Profesoriaus Povilo Brazdžiūno „Bendrosios fizikos“ vadovėlio (1960–1965) terminija

92 Angelė Kaulakienė | Terminology of Physics... Terminology of Professor Povilas Brazdžiūnas' General Physics Textbook (1960–1965) ANGELĖ KAULAKIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language INTRODUCTION On September 18, 2007, it was 110 years since the birth of academician Professor Povilas Brazdžiūnas – the founder of modern experimental physics in Lithuania. He was the first student of Prof. Vincas Čepinskis, prepared the first laboratory physics works at the University of Lithuania, was the first to write a diploma thesis in physics and the first of the graduates of this university to go abroad to deepen their knowledge of experimental physics (Makariūnienė 1990: 6). At the University of Zurich he attended lectures of Prof. Erwin Schrödinger, who had just published important works on wave mechanics, and in seminars he interacted with the most famous physicists of the 20th century, including Nils Bohr (Modern Physics 1997: 280). After completing his studies and obtaining a PhD, he returned to Lithuania and began working again at the University of Lithuania. His outstanding personality and broad-ranging activities as a scientist and educator have been discussed in many publications published in Lithuania (Akademikas 1992; Blažienė 1987; Fizikos istorija 1988; LTE II 1977: 255; Makariūnienė 1990, 1994, 2001; MLTE I 1966: 262; Šenavičienė 1982; Šiuolaikinė fizika 1997). Very well understanding the importance of science for the culture of the nation, P. Brazdžiūnas held the view that the Lithuanian language of science and especially terminology is necessary for its development. Apparently, it is no coincidence that the professor has published three quarters of his works in Lithuanian (Blažienė 1987). He was interested in the standardization and uniformization of Lithuanian physics terminology throughout his life. In 1958, in the preface to the Dictionary of Physical Terms (hereinafter referred to as F), he wrote: "Strict concepts require precise, strict and uniformly used terminology. But at present the terms used by physicists in our republic do not have such characteristics: very often two or even three terms are used to denote one and the same concept, there are unsuccessful innovations, especially in the popular literature of physics, sometimes already established, usual terms are changed, etc. Therefore, the terminology of physics needs to be put in order – it is an important and urgent matter” (F 1958: Professor Povilas Brazdžiūnas' General Terminology | 2007 | 14 93 3). He followed precise, strict and equally understandable terminology provisions when writing both scientific works and popular science articles and textbooks. This can be clearly seen from Prof. P. Brazdžiūnas’s textbook General Physics for higher education, which appeared after the first Lithuanian higher education textbook of physics – V. Čepinskis’ Physics Lectures – about forty years later. The textbook consists of four parts. The first three were published by the State Political and Scientific Literature Publishing House, the fourth by the publishing house Mintis. The volume of each part is approximately the same: 1 d. Mechanika ir molekulinė fizika, 1960, 416 p.; 2 d. Electricity and Electromagnetism, 1961, 407 p.; 3 d. Optika, 1963, 359 p.; 4 d. (without title), 1965, 438 p. Each part of the specialists was reviewed, received a positive evaluation, and especially it was emphasized that the textbook was written in clear, good, correct language (Jonaitis 1962: 175; Puodžiukynas 1965: 176). 