No wegian Indus y and IHeal h
P omo ion
1910-196'7
HILDE IBSEN
(*)
SUMMARY
In oduc ion. 1.-Occupa ional heal h se ice, i s oo s and mo i a ions. 11.-Heal h,
secu i y and well-being. The indi idual heal h con ol a F eia. Indi idual heal h con ol a
Ch is iania Po land Cemen Fac o y. Indus ial hygiene and he collec i e wo k en i onmen .
Indus y and heal h p omo ion. Conclusion.
RESUMEN
Se es udia el desa ollo de los se icios de salud ocupacional en No uega a a és de
los ejemplos de sendas áb icas de chocola e
y
cemen o. El es udio mues a cómo los
se icios de salud indus ial es u ie on de e minados po di e en es mo i os o posiciones
ideológicas. .En e es os des aca on la p esencia de una iloso ía social y polí ica, la del
es ado del bienes a como una al e na i a al socialismo, y la de una polí ica es a al
p eocupada po la cons ución de una sociedad opulen a
y
el inc emen o de la p oduc-
ción. Todo ello condujo a un in e és c ecien e po la in luencia del ac o humano en la
indus ia, en la que al médico empleado le cumplía el debe de con ibui a con o ma un
abajado sa is echo, conscien e
y
p oduc i o en un ambien e de abajo sano.
INTROD UCTION
In Non ay he his o y o he occupa ional heal h se ice s a s a he
end o he 17 h cen u y. The new mining indus y b ough changes in
social and hygienic condi ions and engagedl doc o s who mainly wo ked
Fecha de acep ación: 21 de sep iemb e de 1992.
(*)
School o Cul u al and Social S udies, Uni e si y o Oslo, P.O. Box 1056 Blinde n.
0316 Oslo 3. No uega.
DYNAMIS
Ac a Hispanica ad Medicinae Scien iammque His wiam Zllus aadam.
Vol. 13, 1993, pp. 155-172.
ISSN: 021 1-9536
156
EIILDE
IBSEN
l~i h ea men and cu e. They had li le esponsibili y o hygiene and
l~ e en ion.
Abou 1910 he old wo ks doc o s disapea ed. They we e no longe
needed. Acco ding o he Sickness Insu ance Ac (1909) a numbe o
wo ke s we e gi en ee medical ea men "and money du ing illness. A
he same ime indus y paid mo e a en ion o wo k en i onmen and
hygiene. The ime had come o a mode n indus ial heal h o ice (1).
191'7 was a u ning poin . The i s mode n indus ial medical o ice
?was employed a A/S F eia Chocola e Fac o y. In he yea o come Non egian
indus y de eloped a ange o olun a y social measu es. The occupa ional
heal h se ice was only one amongs a ious measu es as housinig, pensions,
p o i -sha ing, wel a e o ice s, e c.
Why did Non egian indus y engage medical o ice s? E[ow did he
a angemen wo k ou in di e en ac o ies? In wha way did indus y
in luence he de elopmen o Non egian heal h policy?
In his a icle 1 wan o explo e he de elopmen o occupa .iona1 heal h
by making a case s udy o A/S F eia Chocola e Fac o y in Oslo and Ch is iania
Po land Cemen Fac o y (CPC) in Slemmes ad, a illage hi y kilome e s
sou h o Oslo. A s udy o hese wo ac o ies show how di e en mo i es
and ideological posi ions p omo ed he indus ial heal h se ice. 1 will
a gue ha he de elopmen a F eia was a esul o he manage s' (Johan
Th one Hols ) social and poli ical philosophy. He widened he goals o his
business o include no only p o i s and e icency, bu also social and
poli ical esponsibili y
-
noblesse oblzge.
He wan ed wel a e capi alism as an
al e na i e o socialism and s a e policy in building he a luen socie y
(2).
(1) NATWG, Haakon; THIISEVENSEN, Ey ind (1983/ 1989).
A beidsmie~ og ikke. Y keshygiae
og bed i shelseijenes ens emb udd og u ikling i No ge.
(
Wo k En i onm.en and Heal h.
Indus ial Hygiene and ¿he Founda ion and Deuelopmen o he Occupa ional Heal h Se uice)
,
Oslo, 1The No wegian Associa ion o Medical O icei:~, p.
74.
(2)
Occupa ional wel a e and wel a e capi alism is analysed in se e al wo ks. See o
example, BRANDES, S ua (1976).
