DEPARTAMENTO DE
ESTADÍSTICA, ESTRUCTURA ECONÓMICA Y O.E.I.
Plaza de la Vic o ia, 2
28802 Alcalá de Hena es (Mad id)
Telé ono: 91 885 42 01
h p://www.uah.es/cen os_depa amen os/depa amen os
Alcamen os
Depa amen o de Es adís ica, Es uc u a y O.E.I.
0801
THE IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON THE
TOURIST PURCHASE DECISION: AN
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Juan Mu o, C is ina Suá ez y Ma ía del Ma
Zamo a
Uni e sidad de Alcalá y Alcamé ica
1
DEPARTAMENTO DE
ESTADÍSTICA, ESTRUCTURA ECONÓMICA Y O.E.I.
Plaza de la Vic o ia, 2
28802 Alcalá de Hena es (Mad id)
Telé onos: 91 885 42 01
h p://www.uah.es/cen os_depa amen os/depa amen os
Alcamen os
Nº: 0801
THE IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON THE
TOURIST PURCHASE DECISION: AN
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Juan Mu o, C is ina Suá ez y Ma ía del Ma
Zamo a
Uni e sidad de Alcalá y Alcamé ica
2
THE IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON THE
TOURIST PURCHASE DECISION: AN EMPIRICAL
ANALYSIS
Juan Mu o
C is ina Suá ez*
Ma ía del Ma Zamo a1
Uni e sidad de Alcalá and Alcamé ica
Janua y, 2007
Abs ac
The de elopmen in he ou is indus y linked wi h he apid g ow h in e-comme ce has pu in
e idence he exis ence o a new cus ome . We empi ically in es iga e he mic oeconomic
de e minan s o he in e ne pu chased ou is goods. We adop a educed o m demand o online
goods model, ex ended o inco po a e possible selec i i y biases s emming om in e ac ions
be ween unobse ed indi idual he e ogenei y associa ed wi h speci ic in e ne use choice. The
model is es ima ed using a e y ich da ase om EGATUR (Encues a de Gas o Tu ís ico), he
Spanish Fo eign Tou is Expendi u e Su ey. The sample allows us o explo e he in luence o
p ice and income ela ed a iables as well as pe sonal cha ac e is ics on in e ne pu chased
goods. P ice and income esul s a e consis en wi h heo y. Unobse ed indi idual he e ogenei y
linked wi h he use o he in e ne is signi ican ly co ela ed o unobse ed indi idual he e ogenei y
ela ed o online pu chases.
Keywo ds: e-Comme ce, Tou ism, Bina y choice model wi h selec i i y
JEL classi ica ion: C25, L83
*Co esponding au o .
Facul ad de Ciencias Económicas y Emp esa iales
Uni e sidad de Alcalá
Plaza de la Vic o ia, 2
28802 Alcalá de Hena es, Mad id (SPAIN)
e-mail: c i[email p o ec ed]
1 We would like o hank pa icipan s a ATMC held in Valencia (2007) o he highly cons uc i e commen s ecei ed.
E o s emain ou sole esponsibili y.
3
THE IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON THE TOURIST PURCHASE
DECISION: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Juan Mu o, C is ina Suá ez and Ma ía del Ma Zamo a
1. In oduc ion
The In e ne phenomenon is changing people’s habi s in de eloped coun ies and many
socio-economic s udies a e cu en ly being de eloped ela ed o his e en , in pa icula wi h he
on-line e ail sales o goods and se ices ( o example OECD (1999)). In gene al, he In e ne
could be deemed as an in o ma ion sys em and also as an elec onic ma ke place, so, hese
cha ac e is ics allow he In e ne o be conside ed as an in e media y be ween buye s and selle s
o exchange in o ma ion abou p ices and p oduc o e ings.
