An h opological iden i ica ion and
paleopa hological s udy o a skele on,
p obably pe aining o he Roman doc o
om he
I-II
cen u y b.C., Tibe ius
Claudius Apollina is (Ta agona, Spain)
DOMINGO CAMPILLO
(")
FRANCESC TARRATS
(""')
SUMMARY
Aim o he s udy. His oncal new. S udy o he indi idual in omb n.O
2
a «Roben d'Agui-
lo» s ee (Ta agona). An h opological s udy. An h opological summa y. Pa hology s udy.
Pa hologic conclusions. Compa a i e s udy be ween he c anium and he head o he bus . Si-
mila s udies. Bibliog aphy.
I
RESUMEN
Hemos ealizado el es udio an opológico de un esquele o p oceden e de una umba o-
mana del siglo I-II a.c., con la inalidad de cons a a si la mo ología del c áneo se co espon-
día con la de un bus o in imamen e elacionado con su umba, que po una se ie de ci cuns-
ancias a queológicas, pa ecía co esponde a un médico de época omana.
Depués del es udio an opomé ico, c aneog á ico y pa ológico, llegamos a la conclusión
de que los es os exhumados e an compa ibles con la mo ologia del bus o, con lo que se ea-
i ma el c i e io a queológico de que p obablemen e, se a a del médico a aconense Tibe-
ius Claudius Apollina is..
-
Fecha de acep ación:
15
de mayo de
1991.
(*)
P o esso o he Au onomic Uni e si y o Ba celona and Head o he Labo a o y o Pa-
leoan h opology and Paleopa hology o he A cheological Museum o Ba celona.
(*')
Di ec o o he Na ional A cheological Museum o Ta agona.
DYNAMIS
Ac a Hispanica ad Medicinae S~ien ia u nque His o iam Illus andam.
Vol.
'1 1, 1991,
pp.
387-41.4.
ISSN:
021 1-9536
388
DOMINGO CAMPILLO
y
FRANCESC TARRATS
AIM
OF
THE
STUDY
In iew o he a cheolgical indings and o some skele al emains which
appea ed o be co ela ed be ween each o he , some doub s a ose as o
whe he he bus co esponded o he indi idual men ioned on he une al
pla e and o he skele on deposi ed inside he sa cophagus. Wi h he aim o
a emp ing o cla i y his p oblem, we p oposed an an h opological s udy o
he skele on, wi h he aim o e i ying whe he he c aneal mo phology and
he indi iduals's cons i u ion we e compa ible wi h he mo phological cha-
ac e is ics o he pe son ep esen ed in he bus . Ou s udy has been com-
ple ed wi h he paleopa hological in es iga ion which could also ha e had a
ce ain in luence on he indi idual's physical aspec .
In iew o he esul s ob ained, we conside i o in e es o p esen ou
s udy, as he e a e ew simila paleopa hological pape s in he li e a u e.
HISTORICAL NEWS
In 17 13, Iosep Boy, an enginee om he ci y o Ta agona, Spain, eco-
e ed a une al insc ip ion dedica ed o Tib(e ius) Cl(audius) Apollina is
a is medicin(a)e doc iss(imus). This g a es one was loca ed by he au ho o
his compila ion se in o one o he walls o he ci y ecinc , ai hough i no
longe exis s, cons i u ing he i s his o ical es imony o he p ac ice o me-
dical science in Ta agona. La e , he a cheological exca a ions which ha e
been ca ied ou in he ancien ci y o Ta aco, especially since he middle o
he XIX cen u y ha e led o he ecupe a ion o se e al b onze ins umen s
ela ed wi h he said p o ession. Bu he insc ip ion is s ill he only pe sona-
lised sou ce o in o ma ion in ela ion o his ac i i y.
The si e a which Boy loca ed he insc ip ion clea ly indica es ha he
piece was anspo ed o be eused as cons uc ion ma e ial in he e o ms
which we e in oduced in o he walled ecinc and which came om a ne-
c opolis o he oman ci y, almos wi hou doub close o he poin a which
he g a es one was eused.