Amen'can Wel a e Capi alism 1880-1 940,
Chicago/
London, Chicago Uni e si y P ess, 210 pp.; BRODY, Da id (1968). The Rise and
Decline o Wel a e Capi alism.
Zn:
John B aeman; Robe H. B eme ; Da id B ody
(eds.),
Change and Con inui y in Twen ie h-Cen uly Ame ica: The 1920's,
Ohio, Ohio
S a e Uni e si y P ess, pp. 147-178; EDWARDS, Richa d (1979).
Con es ed Tmain,
New Yo k, Basic Books Inc., 261 pp.; LAZONIC, William (1990).
Compe i i e Ad an age
on ¿he Shop Floo ,
Camb idge Mass./London, Ha a d Uni e si y P ess, pp. 240-251;
No wegian Indus y and Heal h P omo ion
19 10- 196'7 157
Bu he occupa ional heal h se ice mus also be seen as a means o
imp o e he p oduc ion. Cleanliness had high p io i y in a chocola e
ac o y we e he p oduc s had o be o he bes quali y.
When CPC go a medical o ice hi y yea s la e , no one men ioned
wel a e capi alism. The mo i es we e mo e oo ed in he s ong p oduc i i y
s a egy which de eloped in Non egian inclus y a e he Second Wo ld
Wa . The need o inc eased p oduc ion also esul ed in a g owing in e es
in he human ac o in indbs y. E e y wo ke should be accep ed as an
indi idual so ha he could eel physical and psychical well-being. The
medical o ice should help o shape a sa is ied, a i'onal and p oduc i e
wo ke in a heal hy wo k en i onmen .
I. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE
-
A'S ROOTS
AMI
MOTNATIONS
The i s mode n occupa ional heal h sle ice was es ablished on he
ini a i e o F eia Chocola e Fac o y. Johan Th one Hols , he manage ,
wan ed o make F eia a leading ac o y bo h socially and comme cially. He
had housing policy e y much a hea and in 1910 he s a ed o build a
ga den ci y o his employees. Few yea s la e Th one Hols wan ed o
expand his building p ojec , bu he municipali y e used o coope a e. He
was e y disappoin ed, bu he didn' s op d eaming o F eia as an ideal
ac o y. He ound new solu ions.
Th one Hols s b o he , Pe e F. Hols who was a doc o , in oduced
him o Ca l Schia z, an ac i e doc o who pu g ea e o s in o p omo ing
nu i ion and hygiene. Th one Hols knew abou Schia z' doc o al hesis
abou mass-examina ion o Non egian school child en, and he asked him
o ca y ou sys ema ic examina ions o his employees
(3).
Th one Hols
s essed ha hygiene was a e y impo an ques ion. In his ideological
w i ing om 1914,
Indus y and Indus ial A~oblems,
he claimed ha ~ he
MELLING, Joseph (1991). Indus ial capi alism and he wel a e o he s a e: he ole
o employe s in he compa a i e de elopmen o wel a e s a es.
A
e iew o ecen
esea ch. Sociology,
25,
219-239.
(3) STRDM, Axel (1975). Bed i shelse jenes en i No ge
-
bakg unn
og
p insippe (The
Occupa ional Heal h Se ice in No way
-
Backg ound and P inciples).
In:
0i ind
La sen (ed.)
,
Fo ebyggende medisin (P e en i e Medicine), Oslo, pp. 150-157.
HILDE
IBSEN
people who neglec hei hygiene will soone o la e collaps»
(4).
He
linked pe sonal hygiene o na ional economic gues ions. A poo pe sonal
hygiene weakend he na ions' heal h and had bad consequences wi h
ega d o p oduc ion and compe i i e powe
-
bo h impo an elemen s
in he philosophy o wel a e capi alism. To p omo e occupa ional wel a e
he indus y needed p o i .
Th one Hols and Schi0 z me in mu ual in e es s. They bo h had ideas
which hey wan ed o es .and made F eia a s a ing poin o a social
expe imen . Th one Hols wan ed o y ou his social poli ical ideas, while
Schio z wo ked ha d o p omo e hygiene and p e en i e medical wo k. A
F eia he was gi en ee hands and he ansla ed his ideas in o p ac ice.