1962: 37). According to Henryk Horodnicki, “Part IV of General Physics completes a large and very necessary work of Prof. P. Brazdziūnas for Lithuanian physicists and other representatives of the exact sciences. After V. Čepinskis’ Physics Lectures, which were written in haste and had a whole series of methodological shortcomings, and are now a bibliographical rarity, this is the first work on physics of such a large volume and written at a uniformly high level in Lithuanian. It covers all the chapters of modern physics and, which is especially noticeable in the last volume IV, presents knowledge of the most recent achievements of physics" (horodničius 1967: 877). So, after such a favourable evaluation by specialists, it is worth looking at the terminology of Prof. P. Brazdžiūnas’ General Physics and how it differs from the terminology of V. Čepinskis’ Physics lectures. These things are discussed in the article. 2. GENERAL PHYSICS TERMS OF THE BOOK. THEIR COUNSEL AND ORIGIN 2.1 Physics is very closely related to electronics, electrical engineering, radio engineering, engineering and other physical and technological sciences, therefore in P. Brazdžiūno General Physics there are general terms of these sciences, e.g.: environment BF III 173, winding BF II 314, storm BF II 164, size BF I 30, grid BF IV 379, iron BF II 208, chain BF II 72, thunder BF II 143, anchor BF II 318, voltage BF II 145, movement BF I 53, tape BF II 347, loop BF II 58, charge BF III 35, degree BF II 116, lens BF III 323, alloy BF I 354, trace BF II 272, fiber BF II 271, impurity BF II 103, field BF 94 Angelė Kaulakienė | Professor Povilas Brazdžiūnas General Physics... II 57, core BF II 190, path BF II terms of General Physics can be found in Keleivis (1849–1880), Aušra (1883–1886), Populiariszkame rankvedyje fizikos (1889), K. Šakenio Fizikoje (1920), I. Končiaus manuscript Physics textbook (1919) and glossary Terminai fizikos reikalams (1923–1924), V. Čepinskio Physics lectures (1923–1926). Thus, such terms had a tradition of more than 100 years until the second half of the 20th century, and if we count up to the present day, then also 150 years of usage, e.g.: ašis BF I 344, cf. K 1851 25 981, PF 11, ŠF II 60, 726T2, FP I 93, aszis A 1884 5–6 209; height BF I 134, cf. ŠF I 88, augštis FP I 33, augsztis A 1884 5–6 167; būvis BF I 221, cf. buvis A 1886 1 28; garai BF I 327, cf. A 1884 5–6 171; sparks BF II 145, pg. K 1851 11 42–43, ŠF II 76, FP VII 114, kibirsztis A 1885 10–11 319; material BF II 42, cf. KF 2, ŠF III 10–11, 108T, FP VII 13, medega A 1883 2 48, PF 3, medžgina KF 2; oras BF II 139, cf. 1850 6 24; sun BF II 8, plg. A 1886 6 177; radius BF III 35, plg. K 1852 24 96, KF 159, ŠF III 14, 1417T, FP VI 6; current BF I 132, cf. K 1851 11 43, A 1886 6 177, ŠF II 71, 544T, FP VI 7, segment A 1885 10–11 319; column BF II 7, cf. K 1851 11 43; heat BF I 324, cf. sziluma A 1883 6 173, heating K 1851 11 42, KF 147, ŠF I 11, 1275T, FP III 3, heating A 1884 5–6 171; light BF III 71, cf. PF 82, ŠF III 50, FP VI 6, light A 1884 5–6 195; lightning BF II 6, cf. K 1856 27 107, PF 96, ŠF II 76, FP VII 122 and others. The following terms can be considered to have a slightly shorter tradition of use, e.g. banga BF I 173, cf. ŠF III 74, FP VI 113; branduolysBF IV 196, plg. FP III 80; part of BF IV 196, cf. PF 41, ŠF I 113, FP IV 34; work BF I 45, cf. KF 160, ŠF III 91, 789T, FP VII 332; law BF I 364, cf. FP I 25; gas BF II 133, pg. 1975: 1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place, 4th place, 5th place, 6th place, 7th place, 8th place, 9th place, 10th place, 11th place, 12th place, 13th place, 14th place, 15th place, 16th place, 17th place, 18th place, 19th place. PF 82, FP VII 263; force BF I 28, pg. KF 39, ŠF I 24, 386T, FP II 48; angle BF II 49, cf. 1321T, FP I 87; kelias BF II 90, plg. FP I 13; quantity BF II 6, cf. FP VII 34; direction BF II 13, cf. FP I 9; furnace BF II 87, cf. FP VII 187; body BF III 35, cf. KF 157, ŠF III 35, 1377T, FP I 62; bow BF II 149, cf. ŠF II 51, FP VII 187; laukasBF II 6, plg. 1957, pp. 313; 2nd ed., pp. 223. FP VI 55; surface BF III 130, cf. 17, 915T, FP VI 56; petys BF I 53, plg. The first digits indicate the year of publication of Keleivio and Aušros, the second digits indicate the number, and the third digits indicate the page. 2 The number indicates the number of the term in the Glossary of Physics Terms (hereinafter referred to as T). 