Pietinės šiaurės vakarų aukštaičių tarmės prielinksnių reikšmės ir vartojimas

IN LITHUANIAN LANGUAGES GRAMATINE "S 'A N D A R A LYE TU V (09098 ‘T' $ "MOR SLU AKA TWO MIJA PIETINES SIAURES WESTERN AUKŠTAIČIŲ TARMES PRIELINKSNIU APPLICATIONS IR USE! E. GRINAVECKIENE I. Nominative prepositions l. The "two-sided" prefix is a rare — adverbial prefix. The same constructions, jo the same be places of action, often have a shade of way meaning, ir e.g.: mės jaū gyvėnam abygaliai namo? ebygaliai laying columns of lumps to knock off. 2. On both sides, on both sides "from both sides" is used to indicate the place of action, e.g. where rabbits will not jump: both sides of the fence are flat; expel the largest su channels on both sides of the knee; planting of semi-large birch trees; névarva on ab the to foundation: water pipes (pipes) are installed at the sides of the roof. Both sides of the prefix are rare, more frequently both sides. — 3. Abyssinians „from both sides“ is quite rare in dialect, used to indicate the place of action, e.g. :abyšaliai grabo (coffin) stood po du men. 4. Anapus. Jo constructions used to indicate the place of action, e.g. they live beyond the grove; beyond the Nemunas, the ledq mountains; ēsū was beyond Šiauliai. aš ir 5. Early rare — preposition of adverbial origin with a temporal meaning, e.g. he left early me, o da (still) crochet. 6. Anot. Jo constructions quite common; usually used to repeat someone's words are inserted in the sentence, e.g.: andts people's language, he ir daūg has contributed to the separation: andts t6s fairy tales, as is, teip ir jų (yes), you o have to live; anéts father's outlaw (easter), lick the child's horns, until the father's shoes ne į syki (too large). ! The article mainly uses material that the author collected in 1949—1965 from the dialect area between Smalininkai, Vadžgiris, Girkalnis, Skirsnemunė,? The presented dialect examples are transposed into literary language without changing their morphological forms. For the descriptive dialect phonetics, see. E. Grinaveckienė, Phonetics of the Mituva river dialect, „Lithuanian Linguistics' Issues“, t. 1, Vilnius, 1957, p. 119—180. 151 7. Ant. The prefix on constructions occurs in the dialect with a slightly more varied meaning than in literary language. They may be expressed as: 1) Exact location of the action, e.g. how many profits flow through the Nemunas on the ice in spring; sénas grandpa smokes a pipe (pipkę) on the roof (kaminas- ). ; 2) Approximate location of the action, e.g.: teip high climbed into túos mountains: the clouds were on the nugara. In this sense, it is often used in dialect phraseologisms, such as what one talks about, don't hang it all on the man's nose (don't tell the man). Sometimes, in this sense, prepositional on constructions are used instead of the literary locutor or suffix with the preposition in, e.g.: such shells (frozen mud) on kdimos clumped animals: the cow went out on the pasture and attifified. The latter constructions most likely arose as a result of the influence of Slavic languages, although there are opinions that this could also be the result of the introduction of prepositional constructions in Lithuanian dialects3. 3) Direction of action, e.g.: angry and picked up on the wall; sat down and drove to the city; the dog runs on the grove; tanins (saturation, putmen) climbing Sirdié&s, and a person dies. 4) Time of action (usually with nouns with lexical temporal meaning): a) Action time direction, e.g.: on autumn (in autumn) the clock will start to rush (shorter day); on the spring (in the spring) the days will be long. b) Prediction of action for a certain time, e.g.: prisidZiovinad liepZiedZiy on the winter; I will not leave the cows overnight, I will cool them in the barn; I'm gonna have to put some hay on the night. The construction of the preposition on with this meaning is not appropriate for literary language- *, but it is used in many Lithuanian dialects. In the southern north-western Highland dialect, next to the above-mentioned construction with the on used and time noun construction, e.g.: wintery zaraugiau tų mažiūkų agurky; I don't leave a lot of bacon for the summer — it rusts. (c) The amount of time of action, e.g.: all paléido namé on trijū ménesiy; went out into the woods on the whole day; He's been eating for a month. In addition to these constructions, the final form of the party is sometimes used as in literary language, but in dialect the construction with an is much more common. It is widely used in many other Lithuanian dialects- ." ® Plg. J. Senkus, Use of Prepositions and their Important Significance in the Kaps and Zanavyk Dialects, „Lietuvos TSR Mokslų Akademijos Darbai“, Serija A, t. 1(8), 1960, p. 126. * See J. Jablonskis, Selected Writings, vol. I, Vilnius, 1957, p. 595. * This shows „Programs for the collection of material for the Lithuanian language atlas“ (Vilnius, 123 1956) questions and answers, in the Institute of Lithuanian Language Literature of the Lithuanian ir SSR Academy of Sciences. 