al., 1992; Be g
e al., 1993; La elle e al., 1993; Ae s, 1997; Lo ange e al., 2002; Guendehou e al.,
2014) and he plan species ichness o opical o es s yields high a ia ion in he li -
e quali y (Goma-Tchimbakala and Be nha d-Re e sa , 2006; Ba bhuiya e al., 2008;
Cusack e al., 2009). Howe e , only a ew li e ypes om opical ee species we e5
included in he da ase ha was used o he pa ame e iza ion o he widely applied soil
ca bon model (Coleman and Jenkinson, 1996; Che o e al. 2001; Tuomi e al., 2009)
and many soil models a e pa ame e ized only o empe a e and bo eal condi ions.
In his pape , we assessed he applicabili y o he dynamic soil ca bon model
Yasso07 in opical condi ions in Wes A ica, by simula ing he li e decomposi ion10
p ocess using da a on li e mass, li e quali y, empe a u e and p ecipi a ion. The da a
was collec ed om a li e bag expe imen conduc ed on lea li e om i e dominan
ee species, namely A zelia a icana,Anogeissus leioca pa,Ceiba pen and a,Dialium
guineense, and Diospy os mespili o mis, in he na u al semi-deciduous o es Lama in
Sou he n Benin. We es ed he hypo heses ha he decomposi ion p ocess in opics15
is a ec ed by he high a ia ion o li e quali y and e-pa ame e iza ion o he Yasso07
model wi h he di e se li e da a om opics imp o es he p ecision o he mass loss
p edic ions.
2 Ma e ial and me hods
2.1 Expe imen al si e20
The expe imen al si e is he Lama o es , a na u al semi-deciduous o es loca ed in
a humid opical clima e in Sou he n Benin (Nagel e al., 2004) a 6◦550–7◦000N, 2◦040–
2◦120E (Fig. 1). The si e alls wi hin he opical mois zone acco ding o he classi i-
ca ion scheme o clima e egions o he IPCC (IPCC, 2006). The highes (38 ◦C) and
he lowes (15 ◦C) empe a u es we e usually eco ded in Feb ua y–Ma ch and in De-25
cembe , espec i ely. The mean annual empe a u e is 27 ◦C. The p ecipi a ion shows
3006
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
a bimodal dis ibu ion pa e n. The mean annual p ecipi a ion in he expe imen al si e
is 1100 mm; ain all is, in gene al, mo e han 100 mmmon h−1 h oughou he yea ,
excep in Janua y, Feb ua y and Decembe . Yea s a e di ided in o ou seasons: wo
ainy and wo d y seasons. The p incipal ainy season occu s be ween mid-Ma ch and
mid-July and he sho e ainy season be ween mid-Sep embe and mid-No embe .5
The mon hly a e age o ela i e humidi y is always mo e han 51 %. Table 1 shows he
mon hly clima ic da a eco ded by he na ional me eo ological se ice a he ime o he
decomposi ion expe imen .
The soil o he Lama o es is epo ed as a a e hyd omo phic clayey e isol (40 o
60 % o clay) in Wes A ica, wi h a poo d ainage and a pH ange o 5–5.5 in he 0–10
30 cm ho izon (Küppe s e al., 1998). The pH inc eases up o 6.5–7 in deepe ho izons
due o he appea ance o limes one a a dep h o 150 cm. This soil has been desc ibed
as ich in calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) due o a “g ani o-gneissic” pa en ma e ial
om he seconda y and e ia y ages. The mean al i ude in he o es is 60 m ( on
Bo hme e al., 1986).15
The ee species ichness o he Lama o es was desc ibed by Akoègninou (1984),
Mondjannagni (1969), Pa adis and Houngnon (1977). Küppe s e al. (1998) epo ed 67
amilies based on an in en o y ca ied ou in 1998. The a e age densi y in he na u al
dense pa o he o es whe e he expe imen ook place is 12 species/400 m2, and
he ela i e abundance o dominan ee species is abou 40 ees/400 m2(Küppe s20
e al., 1998). The cu en esea ch ocused on i e dominan ee species including A.
a icana,A. leioca pa,C. pen and a,D. guineense and D. mespili o mis ( on Bo hme
e al., 1986; Küppe s e al., 1998; Nagel e al., 2004). No human ac i i ies such as
ha es ing o e iliza ion a e implemen ed in he expe imen al si e. In Lama o es , he
amoun o lea li e all anges om 26 o 42 d y ma e y −1; he li e all ollows25
a unimodal dis ibu ion pa e n, wi h he maximum li e p oduc ion obse ed du ing he
d y season, o en in Janua y (Djego, 2006).
