1
Cul u al sensi i i y and ou ism
Repo om No he n No way
CAMILLA BRATTLAND
KARI JÆGER
KJELL OLSEN
ELLE MARI DUNFJELL OSKAL
ARVID VIKEN
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ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
Mul idimensional Tou ism Ins i u e (MTI)
Ro aniemi
www.luc. i/ma kailu
Design: Lappi Design / Ty i Mäenpää
ISBN 978-952-337-207-8
3
Publica ions o he Mul idimensional Tou ism Ins i u e
Ma kailualan u kimus- ja koulu usins i uu in julkaisuja
Cul u al sensi i i y and ou ism
Ro aniemi 2020
Repo om No he n No way
CAMILLA BRATTLAND
KARI JÆGER
KJELL OLSEN
ELLE MARI DUNFJELL OSKAL
ARVID VIKEN
4 5
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
ARCTISEN
P omo ing cul u ally sensi i e ou ism ac oss he A c ic
Funde :
Budge :
Pa ne s:
Main esul : Imp o ed en ep eneu ial business en i onmen o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism
ha will be achie ed by imp o ing and inc easing ansna ional con ac s, ne wo ks
and coope a ion among di e en businesses and o ganiza ions. Imp o emen o
business en i onmen will also esul in conc e e p oduc s and se ices, locally and
ansna ionally designed, ha suppo he capaci ies o s a -ups and SMEs o de elop
sus ainable, compe i i e and a ac i e ou ism businesses d awing on place-based
oppo uni ies.
No he n Pe iphe y and A c ic P og amme
Uni e si y o Lapland (Lead Pa ne ), Finland
UiT The A c ic Uni e si y o No way
No he n No way Tou is Boa d
Umeå Uni e si y, Sweden
Áj e - Moun ain and Sámi museum, Sweden
Aalbo g Uni e si y, Denma k
Uni e si y o Wa e loo, Canada
WINTA - Wo ld Indigenous Tou ism Alliance
1.455.547,88€
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ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
Con en s
In oduc ion .............................................................................................. 8
F amewo k o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in No way ............................... 12
Exis ing guidelines and quali y ce i ica es ................................................ 12
Legal, e i o ial and cul u al mino i y-majo i y challenges in
ou ism de elopmen ................................................................... 14
Demand o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism ..................................................... 14
Sensi i e p ac ices, challenges and needs ................................................ 18
Be ween c i icism and delibe a e app oach o sensi i i y in Sámi
handic a (duodji) ........................................................................ 20
Rep esen ing Sámi cul u e-na u e and eindee husband y ...................... 22
Concluding e lec ions on he u u e ou ism de elopmen ....................... 26
Tou ism de elopmen in gene al ................................................................. 26
Needs o guidelines and egula ion? ......................................................... 28
Concluding ema ks ..................................................................................... 29
Acknowledgmen s .................................................................................... 32
No es and e e ences ............................................................................... 32
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In oduc ion
8 9
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
he land and in wha way hey con ibu e
o local communi ies. Such issues a e pa -
icula ly p ominen in deba es on ishing
ou ism bu migh also ela e o o he ac-
i i ies. Fishing in ol es compe i ion o e-
sou ces, a compe i ion ha is also ound
on land. Tou ism, oge he wi h ex ac i e
indus ies, in as uc u e and an inc ease in
leisu e ac i i ies, is pa o a g owing use o
he landscape ha compe es wi h adi ion-
al uses such as eindee he ding.
In he ARCTISEN p ojec , we app oach
g ow h in ou ism and i s implica ions us-
ing he concep o ‘cul u ally sensi i e ou -
ism’1. The no ion o sensi i i y highligh s
nega i e expe iences o cul u al exploi a-
ion, accen ua e ha Indigenous peoples
and locals’ con ol and de e mine how cul-
u e is used in ou ism. Ne e heless, i is
equally impo an o ecognise he posi i e
e ec s o ou ism, whe he economic, so-
cial o , as well, in os e ing p ide in local and
In oduc ion
O e he las 20 yea s, ou ism has
g own o become a cen al economic
sec o in no he n No way. Tou ism in
his a ea has de eloped om being p i-
ma ily a summe -based ac i i y o an
ac i i y ha is, mo e o less, yea - ound.