152 d) Exact time of the action, e.g.: come on the shovel; called me on the wind (when they were baked winds); came on the apple (when there were apples). Ši The construction of the prefix on is common ir in other Lithuanian dialects. It is sometimes ir characterized by a shade of purposefulness. 5) The limit of the property of an object, which indicates in what respect the property of the object is limited, e.g.: randénmolis sufikus on išdirbimas (red clay is difficult to work); the president on punishment painful (the president painfully punishes); beers delicious on drinking, heavy on boast (beer is delicious to drink, hard to boast); apples on eating tasty (apples tasty to eat, good taste); he was a guardian jų (grab) on the money:; he is very iSgrafius on the meal; jibudri on sleep. 6) Mode of action, e.g.: the ta cow nė bumps (hugging), nė nobody, sitting on his side, all; we are always coming on ir staigjūnai on staigjūnai, so you are not kadū ir come; striagin nė (insed) on the pifsSty end of į the barn ir immediately lay down. = Some of the prepositions of this meaning on the construction are fixed or include phraseological compounds, e.g.: gyvėna on sav į ji es (independently); fas child only on the mother picked up (does not recognize other childminder). 7) Quantity of action, jo abundance, when the prepositional construction forms a compound with the noun of the su to verb, e.g.: ten buvo tinkas ant tanko privaryta; it is sédas: an apple tree planted upon an apple tree; what about bacon: paltis on pdlties prikabyta. The latter construction of the prefix on is common. Usually ji occurs in impersonal sentences. 8) An approximate number. The preposition on of this meaning is used instead of the preposition about of literary language su constructions, e.g.: ant šimto vaiką bus tuos namuos; on a couple of cows we grabbed money už Apples. 9) The purpose of the action. This type of construction is used in the place of the objective beneficiary, for example: sklerosny dobry drzewko na śluzy. 10) The object of action. The construction of the preposition on with this meaning is a) Po used in: the verbs say, scold, shout, send, etc., e.g.: father shouts ir at the boy, o aš an interlocutor; Mom cage on me. b) Instead of a noun verb, say, po e.g.: sakaū ant J 6no (John) to sell a tą camel; Sakau on the father leave the shoes in the house; Saying on the child (to children) don't throw stones. su When transforming such sentences into conjunctives, the independent į word of the prepositional construction in the form of the noun becomes the factor of the auxiliary subjunctive sentence, e.g.: sakaū, kad Jénas pardioty a tą camel. The use of the prepositional structure in spoken sentences is common in dialects. c) Po verb to say instead of literary language preposition about constructions, e.g.: he turned on my ką hat?turned on my husband that he ugly; What are you saying on my buttocks? The 153 last prefix on the construction is very common in the dialect. d) With the conjunction if in the secondary conditional circumstance sentences. In these cases, the possible (assumed) direction of action towards an object is stated, e.g.: jeigu ant važiavimo, tai jie parūs betėmstant; if on the dyeing, then the yarn had to be painted, not knitted; If it's on the ground, the chickens don't land early. This type of prepositional construction is possible for certain predicates. In literary language, in this case, the pronoun form of the verb is usually used, e.g.: jėigu važiuotų (if they were going to go), tai jie parūš betėmstant. 11) The quality of the object, e.g. dabaf I am a lady on my head (independent, independent). 8. A relatively rare prefix in the near dialect. Instead, it is more commonly used near (see pp. 156, 157). The constructions of this prefix mean: 1) the place of action, e.g., a wild animal near a city. 2) time of action, e.g. : close to the house of arrest. 3) the quality of the item, e.g., feel the sun near the cable. With prepositions do, od prepositions blizu forms contemporary prepositions of local meaning: blizu do, blizu od, e.g.: tu blizu nuokra nto nėra dūgno, o toliaū seklū; They're near the city. 4) Approximate number (measure, proportion), e.g.: planted reptiles (potatoes) near the centner; I brought the hay close to the carriage; drank milk close to a lyter (litre). 