Tautologiniai veiksmažodžių aiškinimai „Lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

LI E-T-U V. T Ě LANGUAGE QUESTIONS Vv LEB T-U VO 8 T. S-Rr M O KS LU A KA DEMIJA TAUTOLOGICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF VERBS IN THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARY A. A tautological interpretation is a descriptive interpretation in which a word of the same root is used in the definition of the meaning of the explanatory verb. In the Lithuanian language dictionary, as in many other language dictionaries, the meanings ir of prepositional verbs are usually explained in a tautological way. For = example, to move. fry a little, bake in haste. cut in half by cutting*. In the Lithuanian dictionary, the verbs with no preposition are often interpreted using the tautological definitions. ir In this article we want to draw attention to such cases, in ir which it is possible to reveal the meanings of į unprepositioned verbs with sufficiently clear and comparatively ir accurate tautological descriptions of action. e A. LEXICALS ORIGIN VERBS I. A verb derived from a noun iš only denotes an 1. Iš action, but also indicates the object to which the action is ne directed or which is sought by the action. In the tautological interpretation ir of such a verb, į the verb of a broader meaning is given by the genitive of the noun of the same root, indicating the object of the action. su ar For | example: Raspberry picking raspberries. mushroom picking to collect mushrooms. worm collect worms, look for worms. hares hunting, catching hares. ! Plg. :noroBopxT5 rOBOPUTH HEKOTOPOEe BpeMAR; AOKymnaTh noKynars uro-aubo gonoaB HeHue K panee KyNAGHHOMY; meperphi3aTh I'm sorry, I'm sorry, Ha I'm sorry. CAoBaph COBpeMeHHoro pycckoro AureparypHoro sisnika, Axapemust Hayk CCCP, MHCTHTYT pycCKOro Samia (hereinafter referred to as — CCPASI); drop a Last zu to throw, to throw down; approaching flying. Wordbook of German Contemporary language, German Academy of Sciences zu Berlin, Institute for German Language and Literatur, Lfg. 1—2, Berlin, 1961 (hereinafter — WDG). 207 cattle to look like cattle. į sponge becomes a į sponge-like”. ; 5. Iš a verb derived from a noun indicates a state in which the subject suffers the harmful action of the agent expressed by that noun. Explained by formulas "to be eaten, gnawed, chopped by somebody..." For example, to be eaten by worms. wormed to be wormed. to be bitten by moths. 6. Iš noun-derived verb says that the actor performs "a certain position, something engaged in, is some profession of social status. Explanation of the ar formula „to be something, to do something; go, perform appropriate duties’. For example, to be a gibbon. be a blacksmith, engage in blacksmithing. to be a soldier, to perform military duty. to be an officer, to hold an officer's position. to practice the carpentry trade. shepherds to perform shepherd's duties. camping with the kampinnku®. It should be noted that some verbs, aiSkinamy tautological definitionZimu, it is not possible to į merge any relevant groups. These are individual cases of tautological interpretation, e.g.: revenge intent to revenge, threat of revenge: kinship with su relatives consider kinship ir t. t. II. 1998-1999 A verb derived from an iš adjective of 1. Iš adjectives denotes the action by which an object is given the property expressed by that adjective. The formula "to do what" is explained. For example, to make a circle. yellow to make yellowish. rejuvenate make young. hardening to make hard, harder. deepening to make deeper. to taste to make tastier." 2. Iš adjective-derived verb indicates a state, showing that the subject „really ar supposedly has the characteristic expressed by that adjective. Explanation of the formula "to be, to look like". For example: : to be clear to be clear. black to be, to appear black. 