P o ec ion o he wo ke s had become a main issue in he p e ious
yea s. Wo k en i onmen was a c ucial ques ion. Schio z claimed, howe e ,
ha collec i e public measu es c owded ou he indi idual humane hygiene.
Al1 emedies had o be used o make he human being heal hy and o
inc ease i s capaci y bo h physically and in ellec ually. Resea ch conce ning
p o ec ion alid en i onmen was impo an , bu i had o
be
done in co-
ope a ion wi h clinical-medical examina ions o he indus ial wo ke .
Schio z build up he occupa ional heal h se ice acco ding o new
p inciples. He used he same me hodes as he had used in examining
schoolchild en. His ask was no o cu e bu o do p e en i e and consul a i e
medical wo k. He commen ed on he wo ke s heal h and hei abili y o
wo k. He wo ked o he imp o emen o wo k condi ions aind he ied o
s imula e he wo ke s o a heal hy and hygienic way o li e. The main
pu pose was o gi e he ac o y a s ong and heal hy wo ki ig s a .
I ook yea s be o e doc o s and manage s became in e es ed in he
occupa ional heal h se ice. F eia was alone o nea ly wen y yea s
(5).
Some o iice s in he S a e Labou Supe ision ied, howe e , o sp ead he
gospel o occupa ional heal h. They wan ed he public supe is~o s o p omo e
hygiene in he ac o ies. T adi ionally hese supe iso s had been mo e
(4)
THRONE HOLST, Johan
(1914).
Zndus i
og
indus ielle p obleme ,
K is iania, H.
Aschehough
&
Co.,
p.
4.
(5)
BRUUSGAARD, A ne
(1943).
Bed i shelse jenes en ( he Occupa ional Heal h Se~ce).
Li og Helse (Li e and Heal h),
10,
51-52.
No wegian Indus y and Heal h P omo ion
1910-1967 159
in e es ed in making echnical imp o emen s han in imp o ing he wo ke s
heal h
(6).
In he ea ly hi ies doc o s ook mo e in e es in he ques ion o
occupa ional heal h. Schia z' wo k a F eia and his eaching a he uni e si y
ga e esul s. When Schio z died in
1938
ou doc o s who had been Schia z'
s uden s, con inued his wo k. Some o hem we e adicals, like A ne B uusgaa d
and Axel S om
(7),
and al1 o hem had go hei educa ion du ing he
expansion o social medicine in he hi ies.
One o hem, Ey ind Thiis-E ensen, wo ked ou di ec i es o he
occupa ional heal h se ice in his lec u e o he doc o al hesis in
1941.
He wan ed al1 en e p ises wi h mo e han i y employees o es ablish he
a angemen . He p oposed ha al1 di ec i es should be made by he
P o esso o hygiene a he Uni e si y o Oslo and he chie o ice s in he
S a e Labou Supe ision.
In
1943
ele en en e p ises had engaged an indus ial medical o ice
-
only wo in
1940.
The a angemen s di e ed and in se e a1 ac o ies
nei he he managmen , wo ke s no he cloc o s we e sa is ied. Du ing
1943
he pe iodical
Li
og
Helse
(Li e and Heal h) published a numbe o
a icles conce ning indus ial medical o ice s and go posi i e esponse
om a numbe o en e p ises. A he end o
1943,
i y ou en e p ises had
go an occupa ional heal h se ice build on Schio z' model.
The need o ind simila di ec i es inc eased dunng
1943,
and B uusgaa d,
Na ig, S am, Thiis-E ensen and Eile H. Schia z (Ca l Schio z' son)
joined oge he in he Associa ion o Indus ial Medical O ice s. They
wan ed suppo om he medical es ablishmen bu he Non egian Medical
O ice s Associa ion was ou o unc ion because o he wa . Ins ead hey
s a ed a co-ope a ion wi h he Non egian Hygiene Associa ion
(8).
The
wa limi ed hei wo k, bu hey managed o publish b ochu es which ga e
ad ise o doc o s who wan ed o p ac ice as indus ial medical o ice s.
Du ing
1944
he associa ion dis ibu ed wo b ochu es o al1 he membe s
(6)
NATWG;
THIISEVENSEN (1983/1989),
op.
n
(n. l),
p.
60.
(7)
NORDBY, T ond (1989).
Ka l
Euang.
En
bzog a i,
OOs, H. Aschehough,
p.
55
and
p.