One o he In e ne ma ke s ha has been de eloping owa ds highe le els o sales is he
online a el- ou is ma ke which has inc eased by as much as 34% om 2004 o 2005
(Ma cussen (2006)). This ma ke has special cha ac e is ics o bo h buye s and selle s. One o
he main ea u es o he ou is p oduc is i s in angible na u e when pu chased; i is me ely a
piece o in o ma ion s o ed in a ese a ions sys em, subsequen ly buye s do no equi e sizable
in es men s in o ganiza ional ans o ma ions. These elec onic ma ke sys ems educe he
sea ch cos s ha buye s mus pay o ob ain in o ma ion abou he p ices and p oduc o e ings
a ailable in he ma ke , some au ho s, as Combes and Pa el (1997), desc ibed he cus ome
en i onmen o In e ne -based a el se ices as alloca ion whe e consume s could be compa ed
wi h ease and, also, hey can inqui e abou a ious aspec s o a a el des ina ion wi hou ha ing
o speak o a a el agen o hey can quickly and simply ind he lowes a e anywhe e. In addi ion
4
o hei abili y o educe sea ch cos s, i we ake in o accoun he ac ha he ou is is no mally
no able o y he p oduc un il he momen ag eed, we can d aw he conclusion ha he ou is
p oduc i s pe ec ly wi h he new echnologies.
The use o he In e ne wi h a ou ism pu pose is wo old: i can ac as a p omo ional ool
o i can be used ocusing on i s capaci y o do e- ade. A i s , he p omo ional applica ion was
he eason why he ou is became so in e es ed in he In e ne . The second eason was e-
comme ce, which should be unde s ood as he ese a ions and/o shopping o ou is p oduc s.
Gi en ha he ela i ely new phenomenon o e-comme ce has impo an epe cussions
o ou is a el decisions, he aim o his pape is o analyse he mic oeconomic de e minan s o
he ou is s’ pu chase choices o o eign ou ism a i ing in Spain. The empi ical li e a u e on his
subjec is e y sca ce. I is limi ed o some mainly desc ip i e pape s, o Spain consul , o
example, IBIT (2001), o o o he s on e y speci ic ques ions no ela ed o he subjec o ou ism
consul , o example, Goolsbee (2000) and Alm and Melnik (2005).
The pu pose o he a icle ocuses on he in luence ha e-comme ce is ha ing on he
ou is sec o by assuming ha hey compa e he s ochas ic u ili y o se e al al e na i es and
selec he one ha maximizes hei u ili y. Also, his pape demons a es how access o he
In e ne wi h a ou ism pu pose is impo an in o de o buy online ou is a el p oduc s o
se ices. To do so, we use a p obi model wi h sample selec ion in which he p obabili y o he
ou is e-comme ce choice is condi ional o he access o he In e ne wi h a ou ism pu pose.

5
The model has been es ima ed wi h Spanish da a on o eign ou ism. We u ilize he 2004
wa e o a e y ich da abase coming om EGATUR (Encues a de Gas o Tu ís ico) he Spanish
Fo eign Tou is Expendi u e Su ey. The su ey is a ques ionnai e answe ed by mo e han a six y
housand o eign ou is s isi ing Spain and i eques s in o ma ion on ou is s’ socioeconomic
cha ac e is ics, a ibu es o he ip and o he ele an a iables including he e-comme ce choice.
The Ega u sample does no ha e p oblems o selec ion bias because he da a include all ypes o
ou is s a i ing in Spain and no only hose ha use he In e ne .
The goal in his a icle is o analyze a new phenomenon, he impac o e-comme ce on he
ou is pu chase decision o o eign ou is s isi ing Spain. The nex sec ion e iews a concep ual
amewo k ha explains he ou is s’ choice o comme ce mode in sec ion 2. This is ollowed by a
desc ip ion o he da abase and we also p esen , in sec ion 3, he empi ical esul s and analyse
he main de e minan s o e-comme ce choice. Finally, in he las sec ion, we sum up wi h ou main
conclusions o he impac o e-comme ce on he ou is pu chase decision expe ience in Spain.
2. The Model
Online comme ce p esen s In e ne use s wi h ano he me hod o pu chasing goods.
Almos all goods aded online can also be pu chased in adi ional comme ce. In his espec , he
In e ne p esen s simply ano he enue o pu chasing he same goods, and hence In e ne -
pu chased goods can be conside ed as pe ec subs i u es o some goods pu chased in adi ional
comme ce.
6
We can he e o e s uc u e he consume decision o pu chase goods online in he
ollowing way. Fi s , we assume ha he u ili y unc ion o he ep esen a i e ou is is
U=U(q1, …, qk, z1, …, zn, d1, …, d ),
whe e q=(q1, …, qk) ep esen s he ec o o goods ha can be pu chased p e e ably in adi ional
comme ce, o example es au an meals; z =(z1, …, zn) deno es consume goods ha can be
pu chased in online comme ce and in adi ional comme ce, whe e hey a e pe ec subs i u es, o
example, ho el beds; and inally, d = (d1, …, d ) ep esen s a good ha can be pu chased
p e e ably in online comme ce, o example, low-cos ai lines.