3007

GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
2.2 Li e bag expe imen , mass loss measu emen , and chemical analyses
The ma e ial used consis ed o lea li e o A. a icana, A. leioca pa, C. pen and a, D.
guineense, and D. mespili o mis. Only senescen lea es eady o all om he ees
we e collec ed. Lea es we e d ied in open-ai and hen o en-d ied a 75 ◦C o cons an
weigh . In o de o use all he amoun o li e collec ed, an ini ial mass o d ied lea es5
o A. a icana (20 g), A. leioca pa (30 g), C. pen and a (20 g), D. guineense (30 g), and
D. mespili o mis (30 g) was placed in he li e bags in polyes e (20 cm ×20 cm, mesh
size 0.33 mm) on he o es loo . Li e bags we e di ided be ween ou plo s es ab-
lished in a nea ly ec angula con igu a ion; he dis ance be ween he plo s (be ween
25 and 30 m) was assumed la ge enough o minimize he spa ial au oco ela ion be-10
ween plo s. In each plo , li e bags we e placed in ows and columns on he o es loo :
he e we e i e columns each con aining he i e li e species and six ows each con-
aining he six collec ions. In o al, 30 li e bags we e placed in a plo . In each ow, he
i e bags we e placed. Bags we e no mo ed un il collec ion da e and no dis u bances
occu ed du ing he expe imen . Bags we e collec ed e e y ou weeks om he ou 15
plo s (be ween Feb ua y and July 2010), he emaining li e was d ied in open ai and
in he o en a 75 ◦C o cons an weigh . The emaining mass was measu ed and he
mass loss es ima ed. The emaining d ied li e was kep in a eeze in a plas ic bag
be o e he chemical analyses.
The chemical analyses on li e p io o decomposi ion and on decomposed li e 20
we e ca ied ou in he labo a o y o he Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e. Based on
he solubili y di e ence o he essen ial cons i uen s o lea li e in di e en sol en s,
he analyses enabled o de e mine he concen a ion o compounds soluble in e hanol,
compounds soluble in wa e , compounds hyd olysable in acid, and compounds nei-
he soluble no hyd olysable (he eina e e e ed o as Klason lignin). Ex ac ion was25
conduc ed in a sonica ing wa e ba h, i s o 90 min wi h e hanol, hen o 90 min wi h
wa e (Ka hu e al., 2010). The e hanol- and wa e ex ac ed esidue was di ided in o
acid-hyd olysable (72 % H2SO4) and non-hyd olysable ac ions using he Klason lignin
3008
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
me hod (E land, 1977). Samples we e il e ed, o en-d ied a 75 ◦C o cons an weigh
and weighed be ween he ex ac ions, and he amoun s o di e en ac ions we e de-
e mined as p opo ions o he mass o o ganic ma e . The ash con en o he samples
was de e mined a e keeping he d ied samples in a mu le u nace a 550 ◦C o e nigh .
Due o he high numbe o chemical pa ame e s o de e mine on each collec ed sam-5
ples (160 pa ame e s), samples o he same li e species and same collec ion we e
pooled o chemical analyses in o de o educe he amoun o wo k, and assuming his
yields he a e age chemical composi ion o he ou plo s.
2.3 Model desc ip ion, simula ions o li e decomposi ion p ocess and da a
analysis10
In he model Yasso07, esh o ganic ma e in lea , ine oo , and woody li e is di ided
in o ou chemically dis inguishable compound g oups: acid-hyd olysable compounds
(A), wa e -soluble compounds (W), e hanol-soluble compounds (E), nei he soluble,
no hyd olysable compounds (N) ha decompose a hei unique a es (Tuomi e al.,
2009). In addi ion, he e is a humus (H) ac ion, assumed o consis o mo e ecalci an 15
compounds, ha ecei es a pa o p oduc s esul ing om he decomposi ion o A, W,
E, N (Fig. 2). The decay a es (as measu e o mic obial ac i i y) o he compound
g oups depend on he clima ic condi ions desc ibed by empe a u e and p ecipi a ion
(Meen emeye , 1978; Be g e al., 1993; Ae s, 1997; Liski e al., 2003; Pa on e al.,
2007). The decomposi ion o compound g oups esul s in mass loss om he sys em20
and in mass lows be ween he compound g oups. The mass loss consis s o emo al
om he soil as he e o ophic espi a ion (CO2) and leaching while he emaining mass
o ms mo e ecalci an compounds, o example humus.