Thanks o he pic u e and o he desc ipion ha he enginee Boy lega-
ed he ch onology o he piece has been de e mined ai ly p ecisely. Gkza
Al oldy si ua es i a ound he I o I1 cen u y b.C. I co esponds o a une al
insc ip ion belonging o he High Empi e. P esen -day knowledge o he
oman ci y o Ta aco leads us o deduce ha his g a es one could only
Iden i ica ion o
a
skele on
389
ha e been ex ac ed om he nec opolis exis ing nea he old Via Augus a,
ela i ely close o he sec ion o wall whe e we belie e i was la e e-used ac-
co ding o he da a p o ided by Boy.
In he yea 1978, du ing a se ies o eme gency a cheological exca a ions
pe o med in his sec o o he nec opolis, as a consequence o he Robe
D'Aguiló S ee u baniza ion, amongs o he emains a s onc sa cophagus
con aining human emains accompanied by a ich a ay o associa ed une al
objec s composed o : 16 glass oin men lasks, 1 small glass bo le, 1 bone
box, 1 la ened ma ble s one (((co icula))), 1 b onze needle,
1
b onze qua-
d angula shaped mi o , emains o a bone comb, b onze amewo ks and
o he elemen s o he same me al we e ound, possibly belonging o a woo-
den box, 1 b onze coin (dupondi) om he Ta aco mi i , an issue om he
e a o Tibe io.
Some o he elemen s o he complex une al objec s (bone box, co icula
and he b onze needle especially) appea o be ela ed wi h a pe son linked
o he p ac ice o medicine.
Closed o he in e men a ma ble une al bus was encoun e ed, ep e-
sen ing a pe son wi h a bea d, da ed o he second hal o he
1
cen u y b.C.
( ig.
5
and 6).
The da a e ealed lead us o a emp o es ablish he ihypo hesis o a pos-
sible connec ion be ween he h ee a cheological se ings jus p esen ed: Ins-
c ip ion compiled by Boy, bony emains and une al objec s con ained wi hin
he sa cophagus, and las ly, he une al bus .
Topog aphically no con adic ions exis . Chonologi~cally a coincidence
exis s be ween he da es a ibu ed o he une al bus and o he insc ip ion.
Wi h ega d o he associa ed une al objec s he only componen which
could be ou o place is he coin, da ed wi hou any doub in he e a o Tibe-
io. In ou opinion, i s p esence in he in e men implieis no p oblems as i
was p obably conside ed a coin o p es ige om a collec ion no longe in
ci cula ion, which does no impede one gi ing he in e nen a la e ch ono-
logy.
STUDY
OF
THE INDIVIDUAL IN TOMB N .2 AT ((ROBERT D'AGUILO))
STREET (TARRAGONA)
An almos comple e, ai ly well p ese ed skele on was encoun e ed wi h
a conse a ion index o 59, in which almos al1 he boneis o he hands and
390
DOMINGO CAMPILLO
y
FRANCESC
TARRATS
ee we e missing. The ibs ha e se e al ac u es incu ed pos humously
and some epiphyses a e sligh ly damaged.
The whole skele on is g ey colu ed a ibu able o he ea h in which i
was deposi ed which le a hin laye o conc e ions.
Al hough he numbe o p ese ed bones is e y impo an , he bony
s uc u e was weak due o aphonomic p ocesses. In o de o a ou p ese -
a ion we p oceeded o subme ge he bones in a
10%
solu ion o ((Pa aloid))
in
oluene. The c anium, in he igh pa ie o empo al egion p esen ed a
pos humous ac u e wi h loss o some agmen s o bone, as well as o he
small a eas which we e de e io a ed and equi ed es o a ion wi h ((polies-
e » ca ied ou by M . Jaume Mayas and assis an s.
An h opological s udy
(Acco ding o Ma in's and Salle 's echnique)
CRANIUM
The comple e c anium is in a ai ly good s a e o p ese a ion, wi h an
in e io agmen o he igh pa ie al bone missing, wich includes he p e i-
goid egion o he occipi al and empo al bones wi h he mas oid p occess
o
he same side. The le condyle o he mandible is missing as well as al1 he
ee h, al hough some we e los du ing he indi idual's li e ime.
ANTHROPOMETRY
Neu oc anium
Thickness o he pa ie al bones o he p o ube ances
.....................................