Win e ou ism has gained momen um
as a new peak season, and he p e ious
ou ism ac i i ies o gazing a he land-
scape, midnigh sun and no he n ligh s
ha e been ex ended o a whole ange o
ac i i ies. Husky ides, igloos, whale sa-
a is, snow ho els, ishing, andoneé ski-
ing and moun ain biking a e among he
many new ac i i ies ha a e sold o ou -
is s. Visi s o Sámi camps a e among
hese ac i i ies o e ed o ou is s and
a e a ocus o his epo . E en i many
o hese ac i i ies a e new o he no h-
e n No wegian con ex , hey a e s ill se
in an A c ic landscape ha is an impo -
an ea u e o he a ac ion.
E en hough he e has been an in-
c ease in isi o s o he a ea, g ow h is
no e enly dis ibu ed. No is he deg ee o
which local and indigenous people pa ici-
pa e in ou ism de elopmen . Some places
a e a om he bea en acks o ou is s,
while o he s ha e g own in o ou is hubs.
The g ow h in ou ism has caused con lic s
o e access o esou ces and land as well
as he ea o i s ha ing a nega i e impac
on local communi ies ha ecei e high
numbe s o ou is s and expe ience apid
changes. Fu he mo e, he way Indigenous
and local cul u es a e u ned in o ou ism
p oduc s has also caused conce n. Who
has he igh o commodi y Sámi and local
cul u es, how should i be done and should
i be s opped – hese a e longs anding and
ongoing deba es ha ha e gained momen-
um in places expe iencing ou ism g ow h.
The e a e also deba es on he ole o com-
panies coming om ‘ he ou side’ o u ilise
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Indigenous cul u es. Mos o all, he epo
emphasizes he impo ance o pa icipa ion
by local and indigenous people in deciding
he con en and pe o mance o cul u al sen-
si i i y.
The pu pose o his epo is o gi e a
backg ound o and an analysis o he po-
en ial o cul u al based ou ism in No h-
e n No way om he pe spec i e o cul u al
sensi i i y. The epo discusses abou Sámi
ou ism p o ide s' pe cep ions on in e cul-
u al unde s anding wi hin he ou ism in-
dus y, and how he cul u e- ou ism-link can
be managed o a mo e sensi i e ou ism de-
elopmen .
The epo is based on desk esea ch
and 23 in e iews conduc ed du ing Ma ch
and Ap il- 2019 in Finnma k and T oms, in
a eas wi h people o Sámi, K en*, and No -
wegian o igin. The in e iewed pe sons ep-
esen ed 18 small and medium-sized ou -
ism companies in u al and u ban loca ions,
and i e o he ou ism ela ed o ganisa ions
such as public au ho i ies, cul u al o ganisa-
ions, NGOs and esea ch ins i u es. The in-
e iew ques ions ocused on he use o lo-
cal cul u al elemen s in ou ism, he unning
o ou ism businesses, he de elopmen o
ideas, and he possibili ies and challeng-
es in ou ism. The ques ions we e connec -
*Descendan s o immig an s om Finland
ed o he use o local cul u e in ou ism,
unning ou ism businesses, de elopmen
ideas and he possibili ies and challeng-
es in ou ism. The ollowing chap e s dis-
cuss why i is essen ial o conside cul u -
al sensi i i y when de eloping ou ism in
No way, wha kinds o challenges need o
be add essed and how cul u al sensi i i-
y could be heigh ened h ough inc eased
communi y pa icipa ion in ou ism de el-
opmen . By b inging up di e en oices,
opinions and expe iences, he epo aims
o c ea e be e unde s anding abou he
en i onmen whe e ou ism business is
being de eloped and ope a ed.
"The ocus is o wha deg ee
Sámi ou ism p o ide s pe -
cei e ha he e is an in e -
cul u al unde s anding wi-
hin he ou ism indus y, and
how he cul u e- ou ism-link
can be managed o a mo e
sensi i e ou ism de elop-
men ."