Ma hema ically, Yasso07 is a linea compa men al sys em, a se o i s o de di e -
en ial equa ions (Tuomi e al., 2011b):25
˙
x( )=A(C)x( )+b( )−ωiIPa,x(0) =x0(1)
3009
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
whe e x=(xA,xW,xE,xN,xH)Tis a ec o desc ibing he masses o he i e compa -
men s as a unc ion o ime ( ); A(C) is a ma ix desc ibing he decomposi ion a es and
he mass lows be ween he compa men s as a unc ion o clima ic condi ions (C); ec-
o b( ) is he li e inpu o he soil; ωia e ee pa ame e s desc ibing he p ecipi a ion
induced leaching a es; I=(1,1,1,1,1)Tis a cons an column ec o ; Pais he annual5
p ecipi a ion. Vec o x0=(xA,0,xW,0,xE,0,xN,0,xH,0) desc ibes he ini ial chemical com-
posi ion s a e o he sys em. Ma ix Ais de ined as a p oduc o he mass low ma ix
Apand he diagonal decomposi ion coe icien ma ix k(C)=diag(kA,kW,kE,kN,kH)(C),
whe e kia e he decomposi ion a e coe icien s o he compa men s (Tuomi e al.,
2009).10
Ap=






−1p1p2p30
p4−1p5p60
p7p8−1p90
p10 p11 p12 −1 0
pHpHpHpH−1






whe e pi∈[0,1] a e ela i e mass low pa ame e s be ween he compa men s.
p1:. ela i e mass low magni ude, W →A; p2: ela i e mass low magni ude, E →A;
p3:. ela i e mass low magni ude, N →A; p4: ela i e mass low magni ude, A →W;
p5:. ela i e mass low magni ude, E →W; p6: ela i e mass low magni ude, N →W;15
p7:. ela i e mass low magni ude, A →E; p8: ela i e mass low magni ude, W →E;
p9:. ela i e mass low magni ude, N →E; p10: ela i e mass low magni ude, A →N;
p11:. ela i e mass low magni ude, W →N; p12: ela i e mass low magni ude, E →N;
pH:. mass low o humus.
3010
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
The clima e dependence o he decomposi ion a e ac o s ki o mula ed in Eq. (2)
was jus i ied ea lie by Tuomi e al. (2009):
ki(C)=αiexpβ1T+β2T2(1 −expγPa) (2)
whe e Tis empe a u e (Celsius scale), Pa: annual p ecipi a ion, αi: decomposi ion
a e pa ame e , β1and β2: empe a u e dependence pa ame e s, γ: p ecipi a ion de-5
pendence pa ame e . αi,β1,β2, and γa e ee pa ame e s.
The s uc u e and ma hema ical o mulas o Yasso07 a e desc ibed in mo e de ail in
p e ious publica ions (Tuomi e al., 2009, 2011a).
The da a needed o un he model Yasso07 include: li e amoun , li e quali y (dis-
ibu ion o li e be ween A, W, E, N) oge he wi h unce ain y da a (exp essed as10
s anda d de ia ions) and clima ic da a ( empe a u e and p ecipi a ion).
The simula ion was conduc ed on each indi idual s udied li e species. An ini ial
mass o li e wi h i s chemical composi ion (Figs. 3–7) and clima ic da a (Table 1) we e
used as inpu s in o he dynamic soil ca bon model Yasso07. The p edic ions o Yasso07
we e compa ed wi h he obse a ions on change in mass, and change in chemical15
composi ion. Then, Yasso07 was i ed o a da ase whe e new da a om Benin we e
me ged wi h a global da a ( om Eu ope; Be g e al., 1991a,b, 1993, No he n and
Cen al Ame ica, Gholz e al., 2000; T o ymow e al., 1998). Also, Yasso07 was i ed
only o he new expe imen al da a om Benin. This esul ed in wo new e sions o
he Yasso07: Y07A o e e o Yasso07 i ed o he da ase including global and Benin20
da a, and Y07B o e e o Yasso07 i ed only o new da a om Benin. The p edic ions
o hese wo e sions we e compa ed wi h he obse a ions using mean esiduals and
s anda d de ia ions he eo .
When analysing he da a, he Bayesian in e ence o in o ma ion om he measu e-
men s o he pa ame e alues (see o example, Ellison, 2004) was used. Following he25
me hod o Tuomi e al. (2009, 2011a), he Ma ko chain Mon e Ca lo (MCMC) pos e io
sampling echnique was used in da a analyses. The eason o selec ing his me hod
was i s abili y o p oduce a sample om he pos e io p obabili y densi y o he model
3011
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
Re e ences
Ae s, R.: Clima e, lea li e chemis y and lea li e decomposi ion in e es ial ecosys ems:
a iangula ela ionship, Oikos, 79, 439–449, 1997.
