Lietuvių kalbos įvardžiai ir jų reikšmės

LeL:EST-SU VET YU sR EAT LBO OS TY R. OS Kk La UST MO APL VI LF BT 9 Vir0Q. :.§ T SR M OK S .L*Ų AK'A°'DEMI1J A LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES NAME IR JU APPLICATIONS A. VALECKIENE § 1. Pronouns have very general, abstract meanings. They refer to objects or characteristics in a certain relation, without expressing the specific content of the objects or characteristics to be referred to. Depending on the context, the object or property referred to may be different. The number of objects or characteristics referred to by pronouns is undefined. When changing the specified item or property (depending on the context), the relationship in which a particular pronoun refers to an object or property remains constant. Pronouns are divided into semantic groups į according to those relationships in which they denote objects or characteristics. In this article, the semantic classification of pronouns will be somewhat different than in current Lithuanian language textbooks. Be therefore, here will be attempted to raise the adverbial-semantic si stratification of Lithuanian pronouns, to show which pronouns t. y. ir jų values are old which ir are newly formed. 1. Personal pronouns § 2. Personals include a8, tú, més, tú, él, ella, túmsta. Sometimes the pronoun itself has the personal meaning, -i. (and this is su subject to conditions) only the pronouns as, tu, més, vos, tdmsta can be considered. They refer to persons in relation to the speaker. $ 3. The aš pronoun indicates the speaker himself, — thus the į person to whom the speaker addresses himself. — Wherevaš er I go now, I will iš ko live! — Moaning grandmother... BilR I 164. — Jonah, ir tu marš į work, — power do not show, is ir už you more powerful CvR IX 64. In addition, the ir phrases you and you are considered to be independent pronouns according to their meaning, o ne and as and that are considered to be plural forms of pronouns (as conditional pronouns are in the conjugation system). Mēs indicates several ne speakers (t. y. du ir more than “I”), but the speaking person together su with other persons (‘I’ ir “you” or “him”). You indicate two or more persons to whom the speaker addresses (,,you” and “you” or,,you” and,,he”). We're soldiers. Cold cock froze in our faces SNėrP I 205. O you, bobs, don't disturb, cook the mushrooms, ir stir (d.) Please. In artistic speech, the pronouns as, ti, més, you can be used to indicate ir objects. In these cases, the objects referred to are as if personalised. 31 The pronouns as, tu, més, vous are old forms, some of them slightly altered. In addition to aš, in Lithuanian dialects and in old writings there is the form ėš with a short initial e (cf.: ėš Nmč, Zt, jėš (with adjective j) Plm, Lzd, esch BP I 28, 33, 5, 6), which is older than lk. dš and agrees with lat. es, pr. es (next to as). In Lithuanian, the form ėš became I probably because it is often in a cursive position: in Lithuanian, the unpronounced vowels a and et at the beginning of a word have been alternating since ancient times (cf. akmué lk., ekmu6 Giš, Erž, alksnis lk., elksnis Gs, Nm, Erž, erėlis 1k., arėlis Ds, erškėtis 1k., arškėtis Ds)? The forms dš, ėš consonant §<Z has changed even in the proto-Baltic languages (cf. lat. es, pr. es, as, but s. sl. az)". In dialects, instead of the pronoun form mės (with an elongated e, probably according to you*) there are forms with a short root e (see mės Lp, Vs, Krtn, Kal, Dglš, Skdv, Vdk), which are older and agree with pr. my? lat. tarm. month. In some cases, you (with the short u) Kal is used after mės. Our pronouns I, ta, més, you corresponding to other ide. the same personal pronoun meanings. $ 4. The pronoun tamsta in Lithuanian is newly formed probably from the compound tavo mylista, cf. transitive forms tūmista Slnt, Gs, Krok, Vrn, Švnč, Eiš, tūmysta Lp, Kv. This pronoun does not indicate a new relationship between persons. It is used instead of tú, politely, with respect addressing another (often little known or older, respected) person. The plural form of the pronoun tamsta occurs when politely addressing two or more persons, instead of the usual you. ; "I don't know," answered Antanas sadly, "can you give me some advice?" You're an uncle... Bill I 79. There stood an old woman, dressed in white fur, and she looked at us with a gracious look. "So you're going to the library?" “I know,” she said. "Rarotos," replied the sister with a sigh, "but if you knew how much you frightened us! Vol.171. In the ancient scriptures, instead of thousands of compounds used your health, that's health. This is also the case in some of today's fictional novels. The noun health here no longer has its direct meaning. But in order that those things which I have reminded you of iusy sweikatos better could remember: shortly so what I said ąntrū kartū I say DP 34.! See. K. Būga, Lithuanian Language Dictionary, 1 ed., Kaunas, 1924, p. 9. * J. Endzelynas (see his Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, Vilnius, 1957, p. 147) doubts whether in all Lithuanian dialects ėūš<ėš, and indicates a third form tarm. 65<<as (from Anykščiai- ), bringing it closer to the first sound with s. sl. az», where a at the beginning of the word may have been from the long vowel (see A. Mei e, ObmiecraBsAHCKHHA 5351K, Mocrsa, 1951, p. 363). In our understanding, the Lithuanian form O6š<ūš is probably a secondary vowel elongation. In dialects, the vowel of the pronoun I is often lengthened when it is in the open syllable, by adding accents, particles to this pronoun (cf.: ąšai BaranLM 179 (Jnš), ąšianai Sv. Dbk., Žsl, Pnd, ūšian An, Sv, ūšiano BūgAS 172 (Dsn), ūšiainos Lkm, PIS, ūšianos Rgv, ūšiananos Brz), although in some places it remains and is not prolonged (cf.: ašai Mit, ašianai Ukm, asian Pš, Sd, Ukm, Všk, asano Str, ūšiainos Dglš), According to the ratio asian: I could have formed next to ūšian and as. For the forms ėš, as of the consonant §<Z, see §<Z transformation. J. Endzelynas, min. veik., p. 147. 4 See. J. Endzelynas, ibid., p. 148,: 5 See, J. Endzelin, Altpreussische Grammatik, Riga, 1944, p. 133. 32 Which items gs will be shown first in a short time ų DP 144. ..we'll take out all the unwanted articles. ne DP 257. 11:10 And when ko he would ko comfort ar himself, he began to speak with words, and bowed his head: ty We're here to check on Tamistos' health. DaukB 64. — But the ir courage of your health unprecedented! — Observers Jonušas LzPR II 46. Ta in the same meaning as tdmsta, -os used in Lithuanian pronoun pats, -i, patys, -čios, but it is not so official, occurs in more intimate language. Ar Remember the Japanese war yourself? Up. I think it's a strangep r, because it's the first time I've aš seen Srv. The same, -i in the main meaning Zr. § 35. : Similarly, the adjective -1 healthy is used in its faded literal meaning. -ū su : To be a giant, of course, a small thing, but to be a man like sv e iwhat, that's something else BalčHP 125. Aš I'm asking, who's so crazy to talk like that? PaukštAA 37. Be mentioned, politely addressing į another person, in Lithuanian gaįprastas place na tū ir pronoun you. Už all other pronouns used in courtesy it is most neutral. O Why didn't you accept to be the principal of our high school? — without taking his gaze away from Norkūno face, asked Kuliešius BaltrTK II 37. $ 5. Iš of all personal pronouns that refer to ar persons in one way or another, the pronouns he, she are distinguished. It is used to indicate both a person and an object. The pronoun ji he, indicates the person or thing being spoken of. The little brothers were jealous Mikučiui, seeing how nimblely he bent the horse, like half a dagger CvR III 137. Dozens of times Nine su Krisu rises iš from the table, but again planting them CvR IX 18. Peter carried the į saddle barn, ją found it locked ZemR 1 167. For to ji Sea that the boat was an olive branch JV 450. . | Pronoun it is derived from the demonstraiš tive pronoun *with su addition j (some jokes have jo-, forms). * iū Therefore, ir jo remained close to the demonstrative values. The person or thing being referred to is one that we know beforehand or that will be immediatiš ely referred to (plg. the general meaning of demonstrative pronouns $ 13). Other ideas. In other languages, pronouns of this root are also used in the third person, e.g. got. is „jis“, lot. is ‘he’ ir ‘that’. It is believed that the pronoun he, the root ji meaning in ancient iš times was artimestas, the root nė meaning, ta only he, was more used anaphorically, indicating ji what has already been mentioned (without emphasis)?. Anaphorically used demonstrative pronouns in the sentence usually have a noun function, go as a factor, adjective, as personal pronouns t. y. (zr. §§ 15, 2; 16, 2). For the pronoun he, ji to get the personal meaning just could help weak indicative jo (anaphoric) meaning noun ir usage. 6 Zr. K. Brugmann, Die Demonstrative pronouns of the idg. Languages, Leipzig, 1904; “Abhandlungen der Philological and historical Class of Kėniglich Sūkhsi Society of Theology and Sciences”, XXII Bd. No. VI, p. 37—38. 