RESEARCH ARTICLE
Wha Da a o Use o Fo es Conse a ion
Planning? A Compa ison o Coa se Open and
De ailed P op ie a y Fo es In en o y Da a in
Finland
Joona Leh omäki
1,2
*, Saka i Tuominen
3
, Tuuli Toi onen
1
, An i Leinonen
4
1Depa men o Biosciences, Uni e si y o Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, 2Finnish En i onmen Ins i u e,
Na u al En i onmen Cen e, Helsinki, Finland, 3Na u al Resou ces Ins i u e Finland, Van aa, Finland,
4Finnish Fo es Cen e (Suomen Me säkeskus), Kajaani, Finland
*joona.leh omaki@helsinki. i
Abs ac
The bo eal egion is acing in ensi ying esou ce ex ac ion p essu e, bu he lack o comp e-
hensi e biodi e si y da a makes ope a i e o es conse a ion planning di icul . Many coun-
ies ha e implemen ed o es in en o y schemes and a e making ex ensi e and up- o-da e
o es da abases inc easingly a ailable. Some o he mo e de ailed in en o y da abases,
howe e , emain p op ie a y and una ailable o conse a ion planning. He e, we in es i-
ga e how well di e en open and p op ie a y o es in en o y da a se s sui he pu pose o
conse a ion p io i iza ion in Finland. We also explo e how much p io i ies a e a ec ed by
using he less accu a e bu open da a. Fi s , we cons uc a se o indices o o es conse -
a ion alue based on quan i a i e in o ma ion commonly ound in o es in en o ies. These
include he ma u i y o he ees, ee species composi ion, and si e e ili y. Secondly, using
hese da a and accoun ing o connec i i y be ween o es ypes, we in es iga e he pa e ns
in conse a ion p io i y. Fo p io i iza ion, we use Zona ion, a me hod and so wa e o spa-
ial conse a ion p io i iza ion. We hen alida e he p io i iza ions by compa ing hem o
known a eas o high conse a ion alue. We show ha he o e all p io i y pa e ns a e ela-
i ely consis en ac oss di e en da a sou ces and analysis op ions. Howe e , he coa se
da a canno be used o accu a ely iden i y he high-p io i y a eas as i misses much o he
ine-scale a ia ion in o es s uc u es. We conclude ha , while in en o y da a collec ed o
o es y pu poses may be use ul o o es conse a ion pu poses, i needs o be de ailed
enough o be able o accoun o mo e ine-scaled ea u es o high conse a ion alue.
These esul s unde line he impo ance o making de ailed in en o y da a publicly a ailable.
Finally, we discuss how he p io i iza ion me hodology we used could be in eg a ed in o
ope a i e o es managemen , especially in coun ies in he bo eal zone.
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/jou nal.pone.0135926 Augus 28, 2015 1/25
OPEN ACCESS
Ci a ion: Leh omäki J, Tuominen S, Toi onen T,
Leinonen A (2015) Wha Da a o Use o Fo es
Conse a ion Planning? A Compa ison o Coa se
Open and De ailed P op ie a y Fo es In en o y Da a
in Finland. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0135926. doi:10.1371/
jou nal.pone.0135926
Edi o : Rica do Bom im Machado, Uni e si y o
B asilia, BRAZIL
Recei ed: Janua y 30, 2015
Accep ed: July 28, 2015
Published: Augus 28, 2015
Copy igh : © 2015 Leh omäki e al. This is an open
access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he
C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which pe mi s
un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any
medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e
c edi ed.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The ou pu s o he
Zona ion analyses based on he de ailed da a
(analysis uns “de ailClass”and “de ailClassCon”) a e
a ailable upon eques . Please send eques s o An i
Leinonen, Finnish Fo es Cen e (Suomen
Me säkeskus) Kauppaka u 25 A, 87100 Kajaani
Finland. (+358 40 841 5790, an i.
leinonen@me sakeskus. i). Reques s a e subjec o
legal es ic ions in acco dance o he Finnish
Pe sonal Da a Ac . Scien i ic esea ch is a alid
eason o exemp ion om es ic ions. Runs based
on coa se da a a e a ailable on D yad: 10.5061/
In oduc ion
In o ma i e conse a ion decision-making depends on a ailable da a
Biodi e si y conse a ion deals wi h mul i ace ed and complex p oblems [1] ha call o in e -
o ansdisciplina y esea ch and decision-making [1–3]. Se e al di e en kinds o da a a e
ypically equi ed [4], such as spa ial da a on species dis ibu ions, habi a s and ecosys em se -
ices [5,6], cos s associa ed wi h conse a ion ac ions [7], he s uc u e and ep esen a i eness
o he exis ing ese e ne wo k [8], and inc easingly in o ma ion abou he p esen and u u e
s a e o dynamic en i onmen s [9,10] and an h opogenic h ea s [11,12]. Fu he mo e, on-
g ound conse a ion decisions a e almos always ied o a ela i ely ine spa ial scale which
implies ha he da a used o conse a ion p io i iza ion should also ha e esolu ion ele an
o he p io i iza ion p oblem a hand [6,13]. Spa ial conse a ion p io i iza ion [14,15]isa
o m o conse a ion assessmen p ima ily in e es ed in when, whe e, and how should conse -
a ion ac ion be aken in o de o achie e conse a ion goals [16,17]. I can be embedded
wi hin a b oade con ex o conse a ion planning [18] ha can be desc ibed as a comple e
ope a ional model co e ing all he s ages needed o success ul conse a ion ac ion including
assessmen , planning and managemen . Conse a ion p io i iza ion p oblems ha e been ex en-
si ely s udied concep ually and ma hema ically o many yea s [19] and consequen ly many
so wa e me hods o sol ing a wide a ay o p oblems ha e also been published [20–24].
