Abs ac
The aim o his pape is o accoun o he simila i ies and di e ences be ween Eas e n
Ca alan and Valencian unca ed hypocho is ic wo ds in he amewo k o Co es-
pondence Theo y (McCa hy & P ince 1995), speci ically T ansde i a ional Rela ion
Theo y o ou pu - o-ou pu co espondence ela ion (Benua 1995, 1997). The p osodic
cons i uen de e mined by lexical s ess in Ca alan makes up he mos o he hypo-
cho is ic unca ed o ms in bo h dialec s. Fai h ulness o he base in Eas e n Ca alan
can make longe o ms han he le edge o he me ical cons i uen imposes; ins e-
ad unma ked condi ions on he shape o Valencian unca ed o ms can o ce he
inse ion o he gende owel, hus inc easing he me ical cons i uen a i s igh
edge. In addi ion, some Ca alan hypocho is ics u nish empi ical e idence o he ull
model o Co espondence Theo y since hey equi e unde lying in o ma ion o he
base o m.
Key wo ds: dialec ology, Ca alan, unca ion, co espondence heo y.
Resum. Fideli a als lími s p osòdics. Va iació dialec al en els mo s unca s del ca alà
L’objec iu d’aques a icle és dona comp e de les simili uds i di e ències en e els mo s
hipoco ís ics unca s del ca alà o ien al i els del alencià en el ma c de la Teo ia de la
co espondència (McCa hy i P ince 1995), especí icamen de la Teo ia de la elació
ansde i acional o elació de co espondència en e ou pu s (Benua 1995, 1997). El
cons i uen p osòdic de e mina pe l’accen lèxic en ca alà cons iueix la majo ia de les
o mes hipoco ís iques uncades en o s dos dialec es. La ideli a a la base en ca alà
o ien al po o ma o mes més lla gues que les que imposa el lími esque e del cons-
i uen mè ic; en can i les condicions no ma cades sob e la con igu ació de les o -
mes uncades alencianes poden o ça la inse ció de la ocal de gène e i així alla guen
el cons i uen mè ic en el seu ma ge d e . A més, alguns hipoco ís ics ca alans apo en
* A i s e sion o his pape was p esen ed a he 1998 Colloquium on Gene a i e G amma a
Palmela (Po ugal). This wo k has been suppo ed in pa by esea ch g an s om he Minis e io de
Educación y Ciencia DGES PB96 1199-CO4-04 and he Gene ali a de Ca alunya 1997 DGR
00033 and 1998 XT-00065. I wish o hank he anonymous e iewe s as well as Nicole Nelson,
Te esa Vall e dú, Ma ia-Rosa Llo e , Joan Masca ó, Eulàlia Bone , Jaume Ma eu, Jaume Solà,
Xa ie Villalba, M. Te esa Ynglès and Michael Kens owicz o commen s and c i icism.
Ca WPL 6, 1998 7-22
Fai h ulness o P osodic Edges.
Dialec al Va ia ion in T unca ed Wo ds
in Ca alan*
Te esa Cab é
Uni e si a Au ònoma de Ba celona. Depa amen de Filologia Ca alana
08193 Bella e a (Ba celona). Spain
[email p o ec ed].es
Recei ed: Decembe 13 h 1998
Accep ed: Ma ch 17 h 1999
Ca WPL 6 007-022 21/10/99 12:44 Página 7
e idència empí ica pe al model ple de la Teo ia de la co espondència ja que eque-
eixen in o mació subjacen de la o ma base.
Pa aules clau:dialec ologia, ca alà, uncació, eo ia de la co espondència.
1. P elimina y conside a ions
As is well known, all dialec s o Ca alan dele e he unde lying inal /n/ o nouns
and adjec i es in which s ess alls on he inal syllable. This phenomenon can be
explained in Co espondence Theo y by a speci ic condi ion o No Coda ha domi-
na es he inpu - o-ou pu ai h ulness condi ions. This unde lying inal /n/ cons i-
ues he second mo a o he inal hea y syllable. Excep o some ma ked cases,
Ca alan needs a inal hea y syllable o ha e inal s ess1. This inal /n/ appea s in
plu als and in de i ed wo ds: camí «pa h», bu camins, camine , camina , caminal.
