Validity evidence and norms of the Spanish version of the Hurlbert Index of Sexual Fantasy

429 Mos people admi ha hey engage in an asies du ing sexual ac i i y (Moyano & Sie a, 2014). Sexual an asies a e hough s o men al images wi h sexual con en ha a ec emo ions and physiological s a e (Pe la, Sie a, Vallejo-Medina, & Gu ié ez- Quin anilla, 2009). The lack o sexual an asies has been associa ed wi h inhibi ion o sexual desi e (Boncinelli, Gaci Scale i, Nanini, Daino, & Genazzani, 2013; San os-Iglesias, Cal illo, & Sie a, 2013), whe eas he expe ience o sexual an asies has been associa ed wi h be e sexual unc ioning (Bi nbaum, Kana -Maymon, Miz ahi, Recana i, & O , 2019; Moyano, Bye s, & Sie a, 2016). Acco ding o Sie a, San os-Iglesias, Vallejo-Medina, and Moyano (2014), he s udy o sexual an asies includes h ee di e en dimensions: (1) a i ude owa ds sexual an asies, (2) dayd eam o abili y o de elop sexual cogni ions, and (3) ype o expe ienced an asy. Rega ding he las one, Moyano and Sie a (2014) alued an asies as posi i e o nega i e sexual cogni ions. The use o sexual an asies in sexual he apy is common (see Newbu y, Hay e , Wylie, & Riddell, 2012). The e o e, be o e iden i ying he mos adequa e sexual an asies o a pa ien , i is essen ial o e alua e and, i necessa y, modi y he a i ude owa ds sexual an asies (Sie a, San os-Iglesias e al., 2014). Compa ing di e en popula ion g oups (e.g., men and women) equi es ins umen s wi h in a ian s uc u es o minimize e alua ion biases (Muñiz, Elosua, & Hamble on, 2013). Gi en he ele ance o his issue he human sexuali y a ea (see Sakaluk, 2019), in ecen yea s he e has been an inc easing in e es o examine he ac o ial in a iance o scales o e alua e e o ophilia (A cos-Rome o, Cal illo, G anados, Ál a ez-Muelas, & Sie a, 2020), sexual asse i eness (Sie a, San os-Iglesias, & Vallejo- Medina, 2012), subjec i e o gasm expe ience (A cos-Rome o & Sie a, 2019), sexual sa is ac ion (Cal illo, Sánchez-Fuen es, Pa ón-Ca eño, & Sie a, 2019), and sexual double s anda d (Ál a ez-Muelas, Gómez-Be ocal, Vallejo-Medina, & Sie a, ISSN 0214 - 9915 CODEN PSOTEG Copy igh © 2020 Psico hema www.psico hema.com Validi y e idence and no ms o he Spanish e sion o he Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy Juan Ca los Sie a, Ana Isabel A cos-Rome o, and C is óbal Cal illo Uni e sidad de G anada, Cen o de In es igación Men e, Ce eb o y Compo amien o (CIMCyC) Abs ac Resumen Backg ound: Sexual an asies a e desc ibed as hough s o men al images wi h sexual con en . The Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy (HISF) e alua es he posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies. The objec i e o his s udy was o p o ide alidi y e idence o he Spanish e sion o he HISF and o p esen i s s anda d sco es. Me hod: The sample was composed o 3,458 adul s om he gene al Spanish popula ion (1,641 men; 1,817 women), dis ibu ed ac oss age g oups (18-34, 35-49, and o e 50 yea s old). Resul s: The uni ac o ial s uc u e o he Spanish e sion o he HISF showed s ic measu emen in a iance ac oss sex, age ange, and educa ion le el. Posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies signi i can ly co ela ed wi h e o ophilia, sexual asse i eness, sexual desi e, and sexual unc ioning. Also, he scale was use ul o di e en ia ing be ween indi iduals wi h sexual unc ioning di i cul ies and indi iduals wi h no di i cul ies. Finally, he s anda d sco es we e ob ained based on sex and age ange. Conclusions: The Spanish e sion o he HISF is a eliable, alid, and in a ian scale o assessing a posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies in people wi h di e en sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics. Keywo ds: Sexual an asies, a i ude, Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy, alidi y e idence, no ms. E idencias de alidez y ba emos de la e sión española del Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy. An eceden es: las an asías sexuales cons i uyen pensamien os o imágenes men ales con con enido sexual. El Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy (HISF) e alúa la ac i ud posi i a hacia las an asías sexuales. El obje i o de es e es udio ue apo a e idencias de alidez a la e sión española del HISF y p esen a sus ba emos. Mé odo: la mues a es u o compues a po 3.458 adul os