Cultural sensitivity and tourism Report from Northern Norway

1 Cul u al sensi i i y and ou ism Repo om No he n No way CAMILLA BRATTLAND KARI JÆGER KJELL OLSEN ELLE MARI DUNFJELL OSKAL ARVID VIKEN 2 3 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic Mul idimensional Tou ism Ins i u e (MTI) Ro aniemi www.luc. i/ma kailu Design: Lappi Design / Ty i Mäenpää ISBN 978-952-337-207-8 3 Publica ions o he Mul idimensional Tou ism Ins i u e Ma kailualan u kimus- ja koulu usins i uu in julkaisuja Cul u al sensi i i y and ou ism Ro aniemi 2020 Repo om No he n No way CAMILLA BRATTLAND KARI JÆGER KJELL OLSEN ELLE MARI DUNFJELL OSKAL ARVID VIKEN 4 5 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic ARCTISEN P omo ing cul u ally sensi i e ou ism ac oss he A c ic Funde : Budge : Pa ne s: Main esul : Imp o ed en ep eneu ial business en i onmen o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism ha will be achie ed by imp o ing and inc easing ansna ional con ac s, ne wo ks and coope a ion among di e en businesses and o ganiza ions. Imp o emen o business en i onmen will also esul in conc e e p oduc s and se ices, locally and ansna ionally designed, ha suppo he capaci ies o s a -ups and SMEs o de elop sus ainable, compe i i e and a ac i e ou ism businesses d awing on place-based oppo uni ies. No he n Pe iphe y and A c ic P og amme Uni e si y o Lapland (Lead Pa ne ), Finland UiT The A c ic Uni e si y o No way No he n No way Tou is Boa d Umeå Uni e si y, Sweden Áj e - Moun ain and Sámi museum, Sweden Aalbo g Uni e si y, Denma k Uni e si y o Wa e loo, Canada WINTA - Wo ld Indigenous Tou ism Alliance 1.455.547,88€ 5 6 7 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic Con en s In oduc ion .............................................................................................. 8 F amewo k o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in No way ............................... 12 Exis ing guidelines and quali y ce i ica es ................................................ 12 Legal, e i o ial and cul u al mino i y-majo i y challenges in ou ism de elopmen ................................................................... 14 Demand o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism ..................................................... 14 Sensi i e p ac ices, challenges and needs ................................................ 18 Be ween c i icism and delibe a e app oach o sensi i i y in Sámi handic a (duodji) ........................................................................ 20 Rep esen ing Sámi cul u e-na u e and eindee husband y ...................... 22 Concluding e lec ions on he u u e ou ism de elopmen ....................... 26 Tou ism de elopmen in gene al ................................................................. 26 Needs o guidelines and egula ion? ......................................................... 28 Concluding ema ks ..................................................................................... 29 Acknowledgmen s .................................................................................... 32 No es and e e ences ............................................................................... 