The consume balance will be educed o:
Max U= U(q1, …, qk, z1, …, zn, d1, …, d )
Subjec o:
pq q + pz z + pd d = Y
whe e pq, pz and pd a e he ec o s o p ices, and Y ep esen s he income le el.
In his se ing each ou is is assumed o ha e o choose be ween ou is goods ha can
be pu chased in online comme ce and in adi ional comme ce. Due o he c oss-sec ional na u e
o ou da abase we assume a myopic beha iou . Fo any gi en ou is , de ined by means o
indi idual obse ed cha ac e is ics, his/he u ili y is de i ed om a numbe o obse ed goods
a ibu es and a el ea u es and a se o unobse able ones.
7
The p obabili y ha a ou is i will choose o buy online equals he p obabili y associa ed
wi h a posi i e di e ence in he compa isons be ween he u ili y de i ed om buying online and
he u ili y ela ed o adi ional comme ce. The di e ence be ween he online comme ce and he
adi ional comme ce can be ep esen ed as an unobse ed la en a iable Yi*. So
Yi* = Xi’
β
+ ui, [1]
such ha one obse es only he bina y ou come,
Yi = 1 i Yi*> 0 and
Yi = 0 i Yi*
≤
0.
Howe e , one only obse es Yi o obse a ion i i he ou is has decided o ob ain access
o he In e ne (Ci =1), whe e Ci* ollows
Ci* = Zi’
γ
+
ε
i, [2]
whe e
Ci = 1 i Ci*> 0 and
Ci = 0 i Ci*
≤
0.
8
Xi and Zi a e a iable ec o s o indi idual cha ac e is ics ha can be common o no in bo h
speci ica ions [1] and [2]. ui and
ε
i a e he e o e ms o equa ions [1] and [2], espec i ely,
dis ibu ed as bi a ia e no mal wi h mean ze o, uni a iance, and
ρ
= Co (ui,
ε
i). A e con olling
by obse ables ou model allows o co ela ion be ween unobse ables in equa ions [1] and [2].
As is well known, when
ρ
≠
0, s anda d p obi echniques applied o equa ion [1] yield
biased esul s, and he p obi model wi h sample selec ion p o ides consis en , asymp o ically
e icien es ima es o all he pa ame e s in such models.
3. Empi ical analysis
In his sec ion we p esen he empi ical esul s o he analysis p oposed in he las sec ion
ha can be summa ised wi h he ollowing equa ions: he selec ion equa ion which is ela ed o
in e ne access wi h a ou ism pu pose (equa ion [2]) and he main equa ion which is ela ed o
online comme ce and is only obse ed i in e ne access exis s (equa ion [1]). These equa ions
a e es ima ed simul aneously acco ding o maximum likelihood and he me hod is adap ed om
he a icle by Van de Ven and Van P agg (1981), in which bo h equa ions ha e bina y dependen
a iables.
All speci ica ions inco po a e a g oup o common a iables included in Xi and Zi which a e
ela ed o cha ac e is ics ha can in luence ou is pu chase choices and he possibili y o
unde ake ce ain ac i i ies and hey a e common in bo h decisions (In e ne access e sus no
In e ne access, and online comme ce e sus adi ional comme ce). These a iables a e ela ed
15
I may be assumed ha he cos o sea ching o new al e na i es is gene ally oo high and he
expec ed gains associa ed wi h new al e na i es oo unce ain. I we analyse ou is s wi h en o
mo e isi s o Spain, we can obse e ha hey p e e o use e-comme ce wi h a ma ginal e ec o
8.1% on he p obabili y o buying online.
Also e idenced in Table 2 is he ac ha he use o a low cos ai line o come o Spain
inc eases he p obabili y o e-comme ce. This is one o he mos impo an cha ac e is ics o his
ype o company, which p e e s di ec access o a consume only h ough call cen es and he
In e ne and also i is impo an o ema k ha he ype o se ice mos demanded in he online
ma ke is ai a el wi h 56% o he demand.
The sho e he leng h o he s ay he g ea e he p obabili y o buying online, wi h
posi i e means ma ginal e ec s anging om 8.8% (be ween 1 and 3 days) o 5.3% (be ween 4
and 7 days).