We show his phenomenon in (1). (Only he syllabi ica ion and s ess assignmen
is speci ied; o he wise he s anda d spelling is used).
On he o he hand, a simila dele ion o inal /R/ occu s in Eas e n Ca alan and
No h-Wes e n Ca alan bu no in Valencian2. Final /R/ is also dele ed be o e he
plu al mo pheme, bu appea s in de i ed wo ds: pape( ) «pape », pape( )s, pape-
8 Ca WPL 6, 1998 Te esa Cab é
1. The inal s ess in camí<n> and papé< > is an opaci y e ec because wo mo as a e needed o ha e
inal s ess bu he second mo a is dele ed.
2. No h-Wes e n Ca alan and Valencian ha e been conside ed adi ionally in he same dialec al
g oup.
Table o Con en s
(1) inpu camin No Coda ( inal n) Fai h -IO
ca.mín *!
☞ ca.mí *
inpu Damian No Coda ( inal n) Fai h -IO
Da.mi.án *!
☞ Da.mi.á *
Ca WPL 6 007-022 21/10/99 12:44 Página 8
1. P elimina y conside a ions
2. The da a
3. The model
4. Analysis
5. Cases om inal syllable
s essed bases
6. Valencian inal syllable s essed bases
7. Final commen
Re e ences
e , empape a , pape assa, pape e . I is shown in (2). (The s anda d w i en o m
o hese wo ds is wi h in all dialec s).
This phenomenon is e lec ed in unca ed wo ds like Ció, Tià, Vado o Tasa .
All a e unma ked inal syllable s essed wo ds wi h he inal consonan dele ed.
2. The da a
The dominan cha ac e is ic o he unca ed hypocho is ics3in bo h dialec s con-
sis s o he ac ha he unca ed o m co esponds o he me ical oo , se led on
he igh edge o he base, which holds he wo d s ess. So he s essed syllable
o he base is always he s essed syllable o he unca ed o m. I he me ical oo
is disyllabic, he unca ed o m mimics i in all dialec s.
We will y o show why Eas e n Ca alan has monosyllabic and disyllabic un-
ca ed hypocho is ics when he bases end in a s essed hea y syllable, whe eas in
Valencian all unca ed o ms a e le headed and disyllabic.
On he o he hand, he di e ences be ween he unca ed o ms and he co es-
ponden pa o he bases in bo h dialec s a e he esul o he dominance o wo
well o medness phonological equi emen s: he unca ed wo ds mus ha e ini ial
onse and do no accep complex onse s.
The examples in (3) all ha e he same shape in bo h dialec s: ‘LL and ‘HL. The
P osodic Wo d coincides wi h he s ess oo o he base. The lack o a hypocho is ic
o m in one o he wo dialec s is no ele an , since i can be due o a lack o in o -
ma ion o a lack o use in a pa icula dialec . (All names a e p esen ed wi h hei
syllabic limi s, bu some o hem can show dialec al di e ences.)
(3) Base name Eas e n Ca . Valencian
E .nes. i.na Ti.na Ti.na
A.gus. i.na Ti.na Ti.na
En. i.que. a Que. a Que. a
Dialec al Va ia ion in T unca ed Wo ds in Ca alan Ca WPL 6, 1998 9
3. Mode n Ca alan exhibi s a di e en kind o unca ion a he le edge o he base ( o example,
Mon se om Mon se a ). This ype o unca ion cons i ues a di e en sys em o he one analysed
in his pape . I is no possible o compa e i o he F ench sys em in which Ancho le and Ancho
igh compe e. See N. Nelson (1998) o an analysis o F ench hypocho is ics in e ms o
Co espondence Theo y.
(2) inpu pape No Coda ( inal ) Fai h -IO
pa.pé *!
☞pa.pé *
inpu Rose No Coda ( inal ) Fai h -IO
Ro.sé *!