Maximum leng h
...............................................................................................
Maximum wid h
.................................................................................................
.........................................................................
Leng h o base o he c anium
Minimum on al wid h
....................................................................................
.............................................................................
Basila heigh (Basio-B egma)
.....................................................................
Au icula heigh (Po ion-B egma)
Maximum ho izon al ci cun e ence
...................................................................
Iden i ica ion o a skele on
391
T ans e se a ch (Po ion-B egma-Po ion)
............................................................
Sagi al a ch
........................................................................................................
F on al sagi al a ch
............................................................................................
Pa ie al sagi al a ch
.........................................................................................
Occipi al sagi al a ch
......................................................................................
Sagi al a ch o he squamous occipi al
.........................................................
F on al sagi al cho d
......................................................................................
Pa ie al sagi al cho d
......................................................................................
Occipi al sagi al cho d
....................................................................................
Sagi al cho d o he squamous occipi al
.......................................................
C anial capaci y
...................................................................................................
Splanchnoc anium
Leng h o he ace
...........................................
;
...............................................
Bizygoma ic wid h
............................................................................................
To al heigh o he ace
..................................................................................
Heigh o he supe io ace
............................................................................
....................................................................................................
O bi al wid h
...................................................................................................
O bi al heigh
In e o bi al wid h
.............................................................................................
Bio bi al wid h
.................................................................................................
Nasal wid h
......................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
Nasal heigh
Maxiloal eola leng h
.......................................................................................
Maxiloal eola wid h
........................................................................................
Leng o he pala e
..........................................................................................
Wid h o he pala e
.........................................................................................
315
mm
371
mm
121
mm
135
mm
115
nm
65
mm
114
mm
118
mm
96
mm
'
62
mm
1.521
cc
94
mm?
137
mm
1
18
mm??
74
mm
41
mm
38
mm
19
mm
91
mm
24
mm
35
mm?
54
mm??
69
mm
46
mm
39
mm
Mandible
Bicondyla wid h
..............................................................................................
128
mm
Bigonid wid h
...................................................................................................
107
mm
To al leng h o he mandible
.........................................................................
106
mm
Heigh o he amus o he mandible
...........................................................
67
mm
Wid h o he mandibula amus
....................................................................
32
nm
C anial indices
Cephalic
...................
..
.....................................................................................
83.33
Basila heig hlleng h
.........................................................................................
73.33
..........................................................................................
Basila heig hlwid h
8 8 .O0
.....................................................
Mean basila heig hlleng h-wid b hal -sum
80.00
Au icula heig hlleng h
.....................................................................................
6 1.66

392
DOMINGO CAMPILLO
y
FRANCESC TARRATS
......................................................................................
Au icula heighdwid h
Mean au icula heighdleng h-wid h hal -sum
.................................................
To al acial
........................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
Supe io acial
T ans e se c aneo- acial
....................................................................................
T ans e se on al
.............................................................................................
...................................................................................................
F on o-pa ie al
O bi
al
...............................................................................................................
Nasal
..................................................................................................................
Flowe 's gna hic index
.....................................................................................
Mandibula
........................................................................................................
DESCRIPTIVE FEATURES (Fig.
1
and 2)
The p ominences o muscle inse ions a e mode a e, e en hough pos hu-
mous de e io a ion and wea he ing make hei e alua ion di icul . Synos o-
sis is o al in he endoc anium, whils in he exoc anium al1 he su u es we e
ee, excep sec o s S3 and S4 o he in e pa ie al su u e. The deg ee o com-
plexi y he su u es is a e age.
Seen om he supe io iew, he c anial ou line is sphe oid acco ding o
Se gi's classi ica ion, wi h no e y p ominen on al
and
pa ie al p o ube-
ances. Mode a e phenozygia (in Figu e n.O 2, in he pho og aphic c aneo-
g ammes he phenozygia disappea due o pho og aphic dis o sion) wi h
g acile zygoma ic a ches.
