Abs ac
In his pape I analyse he P ospec i e eadings o sen ences like El Ton can a a ahi , pe ò li an
ajo na la unció (‘Ton was o sing yes e day, bu hey pos poned he pe o mance’). I ollow
Del i o’s (1998) p oposal o gene ics and y o ex end i o p ospec i es. I will poin ou ha
in p ospec i e eadings he e en asse ed is no he one exp essed by he e b, bu a complex
e en c ea ed om he ma e ial in he VP plus an ope a o binding he e en a iable o he e b:
a modal ope a o wi h a lexical meaning pa aph asable as was o + In ini i e. This idea allows
me o make a dis inc ion be ween he empo al modi ie s ha a e associa ed wi h he E en Time
o he e en o he e b and hose ha a ec he empo al e e ence o he sen ence. I will sug-
ges ha in p ospec i e eadings, he empo al modi ie s associa ed wi h he E en Time o he
e en exp essed by he e b modi y his e en as e en - ype, no as a conc e e oken: hey beha e
as ci cums an ials.
Key wo ds: p ospec i e eadings, complex e en , e en - ype, ci cums an ials.
Resum. Una e isió de les lec u es p ospec i es
En aques a icle anali zo les lec u es p ospec i es d’o acions com El Ton can a a ahi , pe ò li
an ajo na la unció. Segueixo la p opos a de Del i o (1998) pels genè ics i mi o d’es end e-
la als p ospec ius, que són una al a lec u a de la mo ologia impe ec i a. P oposa é que en les
lec u es p ospec i es l’esde enimen espec e al qual es a una asse ció no és l’exp essa pel e b,
sinó un esde enimen complex c ea a pa i del ma e ial que hi ha dins de l’SV més un ope ado
que lliga la a iable esde enimen del e b: un ope ado modal amb una semàn ica lèxica pa a ase-
jable com was o + In ini iu. Aques a idea em pe me e una dis inció en e els modi icado s
empo als que an associa s amb el Temps de l’Esde enimen de l’esde enimen exp essa pel
e b i els que a ec en la e e ència empo al de l’o ació. Sugge i é que en les lec u es p ospec-
i es, els modi icado s empo als associa s amb el Temps de l’Esde enimen de l’esde enimen
exp essa pel e b modi iquen aques esde enimen en an que esde enimen - ipus, no com una
eali zació conc e a: es compo en com ci cums ancials.
Pa aules clau: lec u es p ospec i es, esde enimen complex, esde enimen - ipus, ci cums ancials.
* Fo w i ing his pape I ha e bene i ed om he P oyec o DGS PB96-1199-C04-02 o he Minis e io
de Educación y Cul u a and om a FI scola ship g an ed by CIRIT 1997 SGR 00033 and 1999SGR
00113 o he Gene ali a de Ca alunya.
Ca WPL 8, 2000 23-46
P ospec i e Readings Re isi ed*
Zulema Bo às Ba be
Uni e si a Au ònoma de Ba celona. Depa amen de Filologia Ca alana
08193 Bella e a (Ba celona). Spain
[email p o ec ed].es
Recei ed: Ap il 3 d 2000
Accep ed: Oc obe 27 h 2000
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 23
1. In oduc ion
The aim o his pape is o p esen an analysis o p ospec i e eadings associa ed wi h
impe ec i e mo phology ( he eading o , o example, En Joan can a a demà,
pe ò s’ha ajo na l’ac uació ‘Joan was o sing omo ow, bu he pe o mance was
pos poned’). I adop Del i o’s (1998) idea ha impe ec i e mo phology encodes
he ins uc ion ha he VP mus be p edica ional and no p oposi ional. The au ho
p oposes an analysis o habi uals and p og essi es based on his concep ion o
impe ec i i y. In his pape I poin ou ha his idea applies also o p ospec i e
eadings o impe ec i e mo phology, and I de elop an analysis o p ospec i e ead-
ings in hese e ms. I his analysis o impe ec i e mo phology is on he igh ack,
hen we will be able o de end a uni o m concep ion o impe ec i i y and, hus, a
unique lexical en y o impe ec i e mo phemes.
I will poin ou ha , as i happens wi h habi ual eadings, in p ospec i e ead-
ings he e en 1asse ed is no he one exp essed by he e b, bu a complex e en
c ea ed om he ma e ial in he VP plus an ope a o binding he e en a iable o
he e b. In p ospec i e eadings his ope a o is a modal ope a o wi h a lexical
meaning pa aph asable as was o + In ini i e, which is cha ac e is ic o p ospec-
i e eadings.
This idea ha in p ospec i e eadings he e en exp essed by he e b is no
asse ed allows me o make a dis inc ion be ween he empo al modi ie s ha a e
associa ed wi h he E en Time o his e en and hose ha a ec he empo al e -
e ence o he sen ence. I will sugges ha in p ospec i e eadings, he empo al/aspec-
ual modi ie s associa ed wi h he E en Time o he e en exp essed by he e b
modi y his e en as e en - ype, no as a conc e e oken o his e en - ype. I I am
igh , in hese cases he empo al/aspec ual modi ie s beha e as ci cums an ials,
ha is, hey con ibu e ci cums ances o he p edica ion and en e he de i a ion in
he hema ic phase ( he phase headed by he ca ego y , acco ding o Chomsky
(1998)). Those modi ie s ha con ibu e o de e mine he empo al e e ence o
he sen ence a e associa ed wi h he in e al o u h o his sen ence2, which in
u n is included in he E en Time o he e en which is asse ed.
24 Ca WPL 8, 2000 Zulema Bo às Ba be
1. I use he e m e en in a b oad sense, including e en s in a s ic sense and s a es. F om he e on, i I
do no s a e he con a y explici ly, I use i in his b oad sense.
2. The in e al o u h o a sen ence is he in e al wi h espec o which you mus check he u h con-
di ions o he sen ence as a whole and wi h espec o which he speake makes an asse ion when
s a ing he sen ence.
Table o Con en s
1. In oduc ion
2. A unique analysis o impe ec i e
mo phology
3. The p ospec i es: an analysis
4. The ole o empo al/aspec ual
modi ie s
5. Concluding ema ks
Re e ences
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 24
2. A unique analysis o impe ec i e mo phology
In his sec ion I will p esen Del i o’s (1998) analysis o gene ics (2.1). This au ho
associa es gene ici y wi h impe ec i e mo phology, and poin s ou wi hou going
in o de ail ha he same analysis should ex end o o he eadings o impe ec i e mo -
phology, like he p og essi e one. In subsec ion 2.2 I p esen an analysis o he
p og essi e eading o impe ec i e mo phology, based on Del i o’s (1998) com-
men s. This no wi hs anding, in sec ion 2.3 I will p esen ano he g oup o ead-
ings, he p ospec i e eadings, which a e he cen al subjec ma e o his pape .
