| 491
A men Kaza yan
The main chu ch o Dadi ank and
he me opoli an a chi ec u al ideas
1
Abs ac
The schola ly in e es in he a chi ec u e, elie s, and mu als o he monas e y o Dadi ank in he A sakh
p o ince o he medie al A menia mani es ed i sel in ecen yea s in he cou se o he conse a ion and
es o a ion wo ks ca ied ou on i and in he ollowing esea ch. The main chu ch, S . As a sa sin o
Ca hoghike, ha is he Ca hed al, acco ding o he insc ip ion, was buil in 1214 by A zu
Kha un, he wi e
o Vakh ang, P ince and so e eign o Ha e k and all o Ve in Khachen. Despi e Dadi ank’s
dis an loca ion
om he medie al A menian capi al Ani, he s udy assumes ha i s ex e nal image was c ea ed in acco -
dance wi h he image o he Ani ca hed al. Mo eo e , we do no know o any o he buildings embodying
he same idea be o e Dadi ank’s Ca hoghike was buil . This main conclusion has been demons a ed
by he esul s o an analysis o wo peculia i ies o he Dadi ank chu ch, which seem e y impo an
o he unde s anding o i s image: 1) he blind a cade on he main body, wi h only one colonne e
and wi h speci ic p o ile o he a chi ol s; 2) ose es in he ields o he a chi ol s o he a cade o he
d um. Also, he s udy has an impo an meaning o clea ly unde s anding he o iginal iew o he Ani
ca hed al and i s ole in he de elopmen o he 13 h-cen u y A menian a chi ec u e.
1. In oduc ion
Among nume ous medie al monas ic ensembles o A sakh, Dadi ank (o Khu a ank) is
one o he mos in e es ing wi h ega d o i s complica ed s uc u e as well as o i s beau i ul
a angemen in a moun ain landscape. Se e al imp essi e cons uc ions o he monas e y
we e buil mos ly du ing he 13 h cen u y wi h di e en pu poses and a ious olume ic
and spa ial solu ions (Fig. 1). O hese, he e a e unique s uc u es, such as 4-column cons-
uc ions: he so-called › emple‹ and he ga i , as well as an unusually shaped bell owe ,
1 The s udy has been ealized by he g an o he Russian Science Founda ion, p ojec no. 22-18-00354, in he Na ional
Resea ch Moscow S a e Uni e si y o Ci il Enginee ing (NRU MGSU). Topic: »The A chi ec u e and monumen al a
o Ani as a phenomenon o wo ld a is ic cul u e. Making o he me opoli an school o A menian a chi ec u e o he
10 h-14 h cen u ies.«
Kiel-UP • h ps://doi.o g/10.38072/978-3-928794-95-4/p24
492 | Das kul u elle E be on A zach | Արցախի մշակութային ժառանգությունը
in o which wo high khachka s — unsu passed in beau y and designed in he monas e y in
1283 — we e inse ed.2 Acco ding o he legend he g a e o S . Dadi, a disciple o Apos le
Thaddeus, one o he se en y disciples o Ch is is loca ed he e in Dadi ank.
The main chu ch, S . As a sa sin o Ca hoghike, ha is he ca hed al, was buil a he
ime when he monas e y uni ed a small numbe o buildings. An insc ip ion ca ed on i s
sou he n açade s a es ha , in 1214,
»A zu Kha un, a daugh e o he P ince o P inces o Ku d, and he wi e o Vakh ang, P ince and
so e eign o Ha e k and all o Ve in Khachen, buil his ca hed al wi h he g ea hope on he
es ing place o he sel and he sons [...] (one o whom ›died in he wa agains he Tu ks‹)«.3
The building is o he common ype o domed monas ic chu ches, c uci o m inside and
ec angula om he ou side. In he co ne zones, he e a e addi ional came as in wo ie s,
mos o which se ed as chapels (Fig. 2).