182. A ne B uusgaa d was one o he commi e membe s o he i s boa d o he
Socialis Doc o s Associa ion om 1931. Axel S ~m was a membe o he associa ion.
(8) The No wegian Hygiene Associa ion was, howe e , an associa ion wi hin he Non egian
Medical O ice s Associa ion.

160
HILDE
IBSEN
o he No wegian Hygiene Associa ion. They also made a s anda d con ac
o indus ial medical o ice s.
When he wa was o e B uusgaa d discusseíl he u u e o he occupa ional
heal h se ice wi h one o he Wo ke s' Associa ions on a con e ence in
sp ing 1945. The wo ke s had wo main objec ions. They ea ed ha
wo ke s would be declea ed disabled o medical easons and hey ea ed
ha he indus ial medical o ice s would se e he employe s in e es s
mo e han he wo ke s (9). The Associa ion o Indus ial Medical O ice s
ound he objec ions legi ima e and sugges ed he es ablishmen o a sec e a ia
wi h ep ese* a i es om he T ades Union Cong ess and hle No wegian
Employe 's Fede a ion. B uusgaa d claimed ha i was impossible o secu e
he a angemen wi hou suppo om he wo o ganisa ions. Du ing ha
summe B uusgaa d go in ouch wi h he sec e a y o he T ades Union
Cong ess, Kon ad No dahl. He showed some in e es bu dicln' sugges a
co-ope a ion. The o ice manage in he Employe 's Fede a ion was ese ed.
The ques ion o co-ope a ion was allowed o es . Ins ead he Associa ion
o Indus ial Medical O ice s concen a ed on ge ing suppo om he
Medical O ice s Associa ion. In sep embe 1945 he subjec was pu on he
agenda o he associa ion's yea ly con e ence and i was in p inciple app o ed.
In Feb ua y 1946 he Associa ion o Indus ial Medical O ice s ied once
again o es ablish a co-ope a ion wi h he T ades Union Cong ess and he
Employe 's Fede a ion. In he mean ime bo h o ganisa ions had made a
close examina ion in en e p ises which had engaged indus ial medical
o ice s. The expe iences we e posi i e, and he Boa d o Indus ial Medical
O ice s was es ablished on May
22
1946 wi h ep esen a i es o he T ades
Union Cong ess, he No wegian Employe 's Fede a ion and lie Associa ion
o Medical O ice s (10). Haakon Na ig was elec ed p esideni o he boa d.
Why was he e an inc eased in e es in he ques ion o he occupa ional
heal h se ice om 1943? How was i possible a e such a sho ime o
es ablish
a
new boa d comp ising adi ionaly c'on ending pa ies?
Haakon Na~ig has claimed ha he ime o i had come (1
1
).
Expe iences
om di e en en e p ises showed ha he occupa ional heal h se ice was
a p ac ica1 and economical solu ion o he ques ion o bo h heal h and
(9) NATVIG; THIIS-EVENSEN (1983/1989),
op.
ci .
(n. l), p. 90.
(10)
Ibidem,
p. 106.
(1
1)
NATVIG, Haakon (1953). Bedn shelse jenes ens em id (The u u e o he Occupa ional
Heal h Se ice),
Lz
og
Helse,
19,
104107.
No wegian Indus y and Heal h P omo ion
19 10- 1967 161
wo k en i onmen
(12).
The indus y had o show he way oge he wi h
doc o s. «We canno wai ha he S a e in nea u u e will be able o
a ange such a heal h con ol»
(13).
The inc eased in e es in he ques ion nqus also be seen in conec ion
wi h he employe s' wish o educe he sick.ness a e by s onge con ol.
The sickness a e was inc easing and some en e p ises used he medical
o ice as a 'policeman'. O he ac o ies had p oblems wi h ce ain diseases
like ube culosis, silicosis and lead poisoning. By es ablishing a pe manen
heal h supe ision he manage s wan ed o make an e ec i e campaign
agains diseases. Bu in many cases employe s had acknowledged a wide
social esponsibili y o hei employe s dui-ing he wa . ~Since we ha e
been poo in o he espec s, i seems ha he in e es in good heal h and
wo king powe has inc easedu
(14).
F om he doc o s poin o iew he
wo k as indus ial medical o ice was well paid and ga e in e es ing wo k.