Mos o he con empo a y app oaches on spa ial conse a ion p io i iza ion a e based on
he concep o complemen a i y, which can be de ined as a p ope y o a p io i iza ion solu ion
whe eby high-p io i y si es complemen each o he in e ms o biodi e si y ea u es hey con-
ain. In o he wo ds, si es wo k oge he e icien ly in achie ing conse a ion objec i es [25]. I
a si e has unique biodi e si y ea u es such as species, i is o en conside ed i eplaceable and
si es wi h high i eplaceabili y a e ypically conside ed high conse a ion p io i ies [15]. Con-
nec i i y is ano he cen al concep o spa ial conse a ion p io i iza ion and planning [26].
The e m connec i i y is commonly used o e e o measu es o spa ial connec edness o a ne -
wo k o si es connec ed by species’dispe sal wi h highe connec i i y usually implying
inc eased species pe sis ence [27]. In p ac ice, howe e , ope a ionalizing connec i i y in spa ial
conse a ion p io i iza ion has been di icul because o mul i ude o de ini ions [28] and
compu a ional in ac abili y [29]. Ne e heless, enhancing connec i i y is o en p omo ed as
an impo an conse a ion s a egy [28,30,31], al hough i may come a he expense o high-
quali y si es ha a e poo ly connec ed [13,26]. I espec i e o he spa ial conse a ion p io i i-
za ion me hod employed, alida ing he esul s is an impo an , bu o en o e looked pa o
he whole p io i iza ion. Maps and o he esul s o p io i iza ion assessmen s a e o en p o-
duced assuming ha he inpu da a is o sensible quali y and hus he p io i ies e lec on-
g ound eali y adequa ely [32], bu his assump ion needs o be alida ed agains independen
alida ion da a. C ea ing in o ma i e and accu a e conse a ion p io i iza ion esul s he e o e
hinges on he a ailabili y o eliable inpu and alida ion da a.
A numbe o s udies ha e been published ega ding he pa e n o dis ibu ion o biodi e -
si y and new echnological ad ancemen s, such as ela i ely cheap and e y accu a e emo e
senso s, ha e led o an inc ease in he a ailable biodi e si y da a [33]. Howe e , in mos egions
o he wo ld he p ima y biodi e si y da a o conse a ion decision-making s ill emains
sca ce [34,35] and a e o en biased in e ms o species ep esen a ion, a eas sampled and spa-
io empo al accu acy [36,37]. Fo mos species, and mos pa s o he wo ld, we simply do no
ha e su icien da a [35,38] and e en when we do, i is no necessa ily accessible. Sha ing da a
is especially desi able om he decision-making poin o iew because o he many bene i s i
en ails, such as enabling in eg a i e and syn hesizing science [39], enabling explo a ion o new
opics no en isioned by he da a o igina o s [40], and p o iding mo e e i iable esea ch o
Open Fo es In en o y Da a in Conse a ion P io i iza ion
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/jou nal.pone.0135926 Augus 28, 2015 2/25
d yad.d9p4 . De ailed o es in en o y da a owned by
he Finnish Fo es and Pa k Se ice's Na u al
He i age Se ices a e a ailable om he o ganiza ion
(h p://www.me sa. i/si us o /me sa/en/Con ac Us/
Si u /Con ac Us.aspx, P.O. Box 94 (Ve nissaka u 4)
FI-01301 Van aa, +358 205 64 120). The da a a e no
publicly a ailable, bu can be acqui ed o scien i ic
esea ch upon a eques . The da a a e no subjec o
legal es ic ions. Coa se o es in en o y da a a e
publicly a ailable om h p://www.me la. i/ohjelma/
mi/ mi-moni-en.h m.
Funding: The au ho s ha e no suppo o unding o
epo .
Compe ing In e es s: The au ho s ha e decla ed
ha no compe ing in e es s exis .
policymake s [41]. Many public and p i a e o ganiza ions collec and main ain esea ch and
moni o ing da abases ha could be aluable o conse a ion decision-making, bu emain
una ailable because o poli ical o echnical ba ie s o da a sha ing. The e a e good easons
o wi hholding he da a, such as de ailed loca ion da a on endange ed species o con iden ial
in o ma ion conce ning he p i acy o indi iduals [40,42,43]. Res ic ing access o such in o -
ma ion is no only an e hical obliga ion, bu also o en a legal one. Thus, he a ailabili y o
po en ially use ul biodi e si y da a emains es ic ed, despi e he ac ha conse a ion deci-
sions s ill ha e o be made [35,44]. Wi h g ea po en ial o be e in o med decision-making,
open access o ele an da a is c ucial o add essing he inc easingly complex conse a ion
issues he wo ld is acing [12,34,43,45,46].
Fo es in en o y da a o spa ial conse a ion p io i iza ion in he bo eal
zone
The ci cumpola bo eal o es is he second la ges biome in he wo ld [47]. Coun ies in he
bo eal zone ha e adi ionally u ilized hei o es -based na u al esou ces ex ensi ely, which
has led o changes in o es s uc u e, species composi ion, habi a di e si y, and la ge-scale
dis u bance dynamics [48–52]. While i is no he mos species- ich o h ea ened biome on
he plane [53,54], he e a e s ill many easons o inc easing conse a ion e o s in he bo eal
zone. Fi s , bo eal o es s hos a g ea numbe o highly specialized species ha a e dependen
on esou ces such as dead wood [55–57]. Many o hese species ha e become endange ed
because o in ensi e o es y p ac ices. Second, because o hei la ge ex en and biomass, bo eal
o es s ha e a majo ole in ca bon seques a ion and clima e change adap ion [47,58]. Thi d,
many pa s o bo eal zone, especially in he Russian Fede a ion and Canada, emain inaccessi-
ble p esen ing an oppo uni y o p o ec la ge ac s o ela i ely in ac o es [59,60].
