429
Mos people admi ha hey engage in an asies du ing sexual
ac i i y (Moyano & Sie a, 2014). Sexual an asies a e hough s
o men al images wi h sexual con en ha a ec emo ions and
physiological s a e (Pe la, Sie a, Vallejo-Medina, & Gu ié ez-
Quin anilla, 2009). The lack o sexual an asies has been associa ed
wi h inhibi ion o sexual desi e (Boncinelli, Gaci Scale i, Nanini,
Daino, & Genazzani, 2013; San os-Iglesias, Cal illo, & Sie a,
2013), whe eas he expe ience o sexual an asies has been associa ed
wi h be e sexual unc ioning (Bi nbaum, Kana -Maymon, Miz ahi,
Recana i, & O , 2019; Moyano, Bye s, & Sie a, 2016).
Acco ding o Sie a, San os-Iglesias, Vallejo-Medina, and
Moyano (2014), he s udy o sexual an asies includes h ee
di e en dimensions: (1) a i ude owa ds sexual an asies, (2)
dayd eam o abili y o de elop sexual cogni ions, and (3) ype o
expe ienced an asy. Rega ding he las one, Moyano and Sie a
(2014) alued an asies as posi i e o nega i e sexual cogni ions.
The use o sexual an asies in sexual he apy is common (see
Newbu y, Hay e , Wylie, & Riddell, 2012). The e o e, be o e
iden i ying he mos adequa e sexual an asies o a pa ien , i is
essen ial o e alua e and, i necessa y, modi y he a i ude owa ds
sexual an asies (Sie a, San os-Iglesias e al., 2014).
Compa ing di e en popula ion g oups (e.g., men and women)
equi es ins umen s wi h in a ian s uc u es o minimize
e alua ion biases (Muñiz, Elosua, & Hamble on, 2013). Gi en
he ele ance o his issue he human sexuali y a ea (see Sakaluk,
2019), in ecen yea s he e has been an inc easing in e es o
examine he ac o ial in a iance o scales o e alua e e o ophilia
(A cos-Rome o, Cal illo, G anados, Ál a ez-Muelas, & Sie a,
2020), sexual asse i eness (Sie a, San os-Iglesias, & Vallejo-
Medina, 2012), subjec i e o gasm expe ience (A cos-Rome o
& Sie a, 2019), sexual sa is ac ion (Cal illo, Sánchez-Fuen es,
Pa ón-Ca eño, & Sie a, 2019), and sexual double s anda d
(Ál a ez-Muelas, Gómez-Be ocal, Vallejo-Medina, & Sie a,
ISSN 0214 - 9915 CODEN PSOTEG
Copy igh © 2020 Psico hema
www.psico hema.com
Validi y e idence and no ms o he Spanish e sion
o he Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy
Juan Ca los Sie a, Ana Isabel A cos-Rome o, and C is óbal Cal illo
Uni e sidad de G anada, Cen o de In es igación Men e, Ce eb o y Compo amien o (CIMCyC)
Abs ac Resumen
Backg ound: Sexual an asies a e desc ibed as hough s o men al
images wi h sexual con en . The Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy (HISF)
e alua es he posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies. The objec i e
o his s udy was o p o ide alidi y e idence o he Spanish e sion o
he HISF and o p esen i s s anda d sco es. Me hod: The sample was
composed o 3,458 adul s om he gene al Spanish popula ion (1,641
men; 1,817 women), dis ibu ed ac oss age g oups (18-34, 35-49, and o e
50 yea s old). Resul s: The uni ac o ial s uc u e o he Spanish e sion o
he HISF showed s ic measu emen in a iance ac oss sex, age ange, and
educa ion le el. Posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies signi i can ly
co ela ed wi h e o ophilia, sexual asse i eness, sexual desi e, and
sexual unc ioning. Also, he scale was use ul o di e en ia ing be ween
indi iduals wi h sexual unc ioning di i cul ies and indi iduals wi h no
di i cul ies. Finally, he s anda d sco es we e ob ained based on sex and
age ange. Conclusions: The Spanish e sion o he HISF is a eliable,
alid, and in a ian scale o assessing a posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual
an asies in people wi h di e en sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics.
Keywo ds: Sexual an asies, a i ude, Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy,
alidi y e idence, no ms.
E idencias de alidez y ba emos de la e sión española del Hu lbe Index
o Sexual Fan asy. An eceden es: las an asías sexuales cons i uyen
pensamien os o imágenes men ales con con enido sexual. El Hu lbe
Index o Sexual Fan asy (HISF) e alúa la ac i ud posi i a hacia las an asías
sexuales. El obje i o de es e es udio ue apo a e idencias de alidez a la
e sión española del HISF y p esen a sus ba emos. Mé odo: la mues a
es u o compues a po 3.458 adul os de la población española gene al (1.641
homb es, 1.817 muje es), dis ibuidos en es g upos de edad (18-34, 35-49
y 50 años o mayo es). Resul ados: la es uc u a uni ac o ial mos ó ni el
de in a ianza es ic a po sexo, ango de edad y ni el educa i o. La ac i ud
posi i a hacia las an asías sexuales co elacionó signi i ca i amen e con
e o o i lia, ase i idad sexual, deseo sexual y uncionamien o sexual.