2.1. Gene ics
Del i o (1998) deals wi h he ela ion be ween gene ici y on he one hand and he
absence o any aspec ual encoding o he p esence o de aul aspec ual mo pho-
logy (which c osslinguis ically, he au ho claims, is impe ec i e mo phology)3
on he o he hand. He pu s o wa d a non quan i ica ional analysis o gene ici y,
in which gene ic sen ences like he example in (1) (Del i o’s (1)) ha e a p edica-
ional logical o m: hey in ol e he asc ip ion o a p ope y o an in ensionally
de ined indi idual.
(1) John is in elligen .
P edica es associa ed wi h impe ec i e mo phology in ol e he ealiza ion o
one o hei a gumen s as ex e nal o he maximal p ojec ion o he head. This a gu-
men occupies he speci ie posi ion o a unc ional p ojec ion P edP, and he head
P ed pe o ms a ype shi ing ope a ion. As a esul , he VP is in e p e ed as a p op-
e y ( ype <e, >), and he a gumen in [Spec,P edP] is in e p e ed in ensionally, as
a p ope y se .
The e o e, om Del i o’s (1998) poin o iew, gene ic sen ences a e no based
on episodic sen ences, by inse ing an implici ope a o ha quan i ies o e ime
a iables o si ua ion a iables as in o he app oaches (see Del i o (1998:1-2) o
some e e ences). The in ensional/nomic meaning o gene ic sen ences depends
on he in ensional/modal in e p e a ion o p edica ional s uc u es.
The same analysis applies o cases like (2) (Del i o’s (5)), wi h an e en i e
p edica e: he e bal p edica e has a P edP in i s ex ended p ojec ion, and i s ex e -
nal a gumen occupies he [Spec,P edP].
(2) Abigail e ches my newspape .
E en i e p edica es like he one in (2) ha e an ex a e en a gumen , ealized as a
Da idsonian e en a iable associa ed wi h he e b head o VP. This equi es he
p esence o a Q-ad e b ha binds his e en a iable, and yields a logical ep e-
sen a ion like (3) (Del i o’s (15))
P ospec i e Readings Re isi ed Ca WPL 8, 2000 25
3. F om now on I will e e o bo h impe ec i e mo phology and absence o aspec ual ma king as
impe ec i e mo phology.
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 25
(3) λx [Qe [C(e,x)] [ e ch my newspape (e,x)]] (Abigail),
which means li e ally: « he p ope y o x such ha o n e en s ein ol ing x,
x e ches he newspape in e, is a p ope y o Abigail». Thus, wi h e en i e p edi-
ca es, i is a complex p ope y which is asc ibed o he indi idual associa ed wi h
he a gumen in [Spec,P edP]. This complex p ope y is c ea ed by means o an
implici Q-ad e b quan i ying o e he e en a iable o he e b.
The e o e, acco ding o Del i o (1998), bo h e en i e and non-e en i e gene -
ic sen ences sha e he same syn ac ic o ma (p edica ion in he sense explained
abo e), and in ol e he asc ip ion o a p ope y o an indi idual. Then, gene ic sen-
ences a e no based on episodics, and he nomic/in ensional eading o gene ics
depends on hei p edica ional s uc u e. Wi h espec o impe ec i e mo pholo-
gy, i encodes ha he maximal p ojec ion o he p edica e is p edica i e (i.e., he
VP does no cons i u e a p oposi ion, bu a p ope y, which is p edica ed o he a gu-
men in [Spec,P edP]); ha is, one o he a gumen s o he e b occupies a posi-
ion ou side he VP.
2.2. The p og essi e eading
Del i o (1998) poin s ou ha , in o de o de end a uni a y in e p e a ion o he
impe ec i e mo phology, we should be able o analyse i in e ms o he p edica-
ional analysis when p esen ing he p og essi e eading as well (see (4)).
(4) A a el Joan can a.4
now he Joan sings
‘Now Joan is singing.’
Howe e , Del i o (1998) does no explici ly p esen an analysis o he
p og essi e eading o impe ec i e mo phology. He e I will y o cons uc an
analysis o his case, aking as a poin o depa u e Del i o’s commen s sca e ed
h oughou his pape .
Acco ding o his au ho , when p esen ing he p og essi e eading, he e b
wi h impe ec i e mo phology en e s he de i a ion endowed wi h an ex a a gumen
o spa io- empo al loca ion5. This spa io- empo al a gumen can be syn ac ically
ealized as a phone ically null a gumen when i is in e p e ed as a speake -o ien-
a ed indexical, as co esponds o s uc u es in e p e ed as obse a ional epo s on
he passing scene, o ins ance p og essi e sen ences. To Del i o, he p og essi e
eading obliga o ily p esupposes a gi en/ amilia ime a which he ongoing e en
akes place. This gi en/ amilia ime would co espond o he speake -o ien a ed
null spa io- empo al a gumen . The p esence o his indexical spa io- empo al loca-
26 Ca WPL 8, 2000 Zulema Bo às Ba be
4. Unless I say he con a y, examples which a e no English a e Ca alan sen ences.
5. This a gumen o spa io- empo al loca ion would be he K a ze ian spa io- empo al a gumen o
s age-le el p edica es. Acco ding o Del i o, his a gumen is op ional, and i is no p esen in he
syn ac ic de i a ion wi h all s age-le el p edica es, bu only when hese p edica es somehow selec
i , acco ding o he cons uc ion in which hey appea . See oo no e 7 o mo e commen s on his
issue.
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 26
ion o he e en igge s an ope a ion o exis en ial closu e a he VP le el and,
consequen ly, o exis en ial quan i ica ion o e he e b’s e en a iable ( he o he
possible seman ic igge o his ope a ion being, acco ding o Del i o, pe ec i e
mo phology). This explains he ac ha s uc u es associa ed wi h impe ec-
i e mo phology which p esen a p og essi e eading a e episodic, despi e hei
p edica ional cha ac e .