16 17
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic

17
Sensi i i y p ac ices,
challenges and needs
18 19
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
In his chap e , we will illus a e some
o he p ac ices and challenges among en-
ep eneu s and he needs ela ed o de el-
oping cul u al sensi i i y in ou ism p ac ic-
es. In pa icula , we explo e how sensi i i y
is ela ed o pa icipa ion and how i may
enhance Sámi communi y empowe men
in ou ism de elopmen . The hypo hesis
is ha se ices and p oduc s whe e Sámi
hemsel es a e in con ol o he p ocess
and he p oduc , will esul in cul u ally sen-
si i e ou ism. The e a e howe e se e al
ques ions aised by his app oach. Wha is
conside ed app op ia e and cul u ally sen-
si i e by one Sámi ac o such as a highly
educa ed ac i is migh no always eso-
na e wi h he opinions o en ep eneu s in
u al o u ban Sámi communi ies. Mus a
shop owne o e en p oduce ha e con ol
o all supplie s, hei e hnici y, and ma e ial
and p oduc ion me hods? Mus ou ope a-
o s and agen s ha e con ol o e hei sub-
con ac o s, and how hese ep esen Sámi
cul u e? Pa icipa ion is no always a gua an-
ee o sensi i i y, bu i is a gua an ee o he
in ol emen o di e se oices in he p oduc-
ion o ou ism se ices and p oduc s.
The end in o he sec o s is mo ing o-
wa ds ce i ica ion o b anding o places o
o igin, aw ma e ials and p oduce desc ip-
ions. Could his be a solu ion also o Sámi
ou ism, whe e he le el o communi y pa -
icipa ion is one he main gua an ees o cul-
u al sensi i i y? Based on in e iews wi h
mos ly Sámi en ep eneu s, and ield isi s
o hese h ee loca ions, Sámi and non-Sámi
en ep eneu s and businesses o e ing Sámi
expe iences can be loca ed on a ladde o
pa icipa ion14 in ou ism15, om a ladde o
pa icipa ion exis s anging “ om ‘being con-
sul ed’ (o en only being in o med o a ai ac-
compli) o being able o de e mine e e y as-
pec o he de elopmen p ocess16.
To add ess he challenges as b oadly as
possible, we ha e had a pa icula ocus on
he deg ee o which local and Sámi com-
muni ies pa icipa e in ou ism de elop-
men . Sámi communi ies di e in size and
ins i u ional o ganiza ion, om he le -
el o he amily o illages o na ional and
pan-na ional ins i u ions such as he Sámi
Pa liamen s. We ha e explo ed indi idual,
amily and small and medium sized busi-
ness pa icipa ion in ou ism in illage Ka -
asjok, in T omsø which is he la ges own
in he egion and i s su ounding a ea, and
he coas al illages in he Lyngen jo d dis-
ic (no he n T oms Coun y). In conduc -
ing in e iews and ield isi s, we ocused
on he pa s o he ansna ional in e iew
guide add essing wha needs hei own
businesses had and abou p oduc s hey
had o wan ed o de elop. They we e also
asked abou he cul u al sensi i i y o p od-
uc s and expe iences o e ed o ou is s.
Sensi i i y p ac ices, challenges and needs
19
Low le el o Sámi
communi y pa icipa ion
Se ices and expe iences whe e ac o s o
some ex en e lec upon he ep esen a ion
o Sámi cul u e in hei own p ac ice and
exp ess a desi e o lea n mo e. This is
ypically ou ope a o s and businesses who
do no ha e a Sámi cul u al backg ound,
bu who o e expe iences based on K en
o Sámi cul u e, in collabo a ion wi h
Sámi o K en expe ience p oduce s (small
businesses o e ing camping, hiking, home
isi s e c). This can include ac o s who
p esen Sámi cul u al elemen s, such as
Sámi handic a (duodji) o a mix o Sámi-
inspi ed sou eni s and Sámi handic a , wi h
o wi hou Sámi pa icipa ion o owne ship
( ypically in u ban cen e).
High le el o Sámi
communi y pa icipa ion
The ac o s ha e a conscious/delibe a e and
c i ical iew o he ep esen a ion o Sámi
cul u e in ou ism. These can be businesses
o e ing expe iences and p oduc s p oduced by
indi iduals o eindee he ding amilies wi hin
hei own eindee he ding dis ic s, ei he wi h
Sámi as sole owne s o in collabo a ion wi h local
ou ope a o s ( he bulk o which can be ound in
Ka asjok and T omsø, ypically eindee he ding
amilies o e ing expe iences such as isi s o
eindee ences, ma ke ing hei o e s h ough
DMOs, social media o ou ope a o s), as well as
Sámi handic a (duodji) p oduce s. Ac oss he
di e en s ages o he ladde , he e a e di e en
bounda ies o wha is conside ed app op ia e o
p ac ice and/o sell, based on he ac o s’ di e se
cul u al backg ounds and s and-poin s.