4. Conclusions
The impac o he In e ne in ac i i ies ela ed o ou ism has seen a signi ican g ow h in
he las yea s. Gi en ha online comme ce has impo an epe cussions o ou is decisions, he
aim o his pape is o analyse he mic oeconomic de e minan s o he ou is s’ e-comme ce
choices o o eign ou ism a i ing o Spain in 2004.

16
The econome ic analysis employed o ob ain hese esul s used a p obi model wi h
sample selec ion. This model is necessa y o he aim o con olling e-comme ce e ec s o he
likelihood o In e ne use. We came o his conclusion showing he s a is ical signi icance o he
co ela ion coe icien . Using a p obi model wi h sample selec ion we ha e es ima ed he
p obabili y o e-comme ce choice, o he ou is s ha use In e ne wi h a ou ism pu pose, as
opposi e o buying ou is p oduc s using adi ional comme ce.
Ou esul s allow us o de ine cha ac e is ics in luencing e-comme ce. In gene al, he
esul s show ha ou is use s o online shopping mee he ollowing equi emen s. Younge
people a e mo e likely o buy ia in e ne , ou is s who come o Spain looking o elax o o beach
and sun (leisu e ou is s) p e e o pu chase he ou is p oduc online, ou is s wi hou package
holidays and who a el by low cos companies ha e mo e p obabili y o buying online han
ou is s planning he a el wi h package holidays o a el by ai , in a ull se ice ai line, o by
oad. Fu he mo e, geog aphical cha ac e is ics show ha ou is coming om Uni ed Kingdom
and going o he beach in Communi y o Valencia ha e he g ea es p obabili y o using In e ne
o looking up in o ma ion and also o buying online.
5. Re e ences
Alm, J. and M. I. Melnik (2005) Sales Taxes and he Decision o Pu chase Online, Public Finance
Re iew, 33(2), 184-212.
Combes, G.C. and J.J. Pa el (1997) C ea ing li elong cus ome ela ion-ships: why he ace o
cus ome acquisi ion on he In e ne is so s a egically impo an , Iwo d, 2(4), Hamb ech
& Quis .
17
Goolsbee, A. (2000) In a Wo ld wi hou Bo de s: The Impac o Taxes on In e ne Comme ce,
Qua e ly Jou nal o Economics, 115(2), 561-76.
IBIT (2001) S udy on Elec onic comme ce in he alue chain o he ou ism sec o .
Ma cussen, C.H. (2006) T ends in Eu opean In e ne dis ibu ion o a el and ou ism se ices,
h p://www.c .dk/uk/s a /chm/ ends.h m.
OECD (1999) The economic and social impac o elec onic comme ce. P elimina y indings and
esea ch agenda.
Van de Ven, W. P. M. M. and B. M. S. Van P agg (1981) The Demand o Deduc ibles in P i a e
Heal h Insu ance: A P obi Model wi h Sample Selec ion, Jou nal o Econome ics, 17,
229-252.
18
Figu e 1: Pe cen age o Tou is wi h In e ne Access and Online Shopping
39.96% 24.50%
60.04%
15.46%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
In e ne Access Online Shopping
Yes No
Sou ce: EGATUR and own elabo a ion.