In acco dance wi h he analysis p esen ed in Del i o (1998), an ope a ion o
lambda-abs ac ion applies o he ace o he e b’s a gumen displaced o
[Spec,P edP]. This is he ype-shi ing ope a ion pe o med by P ed, which makes
he VP be in e p e ed as a p ope y, as a lambda-abs ac p edica ed o he a gu-
men displaced o [Spec,P edP] (see, in subsec ion 2.1, he discussion ega ding
example (2)). Because o his p edica ional ela ion be ween he a gumen in
[Spec,P edP] and i s VP-in e nal ace, he displaced a gumen canno unde go
econs uc ion o i s o iginal posi ion. This ensu es he in ensional in e p e a ion
o his a gumen .
When impe ec i e mo phology is associa ed wi h a p og essi e eading, he
subjec o he p edica e (i.e., «el Joan» in (2)) ecei es a non-in ensional, exis en-
ial eading. This could be accoun ed o s aigh o wa dly i his a gumen was
econs uc ed o i s VP-in e nal posi ion (because o he ope a ion o exis en ial
closu e ope a ing a he VP le el, igge ed by he p esence o he indexical spa io-
empo al loca ion men ioned ea lie ). Howe e , his is impossible i his a gumen
has p e iously been displaced o [Spec,P edP]. The idea sugges ed explici ly by
Del i o is ha , in s uc u es wi h a p og essi e eading, i is he spa io- empo al
a gumen o he p edica e ha is displaced o [Spec,P edP] in o de o sa is y he
equi emen encoded in he impe ec i e mo phology ha he VP be non-p oposi-
ional. The indexical cha ac e o his ex e nal a gumen would p e en he applica ion
o he ype-shi ing ope a ion, because indexicals a e no sensi i e o in ensional
ope a o s.
To summa ize, in he p og essi e eading o impe ec i e mo phology, he a gu-
men ha goes o [Spec,P edP] is a spa io- empo al null a gumen , which is an
indexical. Mo eo e , he e is exis en ial quan i ica ion o e he e en a iable o
he e b, and consequen ly he VP is p oposi ional.
2.3. The p ospec i e eading
In his sec ion I desc ibe he da a ha p esen wha I call he p ospec i e eading.
Conside he da a in (5) and (6):
(5) El Ton can a a ahi , pe ò li an ajo na la
he Ton sang-impe . yes e day bu o-him hey-pos poned he
unció.
pe o mance
‘Ton was o sing yes e day, bu hey pos poned he pe o mance.’
P ospec i e Readings Re isi ed Ca WPL 8, 2000 27
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 27
(6) El Ton can a a demà, pe ò li an ajo na la
he Ton sang-impe . omo ow bu o-him hey-pos poned he
unció.
pe o mance
‘Ton was o sing omo ow, bu hey pos poned he pe o mance.’
The examples in (5) and (6) ha e p ospec i e eadings, which, as hese sen-
ences show, a e s a i e eadings6. Howe e , his kind o eading only appea s wi h
p edica es ha a e endowed wi h a Da idsonian e en a iable7(see (7)).
(7) a. #El Joan es a a malal ahi .
he Joan was-impe . ill yes e day
‘Joan was ill yes e day.’
b. #An onio e a u bolis a a es a ho a. (Spanish)
An onio was-impe . oo balle a his ime
‘An onio was a oo balle a his ime.’
28 Ca WPL 8, 2000 Zulema Bo às Ba be
6. In he sen ences in (5) and (6), he p edica e associa ed wi h impe ec i e mo phology p esen s a
coun e ac ual eading. He e I will lea e his issue aside. No e, howe e , ha his coun e ac ual-
i y o p ospec i e eadings wi h pas impe ec i e mo phology is a con e sa ional implica u e, no
an asse ion. In ac , he e a e sen ences like (i) ha ha e a p ospec i e eading which is no coun-
e ac ual:
(i) a. El Joan enia, a sopa , aques a ni , no?
he Joan came-impe . o dinne his nigh no
‘Joan was o come, o dinne , onigh , didn’ he?’
b. Sí, amb ell som se .
yes, wi h him we-a e se en
‘Yes, coun ing him, we a e se en.’
On he o he hand, e en in he case o sen ences ha can ha e a coun e ac ual p ospec i e ead-
ing, he coun e ac ual implica u e can be cancelled. See (ii):
(ii) A: Ah, pe ce , u quin dia can a es?
pa icle by ce ain you wha day sang-impe .
‘Oh, by he way, wha day we e you going o sing?’
B: Jo can a a ahi .
I sang-impe . yes e day
‘I was o sing yes e day.’
A: Ai, ho sen o, jo olia eni a sen i - e!
pa icle i I- eel I wan ed-impe . come-in ini i e o hea -in ini i e you
‘Oh, I’m so y, I wan ed o come o hea you!’
7. I ollow Del i o (1998) in he dis inc ion ha he es ablishes be ween he Da idsonian e en a i-
able and he K a ze ian spa io- empo al a gumen . The obliga o ieness/non-obliga o ieness o he
Da idsonian e en a iable pe mi s Del i o o dis inguish indi idual-le el om s age-le el p ed-
ica es. Acco ding o his au ho , indi idual-le el p edica es a e hose ha can ecei e an e en i e
o a non-e en i e in e p e a ion, in his ame hose ha can en e he syn ac ic de i a ion wi h o
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 28
In (7a), wi h a p edica e like o be ill, we only ob ain he p o o ypical s a i e
eading, and we canno c ea e he complex ‘p edica e’ ha would gi e ise o he
p ospec i e eading.
In (7b), wi h he modi ie a his ime indica ing he U e ance Time o he sen-
ence8, we can only ob ain a habi ual eading. In his eading o (7b), he p edica e
o be a oo balle p esen s an e en i e eading ha can be pa aph ased, o exam-
ple, as ‘beha ed/ac ed as a oo balle ’. Del i o (1998:15) p oposes o conside i-le el
(indi idual-le el) p edica es as hose o which he p esence o a Da idsonian e en
a iable and he consequen e en i e eading a e op ional. This de ini ion seems
o apply o he p edica e in (7b), which in he de i a ion o his sen ence akes an
e en a gumen . I he habi ual eading o (7b) shows ha he p edica e o be a
oo balle can ake an e en a iable, e en hough we canno ob ain a p ospec i e
eading o his sen ence, i seems ha he necessi y o an e en a iable in he
de i a ion is no he es ic ion ha accoun s o he p esence/absence o a p ospec-
i e eading in (7). I seems hen ha he p esence o a Da idsonian e en a iable
is a necessa y bu no su icien condi ion o p ospec i e eadings.