Figu e 2. Le els o Sámi communi y pa icipa ion
20 21
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
Be ween c i icism and a delibe a e
app oach o sensi i i y in Sámi han-
dic a (duodji)
The T omsø ci y has expe ienced an eno -
mous g ow h in win e ou ism, including ex-
pe iences ela ed o Sámi cul u e. Some o
he ways in which Sámi a e ep esen ed has
been me wi h c i icism. The T omsø munic-
ipali y has ini ia ed a p ocess oge he wi h
Visi T omsø o o mula e guidelines o Sámi
ou ism in he a ea, hus add essing he c i i-
cism on he way Sámi cul u e is ep esen ed
in sou eni shops and by ou ope a o s.
A pa icula ly hea ed deba e in he e-
gional media p io o he ieldwo k was an op-
po uni y o discuss he c i icism om Sámi
s akeholde s on he sale o Sámi handic a
(duodji) in he ci y. Among Sámi handic a
p oduce s, he “Duodji” label is ce i ica e en-
su ing he au hen ici y o he p oduc as a a-
di ional handic a i em. The i ems p oduced
unde his label a e howe e expensi e and
gene ally sold h ough pe sonal ne wo ks and
on Sámi seasonal ma ke s. Thus, he majo i y
o p oduc s sold in ou is sou eni s o es a e
cheape p oduc s om ac o ies in Finland,
China and elsewhe e ha can be o de ed on-
line. Pa icula ly in T omsø, a ci y wi h an ex-
panding sou eni ma ke , he e is a conce n
abou appa en ly Sámi sou eni s, hei p o-
duc ion and who sells hem. The numbe o
ou is s is so high ha he e a e no enough
adi ional handic a p oduce s o mee he
demand. Thus, handc a ed and manu ac u ed
“Sámi” i ems a e displayed and sold side by
side, such as copies o ancien d ums, quali y
kni es by enowned smi hs, and minia u es o
Sámi adi ional d ess such as he “A c ic doll”
om a Finnish ac o y (see image 1).
One o he shops has mo ed h ough
many p o iles un il i now ollows he boom-
ing in e es in Sámi handic a . The owne
has g own up wi h a di e si y o Sámi sou-
eni s o sale o summe ou is s along
local oads, hus pu ing he con empo-
a y selec ion o sou eni s o e ed by in-
e ne shops in pe spec i e. Fo ins ance,
he has chosen o sell he ou -wind ha in
Image 1. Sou eni s and he “A c ic doll” o sale in T omsø. Pho oc edi : Camilla B a land
21
his s o e. In his opinion he ha has become
a pa o Sámi cul u al exp essions. Also,
when i comes o he naming o Sámi p od-
uc s and cul u e, he does no see he use o
he e m “lap” as p oblema ic. “I am p oud
o being om Lapland, while o o he s i is
he wo s ”, he says, emphasizing ha di -
e en hings migh e oke emo ions om
pe son o pe son.
In gene al, bo h in T omsø and in he
o he a eas, he e is an inc easing in e es
in Sámi p oduc s om he g owing Sámi
u ban popula ion, om locals and om
ou is s. Thus, he asso men in many
gi shops includes woollen shawls om
he enowned Sámi company S oo s ål-
ka and sil e jewelle y om di e en sil-
e smi hs in Sápmi. Also, cheape e -
sions o sil e and handic a a e o e ed.
The copies o sil e jewelle y a e popula
among he locals, pa icula ly Sámi ami-
lies who use copies o hei child en, wi h-
ou ea ing he cos o loss o damage o
he jewelle y. In many Sámi communi ies,
howe e , duodji p oduce s in es in quali y
ma e ials and hey in es ime and esou c-
es o make p oduc s ha a e ue o adi-
ion and inno a i e a he same ime. P od-
uc s such as handwo en bands o shoes
o e en home-made cow skin shoes (gáp-
maga ) a e ei he gi en as gi s o amily
membe s o displayed in handic a hous-
es wi h a high p ize. The cos ume i sel is
also subjec o an inc eased anes he iza-
ion h ough i s displays in s o es, design
ma ke s and a exhibi ions, hus leading
o inc eased a en ion o he design o pa -
icula ly sough -a e duoja s (a is s). This
illus a es some o he challenges ha ac-
o s a e acing when deciding wha o in-
clude in he selec ion o p oduc s o sale.