The size o he chu ch is small, 12.3 by 10.6 m on he g ound plan, bu he o ms a e
monumen al and, a he same ime, he e a e elegan de ails, ollowing he g ea examples
o deco a ion o he açades and he d um wi h a blind a cade. The o namen a ion and all
he shapes o he building a e made wi h ease, he au ho s wen baldly om he ypical
p opo ions o he samples o cen al egions o A menia; he cons uc ion imp esses wi h i s
pic u esque mason y, polych ome in places — he chess in scheme o wi h inse s o a ches
and columns made wi h s one o a colou ha di e s om i s backg ound (Fig. 3). We do
no need o gi e a de ailed desc ip ion o he ea u es o he Dadi ank Ca hoghike he e, as
such p esen a ions a e exis ing in p e ious publica ions dedica ed o he a chi ec u e and
conse a ion wo ks on he chu ch.4 The main goal o his s udy is he unco e ing o he
o igin o i s a chi ec u e in he pa o he a chi ec u al idea.
2 Paolo Cuneo, A chi e u a A mena dal qua o al dicianno esimo secolo / Con es i e con ibu e di T. B eccia F a adocchi,
M. Has a ’yan, M. A. Lala Comneno, A. Za ian, ol. 1–2. Roma: De Luca Edi o e, 1988, 450–455, no. 245; Shahen Mk chy-
an Историко-архитектурные памятники Нагорного Карабаха (Is o iko-a khi ek u nye pamia niki Nago nogo Ka abakha)
(His o ical-Cul u al Monumen s o Nago no-Ka abakh). Second ed. Ye e an: Pa be akan 1989, 34–39; Mu ad Has a ian.
Հայկական ճարտարապետության Արցախի դպրոցը (A sakh School o A menian A chi ec u e). Ye e an: A men-
ian Academy o Sciencies, 1992, 43–61; Sam el Ka ape yan Памятники армянской культуры в зоне Нагорного Карабаха
(Pamia niki a mianskoi kul u y zone Nago nogo Ka abakha) (Monumen s o A menian Cul u e in he Zone o Na-
go no-Ka abakh). Ye e an: RAA, 2000, 79–122; Sam el Ay azyan Դադի վանքի վերականգնումը 1997–2011 թթ. (Dadi
anki e akangnume 1997–2011 .) (The Res o a ion o he Monas e y o Dad (1997 o 2011)). Ye e an: RAA, 2015; A a
Za ian, Ch is ine Lamou eux La conse a ion- es au a ion des pein u es mu als da es 1297 dans l’eglise Ka hoghike-
Sain e-Me e-de-Dieu cons ui e en 1214. Ye e an: Tig an Me s, 2021 (in A menian and F ench), 51–91.
3 O iginal A menian insc ip ion has been published se e al imes (Դիվան հայ վիմագրության (Di an hai imag u ian)
(Co pus o A menian Insc ip ions), ol. 5: A sakh, ed. by Sed ak G. Ba khuda ian, Ye e an: Academy o Sciences o
A menian SSR, 1982, 198–199, no. 708; Sam el Ka ape yan (c . n. 2), 108–110, no. 1; A a Za ian/ Ch is ine Lamou eux
(c . n. 2) 94–95). I s ansla ions ha e been published also in Russian (Ka ape yan 2000, 106–107) and in F ench (Za ian,
Lamou eux 2021, 94–95).
4 Mu ad Has a ian (c . n. 2), 45–49; Babken Ulubabyan. Հայոց Արևելից կողմանց եկեղեցին և մշակույթը (Haio s A e-
eli s koghman s ekeghe sin e mshakui e) (The Chu ch and Cul u e o he A menian Eas e n Sides). Ye e an: Tig an
Me s, 1998, 368–374; Sam el Ay azyan (c . n. 2), 28–37; A a Za ian/ Ch is ine Lamou eux (c . n. 2), 93–111.
Kaza yan: The main chu ch o Dadi ank and he me opoli an a chi ec u al ideas | 493
The in e es in he a chi ec u e o his chu ch and in s udying he o igin o i s a chi ec u e
ge s bigge . Mo eo e , in he las couple o yea s, he Udins’ communi y o Aze baijan, wi h
he suppo o he au ho i ies o ha coun y, was ying o claim i s igh s, as supposedly he
hei s o all pa s o Agh ank (Caucasian Albania), o he Ch is ian sh ines o A sakh. Ea lie ,
Aze baijani schola s sys ema ically engaged in he ›Albanianiza ion‹ o he A menian he i age
o Nago no-Ka abakh, om ime o ime ecei ing a ebu om hei colleagues om o he
coun ies. The solu ion o he p oblem p esen ed in my a icle should clea ly e eal he com-
ple e inconsis ency o such pseudo-scien i ic poli ical claims. I am o do his solely by means
o an a chi ec u al analysis o his monumen in he con ex o A menian a chi ec u e
.