Además, la escala mos ó capacidad pa a di e encia en e indi iduos con
y sin di i cul ades en el uncionamien o sexual. Finalmen e, se p esen an
las pun uaciones ba emadas po sexo y ango de edad. Conclusiones: la
e sión española del HISF es una escala i able, álida e in a ian e pa a
e alua la ac i ud posi i a hacia las an asías sexuales en pe sonas con
di e en es ca ac e ís icas sociodemog á i cas.
Palab as cla e: an asías sexuales, ac i ud, Hu lbe Index o Sexual
Fan asy, e idencias de alidez, ba emos.
Psico hema 2020, Vol. 32, No. 3, 429-436
doi: 10.7334/psico hema2020.14
Recei ed: Janua y 15, 2020 • Accep ed: Feb ua y 2, 2020
Co esponding au ho : Juan Ca los Sie a F ei e
Facul ad de Psicología
Uni e sidad de G anada
18011 G anada (Spain)
e-mail: jcsie a@ug .es
Juan Ca los Sie a, Ana Isabel A cos-Rome o, and C is óbal Cal illo
430
2019). To da e, ac o ial in a iance o he ins umen s o e alua e
dimensions o sexual an asy has no been analyzed. Howe e ,
compa isons be ween men and women (Goldey, A e y, & an
Ande s, 2014; Moyano e al., 2016; San os-Iglesias, Sie a, &
Vallejo-Medina, 2013), di e en age ange (Pe la e al., 2009),
and di e en educa ion le els (Kasemy, Desouky, & Abdel asoul,
2016; Moyano & Sie a, 2014) a e common.
One o he ew ins umen s o e alua e a i ude owa ds sexual
an asies is he Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy (HISF; Hu lbe ,
2011; Hu lbe & Ap , 1993), ha was o iginally de eloped o
e alua e hough s and emo ions associa ed wi h sexual an asies.
I s 25 i ems assess he indi idual p opensi y owa ds sexual
an asies. Hu lbe and Ap (1993) epo ed a C onbach’s alpha o
.82 and a es - e es eliabili y coe i cien o .86 a e one week. In
Spain, Des a ieux, Salamanca, O ega, and Sie a (2005) p oposed
a educed en-i em e sion o speci i cally assess posi i e a i udes
owa ds sexual an asies; i s C onbach’s alpha was .85. This
e sion p esen ed adequa e alidi y e idence, i was signi i can ly
co ela ed wi h he equency o sexual an asies and sexual desi e.
Pe la e al. (2009) con i med i s good in e nal consis ency eliabili y
(C onbach’s alpha: .92 in adul s and .87 in adolescen s). They also
showed i s con e gen alidi y, he scale posi i ely co ela ed wi h
sexual dayd eaming and e o ophilia. Fu he mo e, sco es in men
we e highe han in women. Di e ences ac oss gende we e la e
showed by San os-Iglesias, Sie a e al. (2013), who also showed
ha men epo posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies mo e
equen ly. O he s udies ha e associa ed he Spanish e sion o
he HISF wi h di e en ela ed a iables: sexual asse i eness,
e o ophilia, and sexual desi e (San os-Iglesias, Sie a e al., 2013),
a i ude owa ds mas u ba ion (Sie a, San os-Iglesias, & Monge,
2013), sexual dayd eaming (Pé ez-González, Moyano, & Sie a,
2011), sexual guil (Sie a, Pe la, & San os-Iglesias, 2011), and
sexual unc ioning (Sie a, Vallejo-Medina e al., 2014).
The aim o he p esen s udy is o p o ide alidi y e idence and
o p esen he s anda d sco es o he Spanish e sion o he HISF
(Des a ieux e al., 2005). Fi s , he i em analysis will be ca ied ou .
Also, he unidimensionali y o he scale will be es ed by analyzing
i s ac o ial in a iance ac oss popula ion g oups ha ha e been
compa ed in p e ious s udies (i.e., sex, age ange, and educa ion
le el). Due o associa ions among ela ed a iables a e essen ial
o ob ain alidi y e idence o an ins umen (Muñiz & Fonseca-
Ped e o, 2019), he associa ion be ween posi i e a i udes owa ds
sexual an asies and e o ophilia, sexual asse i eness, sexual desi e,
and sexual unc ioning will be analyzed. Fu he mo e, e idence
o disc iminan alidi y will be es ed by compa ing he mean
sco es o he HISF be ween a g oup o indi iduals wi h sexual
unc ioning di i cul ies and a g oup wi hou hese di i cul ies.
Finally, he s anda d sco es o he HISF o he Spanish popula ion
will be p esen ed.
Me hod
Pa icipan s
The sample consis ed o 3,458 he e osexual adul s om he
gene al Spanish popula ion (1,641 men and 1,817 women),
dis ibu ed in o h ee age g oups (18-34 yea s old; n = 1,321;
35-49 yea s old, n = 1,191; and 50 yea s old o olde , n = 946).
52.5% o he pa icipan s epo ed ha ing Uni e si y s udies.