☞Ro.sé *
Ca WPL 6 007-022 21/10/99 12:44 Página 9
(3) Base name Eas e n Ca . Valencian
Jo.se. i.na Fi.na Fi.na
Jo.se.pa Pe.pa Pe.pa
Te.o.do. a Do. a Do. a
Ge.no. e. a Ve. a —
Ma.no.li. a Li. a Li. a
Ca. o.li.na Li.na Li.na
Ce.les. i.no Ti.no Ti.no
Ma .ga. i. a Mi. a Mi. a
Je. o.ni No.ni —
Do.min.go Min.go Min.go
Rai.mun.da Mun.da Mun.da
F an.cis.co Cis.co Cis.co
Clo. il.de Til.de —
Vi.cen. a Cen. a Cen. a
Le.o.pol.do Pol.do Pol.do
Ce.cí.lia Ci.la —
Eu.là.lia La.ia —
Mi.se. i.cò .dia Co.ia —
Ro.sa. io — Sa. i
An. ò.nia To.na To.na
The se o examples in (4) is ypi ied by he ac ha all he bases end wi h a s es-
sed hea y syllable. The shape o he unca ed ou pu s changes: while in Valencian all
he examples a e le headed disyllabic P osodic Wo ds, in Eas e n Ca alan he un-
ca ed o ms, much mo e ai h ul o he base, can ake one o wo syllables om he
base. Cases like Remei o Joaquim can only p oduce monosyllabic hipocho is ics,
cases like Ba omeu o Mon se a make disyllabic and monosyllabic unca es, and
inally o he bases like Daniel o Sebas ià only make disyllabic ones.
(4) Base name Eas e n Ca . Valencian
Re.mei Mei —
Mi.quel Quel Que.lo
Me i xell Txell —
Vi.cen — Cen. o
Llu.ís — Ui.sso
I.sa.bel Bel Be.la
Jo.a.quim Quim Xi.mo
Se.gi.mon Mon —
Mon .se. a Se. a , Ra —
Ba . o.meu To.meu, Meu —
Bal. a.sa Ta.sa , Xa Sa. o
Sal. a.do Va.do Vo. o
Is.ma.el — Me.lo
10 Ca WPL 6, 1998 Te esa Cab é
Ca WPL 6 007-022 21/10/99 12:44 Página 10
(4) Base name Eas e n Ca . Valencian
Da.ni.el Ni.el Ne.lo
Con.cep.ció Ci.ó —
Se.bas. i.à Ti.à —
I is in e es ing o no e ha hypocho iza ion in Eas e n Ca alan is always a sho -
ening p ocess o he bases whe eas in Valencian i can be unde s ood as a way o
make le headed disyllabic P osodic Wo ds. Thus disyllabic iambic bases hypo-
cho ize in disyllabic ochaic o ms: Vicen → Cen o, Manel →Nelo, Ra el
→Felo, Lluís →Uisso.4
The possible shapes o unca ed o ms in Eas e n Ca alan a e: ‘LL, ‘HL, ‘H
and L’H; only a subse o hem a e possible in Valencian: ‘LL and ‘HL.
3. The model
Benua (1995, 1997) adap s he basic model o Co espondence Theo y (McCa hy
& P ince 1995) o he unca ion p ocess. The unca ed o ms a e only dependen
on he ou pu s o he base wo ds because he ou pu s a e needed o p oduce un-
ca ed wo ds. We a e dealing wi h a ansde i a ional o ou pu - o-ou pu ela ion.
The base ou pu s a e he inpu s o he unca ed wo ds.«T unca ed o ms do no
s and in a co espondence ela ion wi h he inpu » (Benua 1995:122). Benua’s sche-
ma is p esen ed in (5):
This p oposal accoun s o wo ques ions aised in an inpu - o-ou pu ela ion
(Cab é, 1993). On he one hand, unca ed o ms canno s eng hen he ini ial lap
o he base oo in cases like Je[ɾ]oni —> *[ ]oni, o Ma ga[ɾ]i a —> *[ ]i a, o
Ma[ɾ]ia —> *[ ]ia. On he o he hand, Ca alan canno unca e p opa oxi on bases
like Angèlica o Penèlope, bu o ms like Laia, Coia, Sa i, Tona a e e y common
in spi e o hei p opa oxi on base inpu s Eulàlia, Mise icò dia, Rosà io, An ònia.
Only a ansde i a ional o an ou pu - o-ou pu ela ion can explain why a ill does
no ul il he BT-Iden i y ela ion wi h a co esponden lap. We can accoun o
o ms like Laia o Coia, gi en he impossible p opa oxi on o ms, i he s ess oo
is disyllabic like he base ou pu . S a ing om he base inpu , epai ing s a egies
a e needed which a e uled ou by Op imali y Theo y (P ince & Smolensky, 1993).