272, gap BF II 150, water BF I 131, mean BF II 41, vibration BF II 333, sign BF I 189 and others. Some of the Terminology | 2007 | 14 95 FP I 64; plate BF II 25, plg. 31, FP IV 39; plane BF II 162, cf. FP I 80; equilibrium BF I 99, cf. 1028T, FP I 63, balanced SF I 40; value BF I 9, cf. FP I 35; phenomenon BF II 5, cf. FP I 3; ball BF II 25, pg. 1990, pp. 153; 1990, pp. 154; 1990, pp. 155; 1990, pp. 156; 1990, pp. 157; 1990, pp. 158. FP VI 58; number BF IV 79, cf. FP VII 421; layer BF II 245, cf. BF III 69, layer PF 65, layer FP II 3; stream BF III 22, cf. streamed FP VII 59; source BF II 6, cf. FP VI 47; Rule BF II 102, cf. FP VII 167; point BF III 35, cf. FP IV 37; network BF II 364, cf. FP VII 192; crown BF II 146, cf. FP VII 387; tube BF II 267, cf. FP VII 385; varža BF II 72, plg. FP VII 167; source BF II 14, cf. FP VI 7; unit BF I 30, pg. FP I 12; land BF II 21, cf. FP I 39; ring BF II 99, pg. SF II 71, FP VII 283; candle BF III 22, pg. FP VI 9 et al. The terms of general physics, as in general the terms of every field of science, are single words and compound words. Most of the single-word terms are conjugated ordinary Lithuanian words and derivatives. Most of the skeletons are of humans and some of them are of birds and reptiles. 2.2.1. Of the verbs, most are abstract verbs, or names of actions with suffixes -ing/-ing, e.g.: reversing BF IV 110, turning BF IV 240, reflecting BF III 38, shifting BF II 5, subtracting BF I 40, enlarging BF III 44, doubling BF II 347, decaying BF II 145, scattering BF III 206, releasing BF III 244, spreading BF III 126, degenerating BF I 297, holding BF I 49, expanding BF II 143, squeezing BF II 5, joining BF II 306, falling BF II 151, breaking BF I 186, changing BF II 98, distributing BF I 293, turning BF II 193, turning BF I 349, tilting BF II 162, transferring BF II 101, piercing BF II 108, thinning BF II 155, splitting BF II 124, saturating BF II 332, seeing BF III 95, splitting BF IV 193, splitting BF II 115, radiating BF IV 269, flowing BF II 330, stiffening BF I 337, thickening BF II 23, disturbing BF II 7, shining BF II 146, concentrating BF II 111, turning BF II 98, etc. Some of the same suffixes -imas/-ymas derivatives can be found in V. Čepinskis’ Physics lectures (Kaulakienė 2006: 80–81). Some of the concreted derivatives of both V. Čepinskis’s Physics lectures and P. Brazdžiūnas’s General Physics suffix -imas can be considered as names of the result of action, e.g.: manifestation “phenomenon”: “The subject and task of today’s physics is the study of those natural manifestations, for which manifestation is necessary. 96 Angelė Kaulakienė | Professor Povilas Brazdžiūnas General Physics... changing "inclination": "The formation of shadows proves that light travels in straight lines, without any bends" FP VI 4; tension "voltage": "Therefore, electrical tension acts only in the medium and ends on the surface of the conductor" FP VII 55; saturation "saturation": "It is called saturation curve" BF I 332; pressure "pressure": "These additional pressures are called sound, or acoustic pressure" BF I 193; transformation "transformation": "We consider such as phase transitions of the 1-th kind <...>" BF I 330; p-n transition "fusion": "Thus the p-n transition separates the electrons and holes created by light <...>" BF III 255. The term transition in both General Physics and in general physics publications of the time was referred to as a certain kind of contact in an electric circuit when two substances are joined, and a change in the state of an electron (or positron) (for example, during light absorption, emission), and a certain change in matter or energy. Therefore, several different phenomena were referred to by the same term. In terms of terminology, such a ambiguous term hinders the understanding of the concept, on the other hand, the undifferentiated use of the term complicates the communication