de la población española gene al (1.641 homb es, 1.817 muje es), dis ibuidos en es g upos de edad (18-34, 35-49 y 50 años o mayo es). Resul ados: la es uc u a uni ac o ial mos ó ni el de in a ianza es ic a po sexo, ango de edad y ni el educa i o. La ac i ud posi i a hacia las an asías sexuales co elacionó signi i ca i amen e con e o o i lia, ase i idad sexual, deseo sexual y uncionamien o sexual. Además, la escala mos ó capacidad pa a di e encia en e indi iduos con y sin di i cul ades en el uncionamien o sexual. Finalmen e, se p esen an las pun uaciones ba emadas po sexo y ango de edad. Conclusiones: la e sión española del HISF es una escala i able, álida e in a ian e pa a e alua la ac i ud posi i a hacia las an asías sexuales en pe sonas con di e en es ca ac e ís icas sociodemog á i cas. Palab as cla e: an asías sexuales, ac i ud, Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy, e idencias de alidez, ba emos. Psico hema 2020, Vol. 32, No. 3, 429-436 doi: 10.7334/psico hema2020.14 Recei ed: Janua y 15, 2020 • Accep ed: Feb ua y 2, 2020 Co esponding au ho : Juan Ca los Sie a F ei e Facul ad de Psicología Uni e sidad de G anada 18011 G anada (Spain) e-mail: jcsie a@ug .es Juan Ca los Sie a, Ana Isabel A cos-Rome o, and C is óbal Cal illo 430 2019). To da e, ac o ial in a iance o he ins umen s o e alua e dimensions o sexual an asy has no been analyzed. Howe e , compa isons be ween men and women (Goldey, A e y, & an Ande s, 2014; Moyano e al., 2016; San os-Iglesias, Sie a, & Vallejo-Medina, 2013), di e en age ange (Pe la e al., 2009), and di e en educa ion le els (Kasemy, Desouky, & Abdel asoul, 2016; Moyano & Sie a, 2014) a e common. One o he ew ins umen s o e alua e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies is he Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy (HISF; Hu lbe , 2011; Hu lbe & Ap , 1993), ha was o iginally de eloped o e alua e hough s and emo ions associa ed wi h sexual an asies. I s 25 i ems assess he indi idual p opensi y owa ds sexual an asies. Hu lbe and Ap (1993) epo ed a C onbach’s alpha o .82 and a es - e es eliabili y coe i cien o .86 a e one week. In Spain, Des a ieux, Salamanca, O ega, and Sie a (2005) p oposed a educed en-i em e sion o speci i cally assess posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies; i s C onbach’s alpha was .85. This e sion p esen ed adequa e alidi y e idence, i was signi i can ly co ela ed wi h he equency o sexual an asies and sexual desi e. Pe la e al. (2009) con i med i s good in e nal consis ency eliabili y (C onbach’s alpha: .92 in adul s and .87 in adolescen s). They also showed i s con e gen alidi y, he scale posi i ely co ela ed wi h sexual dayd eaming and e o ophilia. Fu he mo e, sco es in men we e highe han in women. Di e ences ac oss gende we e la e showed by San os-Iglesias, Sie a e al. (2013), who also showed ha men epo posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies mo e equen ly. O he s udies ha e associa ed he Spanish e sion o he HISF wi h di e en ela ed a iables: sexual asse i eness, e o ophilia, and sexual desi e (San os-Iglesias, Sie a e al., 2013), a i ude owa ds mas u ba ion (Sie a, San os-Iglesias, & Monge, 2013), sexual dayd eaming (Pé ez-González, Moyano, & Sie a, 2011), sexual guil (Sie a, Pe la, & San os-Iglesias, 2011), and sexual unc ioning (Sie a, Vallejo-Medina e al., 2014). The aim o he p esen s udy is o p o ide alidi y e idence and o p esen he s anda d sco es o he Spanish e sion o he HISF (Des a ieux e al., 2005). Fi s , he i em analysis will be ca ied ou . Also, he unidimensionali y o he scale will be es ed by analyzing i s ac o ial in a iance ac oss popula ion g oups ha ha e been compa ed in p e ious s udies (i.e., sex, age ange, and educa ion le el). Due o associa ions among ela ed a iables a e essen ial o ob ain alidi y e idence o an ins umen (Muñiz & Fonseca- Ped e o, 2019), he associa ion be ween posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies and e o ophilia, sexual asse i eness, sexual desi e, and sexual unc ioning will be analyzed. Fu he mo e, e idence o disc iminan alidi y will be es ed by compa ing he mean sco es o he HISF be ween a g oup o indi iduals wi h sexual unc ioning di i cul ies and a g oup wi hou hese di i cul ies. Finally, he s anda d sco es o he HISF o he Spanish popula ion will be p esen ed. Me hod Pa icipan s The sample consis ed o 3,458 he e osexual adul s om he gene al Spanish popula ion (1,641 men and 1,817 women), dis ibu ed in o h ee age g oups (18-34 yea s old; n = 1,321; 35-49 yea s old, n = 1,191; and 50 yea s old o olde , n = 946). 