3, Questions of Speech VI, 33 In many ide. Third-person pronouns in different languages have different roots. In the third person singular, it is used in the Latvian dialect. In other Latvian dialects and literary languages, the pronoun ving is used instead of he, she. In Prussian, this meaning is given by tans (alongside the enclitic *dis), probably derived by contamination from *tas and *anas’. § 6. In some dialects of Lithuanian the pronoun anas, aris, -ū is used instead of he, she. In the Žemaičių dialektas, ažfis, -ū in the meaning of third-person pronouns has a whole paradigm: afis, and, andm, etc., and, anos, andi, etc., aniė, anū, anims, etc., anos, ani, anéms, etc. Lkv; Mžk, Vvr, Grg, Užv, Sint. In these dialects, the -a preserved the meaning of demonstrative pronouns. In Eastern Highland dialects, the third-person pronoun has a complement paradigm: the nouns dnas, -a, dnys® (dnies), ūnos; other verbs *jo-, into forms: jo, jam, etc., jos, jdi, etc., jų, jiems, joms, etc. Sv, Dbk, Dgls, Tvr, Aln, PIS, Ut; in the demonstrative sense all forms here have the same root: ands, ano, andm, etc., anié, anū, aniems, etc. In the ancient scriptures, the situation is similar. In K. Širvydas’ writings, we can reconstruct the third-person suffix paradigm, as in the eastern Highland dialects: nouns anas SP I 20, ana 174, anis 32, anos 21; other verbs: kilm. io 17, ios 76, iu 18, naud. iam 23, iey 170, ilemus 31, gal. ii 23, iu 72, iuos 31, ias 80, in. iuo 58, ieys 128, etc. However, there is also a * with the root noun, plg. : And then his mother said to him, “Sitay tewas tawo, and we went and sought thee. It's very iump. Kodrin me ieszkoiot, neioiot iog those (daykts) that are Tewo my, reykia man' be? And they did not understand the word, which was written in SP I 195 (see the Polish text... and they did not understand... SP I 196). In the case of the demonstrative meaning, K. Širvydas' writings use the anas, -a forms of all the verbs, cf. ...and a na bloody wife SP I101. Anie Arionay, Eutichionay, Monothelitay, and others paklideley SP I 205...iaunikayčio ano SP I 88. ...ape anu Baltazaru SP I 134 and others. In the writings of M. Daukša and J. Bretkūnas anas, -a in the third person is used inconsistently next to he, she forms. Like in the Žemaičių dialektas, not only nouns, but also other pronouns anas, -a forms instead of he, she forms occur here: vns. ward. ghis BP I 39, 45, 46, iiš DP 3, 4, anas BP I 39, Anas DP 5, dgs. ward. ghie BP I 43, 50, iié DP 3, 15, anis BP I 41, 33, aniš DP 16, dgs. gal. ios BP I 2, anus BP I 33, 35, etc. From this one can conclude that the use of anas, afis, -ū in the third person in Lithuanian language developed much later than the use of the pronoun jis, ji in the same meaning. During the historical period ūnas, afis, -ū in the third person meaning in Lithuanian language had not yet been established at all. In Lithuanian dialects, the development of the pronoun ūnas, afis, -ū in the third person corresponds to the development of the pronoun on» in Slavic languages. In the Old Slavic language " See.K. Brugmann, ten pat, p. 92; J. Endzelin, Altpreussische Grammatik, p. 121. 8 Anys next to aniė (which is used in the demonstrative sense) is most likely derived from pūtys (see J. Endzelynas, Baltų kalbų garsai ir formos, p. 150; otherwise E. Fraenkel, Sprachliche, besonders syntaktische Untersuchung des kalvinistischen litauischen Katechismus des Malcher Pietkiewicz von 1598, Gottingen, 1947, p. 23), because pats, pūtys, like dnas, afis, dnys, is also used in the third person. 34 ond had still a whole paradigm and demonstrative meaning. In the present Slavic languages, except for Bulgarian literary language, the already formed complement paradigm in the third person meaning of iš the pronoun ons ir *js forms, e.g. Russian. on, ero, emy, etc., Polish. on, jego, niego, go, jemu, niemu, mu ir t.t., ček. on, jeho, ného od jemu, mu, (k) nému t.t. ir In Old Russian, ons, in addition to the third-person meaning, also had the meaning of demonstrative pronouns? *, and in modern Russian on is used only in the third person (the full form of this pronoun oHbktú still occurs in some cases in the demonstrative sense). Therefore, in Slavic languages, ons in the third-person sense also has no pre-Indo-- European origin. Both in Lithuanian anas, afis, -a, and in Slavic languages on» common usage in the third-person meaning probably arose independently, but for the same reason, there is reason to believe that ūnas, afis, -ū in the third-person meaning will have developed similarly as he, she, from the anaphoric demonstrative pronoun anas, -a usage (for further explanation see § 17). $ 7. The three-person system of personal pronouns expresses the main sides of the language act: the speaker, the listener, and the person or object being spoken of. in individual languages, personal pronouns help express the person category of verbs, e.g. I go, you go, he, she, it goes, we go, you go, they go. In Lithuanian, personal pronouns are not necessary for this function, because the endings of personal forms of verbs express the category of person well. In Lithuanian, the pronouns I and that and més and you are often omitted. They are used when a sentence wants to emphasize the speaking person or his interlocutor, and they are also necessary when the personal pronoun is one of the homonymous factors or has a connected friend's pronoun, e.g.: mano brolis ir aš, més su broliu. 2. Recursive pronoun $ 8. There is only one recursive pronoun —savés. It is an old form (in dialects it also occurs with the older root vowel e: vns. kilm. sėvęs Rt, sėvęs Sg, Rsn, vns. gal. sevė StngŽ 43, sėvę Mit I 73). The same name is used for the other branches of the same family. language. The pronoun savės indicates the relationship of the person who is perceived in the sentence as the subject of the action or state with himself. In this way, the person indicated by the recipient pronoun and the person who is the subject of the action in the sentence are the same. The recidivistic pronoun in the sentence always indicates the object of the action. Because of this function, the recursive pronoun has not had a noun verb since ancient times, i.e. a subject verb. Also from the ancient recursive pronoun does not have plural forms. In the Lithuanian language, the regressive pronoun savės has preserved a very old usage. It refers here to the relationship of the speaker, the interlocutor and the person about whom it is spoken to themselves. 9 See. A. II. ikyOnunckuž, Heropaus ApeBHepyccKoro s3bika, Mocksa, 1953, p. 193. 35 "I'll give you a ten!" The elder said. "I am, too," said the second. —Only now we don't have ZemR I 181 with us. Do not break your hands like birch branches broken by the raging wind MairRR I 69. Grandmother also sat on the bed, repaired the spindle and pulled the wheel KrėvAP 126 closer to herself. Stepouk shrugged his shoulders, pulled his elbows under his hands, and immediately looked more like a run-down car than a living creature. Three days they could work for themselves, three days to go to the manor Vikv. In addition to Lithuanian, the ancient use of the returning pronoun has been preserved in other Baltic and Slavic languages, e.g.: lat. es aizstūvu sevi, tu aizmirsti sevi, ving nepakļaujas sev; rus. a Kynua ce be Khury, Tbi gymaeulb O cebe onB3aac cobolii mau. In many current ide. in languages such as German, English, French, the sangrazine pronoun is only suitable for the person concerned. When the subject of the action is the first or second person, the forms of personal pronouns are used, cf. I'm dressing up, you're dressing up, he's dressing up, t.t. In the old Lithuanian writings, in addition to the usual use of saw (cf.: Dik mums ing sawe tijkietij Mz 421, Miliek artima [...] kaipo patis sawi Mz 38...preg saw es mani laikikiet Mz 9) there are also such ones. cases:..pro early madetawissu me tawespi Mz 511. The MZ 260 is a MZ 260. Maybe we're going to defend ourselves strongly in Mz 52. Such constructions with personal pronoun forms instead of the pronoun savés in our ancient writings will be valuable from other languages. 3. Possessive pronouns § 9. Pronouns are: mano, tavo, savo, manas, -a, tūvas, -a, savas, -a, mano, -Oji, tavasis, -0ji, savasis, -Oji, musasis, -0ji, jusasis, -6ji, maniškis, -é, taviskis, -ė, savi$kis, -é, musiskis, -é, jusiSKis, -é. All Lithuanian possessive pronouns have a personal or recursive pronoun root. The oldest are the a/o trunk forms. 1999. pp. 10. "A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U". Other related languages also have *o/@ stem endings, e.g. Latin. tuos, suos (along with the newer tuus, suus) from *tovos, *sovos"- ?, Manas, -a in Lithuanian will have appeared analogously according to the system of personal pronouns (as mane, tavė, save, so and mdnas, -a next to tūvas, -a, savas, -a)". The same forms of Latvian literary language are mans, tavs, savs. The Prussian possessive pronouns mais, twais, swais agree with s. sl. in terms of construction. My, your, yours. Nominative forms of mine, yours, yours, as well as noun forms of mine, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours, yours See, StolzSchmalgz, Lateinische Grammatik, Miinchen, MCM XXVIII, p. 284. 1 Zr. K. Brugmann and Delbriik, Basic outline of the comparative grammar of the idg. Sprachen, 2 Bd., 2 T., 1 Lief., Strasbourg, 1909, p. 405. 