of specialists. Thus, the transition of the FTZ term was abandoned and the aforementioned concepts were named by Lithuanian terms: junction (asymmetric, deep, semiconductor, pn, linear, traction, etc.), leap (inverse, nuclear, multiquantum, electron, single particle, etc.), transformation (nuclear, energy, phase, self, etc.) (Kaulakienė 1982: 41–42). Somewhat smaller groups of derivatives of prepositions are made up of names of action results, made with prepositions -inys, -tis, e.g. : compound BF II 157, alloy BF I 354, phenomenon BF IV 409, solution BF I 159, mixture BF I 59, bullet BF I 139; collapse BF II 144, composition BF II 106, shear BF I 111, friction BF I 104, etc. ; names of tools or means of performing an action, made with suffixes -iklis, -yklė, -uoklis, -uoklė, -tuvas, e.g. : burner BF I 142, sampler BF II 60, mixer BF II 349, indicator BF II 93, counter BF IV 212, solvent BF I 337, engine BF I 302; scales BF I 310; pendulum BF I 95; multiplier BF II 254, amplifier BF IV 215, accelerator BF IV 217, receiver BF I 209, leveller BF II 244, sprayer BF I 137, transmitter BF II 344, amplifier BF IV 420; names of actors and possessors of verb properties made with the suffixes -ėjas, -tojas, e.g. : [charge] carrier BF II 47, [mass] emitter BF II 348: “Injection of secondary charge carriers from metal into the semiconductor was used to amplify the signals” BF IV 14; “The wavelength of the mass emitter emitted oscillated between composition of bodies, or their material, completely not changed" FP I 4; bending Terminology | 2007 | 14 97 50–0.082 mm" BF II 349. As can be seen from the context, these terms refer to certain objects. They were subsequently proposed as substitutes charger (Klimavičius 2005: 210–214) and radius, which are used by physicists to this day, cf. FTŽ and RTŽ. 2.2.2. The derivatives of adjectives, derived from nouns and participants, are mainly properties names with the suffix -umas, e.g.: reversibility BF III 36, illumination BF III 23, smoothness BF I 150, resistance BF I 107, multiformity BF IV 106, frequency BF IV 74, spotting BF II 164, power BF I 47, impression BF II 193, sensitivity BF II 107, mobility BF II 117, hardness BF I 108, viscosity BF I 139, curvature BF I 24, conductivity BF II 105, uniformity BF IV 241, performance BF III 33, uncertainty BF IV 173, non-uniformity BF IV 239, capacity BF III 294, permeability BF II 199, brightness BF III 24, compactness BF I 114, stature BF II 275, strength BF I 86, brightness BF III 96, capacitance BF II 131, etc. Some of them coincide with the derivatives of V. Čepinskis's Physics lectures suffix -umas (Kaulakienė 2006: 81). As can be seen from the examples, with the exception of a few, most of the derivatives of the -um suffix in General Physics are made from adjectives with a simple and adjectively uncomplicated root. In general physics, one after another can be found in earlier physics publications with suffixes -ininkas and -ynas from nouns, e.g.: vaidininkas BF II 24, varžynas BF II 73. Most of the deminutives are made from nouns with a specialized or figurative meaning. The following deminutives are found in General Physics II: row BF II 18, grid BF II 103, strip BF II 34, cork BF II 9, loop BF II 176, loop BF II 37, leaf BF II 9, cage BF II 111, partition BF II 123, plate BF II 25, arrow BF II 5, ball BF II 26, thread BF II 86, hole BF II 25, stem BF II 9, brush BF II 65, gap BF II 336, bridge BF II 82, grid BF II 25, mirror BF II 176, wolf BF II 197, rabbit BF II 176, ring BF II 69, etc. Of course, there would be no fewer diminutives in other parts of this textbook. Apparently, it can be concluded that in the scientific language of that time there was a tendency to call small things deminutive terms and give them a specialized or even figurative meaning. 