Inclusion c i e ia we e being an adul (i.e., 18 yea s old o olde ),
Spanish na ionali y, and he e osexual o ien a ion. Table 1 p esen s
he desc ip i e s a is ics o he e alua ed sociodemog aphic and
psychosexual a iables.
Ins umen s
Sociodemog aphic and Sexual His o y Ques ionnai e. Includes
in o ma ion abou sex, age, na ionali y, sexual o ien a ion,
educa ion le el, ela ionship, and sexual ac i i y.
Spanish e sion o he Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy (HISF;
Des a ieux e al., 2005; Hu lbe , 2011). I consis s o en i ems
o e alua e he posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies h ough
a Like scale om 0 (Ne e ) o 4 (All o he ime). Highe sco es
indica e mo e posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies.
Sho Spanish e sion o he Sexual Opinion Su ey (SOS-6;
Fishe , Whi e, By ne, & Kelley, 1988; Vallejo-Medina, G anados,
& Sie a, 2014). I s six i ems e alua e e o ophilia h ough a Like
scale om 1 (I s ongly disag ee) o 7 (I s ongly ag ee),. I s
C onbach’s alpha eliabili y is .74 and i s con e gen alidi y is
adequa e. Highe sco es indica e highe e o ophilia. In he p esen
s udy, C onbach’s alpha coe i cien was .72.
Spanish e sion o he Sexual Asse i eness Scale (SAS; Mo oko
e al., 1997; Sie a, Vallejo-Medina, & San os-Iglesias, 2011). I
consis s o 18 i ems dis ibu ed in o h ee ac o s: Sexual asse i eness
o ini ia e sexual ac i i ies, Sexual asse i eness o e use unwan ed
sexual con ac , and STI-p e en ion. I uses a Like scale om 0
(Ne e ) o 4 (Always). I has shown e idence o good concu en
alidi y. Highe sco es indica e highe sexual asse i eness. In his
s udy, we conside ed sexual asse i eness o ini ia e sexual ac i i ies
and sexual asse i eness o e use unwan ed sexual con ac ; he
C onbach’s alpha alues we e .72 and .76, espec i ely.
Spanish e sion o he Sexual Desi e In en o y (SDI; Moyano,
Vallejo-Medina, & Sie a, 2017; Spec o , Ca ey, & S einbe g,
2011). I s 13 i ems e alua e in e es in sexual ac i i y ac oss h ee
dimensions: Pa ne - ocused dyadic sexual desi e, Dyadic sexual
desi e o an a ac i e pe son, and Soli a y sexual desi e. Di e en
assessmen scales a e used o each ques ion (e.g., 0 = No a all
o 7 = Many imes pe day; 0 = No desi e o 8 = S ong desi e). I s
in e nal consis ency eliabili y anges om .80 o .93 (C onbach’s
alpha), depending on gende and age g oup. I has shown e idence
o con e gen alidi y. Highe sco es indica e highe sexual desi e.
In he p esen s udy, C onbach’s alpha alues we e .86 o Pa ne -
ocused dyadic sexual desi e, .89 o Dyadic sexual desi e o an
a ac i e pe son, and .92 o Soli a y sexual desi e.
Spanish e sion o he Massachuse s Gene al Hospi al-Sexual
Func ioning Ques ionnai e (MGH-SFQ; Fa a, Rankin, Alpe ,
Nie enbe g, & Wo hing on, 1998; Sie a, Vallejo-Medina, San os-
Iglesias, & Lamei as-Fe nández, 2012). I consis s o i e i ems ha
e alua e gene al sexual unc ioning o e he p e ious mon h in e ms
o desi e, exci a ion, o gasm, e ec ion (in men), and sexual sa is ac ion.
I uses a Like scale om 0 (To ally absen ) o 4 (No mal). I s
C onbach’s alpha eliabili y is .90 in men and .93 in women. The scale
has shown adequa e e idence o con e gen alidi y. Highe sco es
indica e be e sexual unc ioning. In his s udy, C onbach’s alpha
alue was .89 o men ( i e i ems) and .93 o women ( ou i ems).
P ocedu e
Pa icipan s we e ec ui ed om he gene al Spanish
popula ion. To ob ain a balanced p opo ion o men and women,
E idencias de alidez y ba emos de la e sión española del Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy
431
a quo a con enience sampling me hod was used. The sample was
dis ibu ed inciden ally ac oss h ee age g oups (18-34, 35-49, and
50 yea s old o olde ). The assessmen was conduc ed in di e en
public places (e.g., public lib a ies, class ooms, social cen e s,
heal h cen e s) by well- ained esea che s. Once he ques ionnai e
was comple ed, i was e u ned in a sealed en elope. Pa icipan s
signed an in o med consen in which anonymi y, con i den iali y,
and he exclusi e use o es sco es o only esea ch pu poses
we e gua an eed. They comple ed he ques ionnai es on hei
own. E hical app o al was ob ained om he E hics Commi ee o
Human Resea ch o he Uni e si y o G anada.
Da a analysis
Missing da a analysis showed pe cen ages o missing alues
ha did no exceed 2% in he i ems o all he used scales. The
missing alues we e eplaced using he es ima ion me hod o he
median o nea by poin s. Fi s , he i em analysis was ca ied ou .