36 are newer. Pronouns su noun suffix -iškis, -ė (my, -ė, your, -ė ir t. t.) are specific to the Lithuanian language. Be of the aforementiir oned, dialects in the old writings use more varied adjective pronouns. Iš dgs. kilm. our is formed by mūnas, -a, tūvas, -a, sūvas, -a su a/o stem endings pronoun mus,,,musy" (our -a tongue (=our language) Lz, Ponuy musuy MP 200, our n collective farm Lz). Even more common are noble Vedic ia/io stem endings, su which in the construction of adjectives often have a dependency meaning, e.g. mūsų, -i "our" (:tėvas mūsų Dv, mūsų Suva Lz, mūsų žemė Lz, tears of our little ones (d.) Dv, our brother Dv, per m ūją pirkią Dv, mūsian kieme Dv, mūsion rankon Lz, mūsios pievos Lz, our men Lz); you, "your" -i (:your little brother (d.) Dv, your arm. (ps.) Lz); Yes, it's down. (:j6th father Lz, her husband Lz, your daughter Lz). Also known are the possessive iš tų pronouns of the roots themselves with the dependency-denoting it, -ė (i), e.g.: tavajis, -ė Ns 1839, 2, mūsųjis, -i, jūsųjis, -i SchG 218, pačiūjai StngZ 45. Next to mine, -ey, yours, -6ji ir t. t. in dialects used also tamistasis, -oji Sts. $ 10. Adjective pronouns usually indicate the dependence of the object (according to the meaning of the roots) on the first, second or third person, i.e. the speaker, the interlocutor or the person about whom it is spoken. The meaning of possessive pronouns is adjective. Their main function in the sentence is to go as marks. Pronouns that have the function of nouns in a sentence are secondary. The most common possessive pronouns in contemporary literary language are mine, yours, my own and the origins of the personal pronouns his, her, her, ours, yours in the sense of dependence. The pronouns my, our indicate the dependence of the object on the first persons, yours, yours — the dependence of the object on the second persons, and the pronoun forms his, her, his — the dependence of the object on the third persons. —Crisis, you have a market today! I see that I am unnecessary, says the master sadly: —they need neither my chests nor my tubs. My arms pass... CvR IX 89. Where Nemunas runs, blossomed whiter than snow our gardens green gardens MiezML 320. 1981 - We're Coming to Your Wedding 1981 - We're Coming to Your Wedding 1981 - We're Coming to Your Wedding 1981 - We're Coming to Your Wedding 1981 - We're Coming to Your Wedding 1981 Farmers. "We are for the same land. Victor. "You know, in your land there is one trouble. It has a population of 325 inhabitants. Jurgis never comes empty. His jacket pockets are forever scratched from colored pebbles, various nails, pieces of lead, old bullets... BaltPV; I 11. The woman was afraid that her husband had not suffered an accident CvR III 105. But both lichens and their stumps are afraid that the harsh winter begins to move their dumples DonR 91. There are no special adjective pronouns to indicate dependence on the third person in Lithuanian. The pronoun, while having the meaning of dependence, also retains the "return" function. It can indicate the dependence of the object on all three persons who are the subjects of action or state in the sentence. This is why it is called a recursive adjective. 37 Then I wrote and felt that I was finding new words for my longing, and I felt for the first time that I wanted and could be a poet VenclGD 520. Our heart, songs and youth we will give to life MarcinkDP 69. Walk, as if not on your feet! Birds 30. After all, the bird also does not get bacon for its songs, and no one asks why it sings CvR IX 37. Katrė brought stuomenis to the musicians, spreading her tablecloths on the tables in ZemR I 77. The brothers stood still for a while, and then hurried to their business BaltPV; I 269. The pronouns my, your, our, your, his, her, her indicate the dependence of the object on another person, not the subject of the action or state. Plg. : He took my pencil; the subject of the action is he (third person), and the person to whom the pencil belongs is another (first). In the sentence He took s avo pencil, the person to whom the pencil belongs is also the subject of the action. In constructions with passive type participants, the adjective pronouns mano, tūvo, in their own Lithuanian language indicate the dependence of the attribute derived from the action on the relevant person (mano — the first, favo — the second, sūvo — any of the three persons), cf. : Well, what, mother, did I not tell the truth that your fingered bridegroom is cheating on us? 114. 114. § 11. The pronouns mdnas, -ū, tūvas, -ū are disappearing in the current literary language, they still occur in poetry, songs; in everyday language are used only in dialects. Morning sun shed wonderful my generation MarcinkDP 69. Run, run, my horse. blackberry, up to the green border LB 25. My glasses are darker and show Ut. Brother Vilniuj mūnas is Dv. If it was yours, you couldn't have been in JablG 46. Savas, -a in pure dependency meaning is also not common now,.plg. : I can't believe my ears. "Nobody- 's Gonna Say That To You" 3:37 3. On the green, pink, whitish bottom dots of mushrooms between the trees marguliuoja from their own farms BaranAS 20. The pronoun sūvas, -a is used in the present literary language with a meaning close to that of adjectives, but with the qualitative meaning of "non-alien", e.g. : The crowds stretch out a friendly hand to me, —I am the people of my own! 243 pp. 243. Your whole mind is from the books, and his views are his own, from the head, from the heart... I'm my own, not a guest! And. If you are a good man, you are a good man, if you are a bad man, you are a bad man. Malkos tai sav and turim Svné. How can you bite your own man! Er. That rod received who does not know his Ad. With the negation not the pronoun own has the same qualitative adjective meaning, differentiated from the word no, namely "stranger, not as it should be, strange, scary", but used in a figurative sense, e.g. : After lunch, I dried a bunch of bread, I brought it to Stepukas. He chewed as if he had lost his teeth, and then put them back: —I don't want... BaltPV I 109. The heart began to wander as if it wasn't its own. The height of those mountains was unheard 38 (very large), cave be bottom LT II 473. Suriko's own voice Laurynas, hearing how the bone of his arm was jo crushed, fell down ir fainting BilR I 66. 8 In old writings mūnas, -ūė, tūvas, -d, savs, (besides the forms mano, tūvo, savo) are still very -a common in the meaning of dependence, e.g. : ..you mans essi Karalijus Mz 402. ...sugrinschk well tawospi Poniospi BB I Moz 16,9. ...the farthest west nearest saw ds DP 470. § 12. Adjective forms of adjective pronouns mandsis, -6ji, tavasis, -ėji, savasis, -6ji, musasis, -6ji, jasasis, -6ji especially suffixes ir -iškis, -ė pronouns maniškis, -é, taviskis, -é, saviskis, -ė, misiskis, -é, jusiskis, in contemporary literary language are usually used as nouns in the -é meaning of so-called close dependence, in singular forms they mean t. y. „who is a iš relative of the household (husband, wife), beloved, ir beloved” etc., in plural forms — "the ar native people are to otherwise close, people of the region, class". Ką bedo yours (your own), ar recovered Skd. Seeing ji that she had not vo yet found her own, all ir were equally good, equal, attractive to her DovPK 184. Unexpectedly, the young followers of the young woman came out: ir brothers, su tribes are in fear. Katrė started to rejoice after receiving her own ZemR I 78. O yours (your head of family, husband) has ar already driven to iš the market? As. Mine always sends the letter first, then the money. Maybe ir yours does that KrėvAP 236. Yours is neither heaven į nor earth į (your husband- 's no good) Ds. All the trouble, all the need to save, for o nothing to work some writings is not — approprisu ate in local ZemR I 155. Kumečiai elected a delegation of locals who spoke on behalf of all CvR VIII 34. And now I saw that I am not lying alone. All of our men are lying: father, mother, Mary, Levuk... BaltPV, I 146. Substantive forms of adjective pronouns are still used next to the noble pronouns mūno, tavo, savo, to, be although ir ne as abundantly as the latter, the usual meaning of dependence for characteristics. Again the old lady muttered, ir po hours struggling su with a silver axe: ,, Ar is it yours?” "Not mine. My one is different!" Jrk 22. The master finally gets into empty talk, he ir takes a spoon, but the son covers his forehead with his spoon CvR IX 58. Our little boy hasn't eaten yet J. Adverbs -iškis, -ė adjective pronouns in this meaning are rarely used, more often only in dialects, and occur in old writings. As we talk, you will always be closer to your own country, as to mine ir BaltrTK II 257. Your bees don't fit in my hand Ds. S achicken cow stiff, ar where did you buy? Ds. Mūsiškis (cock) all the cocks cut off Sdk. It seems that your meadows are better grassed Ds. ‘musiszkiey Heretikay SP I 206. : 4. Explanatory pronouns $ 13. In modern Lithuanian, the demonstrative pronouns are: tas, ta, šis, šitas, -a, anas, -ū, toks, -ia, šieks, -ia, šitoks, -ia, anoks, -ia. It is also necessary to include the contemporary tas tassila liezwis in the demonstrati39 KY ve. DP 7, tosia (mot. g. vns. kilm.) KL 42; tasiag, lojag, tajag "the same, the same": Tasiag metas DP 27, straight the same joints DP 8, tosidg days DP 609, tyiag kraszty DP 59, tomisiag nidememis DP 161, tamegiag kune DP 584, tusiqiag nusideiimisia DP 510; tokiaiag iszeiga DP 33; tasieg, tojieg, tatieg „the same, the same thing": toieg feminine DP 369; tdieg Diéwo warddn DP 252, cheap g paszen day BB 1 Moz 7, 13, t#iég wardu DP 253, tdisieg zédzeis DP 149, tatiegDP 176; tasiau, tojau, tajau "the same": tascio Cipribnas DP 205, tosidu negédzios farm DP 7, ik taiiéu diénai DP 109, per tajau tawa Sunu Mz 298, tdgisiau zédzeis DP 361; tasiaug, tojaug, tatiaug "same": tasieug Péwilas DP 187, tqiaug day DP 190, t#iaug metū DP 193; toxins "same" as the K, previous one DP 141. 