2.2.3. Most endings derived from verbs with the ending -a, e.g.: rise BF I 174, tension BF II 145, division BF II 36, substitution BF I 355, impurity BF II 103, interaction BF II 7, and endings -is, -ys, e.g. : wingspan BF I 82, wingspan BF I 216, wingspan BF IV 419, wingspan BF II 13, wingspan BF I 313, 98 Angelė Kaulakienė | Professor Povilas Brazdžiūnas General Physics... impact BF II 142, etc., name the result of the action. 2.2.4. Derivatives of endings made from nouns with the ending -is, e.g.: aukštis BF I 134, dydis BF II 156, ilgis BF I 175, can also be found in V. Čepinskis’ Physics lecture textbook (Kaulakienė 2006: 82). 2.2.5. Among the most frequently found punches in P. Brazdžiūnas’ textbook, we can mention the following: loudspeaker BF II 343, parallel BF II 18, clock BF II 64, half-century BF IV 188, half-axis BF I 81, half-wave BF IV 384, balance BF I 99, semiconductor BF I 357, half-shadow BF III 36, cross-section BF I 138, inter-node BF II 103, water pipe BF I 138, lightning rod BF II 68, map BF II 162 et al. 2.3 In addition to Lithuanian mono-word terms, another layer of General Physics terminology consists of international terms and hybrids. Most international mononyms are of Latin and Greek origin, such as absorption BF IV 384 (Latin: absorbtio "absorption"), accumulator BF II 132 (Latin: accumulator "collector"), anode BF II 268 (Greek: anodos "path upward"), anisotropy BF I 343 (Greek: anisos "uneven" + Greek: tropos "direction, property"), deformation BF I 106 (Latin: deformatio "change of form"), dispersion BF III 198 (Latin: dispersio "dispersion"), effect BF II 110 (Latin: effectus "effect, result"), emission BF III 295 (Latin: emissio "emission"), phonon BF IV 385 (Greek: phōnē "sound"), generator BF II 66 (Latin: generator "generator"), indicator BF II 60 (Latin: indicator "pointer"), cathode BF II 114 (Greek: kathodos "path downward"), method BF II 236 (Greek: methodos "path of study"), momentum BF II 53 (Latin: momentum < moveo "move"), neutron BF II 8 (Latin: neutrum "none"), proton BF II 8 (Latin: prōtos "first"), theory BF II 106 (Greek: theōria "study"), thermodynamics BF I 279 (Greek: thermos "warm" + Greek: dynamikos "force"), vector BF I 30 (Latin: vector "carrier"), etc. Only a dozen international terms have come directly or indirectly from English, e.g. strimmer BF II 144 (stream), track BF II 272 (track), etc., or from English but of Latin origin, e.g. impedance BF II 291 (impedance < Latin impedio "to hinder"), coherer BF II 337 (coherer < Latin cohaerere); from French, e.g. barrière BF II 249, burette BF II 114, isolateur BF II 24, contour BF II 333, relais BF II 208, or from Latin or Greek, via French inclination BF IV 239, displacement BF II 41, beam BF IV 418, connection BF II 13, Terminology | 2007 | 14 99 language, e.g.: capacitor BF II 30 (French condensateur < Latin condenco "consolidate"), polarisation BF III 168 (French polarisation < Greek pole "pole"), resonance BF I 164 (French résonance < Latin resonans "help"), statistics BF IV 205 (French statistique < Latin status "state"); from German or Dutch, e.g. drift BF II 94 (Dutch: drifen ‘to stir’), throttle BF II 293 (German: drosseln ‘to suppress’), conductance BF II 293 (German: Konduktanz), lamp BF II 273 (German: Lampe) and others. Some of the international terms of P. Brazdžiūnas’ textbook General Physics, which have survived to this day, can be found in earlier physics publications, e.g.: centras BF I 41, cf. 40, pp. 87; dina BF I 30, plg. F III 84, FP I 56; electrics BF II 8, plg. A 1883 8–10 281, PF 94, F II 29, FP VII 385; electrolyte BF II 117, cf. F II 44, FP VII 204; energy BF IV 388, plg. F III 91, FP I 56; Physics BF I 7, plg. F I 3, FP I Prakalba, kvizika A 1884 1–3 35; gramas BF I 30, plg. F I 3, FP I 11; constant BF II 41, plg. FP VII 82; line BF II 160, pg. PF 5, FP VI 3; magnet BF II 157, cf. K 1851 11 42, F II 11, FP VII 3, magnas A 1885 10–11 319; magnetism BF II 200, cf. FP VII 3, magnetism A 1886 6 170, magnetism K 1851 12 46; mass BF IV 25, cf. 1984, pp. 