T unca ed wo ds mus be ai h ul o he su ace p osodic and segmen al shape o hei
bases. Onse condi ions on he unca ed ou pu s o ce he di e ences be ween
Dialec al Va ia ion in T unca ed Wo ds in Ca alan Ca WPL 6, 1998 11
4. One inds Pep and Pepo om Josep in Valencian, bu monosyllabic hypoco is ics mus be unde s-
ood as lexicalized o ms since hey a e no gene alized.
(5) BT-Iden i y
Base T unca ed Fo m
IO Fai h
Inpu
Ca WPL 6 007-022 21/10/99 12:44 Página 11
hem. These cases cons i u e empi ical e idence in a o o he ou pu - o-ou pu
co espondence ela ion since he unca ed o ms appea comple ely dependen
on he ou pu base.
T unca ed o ms in Ca alan ha e been analyzed as empla ic a ge s ha copy
he posi i e P osodic Ci cumsc ip ion o he bases (Cab é, 1993, 1994). They also
ha e been analyzed unde Op imali y Theo y, wi h alignmen and pa sing cons-
ain s which make useless he old epai ing s a egies o adap he P osodic
Ci cumsc ip ion limi s o empla ic a ge s (Cab é & Kens owicz, 1995). Unde
Co espondence Theo y, he ai h ulness o he P osodic Ci cumsc ip ion is chan-
ged in e ms o p osodic ai h ulness equi emen s. «Foo ai h ulness is ne e
di ec , i is always media ed by segmen s bea ing head o edge oles in he oo .
Cons ain s o he Ancho ing amily (successo s o Alignmen ) a e esponsible»
(McCa hy, 1998:10).
Following his p oposal, we ake he no ion o Ancho -Posi ion o cha ac e ize
he ai h ulness o he head and he edges o he p osodic cons i uen o med by he
s essed oo o he base, which is se led on he igh edge o he wo d, as is well
known.
Ancho -PosBT(FT, head): The p ominen elemen o he unca ed o m and he p o-
minen elemen o he base o m s and in co espondence ela ion.
Ancho -PosBT(FT, ini ial): The ini ial segmen o he p osodic cons i uen o he
base s ands in co espondence ela ion wi h he ini ial segmen o he unca ed
o m.
Ancho -PosBT(FT, inal): The inal segmen o he p osodic cons i uen o he
base s ands in co espondence ela ion wi h he inal segmen o he unca ed
o m.
We mus keep in mind ha lexical s ess in Ca alan is assigned unde a mo aic
ochee pa e n.5The shape ha de e mines he assignmen o wo d s ess can be
modi ied in he ou pu o m. As he inal /n/ and he inal / /, which cons i u e he
second mo a o he monosyllabic oo , a e dele ed, he s essed cons i uen has
only one mo a in he ou pu o m. On he o he hand, no onse posi ion is needed
o ul il he me ical equi emen s, bu onse condi ions can compel he ou pu
o m o ill his posi ion, e en wi h wo segmen s, as in Con.cep.ci.ón →Con.cep.ció.
In his example -ció is he p osodic cons i uen o he base ou pu on which he
Ancho -Posi ion cons ain s ope a e.
As Benua s a es «in languages wi h con as i e s ess, lexical p osodic s uc u-
e is posi ed, bu he su ace p osody o he wo d mus s ill be de e mined by he in e-
ac ion o ai h ulness cons ain s wi h me ical ou pu cons ain s» (Benua,
1995:122). The ull pa sing o he base can be also modi ied by he in e ac ion o
ai h ulness and unma kedness cons ain s, as in Daniel. In spi e o he ac ha
12 Ca WPL 6, 1998 Te esa Cab é
5. Fo a p oposal o he lexical s ess asignmen in Ca alan in OT, see T. Vall e dú (1997).
Ca WPL 6 007-022 21/10/99 12:44 Página 12
-el is he cons i uen on which he Ancho -Posi ion cons ain s ope a e, he equi-
emen s on he P osodic Wo d o ce a disyllabic unca ed o m.