5. Question-relative pronouns § 24. Questioning relative nouns can be assigned: kas, koks, -ia, kuris, katras, -a, keli, kélios -1, (and keleri, kélerios), kalifitas, -d, kieno. The same pronouns, depending on the place of the pronoun of the sentence ir type in the sentence, perform two functions: ir (connector). 1) The pronouns have a questioning function in questioning sentences. They are used to ask about an object or feature. What are the specific items characteir ristics of which is asked, clear only in the answer iš (if any). What's the shit? — ė a leaf blown by the wind, a bird wakes up in a gust. What's up there? — ė wolf: day, see, smell, night hunting iš through the bushes scratches. BaranAS 24. Mother, heart, k owhat seeds to sow? JV 468. Which winds have given you rest? Boogie. My grandmother, my heart, will you give me one of these marbled boxes? JablRR I 579. How many kids do you have? NS 208. Several years pronounced-. navai city? JablRR I 224. How many years have you been here, third or fourth? Oh, God. Whose hands stack the robes for the girls? His hands, not yours. RR I 129. 2) These pronouns have a relative (connective) function in a compound connective sentence. They connect the secondary sentence to the main sentence, and the content of the secondary sentence is directed to the center of the main sentence — the verb form or the demonstrative pronoun in the main sentence and the object and characteristic it indicates. The demonstrative pronoun in the main sentence goes with the answering word, sometimes it is implied. Hundreds know what sat on the master's tongue: ram Anundžiu, and The 23rd is named CvR IX 23. Whoever wants to take happiness to work, for him our land is good and beautiful MontvRn 17. I got up confused, not knowing where I was and what time it was. BaltPV I 67. Whoever you match, you become Nm. Again the rye is unshaved, the potatoes are not selected for seed, I can no longer decide which end to pick up. Let's sing a song that we didn't sing yesterday JD 958. Talks one —beautiful, self46 listens to another —like honey spreads. You don't know what the truth is 25th Century. I planted some earlier (beetroot), the better ones Vlkv. Whose mouth map, he has honey unsweetened PP 261. In Lithuanian, the two functions of question-relative pronouns are not definitively separated from each other'?. In the indirect question sentences, the pronouns kas, koks, -ia, katras, -a, keliantas, -a, etc., in addition to their connective function, can also retain the interrogative. Subordinate sentences that begin with interrogative-relative pronouns have interrogative intonation. Mara. Tell me, who is my mother? Algaudas. I told you that your mother, who bore you, died. Oh, cold night! O night ice! Tell me, what road leads to homeland? 40, No. 40. I'd go ask the birds, I'd go ask the rabbits, is there a little brother nearby? JD 716. Don't you know sometimes- ," he was going to come in a few hours? JablS 53. Interrogative-relative pronouns in the question function are older. Their relative function is secondary. § 25. Each interrogative-relative pronoun, performing one or another function, has its own different meanings. a) Which in the present literary language usually refers to objects. —Where did you come from, who are you, and what are you doing here? The carpenter asked. — Where I came from and what I do, he doesn't care, but what I am, what I ask? You see, my lady, I've settled here not without your knowledge and I'm not afraid of any LzPR I 275. You roosters with chickens and every manure krapstot, run hurry up to have fun once more DonR 65. In old writings and dialects we find the noun kas with the meaning of indicating a characteristic, e.g. : I'm going to Adwėnta apwaikszciot DP 4...and at the same time seia, nekurie poufe pds kitą MP 97*. When he wakes up, he asks: What is the station? Tt. I sat under the window, I looked through the window, what is the face of the boy, what is the hair of the horse, etc., in contemporary literary language what occurs in such a meaning in stagnant sentences, often with an emphasis particle over, e.g. : Whose name is yellow, there if anyone mentions, —you will never see me again 427 and op. Who is this man? VenclGD 123. What is an old pronoun with equivalents in other ide. languages. b) Koks, -iū indicates qualitative characteristics of things. It has a 98-hole golf course on the grounds. In the middle of the table stood a bowl of dumplings covered with whites, such as I had never eaten at home BaltPV I 37. Koks, -ia daryba kaip įvardžio toks, -ia, atitinkamai lat. kūds, kaip tūds. ::: c) Kuris, -i and katras, -a, unlike the pronoun koks, -id, indicate distinctive characteristics of objects. Usually which, -i indicates the distinctive characteristics of one of many things, katrdas, -ū —one of two things. Such 19 This is one of the arguments that question- -relative pronouns should not be divided into two separate sections. 47 katras, -ū meaning related su jo daryba. Priesaga -t(a)ras, by su which katrūs is derived, in ancient times iš had the meaning of opposing two concepts? ?. To which language is Lithuanian the closest? Aš your listening, ir ji seems to me very loud beautiful ir VenclGD 273. Those who fall, will be scared by the most iš horrible ghosts from all sides BilR I 146. You're both guilty: tu ar Jonas? JablRR I 224. It's not cheap to show now, who is more worthy of love, the furnace is manly? ar ta ŽemR I 88. The pronoun which, -i, when used as a conjunction when there is no answering word in the main sentence, acquires a meaning close to that of an anaphoric demonstrative pronoun. The thunder fell, and when they raised their heads, they saw a great black cloud that had already overshadowed the south side of the sky. VenclGD 530. The masteress carries the pot, ku ri Jonas takes it. iš her, building on a brick CvR IX 61. Dialects (e.g., Skapiškio, Alantos, Palūšės, Kuktiškių ir etc. apylinkėse) which, almost not used at all, -1 is translated as katras, -a. su Instead of which, -i in Lithuanian is often used as an adverb where. We are the same crows you saved from hunger BalcGP 44. Hey, I'll go, I'll go to tq Earth, where there is no misery JD 756. The pronoun who, -i (compare with Latin kurš) is probably composed of the adverb kuf and the pronoun he, she*'. There is also a non-commercial version of the game, called PSP. : Took that lamp where it was very good was JablRR d) Whose indicates the dependeI 494, nce of the object. Who moves the curtain of the window, whose white handle? SNerR 1 285. Whose hole, that's who's lopping Jnš. : Pronoun whose is sustabaréjes vns. kilm. like mine, yours, yours. In dialects, this pronoun is also pronounced in the form kiends, -ū, plg. : Asks bobop, kieni children Lz. Whose cow is that? Mr. e) The noun keli, kėlios and derived from it with numerals suffixes keeri, kėlerios, kelifitas, -ū indicates the quantity of the object. How many of you will be here tomorrow? JablRR I 224. How many shirts do you have? JablRR I 224. How many calves a cow? Ds. | In dialects and old writings, the pronoun kiekis, -a (-a) is used to indicate the quantity of an object (both forms are often self-contained, used |, as indefinite)., How many horses rode? Dkt. How many people have breakfast cooked tonight? J. 100 mg/ jo day ir Bt Apr 21,16. $ 26. Some interrogative-relative pronouns in sentences of questioning intonation or rhetorical be questions no longer have their direct meaning. 20 Zr. A. Meite, BBepeHNe B cpaBBuTeAbHOe H3y4eHHe HMHAOEBPONEHCKHAX S3LIKOB, Mocksa-Aenunrpap, 1938, p. 282. *! Zr. J. Schmidt, Die griechischen ortsadverbia auf vt, vig und der interrogativstamm ku, KZ, 32, p. 401. 48 a) Su pronoun what in positive sentences means denial, in negative sentences a o statement of — what should be asked about. ką Can you sing a song, aunt? — Who will pay there I can't! Grv. Ko this just wasn't?! Pots, cans, bakers with their printed su tesla shoes, clay whistles, toys sellers, ir hole indy riveters, tubs, wheels CvR III 54—355, b) Pronouns who (substantive function), what, -ia, which, -i ir kt emphasizes that the jy specified object is large, abundant, excellent, sometimes, on the contrary, despicably small, poor, meager. + What jo shoulders (wide)! Ln. What a to child's brilliance, gift! Grz. What a tų greenness of JD 748. O linen, ir what a weaver's daughters! You won't find them in a few miles Myk-PutS I 275. Razaliot, get up, look, it's been a while (it's too late) VienIMA 20. c) The pronoun koks, -iū emphasizes the quantity of a qualitative characteristic. Look, the first snow has fallen. How white it is, how soft it is! KorsRn 108. Ko ks beautiful little land of ours, like a — drop of pure amber SNėrR I 476. In Lithuanian there is a specific use of the pronoun kas in the personal forms of the su verb (not)be (sometimes of other verbs). Such ir constructions go in one sentence in the form of other verbsmixture. su Little people were — there was no one working (there were no workers) Lnkv. I go for hay no — one takes (no hay) Sweat. Isbuéiavo young girl (wars) to be what returning awaits SruogD 14. After all, women's work is not shown on ko Earth I 173. It can be assumed that the pronoun what of this construction su developed from connective iš sentences, in which what, doubtless, performed be the connective function, cf.: is there, who does the work Ar (is there a person for that)? Apple. 