52.5% o he pa icipan s epo ed ha ing Uni e si y s udies. Inclusion c i e ia we e being an adul (i.e., 18 yea s old o olde ), Spanish na ionali y, and he e osexual o ien a ion. Table 1 p esen s he desc ip i e s a is ics o he e alua ed sociodemog aphic and psychosexual a iables. Ins umen s Sociodemog aphic and Sexual His o y Ques ionnai e. Includes in o ma ion abou sex, age, na ionali y, sexual o ien a ion, educa ion le el, ela ionship, and sexual ac i i y. Spanish e sion o he Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy (HISF; Des a ieux e al., 2005; Hu lbe , 2011). I consis s o en i ems o e alua e he posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies h ough a Like scale om 0 (Ne e ) o 4 (All o he ime). Highe sco es indica e mo e posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies. Sho Spanish e sion o he Sexual Opinion Su ey (SOS-6; Fishe , Whi e, By ne, & Kelley, 1988; Vallejo-Medina, G anados, & Sie a, 2014). I s six i ems e alua e e o ophilia h ough a Like scale om 1 (I s ongly disag ee) o 7 (I s ongly ag ee),. I s C onbach’s alpha eliabili y is .74 and i s con e gen alidi y is adequa e. Highe sco es indica e highe e o ophilia. In he p esen s udy, C onbach’s alpha coe i cien was .72. Spanish e sion o he Sexual Asse i eness Scale (SAS; Mo oko e al., 1997; Sie a, Vallejo-Medina, & San os-Iglesias, 2011). I consis s o 18 i ems dis ibu ed in o h ee ac o s: Sexual asse i eness o ini ia e sexual ac i i ies, Sexual asse i eness o e use unwan ed sexual con ac , and STI-p e en ion. I uses a Like scale om 0 (Ne e ) o 4 (Always). I has shown e idence o good concu en alidi y. Highe sco es indica e highe sexual asse i eness. In his s udy, we conside ed sexual asse i eness o ini ia e sexual ac i i ies and sexual asse i eness o e use unwan ed sexual con ac ; he C onbach’s alpha alues we e .72 and .76, espec i ely. Spanish e sion o he Sexual Desi e In en o y (SDI; Moyano, Vallejo-Medina, & Sie a, 2017; Spec o , Ca ey, & S einbe g, 2011). I s 13 i ems e alua e in e es in sexual ac i i y ac oss h ee dimensions: Pa ne - ocused dyadic sexual desi e, Dyadic sexual desi e o an a ac i e pe son, and Soli a y sexual desi e. Di e en assessmen scales a e used o each ques ion (e.g., 0 = No a all o 7 = Many imes pe day; 0 = No desi e o 8 = S ong desi e). I s in e nal consis ency eliabili y anges om .80 o .93 (C onbach’s alpha), depending on gende and age g oup. I has shown e idence o con e gen alidi y. Highe sco es indica e highe sexual desi e. In he p esen s udy, C onbach’s alpha alues we e .86 o Pa ne - ocused dyadic sexual desi e, .89 o Dyadic sexual desi e o an a ac i e pe son, and .92 o Soli a y sexual desi e. Spanish e sion o he Massachuse s Gene al Hospi al-Sexual Func ioning Ques ionnai e (MGH-SFQ; Fa a, Rankin, Alpe , Nie enbe g, & Wo hing on, 1998; Sie a, Vallejo-Medina, San os- Iglesias, & Lamei as-Fe nández, 2012). I consis s o i e i ems ha e alua e gene al sexual unc ioning o e he p e ious mon h in e ms o desi e, exci a ion, o gasm, e ec ion (in men), and sexual sa is ac ion. I uses a Like scale om 0 (To ally absen ) o 4 (No mal). I s C onbach’s alpha eliabili y is .90 in men and .93 in women. The scale has shown adequa e e idence o con e gen alidi y. Highe sco es indica e be e sexual unc ioning. In his s udy, C onbach’s alpha alue was .89 o men ( i e i ems) and .93 o women ( ou i ems). P ocedu e Pa icipan s we e ec ui ed om he gene al Spanish popula ion. To ob ain a balanced p opo ion o men and women, E idencias de alidez y ba emos de la e sión española del Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy 431 a quo a con enience sampling me hod was used. The sample was dis ibu ed inciden ally ac oss h ee age g oups (18-34, 35-49, and 50 yea s old o olde ). The assessmen was conduc ed in di e en public places (e.g., public lib a ies, class ooms, social cen e s, heal h cen e s) by well- ained esea che s. Once he ques ionnai e was comple ed, i was e u ned in a sealed en elope. Pa icipan s signed an in o med consen in which anonymi y, con i den iali y, and