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 150, 151, 152, 153. FP I 61, machine A 1884 5–6 168, machine A 1885 9 288; matter BF II 13, plg. A 1886 5 140, FP VII 385; mechanics BF I 13, plg. FP I 69, mechanics ŠF III 84, mechanics A 1883 7 207; engines BF II 306, cf. ŠF II 75, FP VII 313; poliusBF II 138, plg. A 1885 10–11 320, ŠF II 6, pole A 1884 5–6 209, FP VII 249; spectrum BF III 125, cf. PF 89, SF II 6, FP VII 3, etc. Thus, the mentioned international terms have been used in Lithuanian physics terminology for a long time – some 120-150 years. In addition, some of them were established in General Physics in their usual and unquestionable phonetic or morphological form, for example: amplitude BF I 173, anion BF II 115, battery BF II 138, cylinder BF II 171, formula BF I 129, grammomolecule BF I 220, hypothesis BF I 7, ion BF II 110, molecule BF IV 26, osmosis BF I 337, scale BF I 223, etc. The following morphological form was chosen by P. Brazdžiūnas to name curves of equal value: isodinama (curve of equal strength), isogona (curve of equal deviation), isoclina (curve of equal inclination) BF II 164, cf. also isobara, isochora, isogona, isoclina, isotherma, isotropa F 1958: 38–39, which after a few years was changed to: isobare, isobate, isochore, isochromate, isochrone, isodynamime, isogone, isotache, isotherma FTŽ 1979. However, in the newly prepared Dictionary of Physics Terms (2007) the morphological form of the name of these curves provided in P. Brazdžiūnas’ textbook was returned. 100 Angelė Kaulakienė | General Physics textbook of Professor Povilas international reference word and Lithuanian affix, more precisely suffix -imas, e.g.: autofazavimas BF IV 218 (: autofazavo), įelektrinimas BF II 5 (: įelektrino), išsielektrinimas BF II 7 (: išsielektrino), persielektrinimas BF II 141 (: persielektrino), įmagnetinimas BF II 190 (: įmagnetėjo), įmagnetinimas BF II 202 (: įmagnetino), ionizavimas BF IV 210 (: jonizavo); -ness, e.g.: elasticity BF I 115 (: elastic), intensity BF IV 366 (: intense), coherence BF III 106 (: coherent), multipledness BF IV 107 (: multipletus), polarization BF III 174 (: polarized), proportionality BF I 107 (: proportional), radioactivity BF IV 195 (: radioactive), relativity BF III 286 (: relative), stability BF IV 258 (: stable), etc. ; 2) Lithuanian reference word and international accent, e.g.: ampere-hour BF II 71, ampere-force BF II 185, antiparticle BF IV 200, antinode BF I 174, antimatter BF IV 336, bi-lens BF III 109, electric motor BF II 90, photomultiplier BF II 255, photoconductivity BF III 248, photoplate BF IV 206, photofilm BF IV 208, photocurrent BF III 240, photoimpedance BF III 248, hypernucleus BF IV 330, kilowatt-hour BF II 86, magnetomotor BF II 183, orthohydrogen BF IV 367, parahydrogen BF IV 367, piezoaxis BF II 63, piezo speaker BF II 60, superconductor BF II 98, superconductivity BF II 97, superfluidity BF II 100, thermoelectric motor BF II 256, thermocrystal BF II 258, ultrasound BF I 207 et al. There are also several adjectives or participles that are sub-elements of compound terms, e.g.: anti-blocking [layer] BF II 245, auto-oscillating [system] BF I 170, electron-negative [gas] BF I 217, hyper-fine [structure] BF IV 139, ultra-thinning [state] BF I 257, ultra-short [radio wave] BF II 348, etc. 2.4. Perhaps most of the textbook is composed of two-word and three-word terms. They can form certain sockets and sockets according to the main focus, for example: axis: electric a. BF II 10, horizontal a. BF II 36, magnetic a. BF II 158, non-polar a. BF II 61, optical a. BF II 61, polar a. BF II 61, segnoelectric a. BF II 57; wave: elastic b. BF II 63, electromagnetic b. BF II 331, electronic b. BF III 315, phase b. BF III 313, longitudinal b. BF I 175, radiated radio b. BF II 345, coherent b. BF III 107, microradio b. BF II 358, non-attenuated radio b. BF II 340, flat b. BF I 183, radio b. BF III 19, spherical b. BF I Brazdžiūnas uses hybrid terms, made with various roots and affixes. 1) Terminology | 2007 | 14 107 “The energy of a moving body is called kinetic energy. Let us differentiate the phenomenon of kinetic energy <...