6. Indefinite pronouns $ 27. Indefinite pronouns refer to objects or characteristics in an approximate, general or very ru general way, leaving them specifically undefined and jų unknown. ir ir The indefinites are opposed to the ar demonstratives in terms of the relationship of indicating properties of objects. The first refers to unknown, undefined, the second known, defined objects? ?. o — ** By the general nature of the indefinite meaning į šį section includes in our grammar distinguishne ed only minors, but so-called ir significants (all, -ū, other, -a ir t. t.). Is surely both the unknowable and the so-called knowable definitively do not describe the characteriar stics of the indicated thing, e.g. : Someone said. Everyone says so. I'll tell you next time. We don't know; who are those all, also unknown when will be the next time. They are distinguished by their narrower meanings. Except for the indicative pronouns, it is impossible to derive a general relationship, in which they, unlike other pronouns, indicate the characteristics of objects. ar In this case, the grammatical values of the pronouns are not determined, iš but only their lexical meanings. jų In the classification given here, the notation is one pronoun pdts, -i, which in Lithuanian language is strictly different from other pronouns in its origin, nature of meaning. ir ir Jau A. Ba4, Questions of Speech VI. 49 There are quite a lot of indefinite pronouns in Lithuanian. All of them are not one-sidedly divided into four ir groups. į -A. Indefinite-insignificant pronouns. $ 28. These pronouns indicate an indefinite object or characteristic in general, without excluding jų the su relationship with other ar objects by characteristics. Čia priklauso įvardžiai kas, koks, -ia, kuris, -i, katras, -a, keli, kėlios, kieno, kurie seno kartu klausiamąja turėjo neapibrėžiamąją reikšmę. iš su ir Su with these pronouns in Lithuanian there are many newly formed compound pronouns of the same meaning: kaZkas ir (iš junginio kas žino kas), kažin kas, kažkoks, -ia, kažin koks, -ia, kažkuris, -i, kažin kuris, -i, kažin katras, -ū, kažkieno, kažin kieno, kas nors (with the second part of the iš present tense participant of the active kind wants), koks, -ia nors, kuris, nors, katras, -i nors, kieno nérs, bet -a kas, bet koks, -ia, bet kuris, -i, bet katras, -a, bet kieno, kai kas, kai kuris, -i, kai katras, -a, kai koks, -id, kdas-ne-kas, kuris-ne-kuris, kuri-ne-kuri. Indefinite-undefinite nouns also have the meaning of the pronoun keli, kėlios derived by the numerical suffixes kėletas, keleri, kélerios, iš kelifitas, -ū. su Some demonstrative verbs, which have lost the defining element, can still acquire the meaning of indefinite-indefinite verbs, e.g. the pronoun toks, -iū ‘one (Voice. ein), somebody". Iš demonstrative are contemporary pronouns of indefinite-insignificant meaning: šis, tas, šieks toks, Siokia tokia. The pronouns of this group can also have the following meanings: vienas, -a, kitas, -ū ir sampling one another, one another (for their basic meanings, see (see below). , In foreign parishes, if someone wants to boast of a new clothing, fashionable furs, pines, wheels, they like to say: the work of a Pagramantis! — CvR IX 8. The pot is every day, to boil some viral, salt only, but still close needs ne ir DonR 49. So the plowmen's ir oxen worked be without stopping, unless one of the oxen broke Myk-PutS I 68. Little ones say every word well Jrb. Eight cows were milked, two young cows, several calves BaltPV, I 197. Who will let the king in? ! Who cares about whose trouble? ŽemR II 186. Anton is afraid to lie in bed alone. He haunted that in the middle of the buy standing something like a ir horse shaking his head KrėvAP 123. I stop on the bridge and look ir at the flowing water: it seems to me that there are some living things floating in the water and they are talking so nicely to each ir other BilR I 120. Some of the workers said a few words, others laughed endorsingly BaltRn 18. Kažin ranauskas (zr. jo In the case of the Latin language, the plural of 1896, p. 35) a pronoun is called the -i pronoun į itself. ir jį In our earlier grammars there were no demonstrative pronouns. Tik J. Jablonskis savo 1919 m. grammar (see section 4.4). P. Kriaušaičio ir Rygiškių Jono English Grammar, English Grammar, 1919, p. 50—51) The first separated the section of demonstrative pronouns in Lithuanian. It should be noted that jo 1901 m. in grammar, the same signs are also assigned to demonstratives. In other to later ir Lithuanian grammar of the time, the demonstratne ive pronouns are always distinguished. The section of demonstrative pronouns in their grammar does not give A. Leskinas ir J. Otrembskis (see section 4.4). Lithuanian language Reading book with Grammar and Dictionary of A. Leskien, Heidelberg, Germany 1919, p. 159—161; J. Otrębski, Gramatyka języka litewskiego, tom III, Warszawa, whose was here, 1956, p. 134— 161). 50 eaten Slm. Prakapas already had this habit: he would drink only when someone would park a CvR III 60 for him. He felt unspeakable pity for Antanas and wanted to help BilR I 81 in some way. “Call me a man!” —run out of the carriage in anger Mr. BilR I 174. There is no need to look for anybody's fault here VaičiūnD 138. Now I'll come home, bring my earned salary and speak in a thick voice, like George's brother Peter. And I won't play with anyone anymore BaltPV I 115. For whom, hear, a poor man a beautiful wife, poor man, hear, will take any - not with silks to spray his wife, not with miles to squeeze! BaltPV I 50. No one could have "said that Mykoliukas would not have agreed with anybody at any time, not have lived with anybody, and not have made a deal with anybody" VaižgRR I 38. What do you need? — Give any Kp. The six men paced quickly, trying to walk so that the trunks of trees and bushes along the path would cover them from anyone’s gaze. Myk-PutS I 164. I learned some from the carrier Francis, and some from the superintendent Pšemickis himself Myk-PutS I 74. Red flags VenclGD 189 were already waving on the balconies of some houses. Children, run when the wind blows, get some water Slm. Ask somebody to help you out. My father wanted to go to Paksis, but my mother told him: just don't yell anymore: to-no-to, it will be a trouble for us, it will burn later. In some yard the door cracks, someone from the older ones appears —and disappears again in the garden shed ir jį — tu o — 74. ar Myk-PutS I 234. The Germans quickly emptied the bottle of vodka. Po jo went the second, then a few more VencIR III 229. Kel rios mills ehave already collapsed, spinning in the mill VenclR III 13. O the next day the owner complained. — I don't know what's going su on with this guy. A few days walking like a raven BaltPV 97—98. A long time ago there lived a merchant who had a lot of land, goods and money Balči VN 69. Although we had to deliver tų most of the items to the lord, we also had some problems with BilR I 107. As long as the trout can stand, there is some benefit for the earth II 329. One Sunday, news reached Užuožeris that Pečiūra was already in Ukmergė at Vienima 47. You won't find it with him. birch ar obels, where little houses would not hang. Others even colorfully painted CvR IX 31. Continuously telling the same hospital stories, Dievulis each time embellished them with one, another word, one other invention, which he did not know himself, so it really was, only invented CvR III 98. ir ir ar iš ar jo In dialects, there ir are still many non-defining non-significant samplaikiniy compound pronouns in the old writings, e.g.: kas ir bi Truck, Krtn, Sauk, Všk, Rdm, blue bi Say bi what? Rdm, whatever ‘so-so’ Sint, kas kas "some" KoG 71, kiekas tiekas "so much so" J, kana kas ‘something’ Jz, kana J, kas Uzv, kana koks kap kas M, "something" Sauk, Lp, kai kitas „someone, somebody“ Vdzg, jeib kas „anybody" JnG 108, jeib kāds “any” Sint, tykokis ".something" Vik, the shark ,kazi kas" Als, Varn, kajakas, kazkas" SD 121. 