he exclusi e use o es sco es o only esea ch pu poses we e gua an eed. They comple ed he ques ionnai es on hei own. E hical app o al was ob ained om he E hics Commi ee o Human Resea ch o he Uni e si y o G anada. Da a analysis Missing da a analysis showed pe cen ages o missing alues ha did no exceed 2% in he i ems o all he used scales. The missing alues we e eplaced using he es ima ion me hod o he median o nea by poin s. Fi s , he i em analysis was ca ied ou . Second, he unidimensionali y o he scale was es ed by analyzing i s ac o ial in a iance ac oss g oups using he la aan package ( e sion 0.6-3; Rosseel, 2012) included in he R s a is ical so wa e ( e sion 3.4.4; R Co e Team, 2016) and i s in eg a ed RS udio in e ace ( e sion 1.1.447; RS udio Team, 2018). G oups we e analyzed by sex, age ange, and educa ion le el. The p og essi e in a iance o he one- ac o model was es ed a di e en le els. The ollowing indica o s we e used o e alua e he model i : CFI and TLI > .90 and RMSEA < .08 (Hu & Ben le , 1999), and he di e ence be ween CFI compa a i e index alues (Ben le , 1990). The di e ence be ween he models nes ed a di e en le els was conside ed; hus, i he disc epancy in he CFI alue we e highe han .01 in a o o he leas es ic i e model, he mos es ic i e model would be ejec ed (Cheung & Rens old, 2002). Then, using S uden ’s - es , di e ences ac oss sex in he mean sco es o he obse ed a iables we e examined. Due o he signi i can di e ences ound in mos o he psychosexual a iables, we decided o ca y ou he es o he analyses sepa a ely o men and women. To es he alidi y e idence based on co ela ions wi h ela ed a iables, we examined he bi a ia e co ela ion ma ix be ween posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies and e o ophilia, sexual asse i eness, sexual desi e, and sexual unc ioning. Then, mul iple linea eg ession models we e es ed o explain sexual unc ioning based on posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies, e o ophilia, and sexual asse i eness. Fu he mo e, a S uden ’s - es was used o examine he di e ences in mean sco es o he HISF be ween a g oup o indi iduals wi h di i cul ies in he dimensions o gene al sexual unc ioning (MGH-SFQ) and a g oup o indi iduals wi hou hese di i cul ies. Based on he sco es om he i ems o he MGH-SFQ, we conside ed indi iduals wi h di i cul ies who showed sco es om 0 o 2 (Ma kedly diminished o Mode a ely diminished); indi iduals wi h no di i cul ies showed sco es equal o 4 (No mal). Pa icipan s whose sco es we e equal o 3 (Minimally diminished) we e excluded om his analysis. Finally, he no ms o he HISF di e en ia ed by sex and age ange we e ob ained. His og ams, skewness, and ku osis we e obse ed. Conside ing he no mal dis ibu ion o he sub-samples o men and women, we decided o use he di ec sco es o he scale. Table 1 Desc ip i e s a is ics o he sociodemog aphic and psychosexual a iables To al (N = 3,458) Men (n = 1,641) Women (n = 1,817) / χ2 Socio-demog aphic Age (M, SD) 39.02 (13.31) 39.20 (13.20) 38.88 (13.42) 0.69 Age ange (n, %) 18-34 y/o 35-49 y/o ≥ 50 y/o 1,321 (38.2%) 1,191 (34.4%) 946 (27.4%) 626 (38.1%) 556 (33.9%) 459 (28%) 695 (38.2%) 635 (34.9%) 487 (26.8%) 0.72 Educa ion le el (n, %) Uni e si y Non-uni e si y 1,815 (52.5%) 1,643 (47.5%) 831 (50.6%) 810 (49.4%) 984 (54.2%) 833 (45.8%) 4.27 Rela ionship (n, %) Yes No 3,378 (97.7%) 80 (2.3%) 1,615 (98.4%) 26 (1.6%) 1,763 (97%) 54 (3%) 7.35*** Sexual ac i i y (n, %) Yes No 3,369 (97.4%) 89 (2.6%) 1,608 (98%) 33 (2%) 1,761 (96.9%) 56 (3.1%) 3.95* Psychosexual a iables M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) d HISF Sexual an asies (posi i e a i ude) 28.46 (8.57) 30.73 (3.34) 26.41 (9.08) 15.46*** 0.63 SOS E o ophilia 34.12 (7.20) 35.38 (6.27) 32.92 (7.80) 9.46*** 0.35 SAS Sexual asse i eness (ini ia ion) Sexual asse i eness ( e usal) 14.01 (4.92) 13.59 (5.69) 14.38 (4.34) 11.48 (5.55) 13.68 (5.37) 15.51 (5.10) 4.22*** -22.16*** 0.14 -0.76 SDI Pa ne - ocused sexual desi e Sexual desi e (a ac i e pe son) Sexual desi e (soli a y) 39.94 (9.02) 7.29 (4.77) 13.39 (8.65) 41.87 (7.36) 8.64 (4.55) 15.76 (7.91) 38.19 (9.98) 6.06 (4.63) 11.25 (8.72) 12.41*** 16.50*** 15.95*** 0.42 0.56 0.54 MGH-SFQ Gene al sexual unc ioning 18.15 (3.47) 13.13 (4.42) No e: The e is no da a o he o al sample o he a iable “Gene al sexual unc