Akoègninou, A. : Con ibu ion à l’é ude bo anique des îlo s de o ê s denses humides semi-
décidues en République Populai e du Bénin, Thèse de doc o a , Uni e si é de Bo deaux III,5
1984.
Ba bhuiya, A. R., A unachalam, A., Na h, P. C., Khan, M. L., and A unachalam. K: Lea li e
decomposi ion o dominan ee species o Namdapha na ional pa k, A unachal P adesh,
no heas India, J. Fo es Res.-Jpn., 13, 25–34, 2008.
Ba jes, N. H.: To al ca bon and ni ogen in he soils o he wo ld, Eu . J. Soil Sci., 47, 151–163,10
1996.
Ba jes, N. H.: Soil pa ame e s es ima es o he soil ypes o he wo ld o use in global and
egional modelling (Ve sion 2.1, July 2002), ISCRI epo 2002/02c, In e na ional Food Pol-
icy Resea ch Ins i u e (IFPRI), In e na ional Soil Re e ence and In o ma ion Cen e (ISRIC),
Wageningen, 52, 2002.15
Ba jes, N. H.: ISRIC-WISE global da a se o de i ed soil p ope ies on a 0.5 by 0.5 deg ee g id
(Ve sion 3.0), Repo 2005/08, ISRIC-Wo ld Soil In o ma ion, Wageningen, 24, 2005.
Ba jes, N. H.: ISRIC-WISE de i ed soil p ope ies on a 5 by 5 a c-minu es global g ids, Re-
po 2006/02, a ailable a : h p://www.is ic.o g (las access: Oc obe 2012), ISRIC-Wo ld Soil
In o ma ion, Wageningen, 2006.20
Be g, B.: Li e decomposi ion and o ganic ma e u no e in no he n o es soils, Fo es Ecol.
Manag., 133, 13–22, 2000.
Be g, B., Bool ink, H., B eymeye , A., Ewe sson, A., Galla do, A., Holm, B., Johansson, M.-
B., Koi uoja, S., Meen emeye , V., Nyman, P., Olo sson, J., Pe e sson, A. S., Reu slag, A.,
S aa , H., S aa , I., and Uba, L.: Da a on needle li e decomposi ion and soil clima e as well25
as si e cha ac e is ics o some coni e ous o es si es, Pa I, Si e cha ac e is ics, Repo
41, Swedish Uni e si y o Ag icul u al Sciences, Depa men o Ecology and En i onmen al
Resea ch, Uppsala, 1991a.
Be g, B., Bool ink, H., B eymeye , A., Ewe sson, A., Galla do, A., Holm, B., Johansson, M. B.,
Koi uoja, S., Meen emeye , V., Nyman, P., Olo sson, J., Pe e sson, A. S., Reu slag, A.,30
S aa , H., S aa , I., and Uba, L.: Da a on needle li e decomposi ion and soil clima e as well
as si e cha ac e is ics o some coni e ous o es si es, Pa II, Decomposi ion da a, Repo
3018

GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
42, Swedish Uni e si y o Ag icul u al Sciences, Depa men o Ecology and En i onmen al
Resea ch, Uppsala, 1991b.
Be g, B., Be g, M. P., Bo ne , P., Box, E., B eymeye , A., De An a, R. C., Cou eaux, M., Mälkö-
nen, E., McClaughe y, C., Meen emeye , V., Munoz, F., Piussi, P., Remacle, J., and De
San o, A. V.: Li e mass loss in pine o es s o Eu ope and Eas e n Uni ed S a es: some5
ela ionships wi h clima e and li e quali y, Biogeochemis y, 20, 127–159, 1993.
Che o , O. G., Koma o , A. S., Nadpo ozhskaya, M., Bykho e s, S. S., and Zudin, S. L.: RO-
MUL – a model o o es soil o ganic ma e dynamics as a subs an ial ool o o es ecosys-
em modeling, Ecol. Model., 138, 289–308, 2001.
Coleman, K. and Jenkinson, D. S.: Ro hC-26.3 – a model o he u no e o ca bon in soil,10
in: E alua ion o Soil O ganic Ma e Models, Using Exis ing Long-Te m Da ase s, edi ed by:
Powlson, D. S., Smi h, P., and Smi h, J. U., Sp inge , Heidelbe g, 237–246, 1996.