9. Arčiaū is a preposition of adverbial origin. Its constructions indicate the place of action, e.g. he stood near the fence; There was no bee near the hive. With the preposition pri it forms a conjunctive preposition arčiaū prie of the same meaning, e.g.: slifikis arčiaū prie manęs. 10, upstairs. The construction of this preposition usually denotes the quality of an object, e.g.: ryža nad hlavou; clover above the ridge; or the amount of an object, e.g. water above the floor. With the preposition za in rare cases it forms a conjunctive preposition above za, which indicates the amount of the action; e.g.: put up an antenna a u k šiąd uz visa. 11. B. Its constructions in the dialect mean: 1) The possibility of action after a certain time limit, e.g. they will not arrive without a fa mse; He won't get out of bed without mint. 2) Mode of action, e.g.: jdi ordered to eat everything without restraint. 3) Quantity of action (measure, number), e.g.: without five clothes I will not give a chicken; the ring was without number, and the Apple —none. 4 4) The object of the action, e.g.: if (if) only once without meat, I am hungry all day; without liquid it is like not eating; without a cow — fasting. 5) The quality of the item, e.g. the whole pile is free of snow and the track is filled; that child is without a father and without a home; Smégus still does without shame. 154 Prefix be su anapus, p6, Siapus rarely forms conjunctive prepositions: anapus, pē, šiūpus, which have a place of action be be be (without beyond) be time ar (without ps) value, e.g. beyond be There will be no Nemunas nobody, gdusi tg (then) to seek; be shiūpus You will not find anything in your ears; be po a navy mint won't break a tooth. 12. It is used in literary translations of the same name. It usually denotes the cause of the ar action phenomenon, e.g.: ar baltumas del senūmumo: another ir sénas does not rise, o another ir young white head. It occurs in dialect phraseologisms, ir e.g.: del mano ragd (for me) do what you want. Instead of the jo dialect, in rare cases, prepositional later constructions can be used ir (plg. p. 159). 13. Greta. Prepositional next to constructions are used to indicate the place of action, e.g. šitą lovą pastačiaū next to ands; verSiui was blocked by gargreta parsuy. dg Sometimes the constructions of this preposition may have a be shade of the meaning of the ir place of action, for example: tiė medžiai buvo sėdėti šalia vienas kito. b In rare cases, the su preposition su forms a conjunctive preposition of the same meaning alongside, for example, slept all ji month in that barn piglets. gr eta su 14. I$. Frequency iš of the prefix in the dialect. Jo constructions have more meanings than in literary language. They may be expressed as: 1) Direction of action, e.g. parkrzkina chicken garden; iš pargorioja (parling) mergos girys mushrooms. iš su In this sense it is common in dialect iš phraseologisms, ir e.g. jės nekrinta niékas iš (it is unjust), do not fear; I'd like to tą hold the child, but (but), ji taking, you will iš not raise the house of hedges. 2) Action time, e.g. :from day (on the same day) driving to work; ji iš I've had a lot of trouble. 3) Mode of action, e.g. they are from bee nests; rises a pie, goes from a rush: a ragged bag; lefikt from $6no nesidiok; I counted from one to the other the ends of the wool and took off my gloves. 4) The reason for the operation, such as: the tipping hose was missing; out of fear he got sick. It is also used in dialect phraseologisms, for example: from a large writing came out of the country. 5) The object of the action, e.g. they tą nūmą vefZia from tėvū; you can't learn the truth from the mouths of people; from that work come laughters; resulting melt, from which works the carriage, slurry. 6) The quality of the object, e.g. this sheep is from a trio; I'm already mint iš (obsolete- ). The prefix iz with the prefixes anapus, pė, šiapus, ūž in the dialect forms contemporary noble prefixes of local meaning: iš anapus, iš po, iš šiapus, iš az, e.g.: jie yra iš anapus Girdžiū; pulled out his hand from under the sheets; Get out of under my feet! excavate land from the ruins of the mountain; he stood up from behind the table and knocked at the door. The last prefixes 155 in dialect are quite persistent. In rare cases, they form "triple" prepositions of the same meaning, e.g.: z za anapus, z pod anapus, z pod Siapus: kyštelėjo galva iš už už šiukšlių; Vidduja starts running from beyond Šimkaičiai; a ferret came out from underneath the barn; The holes are probably the biggest underneath the Siapus mountaineer. 