Bo h locals and ou is s desi e cheap and
nice p oduc s, while he e is a p essu e and
desi e also o include he adi ional i ems
wi h he “Duodji” label o p oduced by local
duoja s/handc a e s.
One o he endse e s in he discus-
sion on Sámi adi ional handic a is he
cul u al ne wo k a ound he Riddu Riđđu
es i al and he Cen e o No he n Peo-
ples in Gái uo na/Kå jo d. As a Sámi cul-
u al ins i u ion suppo ed by he na ional
go e nmen , he es i al has a esponsibil-
i y ha goes beyond ha o p i a e shop
owne s. P ac icing sensi i i y and a c i ical
app oach o he ep esen a ion o Sámi cul-
u e is key o he ins i u ions, and he Riddu
es i al bo h pa icipa es in he deba e on
duodji and is also hos o a Sámi handic a
ma ke du ing he es i al which akes place
in July e e y yea . Du ing a ocus g oup dis-
cussion a ound he issue o sensi i i y, he
es i al di ec o made i clea ha hey p i-
o i ized p oduc s wi h high pa icipa ion
by Sámi hemsel es. The slogan “No hing
abou us, wi hou us”, is used as a guiding
p inciple o he selec ion o i ems sold a
hei own ma ke , and also in deba es on
how ou ism in T oms should ep esen
Sámi cul u e. The es i al has howe e also
expe ienced challenges in d awing bounda-
ies be ween wha o include and exclude.
Fo ins ance, locals ha e c i icized he ex-
clusion o some popula ma ke ha ac-
co ding o a new es i al managemen did
no i he “local and indigenous handic a ”
p o ile. Such c i ics a e ha d o igno e o
an o ganiza ion ha elies on he goodwill
o local illage and local olun ee s yea a -
e yea . In o he wo ds, sensi i i y needs o
be nego ia ed on many le els.

22 23
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
Rep esen ing Sámi cul u e-na u e
and eindee husband y
Bo h in T omsø and Ka asjok, eindee he d-
e amilies a e he main de elope s o Sámi
ou is p oduc s. They o e expe iences
such as eeding, sledding and isi ing ein-
dee ences (see image 2) and e en pa -
icipa ing in sp ing mig a ion. This is pa -
ly due o he ac ha a g owing numbe
o eindee he de s a e being o ced ou o
he eindee he ding indus y and ha e had
o ind o he ways o con inue o wo k wi h
eindee and wi hin he Sámi eindee he d-
ing cul u e.
Bo h in Ka asjok and in T omsø we
me women wi h highe educa ion s ug-
gling o ind new ways o con inue wo k-
ing wi h eindee . In coas al Sámi commu-
ni ies, local businesses a e no ela ed o
eindee he ding and d aw upon he e i al-
isa ion o local Sámi cul u e ha has been
ongoing since he 1990s. Thei ou is p od-
uc s a e based on Sámi alues conce ning
he use o na u e and he e i alisa ion o
Sámi and local cul u al p ac ices such as
handic a and adi ional music mixed wi h
mode n a . Many o hese a eas ha e a
p oblem being ecognised as Sámi by ou -
side s because o he consequences o as-
simila ion policies and he dominan image
o he Sámi in ou ism. The mino i y cul-
u e o he K ens is ha dly isible in ou -
ism, e en hough in his a ea i is di icul
o ell he di e ence be ween No wegian,
K en and Sámi cul u es in many illages
and communi ies. Howe e , hose applying
he Sámi ma ke s, common in ou ism, em-
phasise he Sámi he i age in hei he e oge-
neous backg ound, making he Sámi p es-
ence isible.
The e a e eno mous di e ences be-
ween Ka asjok and T omsø, wi h Ka as-
jok as a Sámi ownship and des ina ion
and T omsø, whe e he Sámi cons i u e a
mino i y and a mino ing edien o ou ism
p oduc s. This also implies ha challeng-
es di e , as do a i udes among ou ope -
a o s. The eindee he de s in Ka asjok op-
e a e ou ism beside a mig a ing he d and
a he ding ha is s ongly egula ed by law,
whe eas he eindee ou ism in T omsø is
ope a ed and con olled wi hin empo a y
eindee ences, mo e o less independ-
en o eindee he ding ope a ions. The e
a e also yea ly e en s in T omsø and o he
No dic/A c ic ci ies du ing he Sámi week
in Feb ua y whe e eindee aces a e o gan-
ized wi h ou is classes, and handic a
and o he Sámi p oduc s including eindee
mea is sold a win e ma ke s.