4. Analysis
In Ca alan, he e a e a educed numbe o e y common wo ds whose ou pu o ms
a e monomo aic ( i ‘wine’, pa ‘b ead’, bé ‘good’, po ‘ ea ’, du ‘s ong’, e c).
S a ing om he gene al unca ed o ms in (3), we can s a e ha Ca alan unca-
ed wo ds a e minimally bimo aic and maximally bisyllabic. T unca ed o ms a e
unma ked p osodic wo ds, so Foo Bina i y cons ain mus be obse ed. Thus, a low
posi ion o Max-BT in he anking allows he unca ed hypocho is ics o no copy
he whole base.
F Bin: Fee a e bina y a he mo aic le el o a he syllable le el.
Max-BT: Each elemen o he base o m has a co esponding elemen in he un-
ca ed o m.
The ableaux in (6) illus a e wo examples o he i s g oup. As is e iden , each
iola ion in MAX-BT co esponds o a dele ion o a syllable.
Some o he examples o his i s g oup display impo an iola ions o BT-
Inden i y. We ha e said ha he ini ial lap o he s essed oo canno be kep in
ini ial posi ion o he hypocho is ic o m, bu canno be s eng hened ei he . On
he o he hand, unma ked onse condi ions on unca ed ou pu s o ce he ini ial
onse posi ion o be illed.6E en hough an unde lying lap becomes a ill in some
syllabic posi ions, he ai h ulness ela ion is no p ese ed because i deals wi h
a co espondence ela ion be ween wo ou pu s. The bes way o be ai h ul o he
Dialec al Va ia ion in T unca ed Wo ds in Ca alan Ca WPL 6, 1998 13
6. I is possible o ind a ew disyllabic hypocho is ics wi hou ini ial onse : I a ( om Ma ga i a) and
Ia ( om Ma ia), bu Mi a and Mia a e mo e common. O he possible hypocho is ics like Oni ( om
Je oni) o El ( om Daniel) a e comple ely unaccep able.
(6) inpu F Bin Ancho -Pos Ancho -Pos Ancho -Pos MaxBT
En. i.que. a BT (F , head) BT (F , ini) BT (F , in)
☞ Que. a **
En. i *! * * **
Ri.que. a *! * *
F Bin Ancho -Pos Ancho -Pos Ancho -Pos Max-BT
Le.o.pol.do BT (F , head) BT (F , ini) BT (F , in)
☞ Pol.do **
Le.o *! * * **
O.pol.do *! * *
Ca WPL 6 007-022 21/10/99 12:44 Página 13
base is by aking one o he unma ked a ailable consonan s ( he e is no ill in he
base o m), p e e ably he ini ial consonan o he base name ha iden i ies i
(Kens owicz, 1996). Thus, nasals and s ops a e he a ou ed consonan s, while i-
ca i es a e ma ked. In o de o es ic he amoun o cons ain s in he anking we
ha e included di e en ypes o ai h ulness unde BT-Fai h, as speci ied below.
Two examples o his a e shown in (7).
BT-Fai h: The e mus be s uc u al and segmen al ai h ulness be ween co es-
ponding ou pu s. No dele ion, no inse ion.
I-Onse : T unca ed o ms a e equi ed o ha e ini ial onse .
The iola ions o BT-Fai h mean di e en hings: he ini ial ill segmen o
*Roni and *Ri a is no p esen in he co esponding base o m, whe eas *Oni shows
ha he ini ial onse has been dele ed.
We ha e seen be o e oo ha he e a e a se o unca ed wo ds in he i s g oup
ha iola e ai h ulness in ano he way: he bases ha e complex onse s and hey
a e sys ema ically simpli ied in a glide o consonan . The eason is he domina ion
o BT-Fai h by a well o medness condi ion on syllabic s uc u e ha eme ges in
his kind o wo ds.
No C-Onse : Complex Onse s a e o bidden in unca ed o ms.