19
Table 1: Pe cen age o e-comme ce by ou is ’ cha ac e is ics, ip a ibu es and o he con ol a iables
Tou is s’ cha ac e is ics To al
ou is s In e ne
access T ip a ibu es To al
ou is s In e ne
access
Age
Size o a el g oup
<= 24 yea s 36.19% 23.91% Alone 39.53% 38.32%
24 < age <= 44 29.69% 23.59% Couple 29.64% 30.90%
44 < age <=64 21.60% 24.75% Mo e han wo 30.83% 30.78%
>= 65 yea s 12.52% 27.76% Tou is main des ina ion
Pu pose o he ip Res o Spain 13.43% 13.18%
Wo k and Business 22.74% 30.66% Andalusia 12.06% 16.25%
Sun and beach (o elax) 32.39% 30.17% Balea ic Island 16.44% 16.70%
O he mo i es 44.87% 39.17% Cana y Island 8.16% 7.76%
Age & Pu pose o he ip Ca alonia 15.88% 14.64%
<= 24 yea s & Sun and beach (o elax) 32.56% 22.59% Communi y o Valencia 22.46% 18.31%
24 < age <= 44 & Sun and beach 31.35% 23.18% Mad id 11.57% 13.16%
44 < age <=64 & Sun and beach 23.16% 25.51% Leng h o s ay
>= 65 yea s & Sun and beach 12.93% 28.71% 1 < days < 3 28.94% 35.46%
4 < days < 7 37.96% 32.71%
<= 24 yea s & Wo k and Business 38.19% 26.15% >= 8 days 33.10% 31.83%
24 < age <= 44 & Wo k and Business 23.68% 23.91% Type o accomoda ion
44 < age <=64 & Wo k and Business 20.32% 25.21% O he ype o accomoda ion 33.50% 33.27%
>= 65 yea s & Wo k and Business 17.81% 24.72% F ee accomoda ion 41.62% 40.43%
Tou ism eso 24.88% 26.30%
<= 24 yea s & O he mo i es 37.61% 23.57% Type o a el
24 < age <= 44 & O he mo i es 33.53% 25.56% Full Se ice Ai line 26.01% 31.09%
44 < age <=64 & O he mo i es 18.78% 24.19% Low Cos Company 67.26% 51.64%
>= 65 yea s & O he mo i es 10.07% 26.68% Road 6.73% 17.28%
Le el o educa ion
O he con ol a iables
Basic educa ion 20.62% 27.16% Seasonali y
Medium educa ion 35.00% 35.99% Fi s Qua e 24.20% 26.16%
Uni e si y educa ion 44.38% 36.85% Second Qua e 24.57% 24.63%
Coun y o esidence Thi d Qua e 23.90% 23.67%
F ance 6.84% 13.40% Fou h Qua e 27.33% 25.54%
Ge many 14.29% 14.58%
Numbe o isi s
Uni ed Kingdom 24.09% 20.90% Numbe o isi s >=10 47.58% 55.55%
I aly 17.98% 17.44% Numbe o isi s < 10 52.42% 44.45%
Ne he lands 21.69% 18.30%
Res o he Wo ld 15.11% 15.38%
Le el o income
High 30.07% 31.01%
Médium 32.81% 31.99%
Low 37.12% 36.99%
O ganiza ion o he ip
wi hou package ou 70.19% 66.49%
wi h package ou 29.81% 33.51%
20
Table 2: Es ima ion o he p obi model wi h sample selec ion
E-comme ce Coe . S d. E . In e ne access Coe . S d. E .
Age & Pu pose o he ipe
Age
<= 24 yea s & Sun and beach (o elax) 0.1994 (0.048) *** <= 24 yea s 1,1751 (0.029)
24 < age <= 44 & Sun and beach 0.1427 (0.033) *** 24 < age <= 44 0.9609 (0.024) ***
44 < age <=64 & Sun and beach 0.0984 (0.035) *** 44 < age <=64 0.5836 (0.024) ***
<= 24 yea s & Wo k and Business ela ions -0.2038 (0.125) Le el o educa ion
24 < age <= 44 & Wo k and Business ela . -0.5062 (0.045) *** Basic educa ion -0.3718 (0.020) ***
44 < age <=64 & Wo k and Business ela . -0.4441 (0.073) *** Medium-High educa ion -0.2868 (0.013) ***
Le el o educa ion
Coun y o esidence
Basic educa ion -0.2641 (0.042) *** F ance -0.8092 (0.030) ***
Medium educa ion -0.0646 (0.026) ** Ge many -0.1312 (0.027) ***
Coun y o esidence Uni ed Kingdom 0.0945 (0.026) ***
F ance -0.2326 (0.063) *** I aly -0.2623 (0.034) ***
Ge many 0.0186 (0.042) Res o he wo ld -0.2643 (0.027) ***
Uni ed Kingdom 0.2602 (0.040) *** Le el o income