In bo eal zone and elsewhe e, e ec i e conse a ion planning should ideally be done simul-
aneously wi h gene al land-use and na u al esou ce use planning [6]. This u he emphasizes
he need o be able o syn hesize and u ilize da a om a ious sou ces. Da a o land use and
na u al esou ces use planning may also be use ul o conse a ion planning, assuming ha
hey ac as su oga es o biodi e si y ea u es o conse a ion in e es . The upside is ha
esou ces alloca ed o collec ing hese ypes o da a usually exceed hose alloca ed o conse -
a ion- ela ed da a collec ion. Fo example, coun ies wi h an ac i e o es sec o ypically ha e
high- esolu ion, na ional, o es in en o y sys ems (NFIs) in place [61,62]. In addi ion o NFIs,
many o he public and p i a e ope a o s collec de ailed o es in en o y da a o hei own
ope a ional planning o en a he na ional o egional scale. Recen ly, go e nmen s and public
esea ch ins i u ions in pa icula ha e s a ed opening up hei da abases. Fo example, he
Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e has opened up hei mul i-sou ce na ional o es in en o y
da abase (h p://www.me la. i/ohjelma/ mi/ mi-moni-en.h m).
Fo es in en o y da a has his o ically been collec ed o assess he p oduc i e unc ions o
o es s [61], bu b oad-scale NFIs a e inc easingly being used o moni o ing o es biodi e si y
pa icula ly in bo eal o es s [63]. Following he classi ica ion by Co ona e al. [63], biodi e si y
indica o s es ima ed om o es in en o y da a can be classi ied in o wo ca ego ies: (i) compo-
si ional indica o s di ec ly measu ing biodi e si y, and (ii) s uc u al indica o s based on key
s uc u al ea u es (e.g. a iabili y in ee size and he amoun o dead wood) ac ing as co e-
la es o su oga es o biodi e si y [63]. The la e app oach la gely elies on he assump ion
ha high s uc u al and ee species di e si y p o ides mo e habi a s o di e en o es species
[63–65]. I also equi es ha he ea u es can be eliably es ima ed om o es in en o y da a
[66,67]. The app oach based on s uc u al indica o s also has many desi able quali ies om he
pe spec i e o spa ial conse a ion p io i iza ion. Fi s , as s uc u al componen s a e
Open Fo es In en o y Da a in Conse a ion P io i iza ion
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/jou nal.pone.0135926 Augus 28, 2015 3/25
compa a i ely easy o measu e, da a abou hem a e commonly included in o es in en o ies
[61,63]. Second, he e ec s di e en o es managemen op ions ha e on s uc u al ea u es
and hus on biodi e si y can be easily assessed [68], enabling compa isons be ween di e en
managemen scena ios. Thi d, o es in en o ies a e ypically epea ed pe iodically, making i
possible o moni o changing condi ions [63]. Fou h, since o es in en o y da a s ill a e p i-
ma ily collec ed o o es managemen and planning pu poses, conse a ion p io i iza ion
based on o es in en o y da a can be mo e easily unde s ood by o es y p ac i ione s. Finally,
he da a, and hus he esul s o conse a ion p io i iza ion analyses, a e p oduced a a esolu-
ion di ec ly ele an o ope a i e planning. Howe e , alida ing he esul s is e en mo e
impo an when elying on su oga e da a such as s uc u al o es in en o y da a. A he s uc-
u al le el, one can use he loca ions o known conse a ion alue, such as exis ing p o ec ed
a eas, as c ude alida ion da a which should, on a e age, be mo e aluable han he su ound-
ing (comme cially managed) landscape.
Aims and scope
He e, we de elop a se o conse a ion p io i iza ion analyses based on eely a ailable and p o-
p ie a y o es in en o y da a wi h a a ying deg ee o de ail ac oss he p o ince o Sou h Sa o-
nia, Finland. We use he conse a ion p io i iza ion so wa e Zona ion o de elop
complemen a i y-based p io i y maps. Accoun ing o connec i i y in spa ial conse a ion p i-
o i iza ion can be ecologically jus i ied [25] and o en called o in conse a ion implemen a-
ion [69]. The e o e, we also include connec i i y conside a ions in ou Zona ion analyses.
Wi h his app oach, we a e s udying he ollowing ques ions:
1. Can conse a ion p io i iza ion analysis based on o es in en o y da a cap u e conse a-
ion alue in bo eal managed o es landscapes?
2. How well does eely a ailable coa se o es in en o y da a pe o m compa ed o mo e
de ailed p op ie a y s and-based in en o y da a?
Fu he mo e, gi en he di e ences in he da a eliabili y and p io i iza ion esul s, we dis-
cuss unde wha kind o planning ci cums ances is open bu coa se in en o y da a su icien
o in o ma i e conse a ion decision-making?
We limi ou a en ion o he e ec s ha di e en da a sou ces ha e on he quali y o spa ial
p io i iza ion, and we acknowledge ha he compu a ional analysis desc ibed he e is jus one
pa o a ull conse a ion planning p ocess [20,70]. While he esul s will be case-speci ic o a
ce ain deg ee, he p ocedu e i sel is applicable o o he coun ies ha ha e simila o es
in en o y da a a ailable. The esul s should be applicable o coun ies wi h a simila o es
managemen his o y and cu en o es and conse a ion managemen needs.
To encou age o he scien is s and p ac i ione s o build upon he wo k p esen ed he e, we
also make a ailable he ull analysis implemen a ion (see S1 Appendix) and he code necessa y
o p oduce he esul s om he p io i iza ion analyses. While he p op ie a y da a we ha e
used canno be sha ed because o p i acy issues, we ha e made all he s ages o he implemen-
a ion openly a ailable o examina ion and e-use.