The la e al iew shows a ounded c anium om jus a e sec o M2 o
he on al bone, wi h he glabella and he sup acilia y a ches co esponding
o ypes IV and B oca's g ade
((2))
ex e nal occipi al p o ube ance. The ace is
almos la wi h he nasal bones p o uding. The nasal spine is no e y p o-
minen . The P e ion is
«H»
shaped, Ma in's «e» ype. The mas oid p ocess
is la ge and obus .
F om he on , he o ehead is na ow (index, 65.33) wi h no e y ma -
ked p o ube ances and he ace has an a e age wid h (index 86.13) wi h qua-
d angula o bi s wi h ounded angles. The nasal ossa is pi i o m in shape
wi h a mode a e p enasal es ibule, he nasal bones ha ing a Ma in's ype
((1
»
mo phology. Glabella me opism. Robus cheekbones wi h a deep De
Villie s ype ((3)) canine ossa. The p o ube ance a he oo s o he ee h is
e y mode a e.
Iden i ica ion o a skele on
393
The pos e io iew snows a dome-shaped o m
wi h
a ounded supe io
ou line. De e io a ion makes assessmen o he nape lines di icul bu hey
appea o ha e had mode a e p ominences. The p esence o h ee small su-
pe nume a y bones was obse ed in he lambdoid hemisu u e.
The in e io aspec shows a
«U»
shaped den al a cada wi h a shallow la -
ened pala e. The o amen magnum is almos ci cula wi h middle sized
condyles. The glenoid ca i ies a e deep and na ow.
The mandibule is ai ly obus , wi h a no so p ominen chin (Fig.
3)
bu
wi h a well ma ked men onian p o ube ance. The men al o amen a e si ua-
ed e ical o P2 a a hal heigh . The spina musculi genio hyoidei a e ep e-
sen a ed by wo ai ly p ominen supe io ube cles and ano he in e io one
be ween hem. The amus a e wide wi h a wide and na ow igh condyle
( he only p ese ed) wi h he supe io edge angled. The incisu a mandibulae
is no e y deed and he co onoid p ocess is wide and no oo poin ed wi h
he ip in a sligh ly backwa d di ec ion. Spix's ossicle is small wi h a la ge
den al o amen.
DENTAL STUDY (by D . Edua d Chimenos)
No one oo h has been p ese ed. Reabso ion o al eoli 17,
18,
26, 27,
35, 36, 37, 45 and 46 has occu ed.
Maxilla ee h
Appa en la ening o he al eola ma gin (pala ine dep h
9
mm), we
suspec ha his was caused by a loss o bony suppo due o pe iodon i is,
possibly po en ia ed by ca ies. To he es ibula wall co esponding o n . 15
he indi idual had p obably unde gone an in ec ious diso de which d ai-
ned o he ex e io and des oyed he al eola wall. Tee' h 17 and
18
we e al-
mos ce ainly los an emo em as he al eola bone seems o ha e pa ially
emodelled, wi h elimina ion o he co esponding al eola spaces.
Mandible
The appea ance o he egion o he an e io al eola p ocess, be ween
he wo i s in e io p emola ee h, lead one o belie e ha al1 hese pieces
394
DOMINGO CAMPILLO
y
FRANCESC
TARRATS
emained
in
si u
un il he indi idual's dea h, e en hough hey mus ha e
been a ec ed by a mode a e pe iodon al disease (pe iodon i is) wi h a sligh
loss o bony suppo .
On he igh side, ee h
45
and
46
we e p obably los long be o e dea h,
he al eola bone ha ing comple ely egene a ed. On he le , ee h 35,
36
and 37 we e los an emo em, he al eola bone also comple ely egene a-
ing.
POSTCRANIAL SKELETON
No ema kable ea u es o an an h opological na u e can be desc ibed in
he pos c anial skele on, as he al e a ions obse ed a e anomalies and pa -
hological al e a ions wich will be s udied la e . The s udy is comple ed
by
an h opological da a.
ANTHROPOMETRY AND INDICES
Scapula Righi
L.
................
Heigh
...................................................................................
160 160
mm.??
Wid h
....................................................................................
113
................
117mm.
Glenoid heigh
......................................................................
41?
................
40
mm.?
................
Glenoidwid h
.......................................................................
32
mm.
Scapula index
......................................................................
70.62
................
75.12
Ulna
An e o-pos e io dian~e e
.............................................