Coû eaux, M. M., McTie nan, K., Be g, B., Szube la, D., and Da dennes, P.: Chemical compo-
si ion and ca bon mine alisa ion po en ial o Sco s pine needles a di e en s ages o decom-
posi ion, Soil Biol. Biochem., 30, 583–595, 1998.15
Cu ie, W. S. and Abe , J. D.: Modeling leaching as a decomposi ion p ocess in humid, mon ane
o e s, Ecology, 78, 1844–1860, 1997.
Cusack, D. F., Chou, W. W., Yang, W. H., Ha mon, M. E., Sil e , W. L., and he LIDET eam:
Con ols on long- e m oo and lea li e decomposi ion in neo opical o es s, Glob. Change
Biol., 15, 1339–1355, 2009.20
Djego, J. G. M.: Phy osociologie de la égé a ion de sous-bois e impac écologique des plan a-
ions o es iè es su la di e si é lo is ique au sud e au cen e du Bénin, Thèse de doc o a ,
Uni e si é d’Abomey-Cala i, 2006.
E land, M. J.: Modi ied p ocedu es o de e mine acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp, Tappi,
60, 143–144, 1977.25
Ellison, A. M.: Bayesian in e ence in ecology, Ecol. Le ., 7, 509–520, 2004.
FAO: Global Fo es Resou ces Assessmen , Main Repo , FAO Fo es y Pape 163, Rome,
2010.
FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC: Ha monized Wo ld Soil Da abase ( e sion 1.0), FAO, IIASA,
Rome, I aly and Laxenbu g, Aus ia, 42, 2008.30
Gholz, H. L., Wedin, D. A., Smi he man, S. M., Ha mon, M. E., and Pa on, W. J.: Long- e m
dynamics o pine and ha dwood li e in con as ing en i onmen s: owa d a global model o
decomposi ion, Glob. Change Biol., 6, 751–765, 2000.
3019
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
Goma-Tchimbakala, J. and Be nha d-Re e sa , F.: Compa ison o li e dynamics in h ee plan-
a ions o an indigenous imbe - ee species (Te minalia supe ba) and a na u al opical o es
in Mayombe, Congo, Fo es Ecol. Manag., 229, 304–313, 2006.
Guendehou, G. H., Liski, J., Tuomi, M., Moudachi ou, M., Sinsin, B., and Mäkipää, R.: Decom-
posi ion and changes in chemical composi ion o lea li e o i e dominan ee species in5
a Wes A ican opical o es , T opical Ecology, 55, accep ed, 2014.
Haa io, H., Saksman, E., and Tamminen, J.: An adap i e Me opolis algo i hm, Be noulli, 7,
223–242, 2001.
Has ings, W.: Mon e Ca lo sampling me hod using Ma ko chains and hei applica ions,
Biome ika, 57, 97–109, 1970.10
Hen y, M., Valen ini, R., and Be noux, M.: Soil ca bon s ocks in eco egions o A ica, Biogeo-
sciences Discuss., 6, 797–823, doi:10.5194/bgd-6-797-2009, 2009.
In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change (IPCC): Good P ac ice Guidance o Land Use,
Land-Use Change and Fo es y, edi ed by: Penman, J., Gy a sky, M., Hi aishi, T., K ug, T.,
K uge , D., Pipa i, R., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Nga a, T., Tanabe, K., and Wagne , F.,15
IPCC/IGES, Hayama, Japan, 2003.
In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change (IPCC): Guidelines o Na ional G eenhouse Gas
In en o ies, edi ed by: Eggles on, S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Nga a, T., and Tanabe, K.,
IPCC/IGES, Hayama, Japan, 2006.
Ka hu, K., F i ze, H., Tuomi, M., Vanhala, P., Spe z, P., Ki unen, V., and Liski, J.: Tempe a-20
u e sensi i i y o o ganic ma e decomposi ion in wo bo eal o es soil p o iles, Soil Biol.
Biochem., 42, 72–82, 2010.
K ull, E. S., Bes land, E. A., and Ga es, W. P.: Soil o ganic ma e decomposi ion and u no e
in a opical ul isol: e idence om δ13C, δ15N and geochemis y, Radioca bon, 44, 93–112,
2002.25
Küppe s, K., S u m, H. J., Em ich, A. and Ho s , M. A.: E alua ion écologique in ég ée de la o ê
na u elle de la Lama en République du Bénin, Rappo su la lo e e la syl icul u e, Elabo é
pou le comp e du p oje P omo ion de l’économie o es iè e e du bois, PN 95.66.647, O ice
Na ional du Bois, K w GTZ, 1998.