Ma e ial and Me hods
S udy a ea
The s udy a ea co e s he egion o Sou he n Sa onia loca ed in sou heas e n pa o Finland.
Sou h Sa onia is one o 13 egional adminis a i e uni s o he Finnish Fo es Cen e (FFC).
The egion is ca. 13990 km
2
and cha ac e ized by a la ge numbe o lakes and agmen ed
Open Fo es In en o y Da a in Conse a ion P io i iza ion
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/jou nal.pone.0135926 Augus 28, 2015 4/25
wa e ways, which co e ca. 25% o he o al a ea. O he land a ea, app oxima ely 88% is o -
es y land ha can u he be di ided in o mine al soils (79%) and mi es (21%). Toge he , o -
es s on mine al soils and mi es o m a g adually a ying landscape mosaic in he s udy egion.
The sou h bo eal ege a ion zone co e s he whole egion and o es s a e mos ly domina ed by
he Sco s pine (Pinus syl es is) and he No way sp uce (Picea abies), mixed wi h a ying
amoun s o b oadlea ed ees. Land owne ship is highly agmen ed, wi h p i a e o es owne s
being he la ges g oup (77.3%) ollowed by p i a e companies (11.5%) and he s a e (6.2%)
[71]. Mos o he o es y land is unde sil icul u al managemen and only 2.5% is s ic ly p o-
ec ed, which is he same as he a e age o o es y land in sou he n Finland. Whe eas p i a e
o es land has se e al ope a o s wo king on i (including he FFC), he s a e-owned land is
managed by a single o ganiza ion, Me sähalli us ( he Finnish Fo es and Pa k Se ice, which is
u he di ided in o wo independen depa men s: he Fo es y Depa men manages he
Finnish s a e p oduc ion o es s and he Na u al He i age Se ices (NHS) manages o es s ou -
side o comme cial ope a ions, including p o ec ed a eas.
S udy design
Fig 1 p esen s he design o ou s udy and Table 1 he da a se s used in he analysis. To add ess
he main objec i es, we 1) acqui ed coa se and de ailed o es y in en o y da a om Sou he n
Sa onia, 2) calcula ed compa able su oga e indices o conse a ion alue ou o hese da a, 3)
ca ied ou six di e en conse a ion p io i iza ions using h ee di e en inpu da a se s and
es ing he in luence o connec i i y ans o ma ions, and 4) compa ed all p io i iza ion esul s
o each o he and a eas wi h known high conse a ion alue. We included bo h o es s on min-
e al soils and mi es in he analyses, because ecologically he o es s and mi es a e o en linked
by pa ly o e lapping species pools and conneci i y. Howe e , he su oga e indices e lec
only he conse a ion alue o o es s on and hus he esul s a e unin o ma i e o mi es.
Da a se s
Coa se da a. The coa se da a used in his s udy we e based on he mul i-sou ce na ional
o es in en o y (MS-NFI) de eloped and main ained by he Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e
(FRI). The MS-NFI me hod employs sa elli e images, digi al maps and ield measu emen s o
es ima e hema ic digi al maps abou s uc u al ea u es o he o es ac oss Finland a a spa ial
esolu ion o 20 m. MS-NFI da a collec ion co e s all land-use classes and owne ship ca ego ies
h oughou he coun y [62,72,73] including he s udy a ea (Table 1 and Fig 2). The inal da a
p oduc con ains o e 40 o es a iables in he o m o hema ic maps, including he olumes
by ee species and imbe asso men s, s and mean a iables, he biomass by ee species
g oups and ee compa men s and o es si e ype cha ac e is ics (e.g. [62,73,74]). In Finland,
he MS-NFI is being used mos ly o egional le el o es y planning, bu i has also been used
o la ge-scale conse a ion p io i iza ion s udies [13,74,75]. The MS-NFI da a has been pub-
licly a ailable since la e 2012, he hema ic maps can be iewed h ough a web po al and he
as e s can be downloaded h ough a ile se ice [76].
The conse a ion alue indices used o he p io i iza ion equi e ha in o ma ion on bo h
he a e age diame e and he olume a e a ailable o each ee species g oup. The s anda d
MS-NFI as e s include only one es ima e o a e age diame e o e all ee species g oups. In
o de o calcula e es ima es o a e age diame e o each ee species g oup, s and le el a i-
ables we e de i ed om he MS-NFI by he way o au oma ic s and delinea ion. We did he
s and delinea ion in he s udy a ea by using au oma ic segmen a ion (see also S1 Appendix)on
he MS-NFI o es maps o he 10 h i e a ion o he Na ional Fo es In en o y done be ween
yea s 2004 and 2008. As he inpu da a o he segmen a ion, we used he hema ic map laye s
Open Fo es In en o y Da a in Conse a ion P io i iza ion
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/jou nal.pone.0135926 Augus 28, 2015 5/25

Fig 1. Schema ic o he low o analysis. The igu e is di ided in o h ee sec ions. The i s desc ibes how
we combined he index as e s o p oduce he inpu da a se s used in he p io i iza ion analyses. The second
summa izes he main cha ac e is ics o spa ial conse a ion p io i iza ion analyses done using Zona ion. The
hi d sec ion summa izes how we analyzed he p io i y ank maps p oduced by he six di e en Zona ion
analyses. PA = p o ec ed a eas, WKH = woodland key-habi a s, METSO = p o ec ed a eas om he METSO
Open Fo es In en o y Da a in Conse a ion P io i iza ion
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/jou nal.pone.0135926 Augus 28, 2015 6/25
on s and mean heigh and olumes o he ee species g oups: pine, sp uce, bi ch and o he
b oadlea ed ees. The segmen a ion was ca ied ou using a modi ied implemen a ion o he
“segmen a ion wi h di ec ed ees”algo i hm by Nagend a & Goldbe g [77]. The algo i hm is
based on using he local edge g adien o linking indi idual pixels in o la ge spa ially con inu-
ous uni s, i.e. segmen s. The au oma ic segmen a ion p ocess is guided by pa ame e s such as
he e ogenei y allowed wi hin he segmen s and he desi ed minimum size o he segmen s [78].