26
................
26
mm.
................
T ans e se diame e
.............................................................
20
mm.
................
Maximum leng h
.....................
..
.........................................
-
255
mm.
Physiological leng h
..............................................................
-
................
236
mm.
Radius
Sub-occipi al ci cun e ence
..................................................
45
................
45
mm.
.....................
Maximum ans e se diame e
16
................
16
mm.
Minimum ans e se diame e
.........................................
14
................
13
mm.
Maximum heigh
..................................................................
220
................
220
mm.?
.............................................................................
Hip wid h
190?
................
mm.
Iliac wid h
............................................................................
168?
................
168
mm.??
Ilium heigh
.........................................................................
141
................
141
mm.?
Iden i ica ion o
a
skele on
395
Hip
join
Righ
b!
................
Leng h o he Ischium
.........................................................
88 90
mm.?
................
Leng h o he pubis
.............................................................
73 81
mm.??
................
Co ylo-scia ic wid h
..............................................................
40 38
mm.
Iliac wid h index
..................................................................
1
14.18
................
-
................
Schul z ischio-pubic index
..............................................
9
1.25
-
Physiological leng h
..............................................................
Maximum leng h
..................................................................
T ochan e leng h
.................................................................
T ans e se diame e midway up he epiphisys
..................
An e o-pos e io diame e midway up he epiphysis
.........
Wid h o he in e io epiphysis
...........................................
Sub ochan e iam ans e se diame e
.................................
..................................................
Tibiol emo al c u al index
4,34
................
mm.
................
438
mm.
................
421 421
mm.
................
30 30
mm.
................
31
31
mm.
................
135
81
mm.?
................
30 31
mm.
13
7.55
................
-
Tibia
................
To al leng h
.........................................................................
38O? 380
mm.
................
Supe io epiph~seal wid h
..................................................
74 76
mm.
................
T ans e se diame e
.............................................................
24
25
mm.
................
An e o-pos e io diame e
....................................................
410
38
mm.
An h opological summa y
DETERMINATION OF
AGE
Al hough consolida ion o he c anial su u es is no oo ad anced consi-
de ing he ma ked os eo-a h i ic al e a ions encoun e ed which in pa
could be ela ed o his auma ic lesions, in ou opinion he indi idual was
an adul p obably ma u e in age. The p esence o he hy oid ca ilage in an
ad anced s age o calci ica ion suppo s ou opinion.
DETERMINATION OF §EX
In
he c anium, he sup acilia y a chs and he obiis ness o he mas oid
p ocesses a ou he male sex, a c i e ion wihch is suppo ed by he
60.O
subpubic angle, Schul z' ischio pubic index
(91.25)
and he wid h o he in-
e io epiphysis o he igh emu
(85 mm).
402 DOMINGO CAMPILLO
y
FRANCESC TARRATS
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE CRANIUM AND THE HEAD OF
THE BUST
In ou pape we ha e a emp ed o make a ca e ul compa a i e s udy
be ween he c anium o he indi idual ound in « omb n .
2))
o Robe d'A-
guiló S ee and he head o he «bus o an unknown indi idual)) which one
supposes ep esen s he indi idual in he exhuma ed skele on (Figs.
5
and
6).
Technique employed
We conside ed ha he s udy was o be based on a co ela ion be ween
he c anial measu emen s and hose o he head o he bus (an h opome ic
s udy), p oceeding also o a mo phological compa ison be ween he c aneo-
g a nmes wi h hei di e en s iews (Fig.
1
and
2)
and he pho og aphs o
he head o he bus in an h opome ic p ojec ions, ollowing F ank u 's sa-
gi al and ans e se planes (Fig.
7).
PRINCIPAL ANTHROPOMETRIC PROBLEMS
1)
The bus 's head has a olume supe io o ha o he indi idual,
which we ha e e alua ed as being app oxima ely
13
o
14%
g ea e .
2)
The epic anial isSues and he hai modi i he c anio acial dimen-
sions by inc easing hem.
3)
The head is ligh ly de e io a ed, he igh cilia y egion is b oken as
well as he le al hough only sligh ly, he nose is missing as well as
he c own.