Ku z, W. A. and Apps, J. M.: A 70-yea e ospec i e analysis o ca bon luxes in he Canadian30
o es sec o , J. Appl. Ecol., 9, 526–547, 1999.
3020
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
La elle, P., Blancha , E., Ma in, A., Spain, A., Tou ain, F., Ba ois, I., and Schae e , R.: A hie -
a chical model o decomposi ion in e es ial ecosys ems: applica ion o soils o he humid
opics, Bio opica, 25, 130–150, 1993.
Liski, J., Nissinen, A., E ha d , M., and Taskinen, O.: Clima ic e ec s on li e decomposi ion
om a c ic und a o opical ain o es s, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 575–584, 2003.5
Liski, J., Palosuo, T., Pel oniemi, M., and Sie änen, R.: Ca bon and decomposi ion model Yasso
o o es soils, Ecol. Model., 189, 168–182, 2005.
Lo ange , G., Ponge, J. F., Imbe , D., and La elle, P.: Lea decomposi ion in wo semi-e e g een
opical o es s: in luence o li e quali y, Biol. Fe . Soils, 35, 247–252, 2002.
Mal e, O., Laine, M., Haa io, H., Ki kkala, T., and Sa ala, J.: Bayesian modelling o algal mass10
occu ences – using adap i e MCMC me hods wi h a lake wa e quali y model, En i on.
Modell. So w., 22, 966–977, 2007.
Manu, A., Ba iono, A., and Geige , S. C.: Fe ili y s a us o selec ed mille p oducing soils o
Wes A ica wi h emphasis on phospho us, Soil Sci., 152, 315–320, 1991.
Meen emeye , V.: Mac oclima e and lignin con ol o li e decomposi ion a es, Ecology, 59,15
465–472, 1978.
Meng, J., Lu, Y., Lei, X., and Liu, G.: S uc u e and lo is ics o opical o es s and hei im-
plica ions o es o a ion o deg aded o es s o China’s Hainan Island, T opical Ecology, 52,
177–191, 2011.
Me opolis, N., Rosenblu h, A. W., Rosenblu h, M. N., Telle , A. H., and Telle , E.: Equa ions o 20
s a e calcula ions by as compu ing machines, J. Chem. Phys., 21, 1087–1092, 1953.
Mondjannagni, A.: Con ibu ion à l’é ude des paysages égé aux du Bas Dahomey, Annales
Uni e si é d’Abidjan GI, Fasc. 2, Abidjan, 1969.
Nagel, P., Sinsin, B., and Pe eling, R.: Conse a ion o biodi e si y in a elic o es in Benin – an
o e iew, Regio Basiliensis 45/2, S, 125–137, 2004.25
Palosuo, T., Foe eid, B., S ensson, M., Shu pali, N., Leh onen, A., He bs , M., Linkosalo, T.,
O iz, C., Todo o ic, G. R., Ma cinkonis, S., Li, C., and Jandl, R.: A mul i-model compa ison
o soil ca bon assessmen o a coni e ous o es s and, En i on. Modell. So w., 35, 38–49,
2012.
Pa adis, G. and Houngnon, P.: La égé a ion de l’ai e classée de la Lama dans la mosaïque30
o ê -sa ane du Sud-Bénin, Bulle in du Muséum na ional d’his oi e na u elle, 3ème sé ie,
Bo anique, 34, 169–198, 1977.
3021
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
Pa on, W., Sil e , W. L., Bu ke, I. C., G assens, L., Ha mon, M. E., Cu ie, W. S., King, J. Y.,
Adai , E. C., B and , L. A., Ha , S. C., and Fas h, B.: Global-scale simila i ies in ni ogen
elease pa e ns du ing long- e m decomposi ion, Science, 315, 361–364, 2007.
Pel oniemi, M., Thü ig, E., Ogle, S., Palosuo, T., Sch ump , M., Wu zle , T., Bu e bach-Bahl, K.,
Che o , O., Koma o , A., Mikhailo , A., Gä denäs, A., Pe y, C., Liski, J., Smi h, P., and5
Mäkipää, R.: Models in coun y scale ca bon accoun ing o o es soils, Sil a Fenn., 41, 575–
602, 2007.