32 7 In oduc ion 8 9 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic he land and in wha way hey con ibu e o local communi ies. Such issues a e pa - icula ly p ominen in deba es on ishing ou ism bu migh also ela e o o he ac- i i ies. Fishing in ol es compe i ion o e- sou ces, a compe i ion ha is also ound on land. Tou ism, oge he wi h ex ac i e indus ies, in as uc u e and an inc ease in leisu e ac i i ies, is pa o a g owing use o he landscape ha compe es wi h adi ion- al uses such as eindee he ding. In he ARCTISEN p ojec , we app oach g ow h in ou ism and i s implica ions us- ing he concep o ‘cul u ally sensi i e ou - ism’1. The no ion o sensi i i y highligh s nega i e expe iences o cul u al exploi a- ion, accen ua e ha Indigenous peoples and locals’ con ol and de e mine how cul- u e is used in ou ism. Ne e heless, i is equally impo an o ecognise he posi i e e ec s o ou ism, whe he economic, so- cial o , as well, in os e ing p ide in local and In oduc ion O e he las 20 yea s, ou ism has g own o become a cen al economic sec o in no he n No way. Tou ism in his a ea has de eloped om being p i- ma ily a summe -based ac i i y o an ac i i y ha is, mo e o less, yea - ound. Win e ou ism has gained momen um as a new peak season, and he p e ious ou ism ac i i ies o gazing a he land- scape, midnigh sun and no he n ligh s ha e been ex ended o a whole ange o ac i i ies. Husky ides, igloos, whale sa- a is, snow ho els, ishing, andoneé ski- ing and moun ain biking a e among he many new ac i i ies ha a e sold o ou - is s. Visi s o Sámi camps a e among hese ac i i ies o e ed o ou is s and a e a ocus o his epo . E en i many o hese ac i i ies a e new o he no h- e n No wegian con ex , hey a e s ill se in an A c ic landscape ha is an impo - an ea u e o he a ac ion. E en hough he e has been an in- c ease in isi o s o he a ea, g ow h is no e enly dis ibu ed. No is he deg ee o which local and indigenous people pa ici- pa e in ou ism de elopmen . Some places a e a om he bea en acks o ou is s, while o he s ha e g own in o ou is hubs. The g ow h in ou ism has caused con lic s o e access o esou ces and land as well as he ea o i s ha ing a nega i e impac on local communi ies ha ecei e high numbe s o ou is s and expe ience apid changes. Fu he mo e, he way Indigenous and local cul u es a e u ned in o ou ism p oduc s has also caused conce n. Who has he igh o commodi y Sámi and local cul u es, how should i be done and should i be s opped – hese a e longs anding and ongoing deba es ha ha e gained momen- um in places expe iencing ou ism g ow h. The e a e also deba es on he ole o com- panies coming om ‘ he ou side’ o u ilise 9 Indigenous cul u es. Mos o all, he epo emphasizes he impo ance o pa icipa ion by local and indigenous people in deciding he con en and pe o mance o cul u al sen- si i i y. The pu pose o his epo is o gi e a backg ound o and an analysis o he po- en ial o cul u al based ou ism in No h- e n No way om he pe spec i e o cul u al sensi i i y. The epo discusses abou Sámi ou ism p o ide s' pe cep ions on in e cul- u al unde s anding wi hin he ou ism in- dus y, and how he cul u e- ou ism-link can be managed o a mo e sensi i e ou ism de- elopmen . The epo is based on desk esea ch and 23 in e iews conduc ed du ing Ma ch and Ap il- 2019 in Finnma k and T oms, in a eas wi h people o Sámi, K en*, and No - wegian o igin. The in e iewed pe sons ep- esen ed 18 small and medium-sized ou - ism companies in u al and u ban loca ions, and i e o he ou ism ela ed o ganisa ions such as public au ho i ies, cul u al o ganisa- ions, NGOs and esea ch ins i u es. The in- e iew ques ions ocused on he use o lo- cal cul u al elemen s in ou ism, he unning o ou ism businesses, he de elopmen o ideas, and he possibili ies and challeng- es in ou ism. The ques ions we e connec - *Descendan s o immig an s om Finland ed o he use o local cul u e in ou ism, unning ou ism businesses, de elopmen ideas and he possibili ies and challeng- es in ou ism. The ollowing chap e s dis- cuss why i is essen ial o conside cul u - al sensi i i y when de eloping ou ism in No way, wha kinds o challenges need o be add essed and how cul u al sensi i i- y could be heigh ened h ough inc eased communi y pa icipa ion in ou ism de el- opmen . By b inging up di e en oices, opinions and expe iences, he epo aims o c ea e be e unde s anding abou he en i onmen whe e ou ism business is being de eloped and ope a ed. "The ocus is o wha deg ee Sámi ou ism p o ide s pe - cei e ha he e is an in e - cul u al unde s anding wi- hin he ou ism indus y, and how he cul u e- ou ism-link can be managed o a mo e sensi i e ou ism de elop- men ." 