In Ka asjok eindee he ding and Sámi
cul u e come i s , and ou ism is a sec-
onda y and pa - ime ac i i y, whe eas in
T omsø ou ism can be a ull- ime job, and
in many cases employing many people.
The e o e, he sensi i i y issues a e also
di e en . In Ka asjok he conce n is much
abou how ou is s can beha e and ou ism
ope a ions ake place wi hou dis u bing
he eindee and he ding. In Ka asjok, ba-
sically a Sámi communi y, hose in ol ed
in ou ism a e su e abou hei Sáminess,
whe eas hose in T omsø a e mo e con-
ce ned wi h whe he wha hey do is Sámi
o no . The coas al Sámi a eas a e some-
whe e in be ween. Due o he s ong No -
wegianisa ion p ocesses hey ha e been
h ough, and he ollowing pe iod o Sámi
awakening and e i alisa ion, hey a e mo e
expe imen al and open o inno a ions con-
ce ning hei Sámi exp essions and iden-
i ies – bu also mo e awa e o he cul u -
al challenges ha mode n li e and ou ism
ep esen . In o he wo ds, in being chal-
lenged o e lec upon how cul u e is be-
ing e i alised, hey a e also mo e sensi i e
o how cul u e is p esen ed by hemsel es
and o he s.
Social media such as Ins ag am ha e
become an ex emely impo an communi-
ca ion channel o Sámi eindee husband-
y ac o s in addi ion o ou is des ina ion
managemen web si es. Social media p o-
iles a e upda ed egula ly du ing he ou -
is season wi h pic u es o eindee , win e
23
Image 2. Ad e ising na u e in T omsø. Pho-
oc edi : Camilla B a land
landscapes and some o he ac i i ies p o-
ided. I is howe e ha d o communica e
abou cul u e h ough social media. Du ing
ou is isi s, Sámi ac o s o en expe ience
a lack o knowledge abou Sámi cul u e,
and o en ques ions a e based on s e eo-
ypical no ions. “They wonde whe he we
a e eal Sámi, hey ask abou he Sámi lan-
guage, and why we do no ha e da k skin”,
says one o he Sámi cul u e and eindee
expe ience p o ide s.
In he coas al Sámi illages a he
coas , howe e , many s uggle o explain
how Sámi cul u e and his o y is pa o he
na u e expe ience e en hough i is no ob-
ious o ou side s. Na u e guides o in-
s ance, disco e ha once he p inciples
behind hei app oach o na u e use is ex-
plained as pa o he Sámi wo ld iew, i
gi es an added alue o he ou is s’ expe i-
ence. Howe e , coas al Sámi ope a o s a e
seldom me wi h p econcei ed no ions o
Sámi cul u e as ou is s’ in gene al associ-
a e Sámi cul u e wi h eindee husband y.
24 25
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
25
Concluding e lec ions on he
u u e ou ism de elopmen
32 33
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
No es
1. Olsen e al., 2019.
2. Næ ings- og iske idepa emen e . Meld. S . 19, 2016–2017.
3. Nasjonalpa k ike , 2019.
4. Con en ion on Biological Di e si y, 2019.
5. Visi No way, 2019a.
6. Visi No way, 2019b.
7. Sámi Pa liamen , 2016.
8. Sámi Pa liamen o Finland, 2018.
9. FeFo, 2019.
10. See e.g. Visi T omso.
11. Rec ea ional Ac , 1957.
12. Sámi Law, 1987.
13. Finnma k Ac , 2005.
14. C . A ns ein, 1969.
15. Mu phy, 1985.
16. Cole, 2006, p. 631.
17. Suopajä i, Viken, S ensson & Pe e sson, 2020.
Re e ences
A ns ein, S. R. (1969). A ladde o ci izen pa icipa ion. Jou nal
o he Ame ican Ins i u e o planne s, 35(4), 216-224.