The e is ano he kind o e idence in he same di ec ion. I migh be di icul o
ob ain he p ospec i e eading wi h ce ain ac i i ies (see (8)), despi e he ac ha
hey a e clea ly endowed wi h an e en a iable:
(8) a. ?Ando mañana.9(Spanish)
I-walk omo ow
‘I walk omo ow.’
b. ?Pa la a a ui.
s/he- alked-impe . oday
‘S/he was o alk oday.’
I belie e ha he es ic ions illus a ed in (8) a e p agma ic in na u e, since
i migh be ha d o ob ain he p ospec i e eading in (8a), bu i is much easie , I
belie e, wi h a e b like o un, o example. Thus, he Spanish sen ence Co o
mañana (‘I un omo ow’) can be pa aph ased by ‘I ake pa in he compe i-
ion omo ow’ mo e easily, o example, because he e b co e (‘ o un’) is
e y usual wi h his kind o meaning. As ega ds (8b), i is qui e common in he
ja gon o linguis s, in which o alk is e y usual wi h he meaning ‘ o gi e a
alk’, ‘ o gi e a lec u e’. In sho , i is di icul o ob ain he p ospec i e eading
P ospec i e Readings Re isi ed Ca WPL 8, 2000 29
wi hou a Da idsonian e en a iable associa ed wi h hem. On he o he hand, s age-le el p edi-
ca es a e hose ha always en e he syn ac ic de i a ion wi h a Da idsonian e en a gumen asso-
cia ed wi h hem.
In con as , acco ding o Del i o (1998), he K a ze ian spa io- empo al a gumen is op ionally
p esen wi h s age-le el p edica es, and i can unde go syn ac ic ealisa ion as a null ca ego y
depending on he syn ac ic con igu a ion o on speci ic selec ional equi emen s o he p edica e.
8. Wi h he e m U e ance Time I e e o he ime a which he speake u e s he sen ence. This
e m co esponds, hen, o he Speech Time o Reichenbach (1947).
9. I hank My iam U ibe-E xeba ia o calling my a en ion o hese es ic ions.
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 29
wi h ac i i ies ha do no easily ake an accomplishmen -like eading, a bound-
ed eading. This leads o he hypo hesis ha i is he boundedness o he abili y
o be bounded o he p edica e ha is equi ed o ob ain p ospec i e eadings10,
and no jus he p esence o an e en a iable (which is independen ly equi ed in
o de o be bound by he modal ope a o ). This also explains he absence o
p ospec i e eadings in he examples in (7): i seems ha he p edica es o be ill
and o be a oo balle can ha dly ake a bounded eading, hey codi y an unbound-
ed eading.
Then bo h p ospec i es and habi uals equi e he p edica e o ake a Da idsonian
e en a iable, bu p ospec i es also equi e i o ake a bounded eading. On he
o he hand, p ospec i es and habi uals di e om each o he in ha he ela ion
be ween he e en exp essed by he e b and he complex p edica e ha esul s
om an ope a o (a modal ope a o and a Q-ad e b espec i ely) binding he e en
a iable o he e b in each case is di e en . In a sen ence like (9),
(9) John smokes.
he complex p ope y asc ibed o John is li e ally, « he p ope y ha John has
in i ue o he ela ion be ween (...) he e en s in which John is in ol ed ha na u-
ally a o smoking (...) [and] he e en s in which John ac ually smokes» (see
Del i o (1998:2)). This ela ion depends on he lexical meaning o he o e /co e
Q-ad e b ha quan i ies o e he e en a iable o he e b.
In he case o p ospec i e eadings, I will p opose ha he ela ion be ween
he e en exp essed by he e b and he complex e en which is he one asse -
ed in he sen ence depends on he lexical meaning o a modal ope a o ha
binds he e en a iable o he e b. The meaning o his complex e en ough-
ly co esponds o he meaning o he pe iph asis was o + In ini i e combined
wi h he meaning o he VP ( ha is, he meaning o he e bal p edica e plus
i s a gumen s and modi ie s). Al hough his pe iph asis only combines wi h
pas ense, and he p ospec i e eadings appea bo h wi h p esen and pas impe -
ec i e o ms, he pe iph asis wi h was o + In ini i e is use ul o see he con-
ibu ion o he ope a o ha binds he e en a iable o he e b o he
p ospec i e eading.
Bo h in habi ual and p ospec i e sen ences, he e en is no he one encoded
in he lexical meaning o he e bal p edica e, bu a complex one ha esul s om
an ope a o binding he e en a iable o he e b. Howe e , he e en exp essed
by he e bal p edica e can ha e empo al modi ie s ha es ic o speci y he
E en Time ha co esponds o his e en (see (10) and (11))11.
30 Ca WPL 8, 2000 Zulema Bo às Ba be
10. I mean p edica es ha a e o can be in e p e ed as ha ing a bounded E en Time wi hou equi ing
he p esence o pe ec i e mo phology no he p esence o a modi ie o o a sen ence ha in oduces
ano he E en Time (some hing like En Joan es a a malal , pe ò es a p end e la medicina i de
seguida es a posa bé, ‘Joan was ill, bu he ook he medicine and he eco e ed a once’, whe e
he e en o eco e in e up s he e en o be ill).
11. Wi h he e m E en Time I e e o he o al in e al in which he e en o he s a e o he sen ence
holds.
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 30
(10) El Lluís co ia la ma a ó demà, pe ò l’ han
he Lluís an-impe . he ma a hon omo ow bu i hey-ha e
ajo nada.
pos poned.
‘Lluís was o un he ma a hon omo ow, bu i was pos poned.’
(11) L’ any que aig compa i pis amb ell, el Lluís
he yea ha I-sha ed la wi h him he Lluís
dina a a les dues.
had-lunch-impe . a he wo.
‘The yea I sha ed la wi h him, Lluís had lunch a wo.’