51 Dialectal forms are enhanced by various variants of questioning pronouns with the root of the verb know and its abbreviated forms, as well as with the forms of the verb want norėjęs, norinti and the words developed from them, e.g.: kazino kas Krt, kažino koks Plt, kaži kas Jrb, DKS, kaži koks PgrT 60, kaZinc kas Arm, kaZinec kas Arm, kaznec kas Vlk, Rod, kazne kas Alv, kazno kas Ds, Skp, Dbk, Ktk, kazno koks (kažno kokio BaranLM 37), kažno katras Ds, kažnai kas Dbk, kažnoc kas Lp, kas norės LC 1883, 4; SD 31, koksai norės I, kas nor Dbk, Kš, kas nor Lp, kas néns Sauk, Sl, Rm, Pc, koks nons Grk, kas norint Všk, kas norint Lkv, kas norints Grdz, kas nérints Kš, Sauk, kas nérintais Sauk. | B) Indefinite-distinctive pronouns. $ 29. These pronouns indicate an indefinite object or characteristic that is separated or at least slightly distinguished from others. The most prominent representatives of this group are another, -a and the pronouns derived from it or formed with it different, -ia, something else, something else. The pronoun kitas, -ū is a common derivative of the Baltic languages (cf. lat. cits, pr. dgs. gal. kittans). It can be associated with the verb kisti. pronouns kitas, -a, kitoks, -ia, kitas, kas kitas denotes objects or characteristics that are not included in the number of defined, known objects or characteristics. In this way, the object is dissociated, denying that it is not this, not that, but what it is, what it is, remains exactly undefined. You're a child of war. Keep your heart brave and your weapon in your hand! Others will come — perhaps they will understand what a miserable hour it is for us. He couldn't do any other work and told Smn. How many times did poets compare the eyes with the blue of the sky, and yet their blueness is different VenclGD 519. When he returned to his father's house, Peter was not there. She never left his mind, neither at work nor at rest. What she was doing, did she remember him, did Skrodsky not attack her, did the superintendent and the keeper not beat her, did her father not punish her—these and other questions kept turning his mind. Myk-PutS 373. My parents had already provided him with a part-time job on the farm, and promised to help him with seeds, implements, and other things. "It seems the weather is getting better," said the white man, looking up at the sky. But the superintendent, apparently, was concerned about something else. "What is this, my dear?" This one? —pointed to the lime tree, on the other side of the road Myk-PutS I 183. In a certain context, the pronoun kitas, -ū indicates the'second' of two objects that are connected or follow one another. In this case, the noun kitas, -a is used to indicate the object more precisely, because by opposing or contrasting two objects, the place and order of the second object is indirectly indicated, e.g. : Only far away, somewhere else in the forest, shouted Stepukas, not knowing where I am and which way to drive the herd BaltPV I 72. Don't cry, don't cry, young virgin, I'll bring you next autumn StanD 12. $ 30. In a certain relation distinguishes from others the objects or characteristics indicated, but they are not defined by the pronouns tam tikras, -a, vienas, -a, vienoks, -ia. The conjunctive pronoun tam tikras, -a (from the noun part tam and the adjective tikras, -ū) is a product of Lithuanian language. The pronoun one, -ū is old (cf. lat. viens). It is believed that its root ie<ei (:vi¢veinelis- )® and related demonstrative 52 su the root of the meaning?**- ?. The pronoun is certain, -a has the meaning "determined, special", e.g. : We are business people, and of course, for service I will give a certain percentage to VenclGD 41. All villages stored a certain quantity of all kinds of grain in certain barns, called “magazins”, from the autumn for the poor years. VienIMA 35. The pronoun viens, -ū indicates a separated undefined object with two meanings: viens, -a "the same", e.g. : Antanuk rolls on the ground. He was already annoyed to sit in one place in KrėvAP 141. He's too much with that... Sauliūnas... blowing, he says, one pipe... MiežBP 88. Then one time I started laughing with my sister BilR I 172. At the time, everyone signed that the eyes of the same size and color MPs. vienas, -a "only one, without others", e.g. : The host was in his underwear, and, apparently, because of that his face looked much whiter than always BaltPV I 120. After all, you can not eat all the same fats; and nice slices need, that you can cook spicy DonR 36. I just don't want bread Dks. The pronoun one, -a often goes with the particle only, which further strengthens the moment of separation of this pronoun, e.g. : At the coffin of the deceased [...] only men sang—women refused VienIMA 190. Only one star was sparkling joyfully on top BilR I 141. In certain sentences, the singular pronoun -a has a weakened and thus already general indefinite distinctive meaning. It only emphasizes that the specified item is of real, pure composition. When they came closer, the children saw that the whole hut was made of bread and covered with honeycombs; windows were one sugar BalčGP 36. I'll make a shirt from one linen ring BsO 121. That flooded the meadow — one water Lnkv. One pleasure to be outside Kal. The pronoun is the same, -ia means "the same", e.g.: "Do not be afraid", said the bear (to the horse), "no one will find evil, our parents lived together for centurieir s, were ir born together, grew up together, and grew old together. Now a ir certain luck has met us: I have the prince on my neck, you have the bands left" StanP 30. Three miles of spruce trees Tvr. Not everyone's eyes are the same A wolf. / In some contexts, the pronoun vienoks, -ia is used as an adjective meaning "equal, equal", e.g. : Will the weave be one dc, or will you mix the stitches? Up. : Beside viendks, -ia is also used vienddas, -a in the meaning of pronoun and adjective, cf. : At the table she took care of serving the guests with equal pleasure VienR IV 63. Suddenly there is a consistent knock on the door of PaukštAA 96. ?3 See. J. Endzelins, Latvian grammar, Riga, 1951, p. 481. # J. Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wėrterbuch, Bern, p. 286. 53 The same, -a pronoun meaning may be older, cf. Latin pronouns with the corresponding suffix túds, šūds, kads. § 31. Pronouns one, -a, another, -ū in a sentence often have related meanings and form a certain pair. Similarly, other pronouns of related meanings are also compared or repeated: vienas, -ū... afitras, -a*°, kitas(a)s, -ū... kitas, -a, vienoks, -ia... kitoks, -ia, kas... kas, šis, ši... tas, tas, ta... tas, ta, tas, ta... kitas, -a, šieks, -ia... tėks, -id, toks, -ia... toks, -ia. The lexical meanings of the opposed pronouns are so closely related that these pronouns, although they do not form a single lexem, but, in a certain way relating in the sentence and having, as a pronoun, very generalized meanings, acquire a new common function, together expressing similar relations as other pronouns. They indicate the interrelationship of undefined objects or characteristics, distinguishing one undefined object from another of the same kind or a different undefined object, as well as one characteristic from another. The demonstrative pronouns, when forming pairs, also do not have a defining element (the demonstrative pronouns used separately retain the defining element). Such pairs of pronouns can be called relative pronouns- ®® and according to the relationships they represent they can be classified as indefinite distinguishing pronouns. Interrelated pronouns can go in separate homogeneous syntactic units. Then they are usually expressed with the same syllable. Some of the women were still looking around the stove, others were already sitting on the bench by the lamp and spinning KrėvAP 124. And here I suddenly remembered my mother's story about two friends who met a bear in the forest. One of them shot into a tree and hid, and the second pretended to be dead, and the bear did not tear either of them. Others could not, others were reluctant to learn Brt. There are no clumps: one one, another different KlvržŽ. It's good in the forge. It's always full of people. Some of them were with business, some with money, one went out, another came: to hear news, to tell others BaltPV, I 213. The clothes of this and that bird were already worn out DonR 22. Many times, when they were tired of songs or games, they asked each other. “Well, what now?” What now?... This one suggested this, that one suggested that, the proposals did not like, everyone started arguing and regretted: —Oh, there is no Adamel... Myk-PutS I 370. Somewhere a little bit, somewhere else such a problem Žal. In spring it's a day like that, a day like that to Pc. These pairs of pronouns in a certain context can be extended by the same words, and after the pronouns vienas, -a... afitras, -a, vienas, -ū... kitas, -a can also follow the plural numerals trėčias, -ia, ketviftas, -a, etc., e.g. : Everyone began to divide, who to milk the cows, who to drive the cattle out, who to carry the manure VienIMA 20—21. And the people themselves seemed very ignorant- * Afitras, -ū now in Lithuanian language has the meaning of a plural noun, but its origins are noun:, demonstrative root anir suffix -t(a)ras, cf. A. Wa1lde, Comparative Dictionary of Indo-European Languages, ed. and bearb. by J. Pokorny, II B., Berlin and Leipzig, 1927, p. 337. * Two opposed pronouns, as independent units, have long been distinguished in our grammar, see P. Kriaušaitis, Lithuanian Grammar, Tilžėje, 1901, p. 24. 