Cole, S. (2006). In o ma ion and Empowe men : The Keys o
Achie ing Sus ainable Tou ism. Jou nal o Sus ainable Tou ism,
14(6), 629-644, DOI: 10.2167/jos 607.0
Con en ion on Biological Di e si y (1992). Re ie ed om
h ps://www.cbd.in / adi ional/guidelines.sh ml
FeFo (2019). Re ie ed om h ps://www. e o.no/om- e o/ e -
ningslinje - o - e o/
Finnma k Ac (2005). Re ie ed om h ps://lo da a.no/
Mu phy, P. E. (1985). Tou ism: A communi y app oach. London:
Me huen.
Nasjonalpa k ike (2019). Re ie ed om h ps://www.nasjonal-
pa k ike .no/
Næ ings- og iske idepa emen e . Meld. S . 19 (2016–2017).
Opple No ge – unik og e en y lig h ps://www. egje ingen.no/
no/dokumen e /meld.-s .-19-20162017/id2543824/
Olsen, K. O., Abildgaa d, M. S., B a land, C., Chimi i, D., De
Be na di, C., Edmonds, J., ...Viken, A. (2019). Looking a A c-
ic ou ism h ough he lens o cul u al sensi i i y: ARCTISEN
– a ansna ional baseline epo . Ro aniemi: Mul idimension-
al Tou ism Ins i ue. Re ie ed om h p://u n. i/URN:IS-
BN:978-952-6620-39-8
Rec ea ional Ac (1957). Re ie ed om h ps://lo da a.no/
Sámi Law (1987). Re ie ed om h ps://lo da a.no/
Sámi Pa liamen (2016). Same ingsmelding om a eal og miljø.
Ka asjok, Same inge .
Sámi Pa liamen o Finland (2018). P inciples o Responsible
and E hically Sus ainable Sámi Tou ism. Re ie ed 3 May, 2019,
om h ps://www.samediggi. i/wp-con en /uploads/2018/11/
Vas uullisen-ja-ee ises i-kes %C3%A4 %C3%A4n-saamelais-
ma kailun- oimin ape iaa ee _hy %C3%A4ksy y_24092018-3.
pd
Acknowledgmen s
This epo is based on he willingness and
goodwill o ac o s and local communi ies
in T omsø, Ka asjok, Kå jo d, and No d ei-
sa. Thank you o aking he ime o alk o
us and sha e you expe iences.

33
Suopajä i, L., Viken, A., S ensson, G. & Pe e sson, S. (2020).
Social license o ope a e – is local accep ance o economic
de elopmen enhancing social sus ainabili y? In McDonagh, J.
(Ed.) Sha ing Knowledge o Land Use Managemen . London: Ed-
wa d Elga Publishing.
Tosun, C. (2006). Expec ed na u e o communi y pa icipa ion in
ou ism de elopmen . Tou ism managemen , 27(3), 493-504.
Timo hy, D. J. (2007). Empowe men and s akeholde pa icipa-
ion in ou ism des ina ion communi ies. In Chu ch, A. & Cole, T.
(eds.) Tou ism, powe and space (199-216. London: Rou ledge.
Tosun, C. (1999). Towa ds a ypology o communi y pa icipa-
ion in he ou ism de elopmen p ocess. Ana olia, 10(2), 1113-
134.
Visi No way (2019a). Re ie ed om h ps://business. isi -
no way.com/no/ba ek a ig- eiseli /sus ainabili y-and- ou -
ism-in-inno a ion-no way/
Visi No way (2019b). Re ie ed om h ps://business. isi no -
way.com/no/ e k oy/me ke - o -bae ek a ig- eisemaal/
Visi T omsø (2019). Re ie ed om h ps://www. isi omso.
no/no
34 35
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
35
36 37
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
Cul u al sensi i i y and ou ism
Repo om No he n No way
This na ional epo app oaches communi y pa icipa ion in Sámi ou ism in No way and i s ela ionship wi h
cul u al sensi i i y. To wha ex en does pa icipa ion and empowe men gua an ee cul u al sensi i i y in ou -
ism? In which ways can Indigenous peoples and o he local communi ies u ilize hei cul u al he i age and con-
empo a y li e in c ea ing success ul ou ism p oduc s and se ices? Based on in e iews among ou ism ac-
o s, he epo o e s an o e iew and discussion o cul u al sensi i i y in Sámi ou ism in No way.