Second, he unidimensionali y o he scale was es ed by analyzing
i s ac o ial in a iance ac oss g oups using he la aan package
( e sion 0.6-3; Rosseel, 2012) included in he R s a is ical so wa e
( e sion 3.4.4; R Co e Team, 2016) and i s in eg a ed RS udio
in e ace ( e sion 1.1.447; RS udio Team, 2018). G oups we e
analyzed by sex, age ange, and educa ion le el. The p og essi e
in a iance o he one- ac o model was es ed a di e en le els.
The ollowing indica o s we e used o e alua e he model i : CFI
and TLI > .90 and RMSEA < .08 (Hu & Ben le , 1999), and he
di e ence be ween CFI compa a i e index alues (Ben le , 1990).
The di e ence be ween he models nes ed a di e en le els was
conside ed; hus, i he disc epancy in he CFI alue we e highe
han .01 in a o o he leas es ic i e model, he mos es ic i e
model would be ejec ed (Cheung & Rens old, 2002). Then,
using S uden ’s - es , di e ences ac oss sex in he mean sco es
o he obse ed a iables we e examined. Due o he signi i can
di e ences ound in mos o he psychosexual a iables, we
decided o ca y ou he es o he analyses sepa a ely o men and
women. To es he alidi y e idence based on co ela ions wi h
ela ed a iables, we examined he bi a ia e co ela ion ma ix
be ween posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies and e o ophilia,
sexual asse i eness, sexual desi e, and sexual unc ioning. Then,
mul iple linea eg ession models we e es ed o explain sexual
unc ioning based on posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies,
e o ophilia, and sexual asse i eness. Fu he mo e, a S uden ’s
- es was used o examine he di e ences in mean sco es o
he HISF be ween a g oup o indi iduals wi h di i cul ies in he
dimensions o gene al sexual unc ioning (MGH-SFQ) and a
g oup o indi iduals wi hou hese di i cul ies. Based on he sco es
om he i ems o he MGH-SFQ, we conside ed indi iduals wi h
di i cul ies who showed sco es om 0 o 2 (Ma kedly diminished
o Mode a ely diminished); indi iduals wi h no di i cul ies showed
sco es equal o 4 (No mal). Pa icipan s whose sco es we e equal
o 3 (Minimally diminished) we e excluded om his analysis.
Finally, he no ms o he HISF di e en ia ed by sex and age ange
we e ob ained. His og ams, skewness, and ku osis we e obse ed.
Conside ing he no mal dis ibu ion o he sub-samples o men and
women, we decided o use he di ec sco es o he scale.
Table 1
Desc ip i e s a is ics o he sociodemog aphic and psychosexual a iables
To al
(N = 3,458)
Men
(n = 1,641)
Women
(n = 1,817) / χ2
Socio-demog aphic Age (M, SD) 39.02 (13.31) 39.20 (13.20) 38.88 (13.42) 0.69
Age ange (n, %) 18-34 y/o
35-49 y/o
≥ 50 y/o
1,321 (38.2%)
1,191 (34.4%)
946 (27.4%)
626 (38.1%)
556 (33.9%)
459 (28%)
695 (38.2%)
635 (34.9%)
487 (26.8%)
0.72
Educa ion le el (n, %) Uni e si y
Non-uni e si y
1,815 (52.5%)
1,643 (47.5%)
831 (50.6%)
810 (49.4%)
984 (54.2%)
833 (45.8%)
4.27
Rela ionship (n, %) Yes
No
3,378 (97.7%)
80 (2.3%)
1,615 (98.4%)
26 (1.6%)
1,763 (97%)
54 (3%)
7.35***
Sexual ac i i y (n, %) Yes
No
3,369 (97.4%)
89 (2.6%)
1,608 (98%)
33 (2%)
1,761 (96.9%)
56 (3.1%)
3.95*
Psychosexual a iables M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) d
HISF Sexual an asies (posi i e a i ude) 28.46 (8.57) 30.73 (3.34) 26.41 (9.08) 15.46*** 0.63
SOS E o ophilia 34.12 (7.20) 35.38 (6.27) 32.92 (7.80) 9.46*** 0.35
SAS Sexual asse i eness (ini ia ion)
Sexual asse i eness ( e usal)
14.01 (4.92)
13.59 (5.69)
14.38 (4.34)
11.48 (5.55)
13.68 (5.37)
15.51 (5.10)
4.22***
-22.16***
0.14
-0.76
SDI
Pa ne - ocused sexual desi e
Sexual desi e (a ac i e pe son)
Sexual desi e (soli a y)
39.94 (9.02)
7.29 (4.77)
13.39 (8.65)
41.87 (7.36)
8.64 (4.55)
15.76 (7.91)
38.19 (9.98)
6.06 (4.63)
11.25 (8.72)
12.41***
16.50***
15.95***
0.42
0.56
0.54
MGH-SFQ Gene al sexual unc ioning 18.15 (3.47) 13.13 (4.42)
No e: The e is no da a o he o al sample o he a iable “Gene al sexual unc ioning (MGH-SFQ)” because his a iable is di e en in men (5 i ems) and women (4 i ems). ***p < .001; *p < .05
Juan Ca los Sie a, Ana Isabel A cos-Rome o, and C is óbal Cal illo
432
Resul s
I em analysis
The mean sco es o he HISF i ems we e highe han he
heo e ical midpoin o he scale (i.e., 2). The lowes mean was in
i em 4 (M = 2.41) and i s s anda d de ia ion was he highes (SD
= 1.47). I em 1 showed he highes mean (M = 3.34) and median
(Mdn = 4). The disc imina ion index o each i em was highe han
he minimum c i e ion .30 (Johnson & Wiche n, 2002), anging
om .56 (i em 4) o .76 (i em 9). In e nal consis ency eliabili y,
es ima ed by o dinal alpha, was .94 o he o al sample; his alue
ailed o imp o e wi h he elimina ion o any o he en i ems
(Table 2). Fu he mo e, he Tes In o ma ion Func ion o he HISF
(Figu e 1) showed ha he maximum alue eached was abo e 15
and he mos s able measu emen s l uc ua ed be ween -2 and +1.