The modi ie s in i alics in (10) and (11) en e he de i a ion in he hema ic
phase (see Chomsky (1998)) and a ec only he p edica ion, and no he empo al e -
e ence o he sen ence, which is encoded in he unc ional phase ( he phase domina ed
by he unc ional ca ego y C, acco ding o Chomsky (1998)). I is clea ha he
in e al o u h o (10) does no e en o e lap he in e al designa ed by he modi-
ie demà (‘ omo ow’), and ha he in e al o u h o (11) is no con ined o he
in e als designa ed by he modi ie a les dues (‘a wo’), bu includes all he pe i-
od designa ed by he modi ie l’any que aig compa i pis amb ell (‘ he yea I
sha ed la wi h him’), which in u n includes he in e als designa ed by he o he
modi ie . The modi ie l’any que aig compa i pis amb ell (‘ he yea I sha ed la
wi h him’) en e s he de i a ion in he unc ional phase, and modi ies he empo al
e e ence o he sen ence: i de e mines i s in e al o u h. The in e al o u h o
(10) is no linguis ically delimi ed, because, di e en ly om (11), in (10) he e is
no modi ie associa ed wi h a unc ional ca ego y, ha is, he e is no modi ie ha
de e mines he empo al e e ence o he sen ence. While in p og essi e eadings
he e is a p esupposed gi en/ amilia ime (see sec ion 2.2, and oo no e 7), in
habi uals and p ospec i es he e is no such a p esupposi ion and, consequen ly, he e
is no null spa io- empo al a gumen wi h an indexical in e p e a ion ( ecall ha his
a gumen co esponds o wha some imes is called Asse ion Time12, which is he
in e al o u h o he sen ence). This makes possible ha wi h habi uals and p ospec-
i es, when he e is no modi ie associa ed wi h he in e al o u h, he exac em-
po al e e ence o he sen ence emains linguis ically inde e mined.
The exac du a ion o he E en Time o a lexical s a e combined wi h impe -
ec i e mo phology is ne e linguis ically de e mined (unless we ha e ano he
e en , in oduced by ano he sen ence, which in e up s i and de e mines i s end
poin )13. In hese cases, modi ie s can only delimi he in e al o u h (which is
con ained in he E en Time). In (11), he modi ie l’any que aig compa i pis
P ospec i e Readings Re isi ed Ca WPL 8, 2000 31
12. The e m Asse ion Time comes om Klein (1995) and designa es he in e al o which an asse -
ion is made.
13. Because o hei in insic na u e, he e en s exp essed by lexical s a es do no ha e bounda ies ha
can be modi ied by empo al o aspec ual modi ie s. I seems ha hese bounda ies can only be
in oduced by pe ec i e mo phology o by ano he e en which is exp essed by ano he sen ence.
See oo no e 10.
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 31
I seems o me ha he example in (15a) p esen s a habi ual eading cons uc -
ed om a complex p edica e o med wi h he modal ope a o o p ospec i e ead-
ings. Thus, we ha e a habi ual-p ospec i e eading. This example would be analysed
as ollows: as I said ea lie , a e he modal ope a o binding he e en a iable o
he e b and yielding he complex s a i e p edica e o p ospec i e eadings, his
complex p edica e selec s an e en a gumen , and hen, in a case like ha in (15a),
a Q-ad e b quan i ies o e his a iable, yielding he habi ual eading.
The example in (15b) is a case o episodic p ospec i e eading, as hose ha
we ha e seen be o e in his pape . As I p oposed ea lie , in his case he e en a i-
able selec ed by he complex s a i e p edica e would be closed by an exis en ial
quan i ie . This would yield he episodic eading.
Now, ha ing seen ha he e a e cases like (15a) o habi ual-p ospec i e ead-
ings, in which he e is a Q-ad e b which quan i ies o e he e en a iable, I can go
back o he ques ion o he seman ic igge o he ope a ion o exis en ial closu e
in cases like (15b). As i is possible o ha e a Q-ad e b quan i ying o e he e en
a iable selec ed by he complex s a i e p edica e, he e need no be and, in ac , he e
canno be any seman ic igge ha o ces he exis en ial closu e o his a iable.
When he e is an ope a ion o exis en ial closu e, we will ob ain he episodic
p ospec i e eading, and when he e is a Q-ad e b quan i ying o e he e en a i-
able, we will ob ain he habi ual p ospec i e eading.
To summa ize, acco ding o my analysis, in p ospec i e eadings a complex
p edica e is c ea ed by a modal ope a o ha binds he e en a iable o he e b.
This explains he ac ha p ospec i e eadings only appea wi h e bs endowed
wi h an e en a iable. On he o he hand, he ope a o imposes he es ic ion ha
he E en Time o he e b is bounded o can be in e p e ed as bounded, because
o he ole played by he seman ics o his e b in he seman ics o he esul ing
complex p edica e. The esul ing complex p edica e is a s age-le el p edica e
(because o i s composi ional seman ics) and as such, i akes an e en a iable
which can be bound by an exis en ial ope a o , yielding an episodic p ospec i e
eading (see, o example, (15b)), o by a Q-ad e b, yielding a habi ual p ospec-
i e eading (see, o example, (15a)). In episodic p ospec i e eadings, he e is an
asse ion o a complex e en in which he subjec is in ol ed. In habi ual p ospec-
i e eadings, a complex p ope y is p edica ed o he subjec .
4. The ole o empo al/aspec ual modi ie s
In sec ion 2.3 I made a dis inc ion be ween modi ie s which en e he de i a ion
in he hema ic phase and modi ie s which en e he de i a ion in he unc ional
phase. I epea he e he examples (10)-(11):
(10) El Lluís co ia la ma a ó demà, pe ò l’ han
he Lluís an-impe . he ma a hon omo ow bu i hey-ha e
ajo nada.
pos poned
‘Lluís was o un he ma a hon omo ow, bu i was pos poned.’
38 Ca WPL 8, 2000 Zulema Bo às Ba be
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 38
(11) L’ any que aig compa i pis amb ell, el Lluís
he yea ha I-sha ed la wi h him he Lluís
dina a a les dues.
had-lunch-impe . a he wo
‘The yea I sha ed la wi h him, Lluís had lunch a wo.’
In sec ion 2.3 I sugges ed ha he p eposed modi ie in (11) is pa o he
unc ional phase, and de e mines he in e al o u h o he sen ence. In con as ,
he pos e bal modi ie s in (10) and (11) a e pa o he hema ic phase, and con-
ibu e hei meaning o he p edica ion, no o he empo al e e ence o he sen-
ence. The e o e, in (10), he e en ha akes pa in he composi ion o he complex
p edica e o he p ospec i e eading is no o un, bu o un he ma a hon omo -
ow; and in (11), he e en ha akes pa in he composi ion o he complex p op-
e y ha is p edica ed o he ex e nal a gumen , yielding he habi ual eading, is
no o ha e lunch bu o ha e lunch a wo. These pos e bal modi ie s do no
make any con ibu ion o de e mine he in e al o u h o he sen ences in which
hey appea .