Mo eo e , he schola ly in e es in he a chi ec u e, elie s, and mu als o he Dadi ank
Chu ch mani es ed i sel in ecen yea s in he cou se o he conse a ion and es o a ion
wo ks ca ied ou he e and in he ollowing esea ch. In 2001–2005, he chu ch was es-
o ed; he esul s o hose wo ks we e co e ed in he a icles and a book by he a chi ec
Fig. 1: Dadi ank. Main iew o he monas e y om no h-wes . Pho o by A. Kaza yan (2012). All igh s ese ed.
494 | Das kul u elle E be on A zach | Արցախի մշակութային ժառանգությունը
Fig. 2: Dadi ank. G ound
plan and sou he n
açade, measu emen s. D awing used
ma e ials om: Ay azyan 2015, 95; Za ian,
Lamou eux 2021, ig. 87.
Kaza yan: The main chu ch o Dadi ank and he me opoli an a chi ec u al ideas | 495
Sam el Ay azyan.5 In 2014–2017, he mu als ha we e concen a ed on he no he n and
sou he n walls o he inne space we e ully disco e ed and clea ed by A a Za ian and
Ch is ine Lamou eux.6 Bo h o hese books, he main pu pose o which was o p esen he
a chaeological and conse a ion wo k on he si e, con ain sec ions desc ibing and analyzing
he a chi ec u al ea u es o he Dadi ank Chu ch.
5 Sam el Ay azyan (c . n. 2).
6 A a Za ian/ Ch is ine Lamou eux (c . n. 2).
Fig. 3: Dadi ank. Ca hoghike Chu ch. View om no h-eas . Pho o by A. Kaza yan (2012).
All igh s ese ed.

496 | Das kul u elle E be on A zach | Արցախի մշակութային ժառանգությունը
2. The image o Dadi ank Ca hoghike in he con ex
o he A menian monas ic chu ches o he Zaka id Pe iod
In he con ex o he Khachen Kingdom, he a chi ec u e and deco a ion o he Dadi ank
chu ch can only compe e wi h he ca hed al o S . John he Bap is o he Gandzasa Mo-
nas e y o 1216–1238, magni icen in o ms and elie s. These wo chu ches we e buil by
he same kind o a chi ec u al ype, and in some deco a i e shapes hey a e con enien . The
acades o bo h a e deco a ed by a blind a cade, in which iangula niches a e insc ibed.
Relie s ep esen ing he dono s wi h he models o chu ches (k i o elie s) a e inse ed in
hei walls. Bu p opo ions o he g ound plans and se e al a chi ec u al o ms, as well as
he s ylis ic ea u es a e di e en . The las obse a ion b ings me o he opinion ha bo h
chu ches canno be buil by he same a chi ec o same builde s.7
Mo eo e , he Dadi ank chu ch was buil ea lie han he one in Gandzasa ; and i inc eases
he possibili y ha he momen o i s c ea ion was he s a ing poin o a chi ec u e and monu-
men al a s syn hesis on he e i o y o A sakh, whe e his p inciple was implemen ed in a ull
scale. A e all, i is in ha chu ch ha he majes ic a chi ec u al o ms we e en iched wi h e-
lie s and o namen s, lapida y insc ip ions, polych ome mason y, açade colou ing, and in e io
pain ings. Many o hese peculia i ies a e cha ac e is ic o bo h A menian a chi ec u e in gene al
and especially i s A sakh school. I can be assumed ha he Dadi ank chu ch lay a he oo s o
ha school o o i s adical ans o ma ion in he beginning o he 13 h cen u y.