Values di e en om hose indica ed, whe he lowe o highe ,
sugges ed ha he esul s would p esen mo e e o s.
Fac o ial in a iance
The unidimensional model i ing indica ed ha he alues
associa ed wi h CFI allowed o he accep ance o he ac o ial
equi alence o all he examined g oups. Resul s showed s ic
measu emen in a iance ac oss sex [RMSEA = .050 (.045–.055);
CFI = .987], age ange [RMSEA = .052 (.047–.056); CFI = .984],
and educa ion le el [RMSEA = .031 (.026–.036); CFI = .996]. Fi
indices and in a iance indica o s o he uni ac o ial model a e
displayed in Table 3.
Sex di e ences
No signi i can di e ences ac oss sex we e ound in mean
age, age ange, and educa ion le el. Resul s showed a highe
Table 2
I em analysis o he Spanish e sion o he HISF
M (SD) Median Skewness Ku osis Disc imina ion
index
O dinal α i
i em dele ed
I em 1. Conside o saludables las an asías sexuales (I hink sexual an asies a e heal hy) 3.34 (0.92) 4 -1.48 1.90 .63 .93
I em 2. Dis u o con las an asías sexuales (I enjoy an asizing abou sex) 3.11 (1.05) 3 -1.14 0.69 .75 .92
I em 3. Me ag ada compa i mis an asías sexuales con mi pa eja (I eel com o able sha ing
my sexual an asies wi h my pa ne ) 2.84 (1.21) 3 -0.79 -0.38 .65 .93
I em 4. Dis u o de mis an asías sexuales cuando me mas u bo (I enjoy using my sexual
an asies du ing mas u ba ion) 2.41 (1.47) 3 -0.44 -1.19 .56 .94
I em 5. Me exci o ácilmen e cuando pienso en el sexo (I am easily a oused by hough s o
sex) 2.67 (1.08) 3 -0.58 -0.27 .69 .93
I em 6. Me di ie e escucha las an asías sexuales de mi pa eja (I enjoy hea ing my pa ne ’s
sexual an asies) 2.90 (1.21) 3 -0.93 -0.12 .72 .93
I em 7. Los pensamien os sexuales en an en mi men e con acilidad (Though s abou sex
en e my mind wi hou much e o ) 2.51 (1.13) 3 -0.34 -0.60 .69 .93
I em 8. C eo que las an asías sexuales inc emen an el in e és sexual (I belie e sexual
an asy enhances sex) 3.14 (0.96) 3 -1.12 1.02 .69 .93
I em 9. Me exci an las an asías sexuales de mi pa eja (I i nd my pa ne ’s sexual an asies
o be exci ing) 2.78 (1.18) 3 -0.77 -0.25 .76 .93
I em 10. Dis u o expe imen ando mis an asías sexuales du an e las elaciones sexuales (I
enjoy using my sexual an asies du ing sex) 2.75 (1.19) 3 -0.68 -0.47 .71 .93
Figu e 1. Tes In o ma ion Func ion o HISF
E idencias de alidez y ba emos de la e sión española del Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy
433
pe cen age o women wi hou a ela ionship and sexual ac i i y.
The e we e also signi i can di e ences ac oss sex among he
psychosexual a iables; men showed highe mean sco es in all
o hem, excep o sexual asse i eness o e use sexual con ac
(Table 1).