16 17 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic 17 Sensi i i y p ac ices, challenges and needs 18 19 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic In his chap e , we will illus a e some o he p ac ices and challenges among en- ep eneu s and he needs ela ed o de el- oping cul u al sensi i i y in ou ism p ac ic- es. In pa icula , we explo e how sensi i i y is ela ed o pa icipa ion and how i may enhance Sámi communi y empowe men in ou ism de elopmen . The hypo hesis is ha se ices and p oduc s whe e Sámi hemsel es a e in con ol o he p ocess and he p oduc , will esul in cul u ally sen- si i e ou ism. The e a e howe e se e al ques ions aised by his app oach. Wha is conside ed app op ia e and cul u ally sen- si i e by one Sámi ac o such as a highly educa ed ac i is migh no always eso- na e wi h he opinions o en ep eneu s in u al o u ban Sámi communi ies. Mus a shop owne o e en p oduce ha e con ol o all supplie s, hei e hnici y, and ma e ial and p oduc ion me hods? Mus ou ope a- o s and agen s ha e con ol o e hei sub- con ac o s, and how hese ep esen Sámi cul u e? Pa icipa ion is no always a gua an- ee o sensi i i y, bu i is a gua an ee o he in ol emen o di e se oices in he p oduc- ion o ou ism se ices and p oduc s. The end in o he sec o s is mo ing o- wa ds ce i ica ion o b anding o places o o igin, aw ma e ials and p oduce desc ip- ions. Could his be a solu ion also o Sámi ou ism, whe e he le el o communi y pa - icipa ion is one he main gua an ees o cul- u al sensi i i y? Based on in e iews wi h mos ly Sámi en ep eneu s, and ield isi s o hese h ee loca ions, Sámi and non-Sámi en ep eneu s and businesses o e ing Sámi expe iences can be loca ed on a ladde o pa icipa ion14 in ou ism15, om a ladde o pa icipa ion exis s anging “ om ‘being con- sul ed’ (o en only being in o med o a ai ac- compli) o being able o de e mine e e y as- pec o he de elopmen p ocess16. To add ess he challenges as b oadly as possible, we ha e had a pa icula ocus on he deg ee o which local and Sámi com- muni ies pa icipa e in ou ism de elop- men . Sámi communi ies di e in size and ins i u ional o ganiza ion, om he le - el o he amily o illages o na ional and pan-na ional ins i u ions such as he Sámi Pa liamen s. We ha e explo ed indi idual, amily and small and medium sized busi- ness pa icipa ion in ou ism in illage Ka - asjok, in T omsø which is he la ges own in he egion and i s su ounding a ea, and he coas al illages in he Lyngen jo d dis- ic (no he n T oms Coun y). In conduc - ing in e iews and ield isi s, we ocused on he pa s o he ansna ional in e iew guide add essing wha needs hei own businesses had and abou p oduc s hey had o wan ed o de elop. They we e also asked abou he cul u al sensi i i y o p od- uc s and expe iences o e ed o ou is s. Sensi i i y p ac ices, challenges and needs 19 Low le el o Sámi communi y pa icipa ion Se ices and expe iences whe e ac o s o some ex en e lec upon he ep esen a ion o Sámi cul u e in hei own p ac ice and exp ess a desi e o lea n mo e. This is ypically ou ope a o s and businesses who do no ha e a Sámi cul u al backg ound, bu who o e expe iences based on K en o Sámi cul u e, in collabo a ion wi h Sámi o K en expe ience p oduce s (small businesses o e ing camping, hiking, home isi s e c). This can include ac o s who p esen Sámi cul u al elemen s, such as Sámi handic a (duodji) o a mix o Sámi- inspi ed sou eni s and Sámi handic a , wi h o wi hou Sámi