We mus say abou hese cases ha he simpli ica ion in a glide o consonan
depends on he consonan ea u al cha ac e iza ion: nasal plus glide is educed o
a nasal (Tona), whe eas o he clus e s a e simpli ied in o a glide (Coia), unless an
adjacen owel wi h he same a icula o y ea u es blocks i (Cila om Cecília).7
The ableaux in (8) show wo examples o his phenomenon:
14 Ca WPL 6, 1998 Te esa Cab é
7. These solu ions coincide wi h he e olu ion o a uni e sal phenomenon o pala aliza ion (Bha
1978). Nowadays hey can display ano he o m like Lali o Co i. Ne e heless, i is possible o
ind a ew hypocho is ics wi h no onse simpli ica ion: Xènia ( om Eugènia) and Sèbio ( om
Eusebio). Ini ial pala aliza ion is ano he phenomenon ha Ca alan unca ion exhibi s: Xènia, Xa ,
Ximo.
(7): Je. o.ni I-Onse BT-Fai h
☞ No.ni
Ro.ni *!
O.ni * *!
Ma .ga. i. a I-Onse BT-Fai h
☞Mi. a
Ri. a *!
Ca WPL 6 007-022 21/10/99 12:44 Página 14
A his poin o he analysis we canno p o ide a s ic anking o he p oposed
condi ions. We know ha hypocho is ics mus obse e well o medness cons ain s
like F Bin, I-Onse and No C-Onse ; Ancho -Pos (F ) p ese es he iden i y wi h
he head and he edges o he base lexical s ess oo ; BT-Fai h can be iola ed
unde he well o medness cons ain s.
5. Cases om inal syllable s essed bases
The second g oup o unca ed o ms is ce ainly he mos in e es ing one. All bases
inish in a hea y syllable, he p osodic cons i uen ha holds he lexical s ess. This
base cons i uen becomes a P osodic Wo d wi h a le headed disyllabic shape in
Valencian, whe eas in Eas e n Ca alan one o wo syllables a e aken om he base
unde equi emen s o ai h ulness and well o medness in con lic .
Le us conside he i s monosyllabic cases as opposed o disyllabic ones.
Monosyllabic unca es om disyllabic bases a e he single possibili y o hypo-
cho iza ion o occu . The ableaux in (9) show wo examples:
Mo e s iking is he mess se o possibili ies and ung amma icali ies pe mi ed
by he longe bases. Isabel, Joaquim, Segimon o Me i xell can only yield monosy-
llabic unca ed o ms: Bel, Quim, Mon, Txell (*Sabel, *Aquim, *Gimon, *Mi xell
a e comple ely unaccep able), whe eas Ba omeu, Mon se a o Bal asa can yield
Tomeu, Se a , Tasa and also Meu, Ra , Xa . Finally, o he bases like Daniel o
Sebas ià can only yield disyllabic hypocho is ics (Niel, Tià), bu his is due o he
dominance o well o medness cons ain s, as we will see la e .
Dialec al Va ia ion in T unca ed Wo ds in Ca alan Ca WPL 6, 1998 15
(8): Eu.là.lia No C-Onse BT-Fai h
☞La.ia *
La.lia *!
An. ò.nia No C-Onse BT-Fai h
☞To.na *
To.nia *!
(9): F Bin Ancho -Pos Ancho -Pos Ancho -Pos Max-BT
Mi.quel BT (F , head) BT (F , ini) BT (F , in)
☞Quel *
Mi.quel *!
F Bin Ancho -Pos Ancho -Pos Ancho -Pos Max-BT
Re.mei BT (F , head) BT (F , ini) BT (F , in)
☞Mei *
Re.mei *!
Ca WPL 6 007-022 21/10/99 12:44 Página 15
Kens owicz, Michael (1996). «Base-Iden i y and Uni o m Exponence: Al e na i es o
Ciclici y». In: Du and, J.; Lasks, B. (eds). Cu en T ends in Phonology: Models
and Me hods. Manches e : Eu opean S udies Resea ch Ins i u e, Uni e si y o Sal o d,
p. 363-393.
Nelson, Nicole (1998). Mixed Alignmen E ec s in F ench Hypocho is ic Fo ma ion.
Ms. Uni e si y o Massachuse s Amhe s .
McCa hy, John (1998). «Fai h ulness and P osodic Ci cumsc ip ion». Ms., U. o
Massachuse s, Amhe s.
McCa hy, John; P ince, Alan M. (1994). «The eme gence o he unma ked». Ms.,
Uni e si y o Massachuse s, Amhe s and Ru ge s Uni e si y.
— (1995). «Fai h ulness and eduplica i e iden i y». Beckman, J. N. e al. (eds.). Pape s
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