The Boa d o Indus ial Medical O ice s was ounded in a ime when
e e ybody wan ed o econs uc he damages o he wa . Bo h he boa d
and he ag eemen on P oduc ion Commi ees was «a p omising e idence
ha he will o co-ope a e was s onge han con lic on in e es s.
(15).
To
imp o e he popula heal h and he wo ke s social ci cums ances i was
necessa y o comba illness and o imp o e he hygienic condi ions in
indus y. While in an wel a e clinics and heal h con ol o schoolchild en
was a good se ice o child en, adul s had inex o no hing. The heal h
se ice was causal
(16).
Mos o he popula ion had ee heal h examina ion
and ea nen , bu he e we e no good p e en i e se ices. Regula exa nina ion
o appa en ly heal hy people was one o he main pu poses in p e en i e
medical se ices. These se ices had o be expanded and be o e ed o he
majo i y o he wo king popula ion.
The occupa ional heal h se ice expanded be ween
1947
and
1949.
No
o he social heal h se ice had any simila de elopmen in such a sho
ime. In
1952
abou
500
en e p ises had an indus ial medical o ice , ha
is
7,7%
o indus ial en e p ises wi h mo e han i e employees
(1'7).
The
(12)
Ibzdem.
(13) BRUUSGAARD (1943);
op.
ci .
(n. 5),
p.
51.
(14)
Ibzdem,
p.
52.
(15)
I,z
og
Hehe,
13
(1946), 153.
(16) BRUUSGAARD (1943),
op.
ci .
(n. 5),
p.
51.
(17)
NATViG (1953),
op.
ci .
(n.
ll),
p.
104.
162
HILDE IBSEN
pe cen age a ied be ween
1,8%
i11
16,9%
in di e en pa s o No way.
The a angemen was mos common in coun ies a ound Oslo. A ound
1965
aboui
1.500
en e p ises we e coVe ed by he occupa ional heal h
se ice
(18).
This de elopmen co esponded wi h" g ea e in e es in he human
ac o in indus y. In addi ion mo e and mo e manage s ealiised ha hey
had social esponsibili y. Howe e , he main eason o he expansion mus
be seen in connec ion wi h he g ow h o he a ional and p oduc i e
socie y. The employe s had o inc ease p oduc i i y by ge ing a s ong and
heal hy wo k o ce. No only echnical means o p oduc ion had o unde go
a ionalisa ion, bu he wo ke s oo. In his wo k he indus ial medical
o ice had o make a ~heal hy and p ope a ionalisa ion o he main
means o p oduc ion
-
he human beeing~
(19).
II.
HEALTH, SECURITY
AND
WLL-BEING
The indi idual heal h con ol
a
F eia
When Schia z s a ed o wo k a F eia he o ganized he heal h se ice
acco ding o his own ideas and p inciples. The lines he layed down we e
la e ollowed by he Boa d o Indus ial Medical O ice s. New me hods
we e d awn up: indi idual heal h con ol, egis a ion o absence and
hygienic wo k. Fo se e al yea s he mode n ac o y doc o' concen a ed
on he indi idual heal h con ol
(20).
I was necessa y o examine he
human being be o e u he con ol o he hygienic condi ions. When he
doc o had analysed l:e wo ke s and hei diseases i was easie o ind
connec ions be ween illness and wo k en i onmen .
Schia z wo ked as a pa ime doc o wi h wo wo king hou s a week.
Al1
employees we e examined once a yea . Schio z called o six o eigh
wo ke s e e y ime. Bo h men and women we e s ipped o he wais , bu
he women kep he b a. The wo ke s ga e i.n o ma ion abou p e ious
(18)
NATVIG; THIIS-EVENSEN
(1983/1989),
op. ci .
(n. 1) p. 145.
(19)
12i
og
Helse,
13
(1946),
p.
153.
(20) STRaM, Axel (1957). F a ae e ed en no sk be l i
i
e e k igsWa ene (Abscence
wi hin a No wegian ac o y in he a e wa pe iod).
Sosial
A beid
(Social Wo k),
10,
209-220.
No wegian Indus y and Heal h P omo ion
19 10- 19617 163
wo k and illness. Schio z examined hands and ee h. F eia was a nu ien
ac o y and Schi~ z paied g ea a en ion o pe sonal hygiene. Fu he mo e
he examined he skele on and ee s. He sou ided hea and lungs, measu ed
heigh and weigh . I a wo ke was ill he was sen o a gene al p ac i ione
o a specialis . Schio z had made an ag ee nen wi h he Boa d o Heal h
in Oslo in case o ube culosis.