pa icipa ion o owne ship ( ypically in u ban cen e). High le el o Sámi communi y pa icipa ion The ac o s ha e a conscious/delibe a e and c i ical iew o he ep esen a ion o Sámi cul u e in ou ism. These can be businesses o e ing expe iences and p oduc s p oduced by indi iduals o eindee he ding amilies wi hin hei own eindee he ding dis ic s, ei he wi h Sámi as sole owne s o in collabo a ion wi h local ou ope a o s ( he bulk o which can be ound in Ka asjok and T omsø, ypically eindee he ding amilies o e ing expe iences such as isi s o eindee ences, ma ke ing hei o e s h ough DMOs, social media o ou ope a o s), as well as Sámi handic a (duodji) p oduce s. Ac oss he di e en s ages o he ladde , he e a e di e en bounda ies o wha is conside ed app op ia e o p ac ice and/o sell, based on he ac o s’ di e se cul u al backg ounds and s and-poin s. Figu e 2. Le els o Sámi communi y pa icipa ion 20 21 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic Be ween c i icism and a delibe a e app oach o sensi i i y in Sámi han- dic a (duodji) The T omsø ci y has expe ienced an eno - mous g ow h in win e ou ism, including ex- pe iences ela ed o Sámi cul u e. Some o he ways in which Sámi a e ep esen ed has been me wi h c i icism. The T omsø munic- ipali y has ini ia ed a p ocess oge he wi h Visi T omsø o o mula e guidelines o Sámi ou ism in he a ea, hus add essing he c i i- cism on he way Sámi cul u e is ep esen ed in sou eni shops and by ou ope a o s. A pa icula ly hea ed deba e in he e- gional media p io o he ieldwo k was an op- po uni y o discuss he c i icism om Sámi s akeholde s on he sale o Sámi handic a (duodji) in he ci y. Among Sámi handic a p oduce s, he “Duodji” label is ce i ica e en- su ing he au hen ici y o he p oduc as a a- di ional handic a i em. The i ems p oduced unde his label a e howe e expensi e and gene ally sold h ough pe sonal ne wo ks and on Sámi seasonal ma ke s. Thus, he majo i y o p oduc s sold in ou is sou eni s o es a e cheape p oduc s om ac o ies in Finland, China and elsewhe e ha can be o de ed on- line. Pa icula ly in T omsø, a ci y wi h an ex- panding sou eni ma ke , he e is a conce n abou appa en ly Sámi sou eni s, hei p o- duc ion and who sells hem. The numbe o ou is s is so high ha he e a e no enough adi ional handic a p oduce s o mee he demand. Thus, handc a ed and manu ac u ed “Sámi” i ems a e displayed and sold side by side, such as copies o ancien d ums, quali y kni es by enowned smi hs, and minia u es o Sámi adi ional d ess such as he “A c ic doll” om a Finnish ac o y (see image 1). One o he shops has mo ed h ough many p o iles un il i now ollows he boom- ing in e es in Sámi handic a . The owne has g own up wi h a di e si y o Sámi sou- eni s o sale o summe ou is s along local oads, hus pu ing he con empo- a y selec ion o sou eni s o e ed by in- e ne shops in pe spec i e. Fo ins ance, he has chosen o sell he ou -wind ha in Image 1. Sou eni s and he “A c ic doll” o sale in T omsø. Pho oc edi : Camilla B a land 21 his s o e. In his opinion he ha has become a pa o Sámi cul u al exp essions. Also, when i comes o he naming o Sámi p od- uc s and cul u e, he does no see he use o he e m “lap” as p oblema ic. “I am p oud o being om Lapland, while o o he s i is he wo s ”, he says, emphasizing ha di - e en hings migh e oke emo ions om pe son o pe son. In gene al, bo h in T omsø and in he o he a eas, he e is an inc easing in e es in Sámi p oduc s om he g owing Sámi u ban popula ion, om locals and om ou is s. Thus, he asso men in many gi shops includes woollen shawls om he enowned Sámi company S oo s ål- ka and sil e jewelle y om di e en sil- e smi hs in Sápmi. Also, cheape e - sions o sil e and handic a a e o e ed. The copies o sil e jewelle y a e popula among he locals, pa icula