De Swa (1998) conside s ha he basic posi ion o ime ad e bials and em-
po al clauses is he sen ence inal posi ion, because hey a e PPs which modi y he
VP, and ha when p eposed hey a e o en in e p e ed as opicalized16 (see de Swa
(1998:5) o some e e ences). Fo he cases when hey appea in he pos e bal
posi ion, de Swa (1998) s udies wha happens when hey a e ocused on.
He e I am in e es ed in he p e e bal (and disloca ed pos e bal) and he neu-
al pos e bal posi ions.
Rega ding he cases when we ha e opicaliza ion, i has usually been conside ed
ha modi ie s in clausal onse posi ion in oduce a e e ence ime, a ame ime
o he main clause (see de Swa (1998) and e e ences he ein). See he exam-
ples in (16)-(17):
(16) Quan jo aig a iba , el Joan can a a al Liceu.
when I a i ed he Joan sang-impe . a - he Liceu
‘When I a i ed, Joan was singing a he Liceu’/‘When I a i ed, Joan sang
a he Liceu (his job was o sing a he Liceu)’/‘When I a i ed, Joan was o
sing a he Liceu.’
(17) El Joan can a a al Liceu, quan jo aig a iba .
he Joan sang-impe . a - he Liceu when I a i ed
‘Joan was singing a he Liceu, when I a i ed’/‘Joan sang a he Liceu (his
job was o sing a he Liceu), when I a i ed’/‘John was o sing a he Liceu,
when I a i ed.’
P ospec i e Readings Re isi ed Ca WPL 8, 2000 39
16. De Swa (1998) does no say any hing abou opicalized pos e bal modi ie s. In Ca alan and
Spanish hey a e e y usual. I belie e ha e e y hing I will say he e abou p eposed opicalized
modi ie s holds o pos e bal opicalized modi ie s oo.
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 39
In (16) and (17) he modi ie quan jo aig a iba (‘when I a i ed’) is dislo-
ca ed and p o ides a e e ence ime o he sen ence. I happens o be he case ha
bo h (16) and (17) can ge h ee eadings: a p og essi e eading, a habi ual ead-
ing and a p ospec i e eading. Though p o iding a e e ence ime in he h ee
eadings, i seems ha he ole o he modi ie Quan jo aig a iba (‘when I
a i ed’) is no exac ly he same in he h ee cases. Acco ding o he ein e p e a-
ion o Del i o & Be ine o’s (1995) a gumen s ha I made in sec ion 3.1, in e ms
o Del i o’s (1998) spa io- empo al a gumen , in p og essi e eadings he e is a
p esupposed gi en/ amilia ime which is no p esen in habi ual eadings no , as I
sugges , in p ospec i e eadings.
Acco ding o Del i o (1998), he p og essi e eading is a case o «obse a-
ional epo on he passing scene» (see Del i o (1998:46)). This explains he p es-
ence o he null spa io- empo al a gumen which ge s an indexical eading (i
exp esses he now/he e o he speake ). In my opinion, his is especially clea when
impe ec i e mo phology combines wi h p esen ense (see (18)), bu he p esup-
posi ion o a conc e e amilia ime is also p esen when i combines wi h pas ense
(see (19)).
(18) a. Calleu, no eu so oll, que el Joan can a.
be quie no make noise ha he Joan sings-impe .
‘Be quie , don’ make noise, because Joan is singing.’
b. Calleu, no eu so oll, que a a el Joan can a.
be quie no make noise ha now he Joan sings-impe .
‘Be quie , don’ make noise, because now Joan is singing.’
(19) Quan am en a el Joan can a a.
when we-came-in he Joan sang-impe .
‘When we came in Joan was singing.’
In (19), he modi ie quan am en a (‘when we came in’) is associa ed wi h
his empo al a gumen , and i con ibu es o de e mine he gi en/ amilia ime
ha his a gumen exp esses. In (18a), his amilia ime coincides wi h he U e ance
Time, and his is why a modi ie associa ed wi h his empo al a gumen is unusu-
al, o a leas gi es a ma ked eading (see (18b)). This same a gumen can be made
o he p og essi e eading o he examples in (16) and (17).
In con as , in he habi ual eading o (16) and (17), i he e was no modi ie , he
sen ences could mean, in he igh con ex , some hing like, o example ‘When he
was ali e, Joan used o sing’. The e o e, when he modi ie quan jo aig a iba
(‘when I a i ed’) appea s, i es ic s he u h in e al o he sen ence, bu he e
is no p esupposi ion o a gi en/ amilia ime in Del i o’s (1998) sense.
In he p ospec i e eading o (16) and (17)17, i he e was no modi ie , he sen-
ences could mean some hing like, o example, ‘Joan was o sing a he Liceu, I
40 Ca WPL 8, 2000 Zulema Bo às Ba be
17. This p ospec i e eading is an episodic one, because o he modi ie . Wi hou his modi ie o wi h
o he modi ie s i could ha e bo h an episodic and a habi ual p ospec i e eading.
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 40
hink’, wi hou any p esupposi ion o a gi en/ amilia ime. When he modi ie
quan jo aig a iba (‘when I a i ed’) appea s, i simply es ic s he in e al o u h
o he sen ence.
Summa izing, i seems clea ha p eposed empo al modi ie s a e o en op-
icalized, and ha hey in oduce a e e ence ime, a ame ime o he main
clause. In p og essi e eadings, his e e ence ime co esponds o he gi en-
amilia ime ha Del i o (1998) assumes wi h his kind o eadings. In habi u-
al and p ospec i e eadings, hese modi ie s jus es ic he in e al o u h o
he sen ence.
Rega ding empo al/aspec ual modi ie s ha appea in an unma ked pos e -
bal posi ion, I wan o sugges ha hey a e ci cums an ial modi ie s, in he sense
ha hey con ibu e a ci cums ance o he p edica ion, and ha , as such, hey en e
he de i a ion in he hema ic phase (see sec ion 2.3). As pa o he p edica ion,
hese modi ie s a e associa ed wi h he e en ime o he e en exp essed by he
e b. Bu hey modi y he e en as an e en - ype, no as a speci ic e en no as an
exis en ially quan i ied e en .
In habi ual and p ospec i e eadings his is especially clea , because he e en
which is asse ed and which ge s empo al e e ence acco ding o he empo al
in o ma ion in he unc ional phase, is no he one exp essed by he e b plus i s
modi ie s. The e en which is asse ed is a complex one c ea ed om he ma e ial
in he VP, by means o an ope a o (a modal ope a o in p ospec i e eadings and
a Q-ad e b in habi ual eadings) binding he e en a iable o he e b. This dis-
socia ion pe mi s o see mo e clea ly he di e ence be ween modi ie s associa ed
wi h he e en exp essed by he e b and hose associa ed wi h he in e al o u h,
which is included in he E en Time o he asse ed complex e en .