P udencio, C. Y.: Ring managemen o soils and c ops in he Wes A ican semi-a id opics:
he case o he mossi a ming sys em in Bu kina Faso, Ag . Ecosys . En i on., 47, 237–264,
1993.10
Sie a, C. A., Mülle , M., and T umbo e, S. E.: Models o soil o ganic ma e decomposi ion: he
SoilR package, e sion 1.0, Geosci. Model De ., 5, 1045–1060, doi:10.5194/gmd-5-1045-
2012, 2012.
Six, J., Felle , C., Dene , K., Ogle, S. M., de Mo aes, S. A. J. C., and Alb ech , A.: Soil o -
ganic ma e , bio a and agg ega ion in empe a e and opical soils – e ec s o no- illage,15
Ag onomie, 22, 755–775, 2002.
Swi , M. J. and Ande son, J. M.: Decomposi ion, in: T opical Rain o es Ecosys ems, Biogeo-
g aphical and Ecological S udies, Ecosys ems o he Wo ld, 14B, edi ed by: Lie h, H. and
We ge , M. J. A., Else ie , Ams e dam, 547–569, 1989.
Tian, G., Kang, B. T., and B ussaa d, L.: Biological e ec s o plan esidues wi h con as ing20
chemical composi ion unde humid opical condi ions – decomposi ion and nu ien elease,
Soil Biol. Biochem., 24, 1051–1060, 1992.
T o ymow, J. A. and he CIDET Wo king G oup: The Canadian In e si e Decomposi ion Expe -
imen (CIDET), P ojec and si e es ablishmen epo , In o ma ion epo BC-X-378, Paci ic
Fo es y Cen e, Vic o ia, Canada, 1998.25
Tuomi, M., Thum, T., Ja inen, H., F onzek, S., Be g, B., Ha mon, M., T o ymow, J. A., Se-
an o, S., and Liski, J.: Lea li e decomposi ion – es ima es o global a iabili y based on
Yasso07 model, Ecol. Model., 220, 3362–3371, 2009.
Tuomi, M., Laiho, R., Repo, A., and Liski, J.: Wood decomposi ion model o bo eal o es s,
Ecol. Model., 222, 709–718, 2011a.30
Tuomi, M., Rasinmaki, J., Repo, A., Vanhala, P., and Liski, J.: Soil ca bon model Yasso07 g aph-
ical use in e ace, En i on. Modell. So w., 26, 1358–1362, 2011b.
3022
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
Tynsong, H. and Tiwa i, B. K.: Di e si y and popula ion cha ac e is ics o woody species in na -
u al o es s and a ecanu ag o o es s o sou h Meghalaya, No hes India, T opical Ecology,
52, 243–252, 2011.
UNFCCC: Decision 2/CP.13, Reducing Emissions om de o es a ion in de eloping coun ies:
app oaches o simula e ac ion, FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1, 2008.5
UNFCCC: Decision 1/CP.16, The Cancun ag eemen s: Ou come o he wo k o he
Ad Hoc wo king g oup on long- e m coope a i e ac ion unde he Con en ion,
FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 2010.
Volko , B., Fau e, P., Dub oeucq, D., and Vienno , M.: Es ima ion des s ocks de ca bone des
sols du Bénin, E ude e ges ion des sols, 6, 115–130, 1999.10
on Bo hme , K. H., Moumouni, A. M., and Pa in oh, P.: Plan Di ec eu de la Fo ê Classée
de la Lama, P oje de dé eloppemen de l’économie o es i‘e e e p oduc ion de bois, P oje
GTZ No. 79.2038.2.01-200, 1986.
3023

GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
Table 1. Mon hly clima ic da a eco ded du ing he li e bag expe imen in 2010 by he me e-
o ological s a ions Bohicon ( o empe a u e) and To o ( o p ecipi a ion) closes o he Lama
o es .
Mon h Tempe a u e P ecipi a ion
(◦C) (mm)
Feb 31.4 80.1
Ma 30.6 192.4
Ap 30.2 100.3
May 29.0 157.1
Jun 28.1 90.1
Jul 26.6 149.0
3024
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
Table 2. Pa ame e alues o he o iginal calib a ion o Yasso07 and o he pa ame e iza ion o
Yasso07 using only da a om Benin and he ea e all da a (global da a and da a om Benin
oge he ).