The examina ion me hod was e y simple. Few me hods exis ed which
we e usable o mass-examina ions. Schi~ z based his diagnosis on «a p ac iced
eye», which was e icien acco ding o he clinical pic u e o he ime. The
mos common illnesses we e eczema and de ma i is, angina, diph he ia,
b onchi is, consump i es and heuma ism. Ca ies was also a se ious p oblem.
In spi e o a simple and maybe impe ec ~examina ion Schio z' me hods
ep esen ed some hing new. Schio z, c ea ed he basis o a sys ema ic
heal h con ol o g own up people (21).
When Axel S 0m ollowed Schi0 z in 1938 he de eloped he examina ion
me hods u he . The wo ke s und essed and S om used hal an hou on
e e y wo ke . He made an u inalysis and he ook a blood es and a
Pi que - es . He measu ed he blood p essii e. E e y employee go hei
own book whe e S 0m ma ked in o ma ion abou illness and esul s o he
examina ion. Did he doc o s' wo k gi e esul s? How we e he heal h
.
condi ions a F eia?
In spi e o he indus ial medical o ice and o he wel a e measu es he
sickness a e a F eia was e y high. In es iga ions o abscence and su eys
on diseases go high p io i y. S 0m plannecl a su ey on he sickness a e
when he s a ed his wo k in 1938. Because c) he wa i was impossible o
b ing i abou in he way he had wan ed. Howe e , he egis ed he
abscence and he p esen ed he esul s in he pe iodical
Sosial
A beid
(Social Wo k) ,in 1949. Few yea s la e he imade a new su ey which he
p esen ed in he same pe iodical in 195'7. A ha ime abscence in indus y
had become a se ious social and economical p oblem.
1
The abscence a F eia inc eased d ama icaly be ween 1940 and 194'7.
E e y yea he sickness a e was highe o women han o men. In a e age
(21) In e~ew Haakon Nabig 27.2.1991. See
also
NA'I'VIG; THIISEVENSEN (19831984),
op.ci . (n.
l),
p.
78 and NATVIG, Haakon (197:!). Den no ske ~ed i slegeo iningen
-
i
o id
og
em id (The Non epan Occupa ional He al h Se oice
-
he Pas and he Fu u e),
Oslo,
p.
5.
170
EIILDE IBSEN
As we ha e seen, he sickness a e a F eia inc eased a e he second
wo ld wa . A ha ime he e had been a medical o ice a he ac o y o
nea ly hi y yea s. Based on his own expe iences S 0m could no ind a
good answe , and in gene al i was oo ea ly o s udy he connec ion
be ween he occupa ional heal h se ice and he sickness a e. The a angemen
had, howe e , c ea ed an unde s anding o a heal hy way o Xi e
(33).
In he i ies and six ies he clinical pic u e changed. Ch onic diseases
like ca dio ascula diseases, malignan umo s and myalgies domina ed.
Men al diseases and di icul ies o adjus men also inc eased
(34).
The
demand o a heal hy wo k en i onmen was s eng hend. The en i onmen
had o be s imula ing and pleasan . Did he indus ial medical o ice s
adjus o his de elopmen ?
A s udy o F eia and CPC shows ha he medical' o ice and he
managemen ied o ollow he social de elopmen . When he claim o
s imulan and well-being inc eased, S em and Engeb ig sen co-ope a ed
wi h he managemen , o exemple, in ying o p omo e ehabili a ion
wi hin he ac o y.
CONCLUSION
In my analysis o he occupa ional heal h se ice
1
ha e ocused on he
mo i es behind he a angemen , how i was o ganized andl in wha way
indus y in luenced Non egian heal h policy.
My case s udy has shown ha he occupa ional heal h se ice
-
like
o he indus ial wel a e measu es
-
has many-sided explana~ ions
(35).
In
he i s place i was a pa o he wel a e capi alis mo emen which also
ook place in o he wes e n eu opean coun ies and he USA. The wel a e
philosophy which de eloped a F eia was o iginally ideological and isiona y.
Th one Hols was adical in his you h, bu wen conse a i e a e some
(33)
Zbidem.
(34)
STR0M
(1975),
op.
ci .
(n. 3), p. 154.