ioning (MGH-SFQ)” because his a iable is di e en in men (5 i ems) and women (4 i ems). ***p < .001; *p < .05 Juan Ca los Sie a, Ana Isabel A cos-Rome o, and C is óbal Cal illo 432 Resul s I em analysis The mean sco es o he HISF i ems we e highe han he heo e ical midpoin o he scale (i.e., 2). The lowes mean was in i em 4 (M = 2.41) and i s s anda d de ia ion was he highes (SD = 1.47). I em 1 showed he highes mean (M = 3.34) and median (Mdn = 4). The disc imina ion index o each i em was highe han he minimum c i e ion .30 (Johnson & Wiche n, 2002), anging om .56 (i em 4) o .76 (i em 9). In e nal consis ency eliabili y, es ima ed by o dinal alpha, was .94 o he o al sample; his alue ailed o imp o e wi h he elimina ion o any o he en i ems (Table 2). Fu he mo e, he Tes In o ma ion Func ion o he HISF (Figu e 1) showed ha he maximum alue eached was abo e 15 and he mos s able measu emen s l uc ua ed be ween -2 and +1. Values di e en om hose indica ed, whe he lowe o highe , sugges ed ha he esul s would p esen mo e e o s. Fac o ial in a iance The unidimensional model i ing indica ed ha he alues associa ed wi h CFI allowed o he accep ance o he ac o ial equi alence o all he examined g oups. Resul s showed s ic measu emen in a iance ac oss sex [RMSEA = .050 (.045–.055); CFI = .987], age ange [RMSEA = .052 (.047–.056); CFI = .984], and educa ion le el [RMSEA = .031 (.026–.036); CFI = .996]. Fi indices and in a iance indica o s o he uni ac o ial model a e displayed in Table 3. Sex di e ences No signi i can di e ences ac oss sex we e ound in mean age, age ange, and educa ion le el. Resul s showed a highe Table 2 I em analysis o he Spanish e sion o he HISF M (SD) Median Skewness Ku osis Disc imina ion index O dinal α i i em dele ed I em 1. Conside o saludables las an asías sexuales (I hink sexual an asies a e heal hy) 3.34 (0.92) 4 -1.48 1.90 .63 .93 I em 2. Dis u o con las an asías sexuales (I enjoy an asizing abou sex) 3.11 (1.05) 3 -1.14 0.69 .75 .92 I em 3. Me ag ada compa i mis an asías sexuales con mi pa eja (I eel com o able sha ing my sexual an asies wi h my pa ne ) 2.84 (1.21) 3 -0.79 -0.38 .65 .93 I em 4. Dis u o de mis an asías sexuales cuando me mas u bo (I enjoy using my sexual an asies du ing mas u ba ion) 2.41 (1.47) 3 -0.44 -1.19 .56 .94 I em 5. Me exci o ácilmen e cuando pienso en el sexo (I am easily a oused by hough s o sex) 2.67 (1.08) 3 -0.58 -0.27 .69 .93 I em 6. Me di ie e escucha las an asías sexuales de mi pa eja (I enjoy hea ing my pa ne ’s sexual an asies) 2.90 (1.21) 3 -0.93 -0.12 .72 .93 I em 7. Los pensamien os sexuales en an en mi men e con acilidad (Though s abou sex en e my mind wi hou much e o ) 2.51 (1.13) 3 -0.34 -0.60 .69 .93 I em 8. C eo que las an asías sexuales inc emen an el in e és sexual (I belie e sexual an asy enhances sex) 3.14 (0.96) 3 -1.12 1.02 .69 .93 I em 9. Me exci an las an asías sexuales de mi pa eja (I i nd my pa ne ’s sexual an asies o be exci ing) 2.78 (1.18) 3 -0.77 -0.25 .76 .93 I em 10. Dis u o expe imen ando mis an asías sexuales du an e las elaciones sexuales (I enjoy using my sexual an asies du ing sex) 2.75 (1.19) 3 -0.68 -0.47 .71 .93 Figu e 1. Tes In o ma ion Func ion o HISF E idencias de alidez y ba emos de la e sión española del Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy 433 pe cen age o women wi hou a ela ionship and sexual ac i i y. The e we e also signi i can di e ences ac oss sex among he psychosexual a iables; men showed highe mean sco es in all o hem, excep o sexual asse i eness o e use sexual con ac (Table 1). Validi y e idence based on co ela ions wi h ela ed a iables In bo h men and women, posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies posi i ely co ela ed wi h e o ophilia, sexual asse i eness o ini ia e sexual ac i i ies, pa ne - ocused sexual desi e, sexual desi e o Table 3 Fi indices and in a iance indica o s o he uni ac o ial model Model RMSEA ∆RMSEA 90% CI RMSEA CFI ∆CFI RMSR CMIN/DF d Rχ2∆Rχ2p Sex (men; women) 1. Con i gu al .036 NA .030-.042 .996 NA .033 3.216 52 609.923 NA <.001 2. Weak .033 -.003 .027-.039 .996 0 .034 2.891 61 374.876 -235.047 <.001 3. S ong .049 .016 .044-.054 .989 -.007 .045 5.204 70 733.045 358.169 <.001 4. S ic .050 .01 .045-.055 .987 -.002 .050 5.322 80 761.621 28.576 <.001 Age ange (18-34; 35-49; ≥ 50 y/o) 1. Con i gu al .053 