Conside he da a in (20):
(20) a. A pa i del mes que e el Joan can a a
om o - he mon h ha comes he Joan sang-impe .
es egades cada se mana, pe ò al inal li ho han
h ee imes each week bu in- he end o-him i ha e
deixa en dues.
le in wo
‘F om nex mon h on Joan was o sing h ee imes a week, bu in he
end hey le i in wo.’
b. ?A pa i del mes que e el Joan ac ua/ac ua a
om o - he mon h ha comes he Joan ac s/ac ed-impe .
més so in .
mo e o en
‘F om nex mon h on Joan is going o /was o ac mo e o en.’
(20a) and (20b) con ain, in pos e bal posi ion, modi ie s which usually go
wi h habi uals, and despi e his, (20a) and (20b) do no ha e habi ual bu p ospec-
i e eadings. I belie e ha his is e idence in a ou o he idea ha hese pos e -
bal modi ie s a ec only he p edica ion, hey modi y he e en exp essed by he e b
P ospec i e Readings Re isi ed Ca WPL 8, 2000 41
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 41
as e en - ype, bu do no di ec ly a ec he main e en o he sen ence, which is
he e en ha can be pa aph ased as was o + In ini i e.
Some mo e e idence o he idea ha empo al/aspec ual modi ie s can a ec
he p edica ion comes om he ac ha he combina ion o p edica es wi h hese
kind o modi ie s is no ee, he e a e some es ic ions. I claimed ha he pos e -
bal modi ie s like he one in (21), which I epea he e, a ec he E en Time o he
e en exp essed by he p edica e. I his sugges ion is on he igh ack, hen we
expec o ind es ic ions be ween e en s wi h a ce ain kind o E en Time and
hese modi ie s.
(21) El Lluís co ia la ma a ó demà, pe ò l’ han
he Lluís an-impe . he ma a hon omo ow bu i hey-ha e
ajo nada.
pos poned
‘Lluís was o un he ma a hon yes e day, bu i was pos poned.’
Fo example, in cases in which impe ec i e mo phology is associa ed wi h a
lexical s a e we canno ha e a pos e bal non- opicalized empo al/aspec ual modi i-
e associa ed wi h he E en Time. See (22):
(22) El Joan es a a cansa ahi .
he Joan was-impe . i ed yes e day
‘Joan was i ed yes e day.’
The only eading ha can be ob ained o (22) is one in which he modi ie ahi
(‘yes e day’) is ocused on and i is associa ed wi h he in e al o u h o he sen-
ence, which co esponds o he Asse ion Time (see oo no e 12). This means ha
he con as i e ocus is on he asse ion made by he speake : his eading could be
pa aph ased as «I is yes e day ha , acco ding o me, Joan was i ed, no ano he
day». The ac ha we canno ob ain a eading in which he modi ie is associa ed
wi h he E en Time o he e en o be i ed is easily explained i we assume, as I do,
ha he E en Time o a lexical s a e can only be bounded by he E en Time o
ano he e en ha in e up s i , o by combining he e b ha exp esses he s a e
wi h pe ec i e mo phology. The e o e, since in (22) he E en Time o es a a cansa
(‘was i ed’) canno be in e p e ed as bounded, he e canno be a modi ie which
exp esses a delimi ed in e al and which associa es wi h his E en Time.
A ela ed kind o e idence in a ou o he hypo hesis ha empo al/aspec ual
modi ie s can be ci cums an ials in he sense ha hey a ec he p edica ion, ha
hey en e he de i a ion in he hema ic phase, comes om he es ic ions o com-
bina ion be ween empo al/aspec ual modi ie s. Conside he da a in (23)-(24):
(23) a. *La se mana passada el Joan es a a cansa ahi .
he week las he Joan was-impe . i ed yes e day
‘Las week Joan was i ed yes e day.’
b. Ahi el Joan es a a cansa a la a da.
yes e day he Joan was-impe . i ed in he a e noon
‘Yes e day Joan was i ed in he a e noon.’
42 Ca WPL 8, 2000 Zulema Bo às Ba be
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 42
(24) La se mana passada el Joan can a a ahi , pe ò abans
he week las he Joan sang-impe . yes e day bu be o e
d’ahi em an di que s’ ha ia ajo na .
yes e day o-me hey- old ha i had-been pos poned
‘Las week Joan was o sing yes e day bu he day be o e yes e day I was
old ha i had been pos poned.’
As in (22), in (23a) and (23b) he pos e bal modi ie is associa ed wi h he
in e al o u h o he sen ence. The p e e bal opicalized modi ie s in (23a) and
(23b) a e also clea ly associa ed wi h he in e al o u h o he sen ence. This
leads o he hypo hesis ha he con as in g amma icali y be ween (23a) and (23b)
comes om he es ic ion ha wo modi ie s associa ed wi h he same elemen
( ha is, he in e al o u h o he E en Time) mus poin a in e als ha ha e a
ela ion o inclusion. This es ic ion is ul illed in (23b) bu no in (23a).
In con as , (24) is g amma ical despi e he ac ha he wo in e als poin ed a
by he modi ie s ha e no a ela ion o inclusion. This can be explained s aigh o -
wa dly i I am igh when claiming ha he p e e bal modi ie in (24) is associa ed
wi h he in e al o u h o he sen ence and he pos e bal one a ec s he E en Time
as a ci cums an ial. I could be objec ed ha his jus shows ha one modi ie is asso-
cia ed wi h he in e al o u h o he sen ence and he o he one wi h he E en Time
o he e b, bu no ha his E en Time is no e e en ial and ha he modi ie is a
ci cums an ial. Bu i he E en Time was e e en ial we would ha e a p og essi e
eading o he impe ec i e mo phology, and hen he in e al o u h o he sen ence
would be included in he E en Time, and i would be a case like he one in (23a).
Finally, ano he kind o e idence ha can be adduced in a ou o his hypo h-
esis is he cli icisa ion da a. Conside he examples in (25) and (26).
(25) A: Tu a les qua e can a es, oi?
you a he ou sang-impe . in e jec ion
‘A ou you we e singing, we en’ you?’