54 Node. Some were jų dressed in worker's clothes (..) Others wore intelligent ordinary attire with open jackets and ties. su ir Others wore clothes from our ne lands VenclGD 457. One says let's go, another says let's stand, the third says let's swing (water, stone ir grass) An. In some pronoun pairs, related words may have different syllable forms to go next to each other or may be used as ir prepositions. su In such cases, these pronouns, indefinite distinctive be meanings, also acquire additional meanings resulting from the verb and prepositional functions, for example, pronouns that go with prepositions iš tų after, after, among other things, also indicate a certain order of objects (one už another, one po another). You don't say there's no evil creature in the world like a man. Why does not a bee bite another, an ant bite an ant?... BaltrTK I 234. Those wells, digged at small intervals one from the other throughout the lower part of the embankment, were so deep that, when a stone was thrown, only a few hours of sound could be po heard. CvR III 19. They both lived far from each other for many years BilR I 152. Tolydžio vienas kito po kartu ir artojai, tarsi lenktyniaudami, rėkė ir šaukė: palši, juodi, margi, dvyli, šėmi, lauki, baltakakti — šio-0-o!.. I'm gonna... ll.. I'm sorry! Come in! vaga, vaga!.. straight! Myk-PutS I 68. All the voices of the day, one after the other, are still silent, rhyming JablS 48 (Vs). How many incidents of memories, alive in the past, each other's shadows už shining beyond the ir border! MairRR I 129. Rakers, warmed up, blushed, hurrying to plunge each už other's earth II 328. In the depths of the ir forest, in a young dense iš spruce tree, where a road bend was visible, several men lay. They lay close to each other, weapons, ir repulsed by the į tree, stood next to it. At intervals they murmured a word to each other, spreading carefully the branches of the trees, looking carefully around CvR III 217. And the boys all, new wires weave woven new canvases made for ir themselves, still iš running, others overtaking each other, danced DonR 45. The two had not known about each other's BilR I 152 for many years. The wedding party of Anna's side rushed back, and the neighbors after each other pushed out the ŽemR I 78. Gangs of leafhoppers whistled, whistled loudly behind each other, as if they were racing with the shepherd's tubes. The wedding guests arose from the straw, the neighbors gathered, laughed, mocked each other's overnight stay in ZemR I 77. Drunken people, drunk on vodka, on the streets! Mail! One to the other in the ear, for the hood, in the backpack! He's gonna choke him by the throat... Earth II 182. When you beat up with the kids, this is for that (they save each other) Trak. In dialects, the pronouns one, -a... one, -a are sometimes repeated, e.g. : People say that Mataušis lived with a woman, and now you have to look—one there, one here went to Varn. I put all the chickens in a row one by one Miss. ; In the old writings we also find such comparisons:...schi du sunkei sirga, kits leprosy, antras boulu ligga BP I 189. C) Indefinite general pronouns. $ 32. These pronouns indicate a generalized indefinite object or property. By the nature of their meaning, they can be positive and negative. 55 height. BalčGP BalčHP BalčTVN BaltPV J. I BaltPVi I BaltrTK BaranAŠ BaranLM BB BielDG BilR I BP Brsl Brt Brž BsO Bt DaukRR Dbk dg. Dglš Dkš High-rises. 62 Brothers Make-up, Fairy tales, Value J. Balčikonis, Vilnius, 1954 (number shows pages). V. Hoof, Fairy tales, Value J. Balčikonis, Vilnius, 1956 (number shows pages). A Thousand ir and One Nights, Value J. Balčikonis, Vilnius, 1958 (number shows pages). ; Baltušis, Parduotos vasaros, I, Vilnius, 1957 (number shows pages). J. Baltušis, Parduotos vasaros, I, Vilnius, 1958 (number shows pages). J. Baltušis, Rinktinė, Vilnius, (digital-shows 1952 pages). A. Baltrūnas, Tolimi keliai, II, I, Vilnius, (number 1958 shows full pages). ir ! Antanas "Barnabas, the Great, the Greatest, the Greatest, the Greatest, 1949 the Greatest" (PDF) (PDF). Lithuanians Mutter, geb. of A. Baranowski, Band I, Texts from the Weberschen Nachlass published by F. Specht [...], - Leipzig, 1920 (number shows pages). (with biblical text references) Bible dad you are Wissas Schwentas Raschtas Lietuwischkai pergulditas per Janą Bretkuną Lietuwos Pleboną Karaliacziuie (1590). (Photocopy of manuscript 1950, cited, Vilnius State. V. University v. of Kapsukas Scientific Library Manuscripts, sign. D 519). Alfonso "Bieliauskas, Darbo gatvė, Valstybinė grožinės literatūros leidykla, (numeris 1956 rodo puslapius)" (in Lithuanian). Jonas Billions, Writings, I, Vilnius, 1954 (number shows pages). Postilla tatai esti Trump ir Bad Ischguldimas Evangelium [...] Per J ana Bretkuna [...] Karaliaucziuie [...] 1591, I, II (digit indicates part ir pages). : į Wrocław (Braslav), Belarusian territory TSR, Polocko s. Baftininkai, Vilkaviškio district r. Stock Exchange. Goat songs, Collected J, Shenandoah, PA. 1902, du volumes (digit shows song number). (with biblical text references) S, Bythne r, New Will L...] First time on Lithuanian language [.] Su large-coated perguldite [...] For the Lithuanian people on iszganitingos naudds Iszspaustas. "Remembering the King and Queen of the Revival". mcdonalds.com.au. K. Buga (1879—1924) leaflets. Kazimiero Boogs Sensuous studio, part, I St. Petersburg, 1908 (number shows pages). Petras Cvirka, Raštai, I—XII, Vilnius, 1949—1956 (numbers indicate volumes). ir in Czech. a song. ; Buda Senowes —Létuwifi Kalnienfi and Zamajtili iszraszze According to Senowes Raszti Jokyb's Laukys, Petropilie, 1845 (number shows pages). S. Daukantas, Rinktiniai raštai, Vilnius, 1955 (numbers indicate pages). . Debeikiai, Anykščių r. plural. Daugėliškis, Ignalinos r. Daukšiai, Kapsuko r. Dūkštas, Ignalinos r. DonR —Kristijonas Donelaitis, Raštai, Valstybinė grožinės literatūros leidykla, 1950 (number shows pages). DovPK —J. Dovydaitis, Dangerous Roads, Vilnius, 1956 (number shows pages). DP —Postilla Catholicka, Tai est: The Gospels as they appeared to Nedelos and szwetes during wissūs years. By Kūnigas Mikaloiv Davkszą Canonik Mėdnikų, iz lėkiszko pergūldita [...] Vilniui [...] 1599 (number shows pages). Ds —Dusetos, Zarasų r. Dsn —Dysna, Ignalina r. Dv — Dievéniskés, Šalčininkų district r. DvD —Songs, collected by Jurgis Dovydaitis [..] Kaunas, 1931 (the digits show the song number). Eish — "Eishockey" (in German). Ēr —Ēriškiai, Ramygalos r. Erž —Efžvilkas, Skaudvilės r. gal. —the rear end. Ggr —Gegrėnai, Plungės r. Glv —Gėlvonai, Širvintų r. got. —in the Gothic language. Grdž —Girdžiai, Jurbarko r. Grg —Gargždai, Klaipėdos r. GricKV —A. Gricius, Hot Summer, Vilnius, 1955 (number shows pages). Grk —Gifkalnis, Raseinių r. Grš —Griškabūdis, Šakių r. Grsl —Grūšlaukis, Kretinga r. Grv —Gervėčiai, Belarusian SSR, Molodečno s., Astravo r. Grz —Gruzdžiai, Šiaulių r. Gs —Geistarai (Didvyžiai), Vilkaviškio r. I —Laurynas Ivinskis (1811—1881- ), his writings. It's going. — the Indo-European. Ign — Ignalina. in. —the steward. J —AuroBckužū cAoBapb A. IO mmx e BH 9a Ch TOAKOBaHHeMb CAOBb Ha pyCCKOM H IOABCKOME $3BIKaXbh, BEInycKtb TrepBbiū, Canxrrrierepčyprt, 1897, BernycKb Bropo#, CanrrireTrepoyprs 1904, Bermycks Tperuž, IleTporpaAs, (The words marked with the same sign are from the unprinted part of the dictionary. 1922. iš J su page number refers to words not taken from the alphabetical order of the printed dictionary). Apple — Jono Jablonski- (1860—1930) 's leaflets. JablG —Rygiškių Jono lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Kaunas —Vilnius, 1922 (number shows pages). JabIRR I —J. Jablonskis, Rinktiniai raštai, I tomas, Vilnius, 1957 (number shows pages). JablS —Rygiškių Jono Lietuvju kalbos sintaksė, Seinai, 1911 (number shows pages). JD —Lithuanian ddjnas written by Antanas Juskevice, Kaszamp, I — 1880, IT — 1881, III — 1882 (the digits indicate the song number). JnG —K. Jaunius, Lietuvju kalbos gramatika, Petrapilis, 1908 —1916 (number shows pages). Jnš . — Jēniškis. Jrb — Jurbarkas. 63 Jrk — Lithuanians Mūrchen and Erzédhlungen. From the People gathered and in various dialects, but mainly in the Galbraster dialect communicated by C. Jurkschat, Pl. Printed on behalf of the Lithuanian literary society in Tilsit 1898 (skaitmens rodo puslapius). JV —Lietuviškos svotbinės ddjnos, įrašytos per Antana Juškėvičę ir išspausdintos per Joną Juškėvičę, Peropylė, 1883 (the digits indicate the song number). Jž —Jūžintai, Rokiškio r. Kis —Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language by Friedrich Kurschat, First Part: German —Lithuanian Dictionary, Halle, B. 1 —1870, B. II — 1874 (skaitmens rodo dalis ir puslapius), Second Part: Lithuanian-German Dictionary, Halle, a. S, 1883 (noted only as K). Kal —Kalnalis, Kretingos r. kilm. — originator. KL —The Catechism of Ledesma in the East—Lithuanian translation, Kraków, 1890 (skaitmens rodo puslapius). KipD —Klaipédiskiu dainos, Collected by Jons Pakalniškis, Published by A. Bruožis, Vilnius, 1908 (the digit shows the song number). KlvrŽ —Žemaičių Kalvarija, Plungės r. KoG —Grammatyka języka żmudzkiego uloZona przez X. Kalixta Kossakavskiego [..] Kalbrieda lezuwio ziamaytiszko, Wilno [...], 1832 (digital. shows pages). ! KorsRn —Kostas Korsakas, Selected Works, Vilnius, 1950 (number shows pages). Kp - Kupiškis. KrėvAP —Vincas Krėvė, Apsakymai ir padavimai, Vilnius, 1955 (digital copy). Krok —Krokialaukis, Alytus district . do Krt — Kaftena, Kretingos district r. Krtn - Kretinga. Kš — Kaišiadorys. Kik i —Kuktiskés, Utenos r. Kv —Kvėdarna, Šilalės r. lat. —Latvian language. LB —Lithuanian Folk Songs and Murches from the Prussian and Russian Lithuania, collected by A. Leskien and K. Brugmann, Strasbourg, 1882 (number shows pages). LC —Lietuviška Ceitunga, Iszeinanti kas Utarninką, Klaipėda (1877—1889) | (digit shows the year ir numbers). left. —in Polish. ji I'm going. — literary language. Lkm — Linkmenys, Švenčionių district r. VAT —Latkuva, Rietavo r. Ln — Lėnas, Anykščių r. Irkv —Linkuva, Pakruojo r. lot, —in Latin. Lp — Léipalingis, Lazdijų r. LT — Lithuanian Journal of the American Society of Physics I— V kn., Vilnius, 1907— 1936 (digit shows books ir pages). Lz — Laz(d)tnai, Belarusian TSR, Molodečno s., Jurotiškių r. Lzd — Lazdijai. LzPR — Lazdynų Pelėda, Raštai, I—VII, Vilnius, (digital 1954—1955 rotating pages). do ir M — Lietuviszkai — Latvishkai — Lenkiszkai — Russian dictionary M. Miežinio, Tilžėje, Lithuania 1894, ; MairRR I — Maironis, Rinktiniai raštai, I, Vilnius, 1956 (number shows pages). 