5 Plg. : AeAeHers nameBpaujaTbCA B A€g; KOCTEHETL GeAarbCR TBEDpgbiM nogodHo KOCTU CCPAS. S Plg. : KysHeuHTb 30RHiuMAThCA Ky3HeNuHbiM geaoM (npocTOpeu.); NAOTHHYATE BHINOAHATH pachory navtHuka; Download naornuxom CCPAS; "CAYXETb ObiThs CAyroū, npucayroi (yerap.)". CPA; amueren ein function, act, act as WDG. * Plg. : noporurs gears Goaee KOPOTKUM CCPAA; pasrsrs geaars pPQBHLIM, PABHOUEHtsi CPS; altern jmdn., etc. early aging; activate jmdn,. etc. make active WDG. 14. The colours of the flag V 209 are yellow, yellow-green, and yellow-yellow. | equal to be equal”. 3. A verb derived from an adjective denotes the process by which an object acquires the characteristic expressed by that adjective. The explanation uses the verb to do with the adjective- 's possessor or the verb to go with the adjective adverb of the same root with the suffix -yn. For example, to be bitter to be bitter. yellow to turn yellowish, yellow. to harden to become hard. to improve for the better. to rise, to become nobler. to go to the sun. live to live". B. VOCAL VERBS Verbs derived from vocal conjugations denoting the sounds of animals or birds are interpreted by the verb of a broader meaning and that conjugation, e.g.: karkti rėkti with the voice “kar, kar, kar” (about a chicken). chirikšterėti surikti „„čirišt. gagging shouting “ga, ga, ga” (about a goose). kukuoti shout ‘kukū’ (about a cuckoo)’. In addition, the word "slang" is sometimes used to refer to other forms of slang, such as "slang" for "slang" or "slang" for "slang". keperkščiuoti eiti keperkšt, keperkšt. karkšėti karkš karkš daužyti. kabuldinti kabuldi, kabuldi beating or something else to do. The latter examples of the interpretation of extraneous verbs seem somewhat ridiculous." In addition, many of the outliers and the verbs derived from them are only known in individual dialects. It is not worthwhile to explain verbs that have not entered the literary language with the same unknown pronouns from which the explanatory verb itself originated. It would be much more useful for the dictionary users if the optical or acoustic image of the singular verbs were described in a descriptive way (sometimes by synonym) and a comparative reference to the corresponding verb was given in parentheses. 8 E.g.: pasasiTECH Obirb UAU CHuuTOT5 CeOg paBHbiM KOMY-A. CPS; ropuuTL umers ropsKuti, ropbKOBaTbliū npuBKyc CCPAS; ahneln jmdm. Dnlich his WDG. 2 Plg. : KpacHeTb CTGHOBUTBCA KpauCHbiM, npuoGperaTL KpaCcHbiū UBeT; MOAOAeTb CTOHOBUTBLCS MOAOgbiM, MOAOJXE; 2. The Committee on the Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; TBepAers CTAHOBUTBCR TBepgbim usu GoAee TBepgbiM; SCHeTL CTUHOBUTBLCA ACHbIM uAu 6oAee ACHbiM CPi; aging get old WDG. P Plg. : KyKoBaTh U3gaBarb Kpuk «KyKy» (0 KyKywKe); MAyKaTh U3gaBaTh 3BYKU «MSY» (o xotuke u gpyrux xowausux) CCPASL I Similar interpretations have been given by A. Juška in the illustration of words, e.g. : Kersnoti is joti shaking —kers, kers, kers (A. IOymxenuųu, Aurosckijū cA0Bapb Cb TOAKOBaHieMb CAOBb Ha pyCCKOMb H IIOALCKOMb f3biKaxb, Bk. III (r. II, Bem. I), Ilerporpaas, 1922). 210 limp walking while limping (cf. limp). Inekteléti with a muffled sound to fall on the ground to something heavy, rugged (plg. znekt). to fall on the ground to something soft, sluggish (cf. šlumšt). to fall into something liquid (cf. kliunkt). C. VERBS OF VERBAL ORIGIN The verbs of certain significant sections —so-called minor, frequent, causal, serving—in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary are usually explained by references to the primary verb. In individual cases, when these references are not sufficient, the meanings of minor, frequent and causal verbs are interpreted by tautological definitions. 1. Minor verbs. In their tautological definitions, the verb of the same root is given with the adverbs as much, a little, gradually, slowly, from easy, etc. For example, to scare somewhat frightened. - I'm gonna get it. kapstenti slowly kapstyti. kedelenti from easy kenati. 