NA .047-.058 .990 NA .048 4.196 93 1127.765 NA <.001 2. Weak .051 -.002 .046-.056 .988 -.002 .052 3.996 111 700.751 -427.015 <.001 3. S ong .050 -.001 .045-.055 .987 -.001 .054 3.888 129 788.612 87.861 <.001 4. S ic .052 .002 .047-.056 .984 -.003 .062 4.059 149 862.115 73.503 <.001 Educa ion le el (uni e si y; non-uni e s.) 1. Con i gu al .019 NA .010-.026 .999 NA .023 1.595 50 329.225 NA .005 2. Weak .024 .005 .018-.030 .998 -.001 .028 1.989 59 262.939 -66.286 <.001 3. S ong .025 .001 .019-.031 .997 -.001 .030 2.056 68 305.338 42.399 <.001 4. S ic .031 .006 .026-.036 .996 -.001 .040 2.634 78 396.228 90.89 <.001 No e: In bold: le el o in a iance accep ed o each g oup. RMSEA: Roo Mean Squa e E o o App oxima ion; ΔRMSEA: Inc ease o Roo Mean Squa e E o o App oxima ion; 90% CI RMSEA: 90% con i dence in e al o RMSEA; CFI: Compa a i e Fi Index; ΔCFI: Inc ease o Compa a i e Fi Index; RMSR; Roo Mean Squa e Residual; CMIN/DF: Chi Squa e pe deg ee o eedom; d : di e ence es ; Rχ2: Chi Squa e obus es ima o ; ΔRχ2: Inc ease o Chi Squa e obus es ima o Table 4 Bi a ia e co ela ion ma ix o posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies and he examined a iables in men and women 12345678 1. HISF (Fan asies)–.54*** .32*** -.12*** .54*** .25*** .41*** .32*** 2. SOS (E o ophilia).64*** – .22*** -.04 .37*** .23*** .44*** .23*** 3. SAS (Ini ia ion) .54*** .46*** – .04 .29*** .05 .11*** .18*** 4. SAS (Re usal).16*** .18*** .23*** – -.08** -.01 -.02 .01 5. SDI (Pa ne ).63*** .48*** .47*** .17*** – .10*** .23*** .51*** 6. SDI (A ac i e pe son).30*** .31*** .14*** .08*** .24*** – .42*** .04 7. SDI (Soli a y).44*** .49*** .25*** .05*.29*** .40*** – .16*** 8. MGHSFQ (Sexual unc ioning).41*** .29*** .30*** .16*** .66*** .10*** .17*** – No e: In bold: co ela ions be ween posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies and all he a iables. Values abo e he diagonal a e based on men’s sco es. Values below he diagonal a e based on women’s sco es. ***p < .001; **p < .01; *p < .05 Table 5 Linea eg ession models o explaining gene al sexual unc ioning (MGH-SFQ) in men and women Men P edic o s BSDβ R 2F Posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies .13 .02 .26 8.48*** .114 46.97 E o ophilia .04 .02 .07 2.21* Sexual asse i eness (ini ia ion) .07 .02 .09 3.43** Sexual asse i eness ( e usal) .02 .02 .04 1.39 Women Posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies .18 .02 .37 11.49*** .196 93.70 E o ophilia -.01 .02 -.01 -0.27 Sexual asse i eness (ini ia ion) .07 .02 .09 3.20** Sexual asse i eness ( e usal) .08 .02 .09 3.81*** No e: ***p < .001; **p < .01; *p < .05 Juan Ca los Sie a, Ana Isabel A cos-Rome o, and C is óbal Cal illo 434 an a ac i e pe son, soli a y sexual desi e, and sexual unc ioning. Howe e , posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies we e posi i ely associa ed wi h sexual asse i eness o e use sexual ac i i y only in women; his associa ion was nega i e in men (Table 4). Mul iple linea eg ession models showed ha he posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies was he mos signi i can a iable on gene al sexual unc ioning in bo h men (B = .13) and women (B = .18). Sexual unc ioning was signi i can ly explained by posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies, e o ophilia, and sexual asse i eness. These a iables explained 11.4% o he a iance o he sexual unc ioning in he model o men (F = 46.97, p <.001) and 19.6% in he model o women (F = 93.70; p <.001) (Table 5). Conside ing he dimensions o he MGH-SFQ, we compa ed mean sco es o he HISF be ween a g oup o indi iduals wi h di i cul ies in sexual unc ioning and a g oup wi hou hese di i cul ies. Resul s showed ha he Spanish e sion o he HISF had he abili y o signi i can ly disc imina e be ween bo h g oups; indi iduals wi h no di i cul ies eached highe sco es in posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asy (Table 6). S anda d sco es Finally, he no ms o he Spanish e sion o he HISF we e calcula ed. Table 7 p esen s he s anda d sco es di e en ia ed by sex and age g oups. In o de o p opose use ul s anda d sco es wi h homogeneous g oups, we es ablished h ee age g oups (18- 34, 35-49, and 50 yea s old and olde ) based on he le els p oposed by A ne (2000), ha depend on he subjec i e pe cep ion o he pe iod o adul hood. O he