The e is a logical ques ion: has scien i ic esea ch de e mined he place o his chu ch in
he de elopmen o he a chi ec u e o A sakh and, in gene al, o whole A menia? I seems
ha i has no . I need o men ion only one a emp o sea ching o he sou ces o Dadi ank’s
Ca hoghike a chi ec u e. Basing hei heo y on he ole o bishop Ho hannes, he abbo o
Haghba Monas e y and a ela i e o A zu Kha un, he schola s Mes op Magis os and Bag a
Ulubabyan sugges ed he Su b Nshan chu ch o Haghba (972) as a p o o ype o he chu ch
o Dadi ank. This e sion has been analyzed and mainly denied in he la es book abou he
chu ch’s a chi ec u e and mu al pain ing.8
My own esea ch is de o ed o he disclosu e o his issue, which connec s he a chi ec u-
al image o he Dadi ank chu ch wi h he ideas ha we e bo n in Ani, he capi al o A menia
in he Bag a id ime a he end o he 10 h cen u y, which u ned ou o be popula again om
he end o he 12 h cen u y.
Be o e p esen ing he e sion o he o igin o he a chi ec u e o his chu ch, I will pay
a en ion o he eason o all he di icul ies in inding he o igins and › amily ies‹ o me-
die al a chi ec u al s uc u es, which especially applies o he his o iog aphy o A menian
7 Mu ad Has a ian (c . n. 2), 44–45.
8 A a Za ian/ Ch is ine Lamou eux (c . n. 2), 94–96.
Kaza yan: The main chu ch o Dadi ank and he me opoli an a chi ec u al ideas | 497
a chi ec u e, whe e he me hod o ypological analysis is dominan .9 The me hod was de-
eloped in he 20 h cen u y, in he a mosphe e o longing o unc ionalism and o malis -
a ionalis ends in a chi ec u e. Ce ainly, medie al cus ome s and a chi ec s had simila
conside a ions, bu no on he o eg ound. Fo he mos pa , hey could hink in images,
especially when hey planned ex ao dina y buildings, and he u ili y was no he only ea-
son o hei c ea ion. The main monas ic chu ches, ca hed als as a ule, we e e ec ed on
he ini ia i e o p ominen ep esen a i es o secula and spi i ual au ho i ies; in he a chi-
ec u al design, he ideas de e mining he image y o he wo k p e ailed. The e o e, i we
wan o un a el he idea gi en o he a chi ec o de eloped as a esul o his join c ea i i y
wi h he cus ome , i is necessa y o comp ehend p ecisely he image y cha ac e is ics o he
comple ed building.
Wha do we ha e in he case o he ca hed al buil by P incess A zu Kha un? This is a
cen ic chu ch, almos squa e on i s base, wi h a high dome and a blind a cade enci cling
bo h he main olume and he d um. Two models, depic ed in he dono elie s abo e he
sou he n and eas e n windows, co espond o such image (Fig. 4).
One o he nex wo models o chu ches, embodied in a sculp u al o m on he d um o
he Ca hed al o S . John he Bap is in Gandzasa , buil sho ly a e he Dadi ank chu ch, in
1216–1232, looks simila (Fig. 5). In he Gandzasa Ca hed al, he i e a cade ields on each
açade a e p esen ed jus like in Dadi ank. And bo h ca hed als belong o one and he same a -
chi ec u al ype, wi h came as in he co ne s. The e is, howe e , a di e ence: hei domed heads
a e o comple ely di e en ypes. In Dadi ank, he polyhed on o he d um is emphasized wi h
bundles o pilas e s, as i bea ing a wide zigzag co nice se ing as a basis o a plici o m umb el-
la-shape oo o he dome. The line o de elopmen o such monas ic ca hed als is well known,
om Ha i cha ank (1201) o Gandzasa , h ough h ee o ou decades o he 13 h cen u y. A
hei oo s, apa om he Ha i cha ank ca hed al, he e we e wo chu ches o Ani, buil du ing
he e i al o he A menian capi al unde Zaka e and I ane Mkha g dzeli o he Zaka yans. Bo h
o hem a e known o us om econs uc ions: he Bakh agek chu ch in he econs uc ion by
To os To amanian, and he chu ch in Akhchkabe d in Ani.10 The la e combines a blind a cade
wi h a olded oo . I can be seen as a sample o all such chu ches o Ca hoghike o Ma mashen
monas e y, 1029. Bu i is a comple ely di e en heme in A menian a chi ec u e, which was
mainly de eloped in pa allel.