Validi y e idence based on co ela ions wi h ela ed a iables
In bo h men and women, posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies
posi i ely co ela ed wi h e o ophilia, sexual asse i eness o ini ia e
sexual ac i i ies, pa ne - ocused sexual desi e, sexual desi e o
Table 3
Fi indices and in a iance indica o s o he uni ac o ial model
Model RMSEA ∆RMSEA 90% CI RMSEA CFI ∆CFI RMSR CMIN/DF d Rχ2∆Rχ2p
Sex
(men; women)
1. Con i gu al .036 NA .030-.042 .996 NA .033 3.216 52 609.923 NA <.001
2. Weak .033 -.003 .027-.039 .996 0 .034 2.891 61 374.876 -235.047 <.001
3. S ong .049 .016 .044-.054 .989 -.007 .045 5.204 70 733.045 358.169 <.001
4. S ic .050 .01 .045-.055 .987 -.002 .050 5.322 80 761.621 28.576 <.001
Age ange
(18-34; 35-49; ≥ 50 y/o)
1. Con i gu al .053 NA .047-.058 .990 NA .048 4.196 93 1127.765 NA <.001
2. Weak .051 -.002 .046-.056 .988 -.002 .052 3.996 111 700.751 -427.015 <.001
3. S ong .050 -.001 .045-.055 .987 -.001 .054 3.888 129 788.612 87.861 <.001
4. S ic .052 .002 .047-.056 .984 -.003 .062 4.059 149 862.115 73.503 <.001
Educa ion le el
(uni e si y; non-uni e s.)
1. Con i gu al .019 NA .010-.026 .999 NA .023 1.595 50 329.225 NA .005
2. Weak .024 .005 .018-.030 .998 -.001 .028 1.989 59 262.939 -66.286 <.001
3. S ong .025 .001 .019-.031 .997 -.001 .030 2.056 68 305.338 42.399 <.001
4. S ic .031 .006 .026-.036 .996 -.001 .040 2.634 78 396.228 90.89 <.001
No e: In bold: le el o in a iance accep ed o each g oup. RMSEA: Roo Mean Squa e E o o App oxima ion; ΔRMSEA: Inc ease o Roo Mean Squa e E o o App oxima ion; 90% CI
RMSEA: 90% con i dence in e al o RMSEA; CFI: Compa a i e Fi Index; ΔCFI: Inc ease o Compa a i e Fi Index; RMSR; Roo Mean Squa e Residual; CMIN/DF: Chi Squa e pe deg ee
o eedom; d : di e ence es ; Rχ2: Chi Squa e obus es ima o ; ΔRχ2: Inc ease o Chi Squa e obus es ima o
Table 4
Bi a ia e co ela ion ma ix o posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies and he examined a iables in men and women
12345678
1. HISF (Fan asies)–.54*** .32*** -.12*** .54*** .25*** .41*** .32***
2. SOS (E o ophilia).64*** – .22*** -.04 .37*** .23*** .44*** .23***
3. SAS (Ini ia ion) .54*** .46*** – .04 .29*** .05 .11*** .18***
4. SAS (Re usal).16*** .18*** .23*** – -.08** -.01 -.02 .01
5. SDI (Pa ne ).63*** .48*** .47*** .17*** – .10*** .23*** .51***
6. SDI (A ac i e pe son).30*** .31*** .14*** .08*** .24*** – .42*** .04
7. SDI (Soli a y).44*** .49*** .25*** .05*.29*** .40*** – .16***
8. MGHSFQ (Sexual unc ioning).41*** .29*** .30*** .16*** .66*** .10*** .17*** –
No e: In bold: co ela ions be ween posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies and all he a iables. Values abo e he diagonal a e based on men’s sco es. Values below he diagonal a e based on
women’s sco es. ***p < .001; **p < .01; *p < .05
Table 5
Linea eg ession models o explaining gene al sexual unc ioning (MGH-SFQ) in men and women
Men
P edic o s BSDβ R
2F
Posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies .13 .02 .26 8.48*** .114 46.97
E o ophilia .04 .02 .07 2.21*
Sexual asse i eness (ini ia ion) .07 .02 .09 3.43**
Sexual asse i eness ( e usal) .02 .02 .04 1.39
Women
Posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies .18 .02 .37 11.49*** .196 93.70
E o ophilia -.01 .02 -.01 -0.27
Sexual asse i eness (ini ia ion) .07 .02 .09 3.20**
Sexual asse i eness ( e usal) .08 .02 .09 3.81***
No e: ***p < .001; **p < .01; *p < .05

Juan Ca los Sie a, Ana Isabel A cos-Rome o, and C is óbal Cal illo
434
an a ac i e pe son, soli a y sexual desi e, and sexual unc ioning.
Howe e , posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies we e posi i ely
associa ed wi h sexual asse i eness o e use sexual ac i i y only in
women; his associa ion was nega i e in men (Table 4).
Mul iple linea eg ession models showed ha he posi i e
a i ude owa ds sexual an asies was he mos signi i can a iable
on gene al sexual unc ioning in bo h men (B = .13) and women
(B = .18). Sexual unc ioning was signi i can ly explained by
posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies, e o ophilia, and sexual
asse i eness. These a iables explained 11.4% o he a iance o
he sexual unc ioning in he model o men (F = 46.97, p <.001)
and 19.6% in he model o women (F = 93.70; p <.001) (Table 5).
Conside ing he dimensions o he MGH-SFQ, we compa ed
mean sco es o he HISF be ween a g oup o indi iduals wi h
di i cul ies in sexual unc ioning and a g oup wi hou hese
di i cul ies. Resul s showed ha he Spanish e sion o he HISF
had he abili y o signi i can ly disc imina e be ween bo h g oups;
indi iduals wi h no di i cul ies eached highe sco es in posi i e
a i udes owa ds sexual an asy (Table 6).