I aly -0.1976 (0.052) *** High 0.2142 (0.052) ***
Res o he wo ld -0.2270 (0.042) *** Medium 0.1591 (0.050) ***
Le el o income
O ganiza ion wi h package ou -0.6599 (0.019) ***
High -0.1021 (0.099)
Pu spose o he ip
Medium -0.0959 (0.097) Wo k and Business ela ions -0.5606 (0.024) ***
O ganiza ion wi h package ou -0.7892 (0.039) *** Sun and beach 0.0761 (0.018) ***
Type o a el
Size o a el g oup <=3 0.0998 (0.015) ***
Full Se ice Ai line 1.0015 (0.040) *** Tou is main des ina ion
Low Cos Company 1.7268 (0.046) *** Res o Spain 0.1120 (0.025) ***
Size o a el g oup Andalusia -0.4450 (0.025) ***
Alone 0.0671 (0.032) * Cana y Island 0.1409 (0.018) ***
Couple 0.0185 (0.025) Ca alonia 0.0959 (0.022) ***
Tou is main des ina ion Communi y o Valencia 0.1966 (0.024) ***
Res o Spain -0.2219 (0.042) *** Mad id -0.1903 (0.030) ***
Andalusia -0.2107 (0.051) *** Leng h o s ay
Cana y Island -0.6237 (0.036) *** 1 < days < 3 -0.1862 (0.019) ***
Ca alonia -0.0710 (0.037) * 4 < days < 7 0.0610 (0.013) ***
Communi y o Valencia 0.1940 (0.042) *** Type o accomoda ion
Mad id -0.3672 (0.048) *** F ee accomoda ion -0.1250 (0.017) ***
Leng h o s ay
Seasonali y
1 < days < 3 0.1806 (0.034) *** Second Qua e 0.0696 (0.017) ***
4 < days < 7 0.1411 (0.021) *** Thi d Qua e 0.0129 (0.016)
Type o accomoda ion Fou h Qua e 0.1613 (0.017) ***
F ee accomoda ion -0.0124 (0.041) Numbe o isi s >=10 -0.1709 (0.013) ***
Tou ism eso -0.1227 (0.039) *** Cons an -0.6922 (0.069) ***
Seasonali y
Second Qua e -0.0833 (0.030) *** ho 0.2411 (0.077) ***
Thi d Qua e -0.1356 (0.029) *** Log pseudolikelihood -477860.49
Fou h Qua e -0.0557 (0.030) * Numbe o obs. 60011
Numbe o isi s>=10 0.1661 (0.026) *** Censo ed obs. 36031
Cons an -0.4411 (0.131) *** Uncenso ed obs. 23980
aIndi idual e e ence: mo e han 64 yea s old, o he mo i es o a el, Uni e si y educa ion, Ne he lands, low le el o income, wi hou package ou ,
a el by oad, size o a el g oup o e wo, Balea ic Island, leng h o s ay o e 8 days, o he ype o accommoda ion, i s qua e , less han en isi s.
***Le el o signi icance 1%, **le el o signi icance, 5%, *le el o signi icance 10%.

21
Table 3: Ma ginal e ec s and pseudo-elas ici ies o he p obi model wi h sample selec ion
Ma ginal E ec s Pseudo elas ici y
Use In e ne o booking Di ec e ec s Indi ec e ec s To al Di ec e ec s Indi ec e ec s To al
Age & Pu pose o he ipe
<= 24 yea s & Sun and beach (o elax) 0.0749 0.075 22.7% 22.7%
24 < age <= 44 & Sun and beach 0.0531 0.053 16.1% 16.1%
44 < age <=64 & Sun and beach 0.0363 0.036 11.0% 11.0%
<= 24 yea s & Wo k and Business ela ions -0.0701 -0.070 -21.3% -21.3%
24<age<= 44 & Wo k and Business
ela ions -0.1578 -0.158 -47.9% -47.9%
44<age<=64 & Wo k and Business
ela ions -0.1415 -0.142 -42.9% -42.9%
Le el o educa ion
Basic educa ion -0.0892 0.0123 -0.077 -27.1% 10.5% -16.6%
Medium educa ion -0.0230 0.0187 -0.023 -7.0% 16.0% 9.0%
Coun y o esidence
F ance -0.0793 0.0492 -0.030 -24.1% 42.1% 18.0%
Ge many 0.0067 0.0107 0.017 2.0% 9.1% 11.2%
Uni ed Kingdom 0.0986 0.0002 0.099 29.9% 0.2% 30.1%
I aly -0.0681 0.0088 -0.059 -20.7% 7.5% -13.1%
Res o he wo ld -0.0775 0.0070 -0.071 -23.5% 6.0% -17.6%
Le el o income
High -0.0361 -0.0199 -0.056 -10.9% -17.1% -28.0%
Medium -0.0339 -0.0158 -0.050 -10.3% -13.6% -23.8%