The desi ed size o segmen s was app ox. 1–2 ha. We calcula ed he s and le el a iables as
a e age alues o he indi idual pixels wi hin each segmen and he a iables pe ee species by
weigh ing he pixel le el a iables by he olumes o indi idual ee species.
p og amme. Rank p io i y maps p in ed unde a CC BY license, wi h pe mission om o iginal copy igh holde
he Finnish Fo es Con e, 2015.
doi:10.1371/jou nal.pone.0135926.g001
Table 1. The spa ial da a se s used in he s udy. Column Use indica es whe he he da a se is used as inpu o he analyses o in alida ion.
Da a se Type Use Co e age
(%)
Mean si e size
(ha)
Sou ce
a
A ailabili y
Mul i-sou ce Na ional Fo es In en o y
Da a
Ras e Analysis 100.00 NA FRI F eely a ailable
S and-based o es in en o y da a Vec o Analysis 43.94 NA FFC A ailable o esea ch, s ic
condi ions
S and-based o es in en o y da a Vec o Analysis 2.34 NA NHS A ailable o esea ch, lax condi ions
P o ec ed a eas Vec o Valida ion 1.87 13.54 FPS A ailable o esea ch, lax condi ions
Woodland key-habi a s Vec o Valida ion 0.50 0.61 FC A ailable o esea ch, s ic
condi ions
METSO-deals Vec o Valida ion 0.13 5.36 CEDTE A ailable o esea ch, lax condi ions
a
FRI = Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e, FFC = Finnish Fo es Cen e, NHS = Me sähalli us (Finnish Fo es and Pa k Se ice) Na u al He i age Se ices,
CEDTE = Cen e o Economic De elopmen , T anspo and he En i onmen
doi:10.1371/jou nal.pone.0135926. 001
Fig 2. The spa ial co e age o da a se s. (A) Regions o he s udy a ea co e ed by he di e en o es in en o y da a. Whi e egions wi hin he s udy a ea
a e ei he wa e bodies o mo e densely popula ed a eas. (B) Regions o he s udy a ea co e ed by he di e en alida ion da a se s. Labels on he x- andy-
axes co espond o he kilome e componen o he Finland Uni o m Coo dina e Sys em (EPSG 2393), i.e. he dis ance be ween icks is equal o 50
kilome e s. Maps on de ailed da a om he FFC and WKH p in ed unde a CC BY license, wi h pe mission om o iginal copy igh holde he Finnish Fo es
Cen e, 2015.
doi:10.1371/jou nal.pone.0135926.g002
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De ailed da a. He e, we e e o de ailed da a o s ands o o es y compa men s. The
da a a e p oduced by a combina ion o di ec ield in en o ies and a ep esen a i e plo -based
sampling sys em. Nowadays, in en o y da a a e also upda ed using emo e sensing da a
(LiDAR). These da a a e colla ed o p o ide e y ine scale in o ma ion o o es managemen
planning [72] by di e en au ho i ies and o es y o ganiza ions depending on land enu e.
Fo his s udy, we used da a om wo au ho i ies ope a ing in he s udy egion: he FFC on p i-
a e land and Me sähalli us NHS on public land.
The FFC in en o ies o es s ands only on need-basis o when o es y ope a ions ake
place. The e o e, some o he in en o y da a can be ela i ely old and does no ep esen he
cu en s a e o he o es e y well. To accoun o his, we only used da a ga he ed in yea
2000 o a e co e ing ~44% o he land a ea (Table 1 and Fig 2). In addi ion, we used spa ial
da a on he planned o es y ope a ions, such as hinnings and clea -cu s. We used hese da a
o discoun he conse a ion alue o o es a eas ha a e planned o go h ough o es ope a-
ions o a ying deg ee. The o es in en o y da a ga he ed and managed by he FFC a e no
eely a ailable as he Finnish Pe sonal Da a Ac es ic s he dis ibu ion o he da a a a eso-
lu ion ha allows linkage o he da a o p ope ies o indi idual o es owne s. I is possible,
howe e , o ge access o he da a o esea ch pu poses [79].
Me sähalli us NHS has a simila in en o y sys em in place on public land. Thei in o ma-
ion sys em upda es he da abase annually o simula e he g ow h o o es s, and consequen ly
no il e ing was needed. We ecei ed de ailed s and-based da a om NHS a e signing a
esea ch collabo a ion ag eemen . We we e unable o ge any da a om egions go e ned by
Me sähalli us Fo es y. De ailed da a om Me sähalli us NHS co e s ~2.4% o he land a ea in
Sou he n Sa onia.
Da a o alida ion. We used h ee di e en da a se s o alida ing he p io i iza ion
esul s: spa ial delinea ions o 1) he es ablished p o ec ed a ea ne wo k, 2) woodland key-habi-
a s, and 3) ecen ly acqui ed p o ec ed a eas (Table 1).
Me sähalli us NHS main ains he da a on es ablished p o ec ed a eas and a spa ial da abase
is publically a ailable. P o ec ed a eas also co e mi es, bu o alida ion, we used only p o-
ec ed a eas on mine al soils (~1.9% o he whole landscape). P o ec ed a eas ha e o en been
es ablished o easons o he han hei high biodi e si y alue and his could be he case in
Sou he n Sa onia as well. Howe e , many o he p o ec ed a eas in he egion—including wo
na ional pa ks—con ain ela i ely old o es s ha ha e been ou side comme cial o es y man-
agemen o decades and hus p obably con ain ea u es impo an o o es biodi e si y.