Ne e heless, a chu ch wi h a blind a cade on he main olume and on he d um o ms a
e y ecognizable image in A menian a chi ec u e, mo e p ecisely, a ca hed al ype. I s sim-
9 A men Yu. Kaza yan, Церковная архитектура стран Закавказья VII века: формирование и развитие традиции (Tse ko naia a khi-
ek u a s an Zaka kaz’ia VII eka: o mi o anie i az i ie adi sii (Chu ch A chi ec u e o he 7 h Cen u y in T anscaucasian
Coun ies: Fo ma ion and De elopmen o he T adi ion), in 4 ols., ol. 1. Moscow: Locus S andi Publ., 2012 (in Russian), 52, 76–78.
10 A men Yu. Kaza yan, Новые данные о куполах храмов Ани. Часть вторая. Церковь во Внутренней крепости (No ye dan-
nye o kupolakh kh amo Ani. Chas ’ o aia. Tse ko ’ o Vnu ennei k epos i) (New da a on he domes o he Ani’s chu -
ches. Pa wo. The chu ch o he Inne o ess), in: Vop osy seobshchei is o ii a khi ek u y (Ques ions o he His o y
o Wo ld A chi ec u e), no. 13, 2019, 127–144.
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Fig. 4: Dadi ank. K i o s elie on he sou he n açade. Pho o by A. Kaza yan (2012). All igh s ese ed.
Kaza yan: The main chu ch o Dadi ank and he me opoli an a chi ec u al ideas | 499
pli ied e sion is a composi ion wi h a blind a cade on a high d um only and, acco dingly,
wi h smoo h walls o he main olume. Such a e he chu ches o Gegha d (1215), Maka a-
ank (1198), he ecen ly es o ed chu ch o As a snkal (1244).
H
owe e , li e ally a yea a e he cons uc ion o he Dadi ank chu ch in Ani, on he
ini ia i e o he me chan Tig an Honen s, he monas ic chu ch o S . G igo Lusa o ich
(1215) was buil , which la e passed in o he use o he Chalcedonian communi y o he
ci y (Fig. 6, 7). This chu ch esembles he Ani Ca hed al, buil by he g ea a chi ec T da ,
on he o de o Shahinshah Smba Bag a uni and Queen Ka amide in he las hi d o he
10 h cen u y (Fig. 8, 9). I is he close p oximi y o hese wo chu ches ha lea es no doub
ha he plan o Tig an Honen s was o ep oduce he main idea o he ex e nal composi ion
o he Ani ca hed al, including i s non-p ese ed, bu heo e ical econs uc ed high dome
(Kaza yan 2018). A he same ime, he in e nal s uc u e and dimensions u ned ou o be
comple ely di e en , co esponding o he capabili ies o he cus ome and he unc ions o
he monas ic chu ch.
Fig. 5: Chu ch o he Gandzasa Monas e y, iew om sou h-eas . Pho o by A. Kaza yan
(2005). All igh s ese ed.
506 | Das kul u elle E be on A zach | Արցախի մշակութային ժառանգությունը
o hem unanimously e use depic ed ose es, appa en ly conside ing hem o be he esul
o he F ench esea che ’s an asy. Now we can sa ely suspec ha in he i s hal o he
19 h cen u y he e we e many mo e de ails o he collapsed dome, and among hem we e
agmen s o a d um, including ose es. In addi ion, he e a e some ose es on he a cade’s
ields on he d um o he chu ch o de ed by Honen s in Ani, o ien ed o he ca hed al. By
con as wi h Dadi ank, he d um o his chu ch has a ieze abo e he blind a cade. So, in a
ce ain sense, i is mo e ully a copy o he Ani ca hed al’s image. We may conclude ha he
a chi ec s o bo h o hese chu ches collec ed a numbe o de ails in o a common pa e n,
and de eloped hem o a speci ic s yle on i s own.