S anda d sco es
Finally, he no ms o he Spanish e sion o he HISF we e
calcula ed. Table 7 p esen s he s anda d sco es di e en ia ed by
sex and age g oups. In o de o p opose use ul s anda d sco es
wi h homogeneous g oups, we es ablished h ee age g oups (18-
34, 35-49, and 50 yea s old and olde ) based on he le els p oposed
by A ne (2000), ha depend on he subjec i e pe cep ion o he
pe iod o adul hood. O he sexual heal h measu emen ins umen s
also p esen hei s anda d sco es using hese age anges (e.g.,
A cos-Rome o & Sie a, 2019; Moyano e al., 2017; San os-
Iglesias, Vallejo-Medina, & Sie a, 2014; Sie a, San os-Iglesias e
al., 2012; Vallejo-Medina e al., 2014).
Discussion
Sexual a i udes a e associa ed wi h sexuali y in gene al (e.g.,
e o ophilia) o speci i c, owa d some speci i c sexual beha io
Table 6
Di e ences in means o he HISF be ween a g oup o indi iduals wi h no di i cul ies and a g oup o indi iduals wi h di i cul ies in he dimensions o he sexual unc ioning
(MGH-SFQ)
Men Women
G oups n M SD d n M SD d
Sexual desi e No di i cul ies 1,288 31.72 6.80 10.02*** 0.66 1,201 28.31 8.18 12.24*** 0.70
Di i cul ies 218 26.48 8.90 454 21.92 9.92
Sexual exci a ion No di i cul ies 1,270 31.88 6.66 9.16*** 0.79 1,217 28.40 7.91 14.34*** 0.87
Di i cul ies 192 25.56 9.20 411 20.48 10.22
O gasm No di i cul ies 1,359 31.67 6.63 8.59*** 0.86 1,257 28.47 8.00 15.31*** 0.98
Di i cul ies 143 24.62 9.59 352 19.56 10.06
E ec ion No di i cul ies 1,375 31.60 6.75 7.64*** 0.87 –––––
Di i cul ies 107 24.50 9.44 – – –
Sexual sa is ac ion No di i cul ies 1,226 31.58 6.92 6.63*** 0.52 1,262 28.13 8.15 13.01*** 0.82
Di i cul ies 221 27.52 8.62 366 20.57 10.23
No e: ***p < .001
Table 7
S anda d sco es o he HISF in men and women o di e en age g oups
Men (n = 1,641) Women (n = 1,817)
Age 18-34 y/o
(n = 626)
35-49 y/o
(n = 556)
≥ 50 y/o
(n = 459)
18-34 y/o
(n = 695)
35-49 y/o
(n = 635)
≥ 50 y/o
(n = 487)
O dinal α .91 .92 .93 .90 .93 .94
M32.40 30.70 28.50 29.20 27.20 21.40
SD 6.40 7.30 8.00 7.00 8.50 10.30
Min 020 500
Max 40 40 40 40 40 40
Pe cen ile
113 10 4 10 5 0
520 16 14 16 12 2
10 24 20 18 20 15 7
15 26 23 21 22 18 9
20 28 25 22 23 20 12
25 29 27 24 25 22 14
30 30 28 25 26 23 16
35 31 29 26 27 24 18
40 32 30 27 28 26 19
45 33 31 28 29 26 21
50 34 32 29 30 28 23
55 34 33 30 31 29 24
60 35 34 31 32 30 25
65 36 35 32 33 31 26
70 37 36 34 34 32 28
75 37 36 35 34 34 29
80 38 37 36 35 36 31
85 39 38 38 36 37 32
90 40 40 38 38 38 35
95 40 40 40 40 40 37
99 40 40 40 40 40 40
No e: O dinal α: eliabili y coe i cien ; M: mean; SD: s anda d de ia ion; Min.: minimum;
Max.: maximum.
Men: skewness = -.93; ku osis = .89; Women: skewness = -.68; ku osis = .07
E idencias de alidez y ba emos de la e sión española del Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy
435
(e.g., sexual an asies). A i ude owa ds sexual an asies is a good
indica o o sexual heal h (San os-Iglesias, Sie a e al., 2013;
Sie a, Vallejo-Medina e al., 2014), hus i is impo an o use
measu emen ins umen s wi h adequa e psychome ic p ope ies.
The aim o his s udy was o p o ide alidi y e idence o he
Spanish e sion o he Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy (HISF;
Des a ieux e al., 2005) and o p esen i s s anda d sco es o he
Spanish popula ion.
The Spanish e sion o he HISF has shown excellen in e nal
consis ency eliabili y; an o dinal alpha o .94 was ob ained o he
o al sample. This alue is highe han hose epo ed by Des a ieux
e al. (2005), Pe la e al. (2009) and San os-Iglesias, Sie a e al.