>" BF I 46. "The derivative of kinetic energy by velocity expresses the amount of momentum of a moving body" BF I 47. "An electric field whose strength <...> is the same everywhere is called a homogeneous field" BF II 55. "In a homogeneous electric field the body will be affected by a rotational moment <...> in a homogeneous field the dielectric body deviates in the direction of the electric field <...>" BF II 56 et al. is just one other case where composite terms, differing in synonymous secondary elements, are both given in the entire textbook, e.g.: "This kind of deformation is called a squeeze. We describe it as the angular, or rotational, module <...>. G is the modulus of elasticity, or rotation, which depends only on the elastic properties of the material. <...> in this case, the sex, or rotation, module G can be expressed as <...>“ BF I 111. 3.3 In addition to the above mentioned cases of synonymous expression of the secondary elements of compound terms, there is only one other case of variant expression of the secondary elements of compound terms in P. Brazdžiūno General Physics, e.g.: Joule heat BF II 87 and Joule heat BF II 202, ether hypothesis BF II 6 and ether hypothesis BF II 52, Coulomb force BF II 13 and Coulomb repulsion force BF II 24, positive dipole charge BF II 55 and positive spatial charge BF II 144, etc. From such few cases of synonymous and variant expression of the secondary elements of both single-word and composite terms, it can be concluded that most of the terms in P. Brazdžiūnas’ General Physics have already been standardized. It was also used by subsequent authors of physics publications and compilers of physics dictionaries. 4. CONCLUSIONS Brazdžiūnas’ General Physics was the second Lithuanian four-part textbook of physics for higher education, which appeared after the first textbook of physics for higher education – V. Čepinskis’ Physics Lectures – about forty years later. The terminology of both General Physics and Physics lectures consists not only of pure physics, but also of general physics terms and terms related to other fields of physical and technological sciences. 2. General physics terminology consists of conjugated ordinary Lithuanian words, derivatives and international terms. Of the Vedic most common suffixes -imas/-ymas, -umas, -ybė, -inys, -iklis, -yklė, -tuvas, endings -a, -is 108 Angelė Kaulakienė | Professor Povilas Brazdžiūnas' General Physics... It The majority of international terms are Latin or Greek in origin, or have come from Latin or Greek through English or French. 3.The textbook of both General Physics and Physics lectures contains perhaps most of the compound twoand three-word terms, which can be divided into certain nests according to the main theme. In the General Physics textbook such nests are incomparably more than in the Physics lectures. Most of the compound terms of the General Physics nests are still in use today. This shows that both the author and the editor of the textbook have done a lot of normative work. 4.The short synonymic and variant expression of both single-word and compound terms in General Physics shows that most of the terms used in P. Brazdžiūnas’ textbook were already standardized at the time and became the basis for later terminographic publications on physics. LITERATūRA Akademikas 1992: AkademikasPovilasBrazdžiūnas. Sudarytojai E. Balnytė, V. Kalesinskas, E. Makariūnienė, Vilnius. Blažienė I. 1987: PovilasBrazdžiūnas. Literatūros rodyklė, Vilnius. Fizikos istorija 1988: FizikosistorijaLietuvoje.I (1579–1940). Autorių kolektyvas: P. Brazdžiūnas, h. horodničius, h. Jonaitis, A. Puodžiukynas, I. Šenavičienė, Vilnius. horodničius h. 1967: Bibliografija. – Lietuvosfizikosrinkinys7(4), 877–879. Jonaitis h. 1962: Bibliografija. – Lietuvos fizikosrinkinys2 (1/2), 175. Kaulakienė A. 1982: Dėl kelių sudėtinių verstinių terminų. – Kalboskultūra43, 39–43. Kaulakienė A. 2003: Lietuviškų