Pa ame e Uni Benin da a All da a O iginal calib a ion∗
In e p e a ion
MAP 95 % CI MAP 95 % CI MAP 95 % CI
αAy −13.97 ±0.74 0.39 ±0.03 0.72 ±0.09 d a e o A
αWy −120.55 ±3.10 4.54 ±0.30 5.9 ±0.8 d a e o W
αEy −117.00 ±3.50 0.34 ±0.04 0.28 +0.07, −0.04 d a e o E
αNy −13.57 ±0.50 0.13 ±0.02 0.031 +0.011, −0.004 d a e o N
p1– 0.02 ±0.02 0.00 +0.01, −0.00 0.48 ±0.06 m low, W →A
p2– 0.01 +0.04, −0.01 0.01 ±0.01 0.01 +0.15, −0.01 m low, E →A
p3– 0.79 ±0.33 0.87 ±0.03 0.83 +0.16, −0.23 m low, N →A
p4– 0.71 ±0.15 0.99 ±0.01 0.99 +0.01, −0.05 m low, A →W
p5– 0.05 ±0.05 0.05 +0.01, −0.00 0.00 +0.08, −0.00 m low, E →W
p6– 0.04 +0.16, −0.04 0.00 +0.01, −0.00 0.01 +0.20, −0.01 m low, N →W
p7– 0.05 ±0.05 0.00 +0.01, −0.00 0.00 +0.01, −0.00 m low, A →E
p8– 0.06 +0.07, −0.06 0.00 +0.01, −0.00 0.00 +0.01, −0.00 m low, W →E
p9– 0.13 ±0.08 0.133 ±0.03 0.02 +0.23, −0.02 m low, N →E
p10 – 0.01 +0.04, −0.01 0.01 ±0.01 0.00 +0.01, −0.00 m low, A →N
p11 – 0.02 +0.05, −0.02 0.19 ±0.01 0.02 ±0.02 m low, W →N
p12 – 0.88 ±0.11 0.44 ±0.01 0.95 +0.05, −0.16 m low, E →N
β110−2◦C−10.087 +0.01, −0.00 0.069 ±0.01 0.095 ±0.02 Tdependence
β210−3◦C−2−0.0029 +0.01, −0.00 −0.00050 0.001 −0.0014 +0.0006, −0.0009 Tdependence
γm−1−2.500 ±0.05 −0.939 ±0.09 −1.21 ±0.14 Pdependence
ωEy −1m−1– 0.005 −0.2008 ±0.01 −0.151 ±0.008 Pleaching Eu ope
ωAy −1m−1–+0.01, −0.00 −0.0006 ±0.01 0.000 +0.0, −0.002 Pleaching Ame ica
ωBy −1m−1−0.061 ±0.19 −0.943 ±0.04 – – Pleaching Benin
3025
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
21
583
584
Figu e 1: Loca ion o he s udy a ea in Benin
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
Fig. 1. Loca ion o he s udy a ea in Benin.
3026
GMDD
6, 3003–3032, 2013
Soil ca bon
modeling in opical
o es s
G. H. S. Guendehou e al.
Ti le Page
Abs ac In oduc ion
Conclusions Re e ences
Tables Figu es
J I
J I
Back Close
Full Sc een / Esc
P in e - iendly Ve sion
In e ac i e Discussion
Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape | Discussion Pape |
22
614
Figu e 2: Flow diag am o he model Yasso07 and he ela i e magni udes o each mass low be ween 615
labile compound g oups o o ganic ca bon and mo e ecalci an humus; acid-hyd olysable (A), wa e -616
soluble (W), e hanol-soluble (E), and compounds nei he soluble no hyd olysable (N). The ca bon lows 617
whose magni udes di e s a is ically (95% con idence) om ze o (solid a ows) be ween and ou o he 618
A, W, E, and N ac ions (squa e boxes); he small lows (do ed a ows) in o humus (bo om box), each 619
app oxima ely 0.5%; and he mass lows (dashed a ows) whose maximum a pos e io i (MAP) es ima es 620
we e indis inguishable om ze o bu whose 95% Bayesian con idence in e al was b oade han 0.05 621
(Tuomi e al. 2011b). 622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
Fig. 2. Flow diag am o he model Yasso07 and he ela i e magni udes o each mass
low be ween labile compound g oups o o ganic ca bon and mo e ecalci an humus; acid-
hyd olysable (A), wa e -soluble (W), e hanol-soluble (E), and compounds nei he soluble no
hyd olysable (N). The ca bon lows whose magni udes di e s a is ically (95 % con idence) om
ze o (solid a ows) be ween and ou o he A, W, E, and N ac ions (squa e boxes); he small
lows (do ed a ows) in o humus (bo om box), each app oxima ely 0.5 %; and he mass lows
(dashed a ows) whose maximum a pos e io i (MAP) es ima es we e indis inguishable om
ze o bu whose 95 % Bayesian con idence in e al was b oade han 0.05 (Tuomi e al., 2011b).
3027