(2013). Also, excellen eliabili y coe i cien s we e ob ained in he
h ee es ablished age g oups, anged be ween .91 and .93 in men
and be ween .90 and .94 in women. Rega ding he analysis o he
In o ma ion Func ion o he HISF, he esul s a e posi i e, he ange
o alues wi h accu a e sco es has an adequa e ampli ude. The
one- ac o s uc u e o he HISF showed s ic ac o ial in a iance
ac oss sex, age ange, and educa ion le el, which allows us o a
compa ison o sco es be ween people wi h hese sociodemog aphic
cha ac e is ics. E alua ion bias (Muñiz e al., 2013; Muñiz &
Fonseca-Ped e o, 2019) is minimized in compa isons ac oss sex,
age, and educa ion le el. This issue is impo an because many
s udies in human sexuali y make compa isons among popula ion
g oups, especially be ween men and women. We can conclude ha
he highe equency o posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies
in men compa ed o women in he p esen s udy (and in p e ious
s udies, e.g., Pe la e al., 2009; San os-Iglesias, Sie a e al., 2013)
is no due o measu emen bias o he HISF.
Simila o Pe la e al. (2009) and San os-Iglesias, Sie a, e al.
(2013), posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies we e co ela ed
wi h e o ophilia in bo h men and women. As expec ed, he
p opensi y o posi i ely espond o sexual s imuli was ela ed o
highe posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies. In bo h sexes,
posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies ha e also been co ela ed
wi h sexual asse i eness o ini ia e sexual ac i i y, in acco dance
wi h San os-Iglesias, Sie a, e al. (2013). Howe e , sexual
asse i eness o e use unwan ed sexual ac i i y was nega i ely
associa ed wi h posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies in men.
Tha is o say, men who epo ed mo e posi i e a i udes owa ds
sexual an asies a e less asse i e in ejec ing unwan ed sexual
con ac . This esul could be associa ed wi h he di e ences ac oss
sex ound in hese a iables, indica ing ha , al hough men epo
mo e posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies han women,
women epo mo e asse i eness o ejec unwan ed sexual
ac i i y. This could be an exp ession o adi ional gende oles in
which women end o limi hei sexual ac i i ies mo e equen ly
(Simon & Gagnon, 2003).
Rega ding sexual desi e, ou esul s indica e ha posi i e
a i udes owa ds sexual an asies a e co ela ed wi h in e es in
sexual ac i i ies, whe he in a ela ionship o alone (i.e., dyadic
and soli a y sexual desi e), acco ding o esul s epo ed by San os-
Iglesias, Sie a e al. (2013). Acco dingly, Bi nbaum e al. (2019)
showed ha sexual an asies in ol ing a pa ne a e associa ed
wi h signi i can ly highe le els o sexual desi e in bo h sexes. The
di e ences in he magni ude o he co ela ions be ween a i ude
owa ds sexual an asies and pa ne - ocused sexual desi e and
sexual desi e o an a ac i e pe son a e no ewo hy in bo h men
and women; his ac indica es ha he wo dimensions o sexual
desi e sugges ed by Moyano e al. (2017) a e ela i ely di e en
cons uc s.
Also, posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies ha e been
associa ed wi h be e sexual unc ioning in bo h sexes. Reg ession
models es ed o explain sexual unc ioning indica e ha posi i e
a i udes owa ds sexual an asies ha e mo e ele ance han
e o ophilia and sexual asse i eness. As expec ed, posi i e
a i udes owa ds sexual an asies a e associa ed wi h be e
sexual unc ioning. The same esul has al eady been ad anced
by Sie a, Vallejo-Medina, e al. (2014) in women, among whom
his associa ion was ound o inc ease wi h age. The ele ance o
posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies in sexual unc ioning
was con i med by he abili y o he HISF sco es o disc imina e
be ween indi iduals wi h and wi hou di i cul ies in he di e en
dimensions o sexual unc ioning. Men and women wi h di i cul ies
in desi e, exci a ion, o gasm, e ec ion, and/o sexual sa is ac ion
ha e signi i can ly lowe HISF sco es han indi iduals wi h no mal
sexual unc ioning.
The s anda d sco es o he Spanish popula ion, di e en ia ed
by sex and age ange, show ha posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual
an asies dec ease as age inc eases. I also occu s wi h o he
impo an dimensions o human sexuali y, such as e o ophilia
(Vallejo-Medina, G anados e al., 2014), sexual asse i eness
(San os-Iglesias e al., 2014; Vallejo-Medina, Sie a, 2014; Sie a,
San os-Iglesias e al., 2012), o subjec i e o gasm expe ience
(A cos-Rome o & Sie a, 2019). A possible explana ion could be
ela ed o he dys unc ions o some aspec s o sexual unc ioning
as age inc eases (Sie a, Vallejo-Medina e al., 2012).
As limi a ions, despi e he use o a la ge sample, we used a
p obabilis ic quo a sampling ha educes he gene aliza ion o ou
esul s o he en i e Spanish popula ion. No e idence o es - e es
eliabili y has been p o ided. Also, no con ol scale o he de ec ion
o andom o dishones esponses has been used. As conclusions,
we could highligh ha his s udy p o ides alidi y e idence o he
Spanish e sion o he HISF, which is a eliable, alid, and in a ian
scale o e alua e he posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies in
people wi h di e en sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics.
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