ly Sámi ami- lies who use copies o hei child en, wi h- ou ea ing he cos o loss o damage o he jewelle y. In many Sámi communi ies, howe e , duodji p oduce s in es in quali y ma e ials and hey in es ime and esou c- es o make p oduc s ha a e ue o adi- ion and inno a i e a he same ime. P od- uc s such as handwo en bands o shoes o e en home-made cow skin shoes (gáp- maga ) a e ei he gi en as gi s o amily membe s o displayed in handic a hous- es wi h a high p ize. The cos ume i sel is also subjec o an inc eased anes he iza- ion h ough i s displays in s o es, design ma ke s and a exhibi ions, hus leading o inc eased a en ion o he design o pa - icula ly sough -a e duoja s (a is s). This illus a es some o he challenges ha ac- o s a e acing when deciding wha o in- clude in he selec ion o p oduc s o sale. Bo h locals and ou is s desi e cheap and nice p oduc s, while he e is a p essu e and desi e also o include he adi ional i ems wi h he “Duodji” label o p oduced by local duoja s/handc a e s. One o he endse e s in he discus- sion on Sámi adi ional handic a is he cul u al ne wo k a ound he Riddu Riđđu es i al and he Cen e o No he n Peo- ples in Gái uo na/Kå jo d. As a Sámi cul- u al ins i u ion suppo ed by he na ional go e nmen , he es i al has a esponsibil- i y ha goes beyond ha o p i a e shop owne s. P ac icing sensi i i y and a c i ical app oach o he ep esen a ion o Sámi cul- u e is key o he ins i u ions, and he Riddu es i al bo h pa icipa es in he deba e on duodji and is also hos o a Sámi handic a ma ke du ing he es i al which akes place in July e e y yea . Du ing a ocus g oup dis- cussion a ound he issue o sensi i i y, he es i al di ec o made i clea ha hey p i- o i ized p oduc s wi h high pa icipa ion by Sámi hemsel es. The slogan “No hing abou us, wi hou us”, is used as a guiding p inciple o he selec ion o i ems sold a hei own ma ke , and also in deba es on how ou ism in T oms should ep esen Sámi cul u e. The es i al has howe e also expe ienced challenges in d awing bounda- ies be ween wha o include and exclude. Fo ins ance, locals ha e c i icized he ex- clusion o some popula ma ke ha ac- co ding o a new es i al managemen did no i he “local and indigenous handic a ” p o ile. Such c i ics a e ha d o igno e o an o ganiza ion ha elies on he goodwill o local illage and local olun ee s yea a - e yea . In o he wo ds, sensi i i y needs o be nego ia ed on many le els. 22 23 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic Rep esen ing Sámi cul u e-na u e and eindee husband y Bo h in T omsø and Ka asjok, eindee he d- e amilies a e he main de elope s o Sámi ou is p oduc s. They o e expe iences such as eeding, sledding and isi ing ein- dee ences (see image 2) and e en pa - icipa ing in sp ing mig a ion. This is pa - ly due o he ac ha a g owing numbe o eindee he de s a e being o ced ou o he eindee he ding indus y and ha e had o ind o he ways o con inue o wo k wi h eindee and wi hin he Sámi eindee he d- ing cul u e. Bo h in Ka asjok and in T omsø we me women wi h highe educa ion s ug- gling o ind new ways o con inue wo k- ing wi h eindee . In coas al Sámi commu- ni ies, local businesses a e no ela ed o eindee he ding and d aw upon he e i al- isa ion o local Sámi cul u e ha has been ongoing since he 1990s. Thei ou is p od- uc s a e based on Sámi alues conce ning he use o na u e and he e i alisa ion o Sámi and local cul u al p ac ices such as handic a and adi ional music mixed wi h mode n a . Many o hese a eas ha e a p oblem being ecognised as Sámi by ou - side s because o he consequences o as- simila ion policies and he dominan image o he Sámi in ou ism. The mino i y cul- u e o he K ens is ha dly isible in ou - ism, e en hough in his a ea i is di icul o ell he di e ence be ween No wegian, K en and Sámi