4)
E en hough i seems ha he oman sculp o s had a good ealis
school and ob ained g ea esemblances, we a e no su e abou he ai h ul-
ness o he wo k.

1
Iden ika ion o a okele on
403
CRITERION TO RESOLVE THE ANTHROPOMETRIC PROBLEMS
1)
We ha e made an app oxima e calcula ion o he hickness o he
hai which we ha e assessed as being abou
15
mm and wich we ha e deduc-
ed on aking he measu emen s.
2)
The hickness o he epic anial egumen s ha e no beenn aken in o
accoun because hey ep esen a mo e o less uni o m inc ease which can-
no os ensibly modi y he neasu emen . The bea d is , e y sho and ha dly
de o ms he image. The g ea es modi ica ions co esp~ond o he ace, espe-
cially due o he indi idual being sligh ly obese. The nasal mo phology has
no been able o be aken in o conside a ion.
3)
We ha e aken he c anial and acial measu e nen s which we ha e
conside ed mos us wo hy and wi h hem ha e ob ained he co espon-
ding indices which a e e lec ed in he ollowing able.
MEASUREMENTS: C anium Head-Bus
Maximum leng h
..............................................................
180 mm.
................
205 mm.
Maximum wid h
..........................................................
150 m n.
................
165 mm.
Au icula heig h
...............................................................
1
1
1 m n.
................
125 mm.'
To al heig h o he ace (nasio-gna ion)
.........................
118 mm.
................
127 mm.
............................................................
Bizygoma ic wid h 137 m n.
................
148 mm.
*
~easu emen ob ained by applyind he Py hago us heo um, on he ec angula iangles,
by
using he o mula:
H2
=
C2
+
C2.
INDICES: C anium Head-Bus
Cephalic
.......................................................................
83.33
b achic anium 80.48
Aunculo-longi udinal
...................................................
6 1.66 o hoc anium 6 1.95
...............................................................
Au iculo-wid h 76.96 apinoc anium 76.96
Aunculo/mean
..............................................................
67.27 low
i
a e age 68.64*"
To al acial heigh /bizygoma ic
....................................
86.13 inesop osope 85.8 1
RESULTS
I he p opo ions o he bus head wi h ega d o he c anium we e o-
ally p opo iona e, he indices would ha e been inden i ical bu his mus
be conside ed as highly imp obable, howe e me iculous he a is had
been. In any e en , one can see now almos al1 he indices co espond' o he
404
DOMINGO CAMPILLO
y
FRANCESC TARRATS
same ypology, excep he «a icula )mean wid h+leng h» index is ((a e age))
(68.64**), bu is almos a he highes le e1 o he low esul s (68.00). In con-
clusion, we conside ha om he an h opome ic poin o iew he c a-
nium and he head a e compa ible.
PRINCIPAL PROBLEMS
1) The head o he bus is in an oblique posi ion leaning owa ds he
le and wi h a sligh o a ion owa ds he sa ne side. This posi ion means
ha F ank u 's plane is no pa alell o he g ound and o his eason i be-
comes di icul o cen e he pho og aphic came a.
2) de e mina ion o F ank u 's plane is complex as he le in ao bi-
a y poin and bo h po ions a e di icul o de e mine. The po ions do no
coincide exac ly wi h he supe io pa o he ex e nal audi i e canal. The in-
cong uen e
be ween F ank u 's ue plane and ha which we ha e calcula-
ed app oxima ely, a ec s he an h opological c( iews» specially he an e o-
pos e io one.
3)
Pho og aphic dis o sion nakes he pho og aphic c aneag ammes
no co nple ely supe imposable wi h hose d awn wi h he c aneog aph and
wi h Ma in's c aneopho (Figs. 1 and 2). Al hough he pho og aphs o he
head o he bus ha e al1 been aken om he same dis ance, he ocusing
poin is a he subjec i e, especially in he on al iew and small a ia ions
in he dis ance modi y he dis o sion.
TECHIQUE EMPLOYED
We ha e supe imposed al1 he c anial iews wi h hose o he head o he
bus , aking in o accoun he app oxima e hickness o he egumen s and o
he hai and al oge he we beli e ha hey ma ch co ec ly (Figs. 8 and
9)
wi h he excep ion o he o ehead, mo e a ec ed by he non-co ec ion o
F ank u 's plane and he pho og aphic dis o sion.