Woodland key-habi a s (WKH) a e a conse a ion ins umen designed o main aining
landscape-le el biodi e si y in p oduc ion o es s by delinea ing and p ese ing small habi a
pa ches o high conse a ion alue [80]. The concep is in use in many Fennoscandian and Bal-
ic coun ies and, while hei e ec i eness as a conse a ion measu e a ies depending on he
coun y and de ini ion [80–82], WKHs seem o be ho spo s o dead wood dependen and ed-
lis ed species, and o species ichness in gene al [80]. Because o po en ial p i acy issues, he
exac spa ial loca ions o WKHs a e no public in o ma ion, bu he da a is a ailable o
esea ch use.
Recen ly acqui ed p o ec ed a eas a e ela ed o he o es biodi e si y conse a ion p o-
g amme METSO ha is an ongoing e o o hal he decline o o es biodi e si y by 2016 [69].
Indi idual o es owne s can o e hei o es p ope y o p o ec ion, and i he pa icula
o e ul ills gi en scien i ic selec ion c i e ia, i is admi ed in o he p og amme h ough ei he
a pe manen o empo a y (10 yea s) conse a ion con ac . The o es owne hen ecei es a
ax- ee compensa ion based on he economic alue o he g owing s ock and imbe [83]. The
si es selec ed in METSO a e ecologically mo e aluable han a e age Finnish o es s, con aining
mo e dead wood as well as many ed-lis ed species [84]. We used only a eas wi h pe manen
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conse a ion con ac s o alida ion, as he conse a ion e ec i eness o empo a y o ixed-
e m con ac s is ques ionable [84]. These da a a e no publicly a ailable be o e hey become
in eg a ed in o he main p o ec ed a eas da abase, bu i can be accessed o esea ch use.
In e ms o size, he mean size o dis inc spa ial uni s in he p o ec ed a ea da a se is highe
(13.54 ha, Table 1) han in he WKH da a se (0.61 ha) o he ecen ly acqui ed p o ec ed a eas
da a se (5.36 ha).
Calcula ing conse a ion alue indices om o iginal da a
We eclassi ied he o iginal o es y da a (bo h coa se and de ailed) in o ou ee species
g oups: pine, sp uce, bi ch, o o he b oadlea ed. We calcula ed an index o conse a ion alue
pe pixel o each o he ee species g oups in each o he inpu da a se s sepa a ely (Fig 1).
This index measu es an expe -de i ed iew on how he a e age diame e and he olume o
he g owing s ock ela e o ecological ea u es desi able o conse a ion. We ans o med he
a e age diame e o he g owing s ock pe ee species g oup by a sigmoidal bene i unc ion
(see S1 Appendix and S1 Fig) and hen mul iplied he ans o med alue by he olume o he
g owing s ock. A simila app oach has been used ea lie in la ge-scale conse a ion p io i iza-
ions [13,74] and in species-o ien ed p io i iza ion [75].
All a ailable da a se s had in o ma ion on si e e ili y class, which is o en also associa ed
wi h he o ma ion o speci ic o es mic ohabi a s. We hypo hesized ha using a classi ica ion
scheme would emphasize a e o es ypes ha ypically ha e highe biodi e si y alue. The e-
o e we c ea ed wo inpu da a se s based on he coa se da a: One wi h jus he ou index as-
e s (“Coa se”), one wi h he ou index as e s each di ided in o i e si e e ili y classes
(“Coa se wi h classes”, Figs 1and 3). The di ision in o si e e ili y classes p oduces 20 ee spe-
cies g oup—si e e ili y ype classes, which we e e o as o es ypes. We did he same classi i-
ca ion ope a ion o he de ailed da a p oducing he inpu da a se “De ailed wi h classes”.We
also hypo hesized ha p io i iza ion based on he mo e de ailed—and mo e p ecise—in en o y
da a would ou pe o m hose based on he coa se da a. No e ha he inpu da a se “De ailed
wi h classes”is ac ually a combina ion o coa se and de ailed as he de ailed da a only co e ed
Fig 3. The spa ial dis ibu ion o si e e ili y classes in he coa se and de ailed da a. Labels on he x- and y-axis co espond o he kilome e componen
o he Finland Uni o m Coo dina e Sys em (EPSG 2393), i.e. he dis ance be ween icks equals o 50 kilome e s. Map on he de ailed da a p in ed unde a CC
BY license, wi h pe mission om o iginal copy igh holde he Finnish Fo es Cen e, 2015.
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la ge p o ec ed a eas e en much highe p io i ies. This is mos p obably because, compa ed o
Fig 6. Dis ibu ion o p io i y anks wi hin a eas o known conse a ion alue. The columns in each panel show he di e ence be ween a ian s wi h
(le ) and wi hou connec i i y ( igh ). All spa ial alida ion da a should on a e age ha e highe conse a ion alue han he su ounding o es s, which mos ly
ha e a his o y o economically mo i a ed managemen . Red ho izon al line co esponds o he median alue.
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he coa se da a, he de ailed da a a ailable om wi hin p o ec ed a eas desc ibes mo e accu-
a ely he ma u e s ands wi hin he PAs. Thi d, since he de ailed da a ha e in o ma ion also
on he occu ence o small bu aluable o es (e.g. he b- ich si es o ma u e deciduous ees)
ha is no co ec ly ep esen ed in he coa se da a, he high-p io i y si es a e mo e e enly dis-
ibu ed o e he whole s udy a ea (see he ma ginal plo s in Fig 4).