(35) Some iewpoin s a e ha occupa ional wel a e de eloped as a new s a egy in he
anci ion om pa e nalis o co po a e managemen , ha occupa ional wel a e was
a pa o e hical o philan opic managemen and a weapon agains ade unions.
C :
no e
2.

No wegian Indus y and Heal h P omo ion 1910- 1967 171
yea s as F eias' manage . Bu he was s ill ideological and as a s uggle
agains socialism he wan ed o build a socie y wi hou a p ole a ia . In ha
wo ld, howe e , he wo king class cul u e was los .
An
impo an elemen
in he wel a e capi alis ideology was p o i . I: should no only en ich he
ac o y owne , bu be used as a means o se e he na ion. Heal hy and
s ong wo ke s we e p oduc i e and necessa y o he compe i i e powe .
In he second place he occupa ional heíil h se ice was a pa o he
s a egy o inc ease p oduc ion and o ise he popula wel a e. Wo ke s
who el sa e and well-being we e e ec i e and! loyal.
A
g ea many ac o ies
build up occupa ional wel a e measu es a e he Second Wo ld Wa
-
,CPC is jus one exemple. Du ing he i ies and six ies he occupa ional
heal h se ice became he mos common wel a e measu e in addi ion o
pension sys ems.
In he way he occupa ional heal h sys em was p ac ised we can ollow
he p inciples om
1917
up o hese days. The a angmen has ocused on
collec i e and indi idual hygiene and p e en i e medical wo k. Bu a subjec
o deba e among medical o ice s has always been we he he occupa ional
heal h con ol has been no hing else han ~nnea inspec ion».
I is di icul o make a comp ehensi e e alua ion o indus y as heal h
p omo e . Bu he analysis o F eia and CPC shows ha he occupa ional
heal h se ice was impo an in he de elopmen o indus ial hygiene. The
a angemen o ced be e sani a y condi ions, well-being and secu i y. I is,
howe e , mo e di icul o asses he ex en o which he occupa ional
heal h se ice has educed illness. Bu he indus ial medical o ice has
p obably con ibu ed o educe occupa ional cliseases and inju ies. Se ious
diseases ha e been disco e ed ea ly. The wo ke s ha e go ee egula y
heal h con ol and oppo uni ies o ask o ad ice.
Wi h he occupa ional heal h se ice, indus y ook an ini ia i e which
has bene i ed mos wo king people. Axel S om claimed in
1975
ha he
occupa ional heal h se ie would ne e ha e de eloped i indus y had no
lead he way
(36).
Nei he he Public Heal h Adininis a ion no he Medical
O ice s Associa ion showed in e es in he li angemen . The pos -wa
Heal h Minis e , Ka l E ang, ne e ga e he indus ial medical o ice s any
s a us. Thiis-E ensen claimed ha he e en p e en ed an adequa e de elopmen
(36)
STR0M
(1975),
op.
ci .
(n.
3),
p.
157.
172
!HILDE
IBSEN
o he occupa ionai heal h se ice (37). He, like he Medicai O ice s Associa ion,
migh ha e ea ed compe i ion in ela ion o he gene al p acei ione s aod
hei economic basis. When he Repo om Pa liamen on he P ima y
Heal h Se ice was p esen ed in 1971 he occupa ional heal li se ice was
sca cely men ioned. Bu he Boa d o Indus ial Medical O ice s ook
ac ion and he a angemen was gi en mo e a en ion. The T ades Union
has, howe e , been posi i e. In he se en ies i wan ed he a angemen o
expand. The Employe s' Fede a ion also ag eed on he
impo an e
o he
occupa ional heal h se ice.
When Thiis-E ensen w o e his a icle in 1975 he hoped ha he Medical
O ice s Associa ion would gi e mo e a en ion o he a angemen in he
u u e. He was su e he occupa ional heal h se ice would con inue o
expand, and he hoped ha he public heal h would
ake
o e he adminis a ion
when he au ho i hies we e eady. I would, howe e , no happen in he
nea u u e
(38).
In he lmean ime doc o s wi h pa icula social in e es
had an impo an ask: o p omo e p e en i e medicine oge he wi h he
indus y.
-
(37) THIIS-EVENSEN, Ey ind (1975). The Iildus ial Medical O ice
--
an Ou side in
No wegian Public Heal h?,
On:
La sen (ed.),
@.
ci .
(n.
3)
p.
159.
(38)
Ibidem,
p.
163.