sexual heal h measu emen ins umen s also p esen hei s anda d sco es using hese age anges (e.g., A cos-Rome o & Sie a, 2019; Moyano e al., 2017; San os- Iglesias, Vallejo-Medina, & Sie a, 2014; Sie a, San os-Iglesias e al., 2012; Vallejo-Medina e al., 2014). Discussion Sexual a i udes a e associa ed wi h sexuali y in gene al (e.g., e o ophilia) o speci i c, owa d some speci i c sexual beha io Table 6 Di e ences in means o he HISF be ween a g oup o indi iduals wi h no di i cul ies and a g oup o indi iduals wi h di i cul ies in he dimensions o he sexual unc ioning (MGH-SFQ) Men Women G oups n M SD d n M SD d Sexual desi e No di i cul ies 1,288 31.72 6.80 10.02*** 0.66 1,201 28.31 8.18 12.24*** 0.70 Di i cul ies 218 26.48 8.90 454 21.92 9.92 Sexual exci a ion No di i cul ies 1,270 31.88 6.66 9.16*** 0.79 1,217 28.40 7.91 14.34*** 0.87 Di i cul ies 192 25.56 9.20 411 20.48 10.22 O gasm No di i cul ies 1,359 31.67 6.63 8.59*** 0.86 1,257 28.47 8.00 15.31*** 0.98 Di i cul ies 143 24.62 9.59 352 19.56 10.06 E ec ion No di i cul ies 1,375 31.60 6.75 7.64*** 0.87 ––––– Di i cul ies 107 24.50 9.44 – – – Sexual sa is ac ion No di i cul ies 1,226 31.58 6.92 6.63*** 0.52 1,262 28.13 8.15 13.01*** 0.82 Di i cul ies 221 27.52 8.62 366 20.57 10.23 No e: ***p < .001 Table 7 S anda d sco es o he HISF in men and women o di e en age g oups Men (n = 1,641) Women (n = 1,817) Age 18-34 y/o (n = 626) 35-49 y/o (n = 556) ≥ 50 y/o (n = 459) 18-34 y/o (n = 695) 35-49 y/o (n = 635) ≥ 50 y/o (n = 487) O dinal α .91 .92 .93 .90 .93 .94 M32.40 30.70 28.50 29.20 27.20 21.40 SD 6.40 7.30 8.00 7.00 8.50 10.30 Min 020 500 Max 40 40 40 40 40 40 Pe cen ile 113 10 4 10 5 0 520 16 14 16 12 2 10 24 20 18 20 15 7 15 26 23 21 22 18 9 20 28 25 22 23 20 12 25 29 27 24 25 22 14 30 30 28 25 26 23 16 35 31 29 26 27 24 18 40 32 30 27 28 26 19 45 33 31 28 29 26 21 50 34 32 29 30 28 23 55 34 33 30 31 29 24 60 35 34 31 32 30 25 65 36 35 32 33 31 26 70 37 36 34 34 32 28 75 37 36 35 34 34 29 80 38 37 36 35 36 31 85 39 38 38 36 37 32 90 40 40 38 38 38 35 95 40 40 40 40 40 37 99 40 40 40 40 40 40 No e: O dinal α: eliabili y coe i cien ; M: mean; SD: s anda d de ia ion; Min.: minimum; Max.: maximum. Men: skewness = -.93; ku osis = .89; Women: skewness = -.68; ku osis = .07 E idencias de alidez y ba emos de la e sión española del Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy 435 (e.g., sexual an asies). A i ude owa ds sexual an asies is a good indica o o sexual heal h (San os-Iglesias, Sie a e al., 2013; Sie a, Vallejo-Medina e al., 2014), hus i is impo an o use measu emen ins umen s wi h adequa e psychome ic p ope ies. The aim o his s udy was o p o ide alidi y e idence o he Spanish e sion o he Hu lbe Index o Sexual Fan asy (HISF; Des a ieux e al., 2005) and o p esen i s s anda d sco es o he Spanish popula ion. The Spanish e sion o he HISF has shown excellen in e nal consis ency eliabili y; an o dinal alpha o .94 was ob ained o he o al sample. This alue is highe han hose epo ed by Des a ieux e al. (2005), Pe la e al. (2009) and San os-Iglesias, Sie a e al. (2013). Also, excellen eliabili y coe i cien s we e ob ained in he h ee es ablished age g oups, anged be ween .91 and .93 in men and be ween .90 and .94 in women. Rega ding he analysis o he In o ma ion Func ion o he HISF, he esul s a e posi i e, he ange o alues wi h accu a e sco es has an adequa e ampli ude. The one- ac o s uc u e o he HISF showed s ic ac o ial in a iance ac oss sex, age ange, and educa ion le el, which allows us o a compa ison o sco es be ween people wi h hese sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics. E alua ion bias (Muñiz e al., 2013; Muñiz & Fonseca-Ped e o, 2019) is minimized in compa isons ac oss sex, age, and educa ion le el. This issue is impo an because many s udies in human sexuali y make compa isons among popula ion g oups, especially be ween men and women. We can conclude ha he highe equency o posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies in men compa ed o women in he p esen s udy (and in p e ious s udies, e.g., Pe la e al., 2009; San os-Iglesias, Sie a e al., 2013) is no due o measu emen bias o he HISF. Simila o Pe la e al. (2009) and San os-Iglesias, Sie a, e al. (2013), posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies we e co ela ed wi h e o ophilia in bo h men and