2. Frequent verbs. In their tautological interpretations, adverbs are used in intervals, with breaks, constantly, often, here and there. For example, a circle with a circle. fight fight with breaks. raise constantly, often raise what. to fly here and there to fly. 3. Frequent-- minor verbs. In their tautological definitions. adverbs denoting repetition of action, ease, weak intensity of action or circumstances of the way expressed by other parts of speech are used at home. For example: fry often, po fry a little. imprison little by iš little, easy to blame po each other. 4. Causative verbs. Explained by the formulas "to do that" verbal su conjugations of the same root 3rd person. For example, to cook to make to cook. make to make to make to make. "to growl, to make growl. to make them laugh. In the Lithuanian Language Dictionary, the meanings of verbs are explained in other cases not mentioned ir here. For example, this is how small verbs derived from numerals, pronouns, adverbs are ir interpreted: quadruple four times increase; iš to make equal more equal; ganéti be quite etc. ir The most commonly interpreted ir diphthong verbs, e.g.: gardžiakąsniauti eat delicious bites; rabbit cabbage collect rabbit cabbage. Finally, in the Lithuanian language dictionary, only verbs are explained by the tautological definitions, but words of other parts of the language, for example, nouns ne ir 211 (guardian who protects; naturalist natural sciences specialist; young man young man), adjectives (curvy with curls; su long-tailed who has long fangs). su The case of the tautological interpretation of other parts of the language is not discussed in this article. * Though tautological interpretations of meanings are considered by some lexicologists as insufficient, as we have seen, in certain cases they are completely justified and acceptable for several reasons: 1) The tautological definition is characterized by brevity (e.g., steam to release steam); is clear 2) enough (e.g., cost to set a price); 3) the tautological definition not only explains the meaning of the ir word, but also shows the origin of the word ar jo connectisu on with another word of the same root (e.g., left-handed to work with the left hand). | Of course, tautological interpretations are justified only when the Word of the same root used in the definition is explained in the Zodyne in a descriptive way or by a widely used synonym. Explanations by narrowly used synonyms make the dictionary more difficult for users. Sometimes it is necessary to go through several “stages” before the meaning of the explanatory word is finally clarified? '*, Properly used tautological interpretations are almost equal in value to non-tautological descriptive definitions and reveal the meaning of words much better than synonyms references. ar TABTOJIOTHYECKOE TOJIKOBAHHE TJIATOJIOB B ‘CJIOBAPE JIMHTOBCKOTMO S13bIKA>’ A. KYUHHCKAHTE Peswme TaBTosOrHYecKHMH OnpejnjejieHHAMH B «CjooBape JAUTOBCKOro sA3biKa» TOJNKYIOTCSl pa3jiHyHble IIpOH3BOJIHbIe TJarojbi: |) HMEHHOro KPOHCXOXKIieHus (oOGpa3oBaHHBIE OT CVILECTBHTEJIbHbIX, HNp., kilpoti daryfe kilpas — aneTJIATb —0eaars nerau»; OT NpuJiaraTeJIbHbIX, Hnp., blacken to make him12 pyz., J. Galkina-Fedoruk, criticizing the tautological interpretations of the S. OZegovo dictionary, says that the definition of the word mepka, orirpeAeAeHHEkIū pasMep“ is, admittedly, short, but insufficiently revealing the meaning of the word, because its content is tautological. Plg, E, M. TaaKuHa-DepopykK CoBpeMeHHsilū pyccKuit s351K, Aekcura, M., 1954, p. 191. 18 A striking example of such inadmissible “stages” is the V volume of the Lithuanian Language Dictionary: kabarzuoti kabarzu, kabarzu joti. kabarzu kepersu. Kepersu kiverzai. kiverzai keverzai. crosses to describe a clumsy, ugly move. Furthermore, it is necessary to ensure that the word of the same root used in the tautological definition is not interpreted, albeit indirectly, as "Idem per idem" ("round"), e.g.: regret to feel pity. pity pity jim. regret — to regret, 212