O ganiza ion wi h package ou -0.2203 -0.0181 -0.238 -66.8% -15.5% -82.3%
Type o a el
Full Se ice Ai line 0.3828 0.383 116.2% 116.2%
Low Cos Company 0.5712 0.571 173.3% 173.3%
Size o a el g oup
Alone 0.0246 0.025 7.5% 7.5%
Couple 0.0067 0.007 2.0% 2.0%
Tou is main des ina ion
Res o Spain -0.0759 -0.0194 -0.095 -23.0% -16.6% -39.6%
Andalusia -0.0723 0.0218 -0.050 -21.9% 18.7% -3.3%
Cana y Island -0.1861 -0.0479 -0.234 -56.5% -41.0% -97.5%
Ca alonia -0.0253 -0.0102 -0.035 -7.7% -8.7% -16.4%
Communi y o Valencia 0.0728 -0.0083 0.065 22.1% -7.1% 15.0%
Mad id -0.1201 -0.0087 -0.129 -36.4% -7.4% -43.8%
Leng h o s ay
1 < days < 3 0.0676 0.0200 0.088 20.5% 17.2% 37.7%
4 < days < 7 0.0525 0.0004 0.053 15.9% 0.3% 16.2%
Type o accomoda ion
F ee accomoda ion -0.0045 -0.004 -1.4% -1.4%
Tou ism eso -0.0431 -0.043 -13.1% -13.1%
Seasonali y
Second Qua e -0.0296 -0.0089 -0.038 -9.0% -7.6% -16.6%
Thi d Qua e -0.0475 -0.0076 -0.055 -14.4% -6.5% -20.9%
Fou h Qua e -0.0199 -0.0141 -0.034 -6.0% -12.1% -18.1%
Numbe o isi s>=10 0.0621 0.0185 0.081 18.8% 15.9% 34.7%
22
Appendix
Tou is s’ cha ac e is ics:
Age: The socio-demog aphic cha ac e is ics ha e been de ined including in o ma ion ela ed o
he age o he ou is . We ha e es ablished ou ca ego ies: Unde 24, be ween 24 and 44,
be ween 45 and 64 and o e 64.
Le el o Educa ion: The educa ional le el has been es ablished in h ee di e en ca ego ies:
Basic, Seconda y and Uni e si y Educa ion.
Coun y o esidence: We ha e conside ed six di e en o igins: F ance, Ge many, Uni ed
Kingdom, I aly, Ne he lands and he es o he wo ld.
Le el o income: This a iable conside s di e en income le els which a e placed in o he
ollowing ca ego ies: High income le el, Medium income le el, and Low income le el.
Pu pose o he ip: These a iables iden i y ou is s whose p incipal mo i es o he Spain isi is
Wo k and Business ela ions, Sun and Beach and o he mo i es.
O ganiza ion o he ip: This a iable ecognizes i he ou is s ha e isi ed Spain wi h a package
ou o no .
T ip a ibu es:
Size o a el g oup: Wi h his a iable we iden i y i he ou is a els Alone, as a Couple o in a
G oup o mo e han wo pe sons.
Tou is main des ina ion: In o de o collec he main ou ism des ina ions in Spain we ha e
de ined se en dummy a iables: Andalusia, Cana y Islands, Balea ic Island, Ca alonia,
Communi y o Valencia, Mad id and o he des ina ions, espec i ely.
Leng h o s ay: In o de o iden i y he ou is ’s ideli y, we ha e conside ed he ca ego ies: Mo e
han once in a yea , Once in a yea and Less han once a yea o e e he numbe o imes ha
he ou is s isi Spain in one yea .
Type o accommoda ion: We use h ee di e en ca ego ies: Tou ism eso , F ee accommoda ion
and o he ype o accommoda ion.
Type o a el: We use h ee di e en ca ego ies: Full Se ice Ai line, Low Cos Company and
Road.
O he con ol a iables:
Seasonali y: hese a iables iden i y he qua e du ing which he ip is made.
Numbe o isi s: In o de o iden i y he ou is ’s ideli y, we ha e conside ed he ca ego ies: Mo e
han en and Less han en o e e he numbe o imes ha he ou is s isi Spain in one yea .
23
Relación de í ulos publicados en la colección ALCAMENTOS.
Nº Au o /es Tí ulo
0801 Juan Mu o
C is ina Suá ez
Ma ia del Ma Zamo a
The impac o e-comme ce on he ou is
pu chase decision: An empi ical mic o analysis