O he h ee alida ion da a se s, WKHs ha e he smalles a e age size pe si e and he mos
ine-g ained s uc u al ea u es impo an o biodi e si y. The coa se da a is simply unable o
pick up such ea u es. This is no su p ising as he coa se da a we a e using (MS-NFI) is known
o ha e low s a is ical p ecision o small a ea es ima es [63,97]. O cou se, when a ailable,
in o ma ion abou WKHs can be included in he p io i iza ion p ocess i sel . We did no do so
he e, because ha would ha e excluded he use o WKH da a as an ex e nal alida ion sou ce.
Ex en and esolu ion a e impo an ac o s in analyses ha accoun o connec i i y. The
small e ec connec i i y has on he p io i y ank dis ibu ions wi hin he alida ion da a se s
may appea su p ising, especially since he e ec o connec i i y is qui e p onounced o e
la ge a eas (Fig 4). Howe e , e en when combined he alida ion da a se s co e only a small
ac ion o he o al landscape (2.5%, Table 1) and he mean decay dis ance o dispe sal we
used (2 km) is ela i ely la ge compa ed o he a e age size o si es in he alida ion da a. Fo
hese easons, accoun ing o connec i i y ac ually dec eases he median p io i y o all o he
Fig 7. The pe o mance o solu ions based on coa se da a measu ed by hei abili y o co e ea u es in he de ailed da a. The pe o mance cu es
show o each si e e ili y class he mean occu ence le els o biodi e si y ea u es in he de ailed da a. The solid cu es a e o “de ailClass”, which uses
de ailed da a. The do ed (“coa se”) and dashed (“coa seClass”) ep esen coa se da a solu ions, and show how much ep esen a ion o he de ailed—and
p esumably mo e accu a e—da a would be los i he p io i iza ion was based on coa se da a. The same compa ison be ween “coa seCon”,
“coa seClassCon”, and “de ailClassCon”p oduced e y simila esul s (no shown).
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alida ion da a se s excep he p o ec ed a eas, which a e la ge and hus by de ini ion be e
connec ed in e nally.
The alida ion p ocedu e we ha e used elies on a ew key assump ions. Fi s , we assume
ha he indices we ha e cons uc ed uly e lec conse a ion alue. While we ha e no ali-
da ed he indices agains ac ual species occu ence da a, ea u es we ha e emphasized in he
cons uc ion o he index a e impo an o biodi e si y in he Finnish bo eal o es (see e.g.
[74,75]). Second, we assume ha he alida ion da a se s ac ually desc ibe loca ions o high
conse a ion alue, and ha hey should he e o e ecei e highe han a e age p io i y in spa-
ial p io i iza ion analyses. P o ec ed a eas ha e adi ionally been es ablished on less p oduc-
i e soils [59,98] and hey usually do no ep esen he ull spec um o species o habi a s in
any gi en egion. Howe e , being se aside om he p e ailing o es managemen egimes will
o e ime lead o a less e en o es s uc u e [99], he eby accumula ing impo an esou ces
such as dead-wood [100]. METSO-si es a e on a e age smalle han many o he exis ing p o-
ec ed a eas, bu because o he s ingen selec ion c i e ia and on-g ound e alua ion o each
si e, hei ecological quali y is high and s udies ha e shown ha hey do indeed ha e highe
species ichness and ha hey con ain mo e a e and h ea ened species han hei su ounding
a eas [84]. WKHs a e sca e ed mo e e enly o e he landscape and acco ding o a ecen
me a-analysis [80] hey con ain ele a ed amoun s o c i ical esou ces (dead-wood, e c.) ha
suppo a compa a i ely la ge numbe o species. Howe e , he a e age size o a WKH si e is
small (0.67 ha in Finland [101]), meaning ha hei capabili y o suppo popula ions long-
e m is ques ionable.
T ade-o s be ween di e en da a and p io i iza ion objec i es
Conse a ion scien is s, manage s, and p ac i ione s a e o en aced wi h igh schedules and
limi ed budge s, and hus ha e o decide whe he i is wo h he ime and money o y o col-
lec mo e da a [102,103]. Collec ing mo e da a o en includes spending ime and money on y-
ing o gain access o mo e de ailed da a ha may no be openly a ailable. Conse a ion
p io i iza ion based on incomple e da a uns he isk o commission and omission e o s,
selec ing si es ha a e no aluable in eali y o missing si es ha a e [36]. Acco ding o ou
esul s, he analyses based on coa se and de ailed da a p oduce spa ial p io i y pa e ns ha a e
b oadly speaking simila bu ha e di e ences in mo e local scale (Fig 5). Top and low p io i ies
a e sligh ly mo e o e lapping han he middle- ange. Impo an ly, howe e , he high-p io i ies
o any o he analyses do no much o e lap wi h he low p io i ies in any o he un. I hey did,
using coa se da a as basis o p io i iza ion would p oduce wildly di e en and o en inco ec
esul s.
While coa se da a is able o desc ibe b oad p io i y pa e ns co ec ly, we ound ha he less
abundan biodi e si y ea u es such as he b- ich and xe ic o es ypes a e no iden i ied well
(Fig 7). Fo example, i we a e in e es ed in he op 10% o he landscape, he p io i iza ion
based on coa se da a wi h classes cap u es only hal o he ep esen a ion o biodi e si y ea-
u es ha can be achie ed i using de ailed da a. E en i he high-p io i y a eas ha e a la ge
o e lap spa ially, using he coa se da a misses much o he occu ences o he b- ich si es and
woodland key habi a s.
The di e ences be ween he analyses based on he coa se and coa se wi h classes inpu da a
se s a e pa icula ly in e es ing, as i is emp ingly p ac ical o imp o e exis ing da a wi h sim-
ple classi ica ion scheme. The inclusion o he classi ica ion does sligh ly imp o e he pe o -
mance o a e classes (Fig 7) so e e y hing else being equal, an ecologically-jus i ied
classi ica ion o he da a can imp o e he esul s.