cul u es in many illages and communi ies. Howe e , hose applying he Sámi ma ke s, common in ou ism, em- phasise he Sámi he i age in hei he e oge- neous backg ound, making he Sámi p es- ence isible. The e a e eno mous di e ences be- ween Ka asjok and T omsø, wi h Ka as- jok as a Sámi ownship and des ina ion and T omsø, whe e he Sámi cons i u e a mino i y and a mino ing edien o ou ism p oduc s. This also implies ha challeng- es di e , as do a i udes among ou ope - a o s. The eindee he de s in Ka asjok op- e a e ou ism beside a mig a ing he d and a he ding ha is s ongly egula ed by law, whe eas he eindee ou ism in T omsø is ope a ed and con olled wi hin empo a y eindee ences, mo e o less independ- en o eindee he ding ope a ions. The e a e also yea ly e en s in T omsø and o he No dic/A c ic ci ies du ing he Sámi week in Feb ua y whe e eindee aces a e o gan- ized wi h ou is classes, and handic a and o he Sámi p oduc s including eindee mea is sold a win e ma ke s. In Ka asjok eindee he ding and Sámi cul u e come i s , and ou ism is a sec- onda y and pa - ime ac i i y, whe eas in T omsø ou ism can be a ull- ime job, and in many cases employing many people. The e o e, he sensi i i y issues a e also di e en . In Ka asjok he conce n is much abou how ou is s can beha e and ou ism ope a ions ake place wi hou dis u bing he eindee and he ding. In Ka asjok, ba- sically a Sámi communi y, hose in ol ed in ou ism a e su e abou hei Sáminess, whe eas hose in T omsø a e mo e con- ce ned wi h whe he wha hey do is Sámi o no . The coas al Sámi a eas a e some- whe e in be ween. Due o he s ong No - wegianisa ion p ocesses hey ha e been h ough, and he ollowing pe iod o Sámi awakening and e i alisa ion, hey a e mo e expe imen al and open o inno a ions con- ce ning hei Sámi exp essions and iden- i ies – bu also mo e awa e o he cul u - al challenges ha mode n li e and ou ism ep esen . In o he wo ds, in being chal- lenged o e lec upon how cul u e is be- ing e i alised, hey a e also mo e sensi i e o how cul u e is p esen ed by hemsel es and o he s. Social media such as Ins ag am ha e become an ex emely impo an communi- ca ion channel o Sámi eindee husband- y ac o s in addi ion o ou is des ina ion managemen web si es. Social media p o- iles a e upda ed egula ly du ing he ou - is season wi h pic u es o eindee , win e 23 Image 2. Ad e ising na u e in T omsø. Pho- oc edi : Camilla B a land landscapes and some o he ac i i ies p o- ided. I is howe e ha d o communica e abou cul u e h ough social media. Du ing ou is isi s, Sámi ac o s o en expe ience a lack o knowledge abou Sámi cul u e, and o en ques ions a e based on s e eo- ypical no ions. “They wonde whe he we a e eal Sámi, hey ask abou he Sámi lan- guage, and why we do no ha e da k skin”, says one o he Sámi cul u e and eindee expe ience p o ide s. In he coas al Sámi illages a he coas , howe e , many s uggle o explain how Sámi cul u e and his o y is pa o he na u e expe ience e en hough i is no ob- ious o ou side s. Na u e guides o in- s ance, disco e ha once he p inciples behind hei app oach o na u e use is ex- plained as pa o he Sámi wo ld iew, i gi es an added alue o he ou is s’ expe i- ence. Howe e , coas al Sámi ope a o s a e seldom me wi h p econcei ed no ions o Sámi cul u e as ou is s’ in gene al associ- a e Sámi cul u e wi h eindee husband y. 24 25 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic 25 Concluding e lec ions on he u u e ou ism de elopmen 32 33 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic No es 1. Olsen e al., 2019. 2. Næ ings- og iske idepa emen e . Meld. S . 19, 2016–2017. 3. Nasjonalpa k ike , 2019. 4. Con en ion on Biological Di e si y, 2019. 5. Visi No way, 2019a. 6. Visi No way, 2019b. 7. Sámi Pa liamen , 2016. 8. Sámi Pa liamen o Finland, 2018. 