B: No, jo a les qua e eia la migdiada, així que
no I a he ou made-impe . he sies a so ha
de ia se algú al e, qui has sen i can a .
ough - o be someone else who you-ha e hea d sing-in ini i e
‘No, a ou I was ha ing a sies a, so i ough o be someone else ha
you hea d singing.’
(26) A: El Pe e demà can a a a les cinc,oi?
he Pe e omo ow sang-impe . a he i e in e jec ion
‘Tomo ow Pe e was o sing a i e, wasn’ he?’
B: No ho c ec, pe què el Pe e no hi can a mai, a
no i I-belie e because he Pe e no emp.-cli icsings ne e a
les cinc, ell semp e can a a la sessió de les se .
he i e he always sings a he session o he se en
‘I don’ hink so, because Pe e ne e sings a ha ime, a i e, he always
sings a he se en pe o mance.’
P ospec i e Readings Re isi ed Ca WPL 8, 2000 43
Ca WPL 8 001-137 29/5/2001 17:27 Página 43
In (25A) he impe ec i e mo phology p esen s a p og essi e eading, and he
modi ie a les qua e (‘a ou ’) is associa ed wi h he spa io- empo al a gumen
cha ac e is ic o p og essi es. Bo h in (25A) and in (25B) his modi ie is displaced
om i s o iginal pos e bal posi ion, and he e is no eassump i e cli ic wi hin he
sen ence. The impe ec i e mo phology in (26A) p esen s a p ospec i e eading,
and he pos e bal modi ie a les cinc (‘a i e’) is associa ed wi h he E en Time
o he e b and is a ci cums an ial, i modi ies he p edica ion. The impe ec i e
mo phology in (26B) p esen s a habi ual eading. In (26B) he modi ie is also
associa ed wi h he E en Time o he e b, and i is displaced ou o i s o iginal
pos e bal posi ion. In con as o wha happens in (25B), he e is a eassump i e
empo al cli ic wi hin he sen ence.
In wo ks like Ma hews (1981), Speas (1990), Rigau (in p ess) and Pascual
(1999) a dis inc ion be ween wo ypes o modi ie s is es ablished: on he one hand,
hose ha con ibu e o he p edica ion, which es ablish a na ow ela ion wi h he
p edica e, and on he o he hose ha do no es ablish any kind o ela ion wi h
he p edica e bu wi h some unc ional ca ego y (sen en ial ense, aspec , mood,
e c.) Pascual (1999), o example, s a es ha modi ie s belonging o his las class
ne e ag ee wi h he e b, and ne e cli icise no a e inco po a ed in o he e b,
while hose belonging o he i s class, in some languages can ag ee wi h he
e b, can cli icise like an a gumen and can be inco po a ed in o he e b.
The only one o hese h ee p ope ies ha can be es ed o Ca alan is he cli i-
cisa ion p ope y. See he example in (27), (Pascual’s (1999) (15)):
(27) Amb aques o dinado , o s hi hem esc i la esi.
wi h his-masc-sing compu e all p ha e-I-pl w i en he hesis
‘Wi h his compu e , all o us ha e w i en he hesis.’
This example is pa allel o ha in (26), in which he empo al adjun cli icises
as he ins umen al ph ase does in (27). To my way o hinking, he ac ha em-
po al modi ie s cli icise like an a gumen when hey seem o be associa ed wi h
he E en Time o he e en exp essed by he e b is ano he a gumen in a ou
o my p oposal ha he e a e empo al modi ie s which beha e as ci cums an ials
and con ibu e o he p edica ion.
To summa ize, in his sec ion I ha e sugges ed ha empo al/aspec ual modi-
ie s can beha e as ci cums an ials, as modi ie s o he p edica ion, and no jus as
sen ence modi ie s ha con ibu e o de e mine he empo al e e ence o he clause.
I ha e poin ed ou ha his is possible in p ospec i e and habi ual eadings, because
in hese eadings he e en exp essed by he e b is no asse ed no exis en ially
quan i ied, and he e o e i can be modi ied as an e en - ype.
5. Concluding ema ks
In he p e ious sec ions I poin ed ou ha in p ospec i e eadings, like in habi ual
eadings (see Del i o (1998)), he e en asse ed is no he e en exp essed by
he e b, bu one esul ing om a complex e en c ea ed by an ope a o binding
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he e en a iable o he e b. While in habi uals wha is asse ed is he a ibu ion
o he ex e nal a gumen o a complex p ope y c ea ed om he ma e ial in he
VP (which does no include he ex e nal a gumen (see Del i o (1998))), in p ospec-
i e eadings we ha e wo possibili ies. We can ha e episodic p ospec i e eadings
and habi ual p ospec i e eadings. The complex p edica e c ea ed om he ma-
e ial in he VP (which does no include he ex e nal a gumen ) selec s, in i ue
o i s seman ics, an e en a iable. This e en a iable can be bound by means o
an ope a o o exis en ial closu e, yielding an episodic p ospec i e eading, o i
can be quan i ied o e by a Q-ad e b, yielding a habi ual p ospec i e eading.
In p ospec i e eadings, he ope a o ha binds he e en a iable o he e b is
a modal ope a o ha con ibu es he meaning pa aph asable as was o + In ini i e.
The ole ha he in ini i e plays in his pa aph asis, in p ospec i e eadings is
played by he e en exp essed by he e b plus i s in e nal a gumen s and ci cum-
s an ial modi ie s ( he ma e ial in he VP). The e o e, he complex p edica e esul -
ing exp esses a elic e en , which is in insically bounded a i s end by he e en
exp essed by he e b, which is pa o he composi ional meaning o he complex
p edica e. Because o his lexical seman ics, he complex p edica e selec s an e en
a iable, which can be exis en ially closed o quan i ied o e by a Q-ad e b.
In his pape I ha e also sugges ed ha in p ospec i e and habi ual eadings
we can ind empo al/aspec ual modi ie s ha modi y he e en exp essed by he
e b and no he e en asse ed in he sen ence. These modi ie s a e associa ed
wi h he E en Time o he e en exp essed by he e b, bu do no con ibu e o
de e mine he empo al e e ence o he sen ence, since hey do no con ibu e
o de e mine he in e al o u h o he sen ence, which in p ospec i e and habi -
ual eadings, which a e s a i e, is included in he E en Time o he e en asse -
ed in he sen ence. These empo al/aspec ual modi ie s beha e as ci cums an ials,
hey con ibu e ci cums ances o he p edica ion, and mo e p ecisely, hey modi y
he E en Time o he e en exp essed by he e b as e en - ype, no as a oken
o he e en - ype.
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