64 MarcinkDP MiežBP MiežML Myk-PutS I Mit Mit MontvRn mot. g. Moz MP MPs Mrs. OG PaukstAA Pc Pg PgrT Plm Pls Pls Plt Pn Pnd pr. PP Prn ps. Pš RD Rdm Rgv 5. Questions of Speech VI. —Just, Marcinkėvičius, Dvidešimtas pavasaris, Vilnius, 1956 (number shows pages). Eduardas Mieželaitis, Broliška poema, Vilnius, 1954 (number shows pages). E, Mieželaitis, Mano lakštingala, Vilnius, 1956 (number shows pages). V. Mykolaitis- -Putinas, Sukilėliai, I, Vilnius, 1957 (digital copies). Bulletin of do the American Philosophical Society, Vol. I—VI, Heidelberg, (numbers indicate volumes). 1883—1912 Moles. Vytautas Montvila, ir Selected Works, Vilnius, (number shows pages). 1950 female gender. The Books of Moses (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) (bible). Postilla Lietuviszka Tatai East The bad Gospel on the skin Nedelios ir Szwentes over wisus years, which by buda old Bažnicžioy Diewa est skaitomos. Nu isz nauia didžiu perweizdegumu su est ižduota [...] Vilnius per Jokuba Morkuna [...] Years [...] 1600 (digit shows pages). 4 Fairy Tales, Manuscript, Boogie K. received iš J. Murkos. Marijampolis, Vilnius district r. Mirosiavas, Alytus county r. i Mažvydas, The oldest Lithuanian language monuments up to 1570 the year [...] Kaunas, 1922 (number shows pages). Little. Kudirkos Naūmiestis, Šakių district r. Nonsense. : ; Lithuanian song chants in ir north-eastern Lithuania A, R, Niemi ir A. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Ser. B. Tom. VI (1911) (digit shows song number). Devotions about Ewangélijos Spread among Jews ir Pagonu. (The first Lithuanian newspaper, published 1832—1914 m. in Prussia; digit shows the years numbers). ir Jan Otrębski, East Lithuanian-Turkic dialects, Czes'¢ I, Grammar, Krakow, 1934 (number shows pages). J. Bird, Storm is Coming, Vilnius, 1956 (number shows pages). Pociūnėliai, Radviliškio district r. Pagiriai, Ramygalos district r. Pagramantis dialect, Kaunas, 1939 (number shows pages), Palomenė, Kaišiadorys r. Pelesa, Belarus TSR, Grodno s., Rodūnės r. Palūšė, Ignalinos district r. Plateliai, Plungė district r. Panevežys, Pandėlys, Rokiškio district r. Proverbs, ir Vilnius, (number 1958 shows pages). in the Prussian language. Prienai. a fairy tale. , "Pašvitinys, Pakruojis r. Liudo Rhesium Songs from the first Lithuanian songbook III edition, part, I ir II Kaunas, 1935, 1937 (the timer shows the song number), — Rudamina, Lazdijai r. žų — Raguva, Panevėžio apskritis r. 65 Rod Rt SchG SD Sdk Sg SimonR SimonVK s. in. Skd Skdv Skp Yes Sint Smn SNeérP I SNėrR I Srj SruogD SruogDM SruogR III 8. SL StanD StanP StngZ Str Sv Sauk Sd Simk A Skn Si The son of Snorre Sturlason. Truck Trgn Tvr Up Ut 66 — Ramygala. — Rodūnė, Belarus TSR, Gardino s. — Rusné, Šilutės r. — Rietavas. — in Russian language. * — Handbook of Lithuanian Language of August Schleicher, I, Grammatik, Prag, 1856 (number shows pages). — Dictionarium trium lingvarum, In usum Studiosae Iuventutis, Avctore R. P. Constantino Shirvid [.] Fifth edition [...] Vilnae [..] MDCCXIII (digit shows pages). —Sudeikiai, Utenos r. —Saūgos, Šilutės r. — I. Simonaitytė, Raštai, I—VI, Vilnius, (numbers 1956—1958 indicate volumes and pages). —leva Simonaitytė, Vilius Karalius, I—II, Vilnius, 1956 (number shows volumes and pages). — ancient Indian language. — Screws. — Pain. —Skapiskis, Rokiškis district —Salamiestis, Kupiškis district —Salantai; Kretingos r. —Simnas, Alytus r. —Salomėja Nėris, Poezija, I, Kaunas, 1946 (number shows pages). —Salomėja Nėris, Raštai, I, Vilnius, 1957 (number shows pages). —Seirijai, Lazdijų r. —Balys Sruoga, The Goddess from the Lake, Vilnius, 1919 (number shows pages). —Balys Sruoga, The Forest of Gods, Vilnius, 1960 (number shows pages). —B, Sruoga, Raštai, III, Vilnius, 1957 (number shows pages). —Old Slavic language. — Daynas Žemaycziu collected yr ysz'dutas par Symona Stanewice [...J] Wylniuje [...] 1829 (number indicates song number). — Simonas Stanevyčia, Tales, Prepared by Jurgis Lebedys, Kaunas, 1948 (number found pages). —Lithuanian fishermen- 's dialect in Prussia, Kaunas, 1933 (number shows page). — Strūnžitis, Švenčionių r. — Svėdasai, Anykščių r. — Šaukėnai, Užvenčio r. — Šeduva, Radviliškio r. —Jonas Šimkus, Apsakymai, Vilnius, 1953 (number shows pages). —Šakyna, Šiaulių r. —Šiauliai. ; "Šiauliai, Radviliškio šilute". — r. — — Sates, Skuodo r. — Celebration ir of Christmas. — dialect, —Trakai. — Tauragnai, Utenos district r. — Tytuvėnai, Kelmės district r. — Tverėčius, Ignalinos r. "It's a woman. —Upyna, Skaudvilės district — Utena. Uzg — Grown up, Jiezno r. Uzp — Užpaliai, Utenos district r. Užv — Upstairs. ; Vai¢ianD — Petras Vaičiūnas, Drama, Vilnius, 1956 (number shows pages). VaizgRR I — Vaižgantas, Rinktiniai raštai, I, Vilnius, 1957 (number shows pages). ward. — denominator, Varn — Crows. Vdk — Viduklé, Raseinių district r. ‘Vdžg — Vadžgirys, Raseinių r. Vencl GD — A. Venclova, Birthday, Vilnius, (number 1959 shows pages). VenclR — Antanas Venclova, Raštai, Trys tomai, Vilnius, 1955 (number indicates volume ir pages). VenclTB — A. Venclova, Peace Pigeons, Vilnius, 1952 (number shows pages). VienIMA — A. Monk, my Iš memories, Vilnius, (number 1957 shows pages), VienR — A. Monuolis, Raštai, 7 tomai, Vilnius, 1953—1955 (number indicates volume ir pages). 2004-2005 g. — male gender. Vij — Vajasiskis, Zarasų r. Vik — Valkinifikai, Eišiškių district r. Vikj — Vilkija, Vikv — Wilkaviskis. vn. — single. vok. — in German, Vrn —Varéna. Vrnv — Varendvas (Balatna), Belarus TSR, Gardino s. Vs — Veisiejai, Lazdijų district r. Všk — Waxes, Pasvalio r.. Vvr — Veivirzénai, Klaipėdos apskritis r. Zt — Zietela (Diatlovo), Belarus TSR, Gardino s. Zal " — Žaliėji, Vilkaviškio r. ŽemR — Žemaitė, Raštai, Šeši tomai, Vilnius, (skaitmens 1956—1957 rodo tomus puslapius). ; ir Žasliai, — Kaišiadorys T. MECTOHMEHHS H UX 3HAUEHHS B JIATOBCKOM S3bIKE A. BAJTALIKEHE Peswome 1. cBoeMy Tool 3HaueHHIO MECTOMMEHHSI B JIMTOBCKOM S3bIKE I'm sorry. Ha I'm sorry. 1) (I, that, he, she, més, you, they, her, that), BosBparHoe 2) (saves), 3) mpHTAKaTeNbHble (mano, tėvo, savo, manas, -a, tGuas, -a, savas, -a, manasis, -6ji, tavdsis, -6ji mu T. x. mine, -e, yours, -ė u T. 1), 4) ykasarenbHble (fas, ta, šis, ši, šitas, -a, anas, -a, t6ks, -ia, šitas, -ia, toks, -ia, andks, -ia, tas pats, pati, pats tas, pati tq, ta 67 5) BONIPOCHTEJNbHO-OTHOCHTeJbHbIE (kas, koks, -ia, kuris, -i, katras, -a, kieno, keli, -ios, kelintas, -a, keleri, -ios), 6) neonpejemJieHHbIe: a) coOGcTBeHHO-HeonpeaeaeHHble (Ras, koks, -ia, kažkas, kažkoks, -ia nu np.), 6) orimuurenbHbie (other, -a, vienas, -a u Jp.), B) o6o6maiomne: yTBepauresbHble (all, -a, kiekvienas, -a nu ap.), orpuunaTeJibHbIe (nobody, nobody, -i@ un Ap.), 7) onpeneautenbHoe (himself, -i). 2. Jluunbie MecTOMMeHMsi aS, més, ti, vos, jis, ji o6pasyioT cHCTeMy Tpex JIL, KOTOpasi BbIpaKaeT OCHOBHble 3JE€MEHThl aKTa peuH: roBopsilero, cobecelHHKa H JIHIO HJIH TMpPEIMET, O KOTOPOM HAET peub. JIHuHble 13aTeJIbHbi. PopMbl as, més, fd, jūs ykasbBALOT OGBIYHO HA guna. Mecroumenue jis, ji ynorpe6JsilOTCS B HCTOPHYECKOM MEPHOAE JIHTOBCKOTO $I3blKa TOJIbKO KakK JIHUHOE, HO CBOHM MPOUCXOMXKAEHHEM SIBJISETCS yKasaresbHbIM. BBHAY Toro OHO yKasbiBaeT He TOJIbKO Ha'JIHILa, HO H HA npeaMeTHl. 3. HoBooGpasoBantoe MecroHMeHHe fūmsta B JUTOBCKOM $I3bIKe He BbIpaXKaeT HOBBLIX OTHONIEeHHH MEXAY JHLaMH, OH SIBJISIETCHA OOpMOH BeXkJiHBocTH BTOpOro Juua. Ilpu BexauBoMm oOpallleHHH KO BTOPOMY JIHIly TakKxe YynoTpeOJISIOTCA MecTOHMeHHe myself, -i, HMS npHJIaraTeJIbHOe healthy, -Q, COYETAHHS HMEHH CYIIeCTBHTEJNbHOTO health (6e3 KoHKpeTHOTO BemMmecTBeHHOTO 3HAYeHHsl) C MEeCTOMMEHMSIMH: fdmstos health, your health, MecronuMeHHe [dS B 3HAUCHHH «Thi». 4. BosBpaTHoe MecTOHMeHHe SAUES HMEeT CTapPyi0 OCHOBY H COXPaHHII B JINTOBCKOM sI3blK€, TaK Ke KAK B JIATbINICKOM H CJIABSHCKHX S3bIKAX, CTapoe 3HaueHHe: OHO yKa3bIBaeT Ha OTHOLUEeHHe Ka:xKJIOTO H3 Tpex JIHŲ K camoMy ceGe. It's a mess. MecTOHMeHHSA SAVO, S@vas, -a, uMEIOLIIHe OCHOBY BO3BPATHOI'O MeCcCTOHMEHHSA, TaKXXe MOryT yKa3biBAaTb Ha IIpHHAJJIEXKHOCTb IpejitMeTa BCeM TpeM JHLAM, CAyXKalUlUM B MNPEeAJIOXKEeHHH JŪIS BBIDAXKEHHSI CyObeKTa HKEKCTBHS HJIH COCTOSIHHA. 5. OcHoBHble (DOpMbIi TIPUTSIKATENBHBIX MECTOMMEHHH B COBPEMEHHOM JIUTOBCKOM $I3BIKE mine, yours, yours. Crapble NpuUTsKaTelbHble manas, -d, tūvas, -a@ HAXOHATCS Ha CTajJMU HCUe3HOBeHHS, a sdvas, -a npuobperaer HOBOE KaueCcTBeHHOe 3HaueHHe HMeHH NpPHJaraTesibHOTO «HeuyxoH>». MecTOHMeHHble GopMbl my, -6ji, your, -6ji u T. A., a Takke HOBooGpa30BaHHBle MecTOHMeHHs ¢ cypdukcom -iskis, -ė (my, -ė Hi T. Ji), B OTJIKUHH OT APYTHX INIpHTS2KATEJIbHbIX MECTOHMEHHH, YINOTpeOJISIOTCS UaAIIle Bcero Kak HMeHa CYLIeCTBHTE/IbHbie B 3HAUEHHH TaK Ha3biBaeMOH «OJIH3KOMH MPUHAAJEKHOCTHY. 6. 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