women. As expec ed, he p opensi y o posi i ely espond o sexual s imuli was ela ed o highe posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies. In bo h sexes, posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies ha e also been co ela ed wi h sexual asse i eness o ini ia e sexual ac i i y, in acco dance wi h San os-Iglesias, Sie a, e al. (2013). Howe e , sexual asse i eness o e use unwan ed sexual ac i i y was nega i ely associa ed wi h posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies in men. Tha is o say, men who epo ed mo e posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies a e less asse i e in ejec ing unwan ed sexual con ac . This esul could be associa ed wi h he di e ences ac oss sex ound in hese a iables, indica ing ha , al hough men epo mo e posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies han women, women epo mo e asse i eness o ejec unwan ed sexual ac i i y. This could be an exp ession o adi ional gende oles in which women end o limi hei sexual ac i i ies mo e equen ly (Simon & Gagnon, 2003). Rega ding sexual desi e, ou esul s indica e ha posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies a e co ela ed wi h in e es in sexual ac i i ies, whe he in a ela ionship o alone (i.e., dyadic and soli a y sexual desi e), acco ding o esul s epo ed by San os- Iglesias, Sie a e al. (2013). Acco dingly, Bi nbaum e al. (2019) showed ha sexual an asies in ol ing a pa ne a e associa ed wi h signi i can ly highe le els o sexual desi e in bo h sexes. The di e ences in he magni ude o he co ela ions be ween a i ude owa ds sexual an asies and pa ne - ocused sexual desi e and sexual desi e o an a ac i e pe son a e no ewo hy in bo h men and women; his ac indica es ha he wo dimensions o sexual desi e sugges ed by Moyano e al. (2017) a e ela i ely di e en cons uc s. Also, posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies ha e been associa ed wi h be e sexual unc ioning in bo h sexes. Reg ession models es ed o explain sexual unc ioning indica e ha posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies ha e mo e ele ance han e o ophilia and sexual asse i eness. As expec ed, posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies a e associa ed wi h be e sexual unc ioning. The same esul has al eady been ad anced by Sie a, Vallejo-Medina, e al. (2014) in women, among whom his associa ion was ound o inc ease wi h age. The ele ance o posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies in sexual unc ioning was con i med by he abili y o he HISF sco es o disc imina e be ween indi iduals wi h and wi hou di i cul ies in he di e en dimensions o sexual unc ioning. Men and women wi h di i cul ies in desi e, exci a ion, o gasm, e ec ion, and/o sexual sa is ac ion ha e signi i can ly lowe HISF sco es han indi iduals wi h no mal sexual unc ioning. The s anda d sco es o he Spanish popula ion, di e en ia ed by sex and age ange, show ha posi i e a i udes owa ds sexual an asies dec ease as age inc eases. I also occu s wi h o he impo an dimensions o human sexuali y, such as e o ophilia (Vallejo-Medina, G anados e al., 2014), sexual asse i eness (San os-Iglesias e al., 2014; Vallejo-Medina, Sie a, 2014; Sie a, San os-Iglesias e al., 2012), o subjec i e o gasm expe ience (A cos-Rome o & Sie a, 2019). A possible explana ion could be ela ed o he dys unc ions o some aspec s o sexual unc ioning as age inc eases (Sie a, Vallejo-Medina e al., 2012). As limi a ions, despi e he use o a la ge sample, we used a p obabilis ic quo a sampling ha educes he gene aliza ion o ou esul s o he en i e Spanish popula ion. No e idence o es - e es eliabili y has been p o ided. Also, no con ol scale o he de ec ion o andom o dishones esponses has been used. As conclusions, we could highligh ha his s udy p o ides alidi y e idence o he Spanish e sion o he HISF, which is a eliable, alid, and in a ian scale o e alua e he posi i e a i ude owa ds sexual an asies in people wi h di e en sociodemog aphic cha ac e is ics. Re e ences Ál a ez-Muelas, A., Gómez-Be ocal, C., Vallejo-Medina, P., & Sie a, J. C. (2019). In a iance o Spanish e sion o Sexual Double S anda d Scale ac oss sex, age, and educa ion le el. Psico hema, 31, 465-474. doi:10.7334/psico hema2019.102 A cos-Rome o, A. 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