9. FeFo, 2019. 10. See e.g. Visi T omso. 11. Rec ea ional Ac , 1957. 12. Sámi Law, 1987. 13. Finnma k Ac , 2005. 14. C . A ns ein, 1969. 15. Mu phy, 1985. 16. Cole, 2006, p. 631. 17. Suopajä i, Viken, S ensson & Pe e sson, 2020. Re e ences A ns ein, S. R. (1969). A ladde o ci izen pa icipa ion. Jou nal o he Ame ican Ins i u e o planne s, 35(4), 216-224. Cole, S. (2006). In o ma ion and Empowe men : The Keys o Achie ing Sus ainable Tou ism. Jou nal o Sus ainable Tou ism, 14(6), 629-644, DOI: 10.2167/jos 607.0 Con en ion on Biological Di e si y (1992). Re ie ed om h ps://www.cbd.in / adi ional/guidelines.sh ml FeFo (2019). Re ie ed om h ps://www. e o.no/om- e o/ e - ningslinje - o - e o/ Finnma k Ac (2005). Re ie ed om h ps://lo da a.no/ Mu phy, P. E. (1985). Tou ism: A communi y app oach. London: Me huen. Nasjonalpa k ike (2019). Re ie ed om h ps://www.nasjonal- pa k ike .no/ Næ ings- og iske idepa emen e . Meld. S . 19 (2016–2017). Opple No ge – unik og e en y lig h ps://www. egje ingen.no/ no/dokumen e /meld.-s .-19-20162017/id2543824/ Olsen, K. O., Abildgaa d, M. S., B a land, C., Chimi i, D., De Be na di, C., Edmonds, J., ...Viken, A. (2019). Looking a A c- ic ou ism h ough he lens o cul u al sensi i i y: ARCTISEN – a ansna ional baseline epo . Ro aniemi: Mul idimension- al Tou ism Ins i ue. Re ie ed om h p://u n. i/URN:IS- BN:978-952-6620-39-8 Rec ea ional Ac (1957). Re ie ed om h ps://lo da a.no/ Sámi Law (1987). Re ie ed om h ps://lo da a.no/ Sámi Pa liamen (2016). Same ingsmelding om a eal og miljø. Ka asjok, Same inge . Sámi Pa liamen o Finland (2018). P inciples o Responsible and E hically Sus ainable Sámi Tou ism. Re ie ed 3 May, 2019, om h ps://www.samediggi. i/wp-con en /uploads/2018/11/ Vas uullisen-ja-ee ises i-kes %C3%A4 %C3%A4n-saamelais- ma kailun- oimin ape iaa ee _hy %C3%A4ksy y_24092018-3. pd Acknowledgmen s This epo is based on he willingness and goodwill o ac o s and local communi ies in T omsø, Ka asjok, Kå jo d, and No d ei- sa. Thank you o aking he ime o alk o us and sha e you expe iences. 33 Suopajä i, L., Viken, A., S ensson, G. & Pe e sson, S. (2020). Social license o ope a e – is local accep ance o economic de elopmen enhancing social sus ainabili y? In McDonagh, J. (Ed.) Sha ing Knowledge o Land Use Managemen . London: Ed- wa d Elga Publishing. Tosun, C. (2006). Expec ed na u e o communi y pa icipa ion in ou ism de elopmen . Tou ism managemen , 27(3), 493-504. Timo hy, D. J. (2007). Empowe men and s akeholde pa icipa- ion in ou ism des ina ion communi ies. In Chu ch, A. & Cole, T. (eds.) Tou ism, powe and space (199-216. London: Rou ledge. Tosun, C. (1999). Towa ds a ypology o communi y pa icipa- ion in he ou ism de elopmen p ocess. Ana olia, 10(2), 1113- 134. Visi No way (2019a). Re ie ed om h ps://business. isi - no way.com/no/ba ek a ig- eiseli /sus ainabili y-and- ou - ism-in-inno a ion-no way/ Visi No way (2019b). Re ie ed om h ps://business. isi no - way.com/no/ e k oy/me ke - o -bae ek a ig- eisemaal/ Visi T omsø (2019). Re ie ed om h ps://www. isi omso. no/no 34 35 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic 35 36 37 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic Cul u al sensi i i y and ou ism Repo om No he n No way This na ional epo app oaches communi y pa icipa ion in Sámi ou ism in No way and i s ela ionship wi h cul u al sensi i i y. To wha ex en does pa icipa ion and empowe men gua an ee cul u al sensi i i y in ou - ism? In which ways can Indigenous peoples and o he local communi ies u ilize hei cul u al he i age and con- empo a y li e in c ea ing success ul ou ism p oduc s and se ices? Based on in e iews among ou ism ac- o s, he epo o e s an o e iew and discussion o cul u al sensi i i y in Sámi ou ism in No way.