By he ime o cons uc ion o he chu ch o de ed by Honen s in Ani, he Dadi ank
chu ch had been al eady ounded. Despi e i s a dis ance om Ani, we ha e e e y igh o
assume ha i s ex e nal image was c ea ed in acco dance wi h he image o he Ani ca he-
d al. Mo eo e , we do no know o any o he buildings embodying he same idea — espe-
cially hose which could be da ed back o he ime be o e 1214. The only excep ion could
Fig. 13: Ani Ca hed al. F agmen o he blind
a cade o he sou he n açade. Pho o by
A. Kaza yan (2017). All igh s ese ed.

Kaza yan: The main chu ch o Dadi ank and he me opoli an a chi ec u al ideas | 507
be he s one model, disco e ed in Ani du ing he exca a ions by he expedi ion o Nicholas
Ma in he ea ly 20 h cen u y. Bu i does no ha e an exac da e. No ewo hy, excep he
examples on he açades o he chu ches o Dadi ank and Gandzasa , he images o all o he
models — on he chu ches o Haghba , Sanahin, Hagha zin — do no con ain blind a cades
and hey a e much simple in gene al.
Simpli ica ion o he o iginal model, ci ing some o i s ea u es and igno ing o he s is a
cha ac e is ic app oach o medie al a chi ec u e. The e ha e ne e been li e al bo owings,
especially in cases o c ea ing a wo k o a much smalle scale. The e o e, such de ails as he
shape o he a cade’s elemen s, hei p opo ions, he absence o a ieze on he d um a he
Dadi ank chu ch look na u al. Especially, i we ake in o accoun he p o incial na u e o
he wo k o he a chi ec and mas e masons o Ca hoghike.
Ne e heless, his monumen con ains wo peculia i ies, which seem e y impo an o
his esea ch: 1) he blind a cade on he main body, wi h only one colonne e and wi h spe-
ci ic p o ile o he a chi ol s; 2) ose es in he ields o he a chi ol s o he a cade o he
d um, which, being an excep ionally a e ea u e, emind he ea lies econs uc ion o he
Ani ca hed al p oposed by Texie . I can be assumed ha , in he middle o he 19 h cen u y,
hose blocks s ill exis ed and se ed as he basis o such an unusual econs uc ion. I see-
med inc edible o e e yone, bu i was he d um o he Dadi ank Ca hoghike, ha made he
p oposal o he F ench esea che qui e easonable. The same allusion o he shaping o he
Ani Ca hed al is con ained in he ose es on he d um o he Honen s chu ch, bu wi h an
a bi a y a angemen o he ose es.
4. Conclusion
Thus, o he i s ime, pu ing o wa d a e sion abou he embodimen o he a chi ec u-
al idea o he Ani ca hed al in he Dadi ank chu ch, I ough o commen on he possible
easons o such e e ence o he Ani ca hed al by A zu Kha un o Bishop Ho hannes Kha-
chen si, who helped he wi h he cons uc ion. This main conclusion has been demons a-
ed by he esul s o an analysis o wo peculia i ies o he Dadi ank chu ch, which seem
e y impo an o he unde s anding o i s image: 1) he blind a cade on he main body,
wi h only one colonne e and wi h a speci ic p o ile o he a chi ol s; 2) ose es in he ields
o he a chi ol s o he a cade o he d um.
Mos likely, he main ask o hei decision was a he o ical e e ence o he g ea es wo k
o he A menian capi al in o de o ans e i s symbolic and meaning ul signi icance o he
land o Khachen, decla ing i s inalienabili y om he main na ional cen e . The s udy disco-
e ed he impo ance o Ani o he de elopmen o A menian a chi ec u e du ing he i s
decades o he 13 h cen u y, when ha amous cul u al and poli ical cen e o A menia also
played a majo ole in he eligious li e o he p o inces o he coun y.
508 | Das kul u elle E be on A zach | Արցախի մշակութային ժառանգությունը
I emains o ask he opponen s om Aze baijan: how can one alk abou ce ain Alba-
nian ea u es o he A menian chu ches o A sakh, i hei c ea o s openly decla ed hei
belonging o he single A menian Chu ch in he e y o ms o buildings. They decla ed i
much mo e openly han i happened in o he his o ically A menian p o inces.
Re e ences
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Kaza yan: The main chu ch o Dadi ank and he me opoli an a chi ec u al ideas | 509
Au ho
P o . D . A men Kaza yan
Moscow S a e Uni e si y o Ci il Enginee ing (MGSU), Na ional Resea ch Uni e si y, Ins i u e o A chi-
ec u e and U ban Planning, Moscow, Russia, a menkaza [email p o ec ed]
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