RESULTS
E en when aking in o accoun he possible anomalies o any a is ic e-
p oduc ion, we conside e ha he c aneog ammes o indi idual n . 2 o
Iden i ica ion o
a
skele on
405
((Robe d'Aguiló S ee )) a e compa ible wi h he mo phologhy o he sculp-
u ed head which i is supposed belongs o i .
l
FINAL CONCLUSIONS
1) The mo phology o he c anium is o ally comipa ible wi h he head
o he sculp u e.
2)
The pyknik aspec is also compa ible wi h i s an h opological mo -
phology.
3)
The obesi y could ha e been in luenced by he di icul ies o dea n-
bula ion, by he pos - auma ic limp which would ha e o ced him o a ce -
ain deg ee o seden a iness.
4)
The age is di icul o assess. The aspec o he head o he bus seems
o
be ha o an indi idual sligh ly younge bu , apa om he possible mo-
di ica ions made by he a is , he os eoa h i ic al e a ions lead one o belie-
e he was a ma u e man, bu hey may also ha e been in luenced indi ec ely
by
he se e e ac u e o he le lowe limb. The possibili y exis s ha he
bus was made du ing a pe iod well be o e dea h. Las lly, we mus emphasi-
ze ha we conside he skele on o be be wen
45
and
55
yea s o age.
SIMILAR STUDIES
Exhaus i e esea ch o he li e a u e has no been ca ied ou bu some
pape s ha e been ound published by Genna
(1958),
Ba ucz
(1966)
and
Lengyel (1976), in which he skele al emains o se e al known pe sons ha e
been s udied which a e compa ed wi h hei a is ic ep esen a ions, pain-
ings and sculp u es.
FINAL COMMENTS
On e mina ing his pape we conside i necessa y o insis on he ac
ha i is no possible o each mo e han a simple hypol hesis, s a ing om
an
unques ionable ac . Tibe ius Claudius Apollina is is, up o he p esen ,
he i s known doc o om Ta agona.
406
DOMINGO CAMPILLO
y
FRANCESC TARRATS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This pape would no ha e been possible wi hou he me iculous colla-
bo a ion o he Pho og aphe s M . O iol Cla el1 and Julia Ma ínez.
1
would
also like o hank M s. An onia G au o help wi h he d awings and also he
es o a ion o he c anium ca ied ou by M . Jaume Mayas and his associa-
es. Fo o he concep s
1
would like o exp ess
my
g a i ude o M . Joseph
Ba be á.
Iden i ica ion o a skele on
F.
1.
-
~ ;lil<~O~~;lll1111l~ :
1.
iil)ca io
iih .
2.
a i io iew;
3,
la e al iew;
4
pos e io
icw.
Fig. 2.-Pho og aphs o he c anium acco ding o i s di c en iew.

DOMINGO CAMPILLO
y
FRANCESC TARRATS
Fig. 3.-C i iii iiii wi li
i 5
iiia idibul , scciii om hc l i la c al icw.
Iden i ica ion o
a
skele on
409
Fig. 4.-Manub iuni
o
ilic s c iiu ii.
R,
iglii;
L,
Icl .
A,
aiioiiinloii?. apopliyhib wiili
Sib'a
iiial-
o ma ion.
1,
line along which hc le cx c nal ma gin o hc s c n im would bc app oxima el
si ua ed;
2,
junc ion poin which would co espond o he midlino bc ween he i s and sc-
cond nbs;
S,
ossi icd asciclc o union be we n hc second ib and hc bod o he s e num.
410
DOMINGO
CAMPILLO
y
FRANCESC
TARRATS
Fig. 5.-Bus secn oiii hc ion
i 1
which onc can app cciaic hc dc c io a ion o hc igh
su-
p acilia y a ch, o h head
o
he lc e eb ow and hc nose.
Iden i ica ion
o
a
skele on
41
1
Fig.
6.-Bus seen
om
hc sidc, in which hc de e io a ion o hc p;labclla is highly iden , as
well
as
he lack
o
hc nose and o hc occipi al cgion.