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Including connec i i y in he analysis aises he p io i y o egions ha ha e high quali y
si es a high densi ies, hus iden i ying egions whe e me apopula ions migh be able o pe sis .
This is pa icula ly impo an o many h ea ened o es species ha su e om habi a loss
and agmen a ion [104–106]. Howe e , emphasizing connec i i y will happen a he expense
o indi idual high-quali y si es ha a e ela i ely isola ed [13,26]. Inc easing he p io i y o
medium-quali y and well-connec ed o es s will lowe he p io i y o o he locally simila si es
and possibly e en poo ly connec ed high-quali y si es (Fig 4). Including connec i i y will also
emphasize la ge, o e all high-quali y a eas such as p o ec ed a eas (Fig 6).
Opening up o es in en o y da a is an oppo uni y o in eg a ed o es
and conse a ion planning in he bo eal zone
Open o es in en o y da a has a majo ole in conse a ion planning and decision-making in
he bo eal egion. I enables equal and inclusi e access o he bes a ailable da a [107], i makes
he suppo ing scien i ic analysis mo e anspa en , and i enhances he epea abili y o he
whole conse a ion planning p ocess [40]. Repea abili y is especially impo an o applied
esea ch suppo ing decision-making, because unde lying objec i es may change, old da a a e
upda ed, and new in o ma ion can accumula e apidly. T anspa ency and epea abili y a e also
impo an o he p ocess o ansla ing egional plans in o local conse a ion ac ion: whe eas
egional plans inco po a e impo an ac o s such connec i i y and he ep esen a i eness o
he p o ec ed a ea ne wo k as a whole, local ac ion can be unde s ood as indi idual manage-
men ac ions ha some imes un o una ely a e poo ly linked o egional planning [93]. Plug-
ging in o egional and local o es planning h ough he use o o es in en o y da a p esen s
new oppo uni ies o conse a ion p io i iza ion especially in coun ies o he bo eal zone
which al eady ha e sophis ica ed o es planning and in en o y sys ems in place.
In summa y, we ha e shown ha coa se, NFI-de i ed da a wo ks easonably well in he
iden i ica ion o b oad spa ial conse a ion p io i ies, bu we also ound ha mo e de ailed
in en o y da a is needed o cap u e he s uc u al a ibu es a he local-scale. While i is
encou aging o see ha in en o y da a is becoming mo e openly a ailable, conse a ion
esea ch and decision-making would bene i om mo e open da a policies especially in go -
e nmen o ganiza ions. The app oach we ha e aken in his wo k builds upon p e iously pub-
lished wo k [13,74,75] and me hodology [20]. He e we make all analysis implemen a ions (see
S1 Appendix) and da a (whe e possible, see 2.3) a ailable o enable o he s o adap he
app oach o hei own uses. The app oach desc ibed he e is being used in he implemen a ion
o he Finnish na ional o es conse a ion p og amme, and we con inue ou e o s o imp o e
he app oach.
Suppo ing In o ma ion
S1 Appendix. Suppo ing in o ma ion on he da a and da a p e-p ocessing.
(DOCX)
S1 Tex . G an ed, explici and w i en pe mission o publish Figs 1,2and 3unde a CC BY
license by he Finnish Fo es Cen e.
(DOCX)
S1 Fig. The expe -de i ed bene i unc ions o conse a ion alue. Bene i unc ions a e
used o scale he pe cei ed, expe -de i ed conse a ion alue (y-axis) o s uc u al cha ac e is-
ics o he o es (x-axis). These unc ions a e speci ic o ee species g oups.
(TIF)
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S1 Table. Biodi e si y ea u e weigh s used in he Zona ion analyses. Fea u es 1–4 a e spe-
ci ic o uns “coa se”and “coa seCon”, while ea u es 5–24 a e he o es ypes de ined in Ma e-
ial & Me hods.
(DOCX)
S2 Table. Ma ix connec i i y mul iplie s used in Zona ion uns “coa se”and “coa seCon”.
The numbe s on he heade ow and column co espond o he ea u e IDs in S1 Table. No e
ha he ma ix is asymme ical, i.e. he di ec ion o he connec i i y e ec ma e s. Columns
ep esen he o es ypes causing he connec i i y e ec , ows he o es ypes ecei ing he
connec i i y e ec .
(DOCX)
S3 Table. Ma ix connec i i y mul iplie s used in Zona ion uns “coa seClass”,“coa se-
ClassCon”,“de ailClass”and “de ailClassCon”.The numbe s on he heade ow and column
co espond o he ea u e IDs in S1 Table. No e ha he ma ix is asymme ical, i.e. he di ec-
ion o he connec i i y e ec ma e s. Columns ep esen he o es ypes a lic ing he connec-
i i y e ec , ows he o es ypes ecei ing he connec i i y e ec .
(DOCX)
Acknowledgmen s
We hank Jukka Välijoki om Cen e o Economic De elopmen , T anspo and he En i on-
men o Sou he n Sa onia o p o iding he spa ial da a o METSO si es used o alida ion.
We would also like o hank A e Moilanen, Jussi Lai ila and wo anonymous e iewe s whose
commen s on he ea lie e sions o he manusc ip signi ican ly imp o ed i . We hank he
Finnish Fo es Resea ch ins i u e o making he MS-NFI da a openly a ailable.
Au ho Con ibu ions
Concei ed and designed he expe imen s: JL TT. Pe o med he expe imen s: JL AL. Analyzed
he da a: JL. Con ibu ed eagen s/ma e ials/analysis ools: JL ST AL. W o e he pape : JL TT
ST.
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