fizikos vadovėlių elektros ir magnetizmo terminai. – Terminologija 10, 107–116. Kaulakienė A. 2006: Pirmojo lietuviško aukštosios mokyklos fizikos vadovėlio terminija. – Terminologija 13, 76–96. Klimavičius J. 2005: Leksikologijosirterminologijosdarbai:normairistorija,Vilnius. LTE II 1977: Lietuviškojitarybinėenciklopedija2, Vilnius. Makariūnienė E. 1990: PovilasBrazdžiūnas,Kaunas. Makariūnienė E., Klimka L. 1994: Lietuvosfizikųirastronomųsąvadas, Vilnius. Makariūnienė E., Klimka L. 2001: Lietuvosfizikųirastronomųsąvadas, Vilnius. MLTE I 1966: Mažojilietuviškojitarybinėenciklopedija1,Vilnius. Puodžiukynas A. 1962: Bendroji fizika. – Mokslasirtechnika3, 37. Šenavičienė I. 1982: FizikosraidaLietuvoje(1920–1940), Vilnius. Šiuolaikinė fizika 1997: ŠiuolaikinėfizikaLietuvoje. Sudarytojai: E. Makariūnienė, E. Rupšlaukis, D. Usorytė, Vilnius. ŠALTINIAI A – Auszra, Laikrasztis, iszleidžiamas per Dra. Bassanawicziu (1883–1886). BF – Brazdžiūnas P. Bendrojifizika.1–4 d., Vilnius, 1960–1965. F – Fizikosterminųžodynas. Red. P. Brazdžiūnas, Vilnius, 1958. FP – Čepinskis V. Fizikospaskaitos. I–VII sk., Kaunas, 1923–1926. FTŽ – Fizikosterminųžodynas. Vyr. red. P. Brazdžiūnas, Vilnius, 1979. is more commonly associated with the second stage of the disease. Terminologija | 2007 | 14 109 K – Keleivis iš Karaliaučiaus broliams lietuvininkams žinias parnešąs (1849–1879). KF – Končius I. Fizika:Fizikosvadovėlisgimnazijoms [Rankraštis] (VUBR. F1. F1039), 1919. PF – Neris P. Populiariszkasrankvedisfyzikos, Šenandoras, 1889. RTŽ – Radioelektronikosterminųžodynas. Vyr. red. V. Palenskis, Vilnius, 2000. ŠF – Šakenis K . Fizika, Tilžė,1920. T – Terminai fizikos reikalams. – Lietuva,1923–1924. TERMINOLOGY OF THE TEXTBOOK BENDROJI FIZIKA BY POVILAS BRAZDŽIūNAS Bendrojifizika (Generalphysics) by Povilas Brazdžiūnas was the second original textbook of physics for universities in four parts written in Lithuanian. It was published approximately forty years after the first Lithuanian textbook of physics for higher schools Fizikospaskaitos (Lecturesonphysics) by V. Čepinskis. The terminology of Bendrojifizika and Fizikospaskaitos consists not only of pure terms of physics, but also of general terms and terms of physics related to other fields of physical and technological sciences. In Bendrojifizika terms are terminologized common words, word formations and international terms. Among the word formations the most frequent are derivatives with suffixes -imas/ -ymas, -umas, -ybė, -inys, -iklis, -yklė, -tuvas, -alas and with endings -as and -is and compounds. Among the later more frequent are compounds with a verbal second element. The majority of international terms are of Latin or Greek origin or have come from Latin or Greek through English or French. In both textbooks Bendrojifizika and Fizikospaskaitos the majority of terms are two or three word complex terms, which could be separated into a few families of words according to their main element. In general, there are many more of these families in General Physics than in Physics Lectures. The majority of complex terms from Bendrojifizika are still in use. This demonstrates how successful was the normalization performed by both the author and the editor of the textbook. All surnames of foreign scientists, which make subordinate elements of complex terms in Bendrojifizika have adapted forms with Lithuanian endings according to their approximate pronunciation. It can be concluded that foreign surnames in the language of science from the middle of the 20th century have an adapted form according to the pronunciation. Sparing usage of synonyms and variants of simple or complex terms shows that the majority of terminology of Povilas Brazdžiūnas' textbook was already normalized and became the basis for subsequent terminographical publications of physics. Retrieved 2007-09-19. Angelė Kaulakienė, Lithuanian Language Institute, P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, E-mail ter[email protected]