15. Longitudinal. The structures of this preposition indicate the place of action, e.g.: along the weave goes such a dryė. It is also used as a prepositional suffix to form a preposition of the same meaning along par, e.g. padarė vėžės along par rugiai. 16.Krajty. Rare preposition of local meaning, which appeared, probably, after the verb form was fixed and changed, e.g.: jie gyvėna krūties šonuose; Triobs be beautiful, only kg krašty field. 17. Liga (lig, iki, igi, ig). All forms of this prefix are used in dialect in parallel without any difference in meaning, but the most common is ligi. 1) The direction of the action to a certain place, e.g. he took her to the town; the plane took off to the sky. 2) Direction of action until a certain time, e.g. until the sheep in the pastures wait for the throw of the shovel; knitting up to the eleventh; We danced until the morning. Sometimes, the preposition goes with the noun, e.g.: er lig denne diēno vesels. 3) Mode of action: a) the quality of the action, e.g. favo sweater is fastened to the buttocks. b) the quantity of the action, e.g. vdlgykit ig satys; stuck to the axis. 4) Approximate quantity (measure, number). In this sense, the preposition ligi is used instead of the literary preposition about, e.g. : the girl is already quite big, up to ten mint; He left the colt until he was three days old and took the colt out. The preposition ligi with anapus, pd, šiapus forms co-temporal prepositions with the meaning of place (ligi anapus, ligi šiapus) and time (iki p6), e.g.: jau išvedė greitkelį ligi anapus girios; The waters were beyond the barn. until my teeth hurt after a new mint. 18. Lin kui (Link). The lifikui subjunctive in the dialect is gyvas and is used to indicate direction, e.g.: (in the local sense) nuėjo namū liūnkui; garnets flying to the grove lific; (in the sense of time) meat weaving for the beef line; towards autumn I won't live alone, I'll get into somebody. There are cases where the shorter form of this syllable (lifik) is used as a preposition in dialect, for example: nuėjo lifik na mii. 19. Not near. The prefix near is used more widely in dialect than in literary language. It is often used to replace the prefix near (cf. p. 154). It may be expressed as: 1) Location, e.g. near a knife-pointed cloud (pointed tip) is a tail; més gyvėnam neroli cemetery. 156 Similar meaning has the sample ir preposition near from, e.g.: maudėmės netoli nuo Rkrafito; I met him near the house. 2) Approximation of action to a certain one. places, e.g. when I stood up, near the barn I stood up. 3) The action approaches a certain time limit, e.g.: we lay down near twelve; parvadiGvom near lunch. 4) Approximate quantity, measure, number, e.g.: milk pasilikdavom sdu near potadyndités; kepalitkas —near the robe: I poured honey near three Ygters (liters); he feels close to his age; near my mint etc. no ji ir In literary language, in this case, the preposition about construction is usually used, e.g.: pieno pasilikdavom apiė puodyndite. 20. From. The prefix nué in the dialect is pronounced nd. The latter form is probably derived from the pro-crisis situation. Its constructions in the dialect are: 1) Direction of action from a certain place, e.g.: the load rose but it fell near another load; Father comes ir down from the mountain. Su prepositions andpus, šiūpus the latter preposition forms contemporary prepositions of local meaning from anapus, from šiūpus, e.g.: nuo anūėpus Nėmuno girdėt dainuojant; it is from anūpus Šiauliai; She's going to the other side of the Hundreds. 2) The direction of the action time forward from a certain limit, e.g.: from childhood diend it such; from the beginning everything was very good. 3) Mode of action (instead of the literary language prefix from the construction), e.g. : Look how the Jews sneak away from Sirdiés; need to feed all from the end (in a row). This is also the case in the phraseology of the dialect, for example: visdi od koto (badly) nušnėjo. 4) The reason for the action, e.g.: the nails from digging logs ačerpetojo; it all started with teething. 5) Object of action. The prefix from of this meaning is used in the construction: a) As in literary language, e.g.: kūrvė from vefSio cannot long decay; I'm not going anywhere from the roof. b) Instead of the literary language preposition about the construction, e.g.: ji nuo pinigū neįsišneka: lyg niékur nieéko (like debt); The latter construction of the prefix from is not typical of many other Lithuanian dialects. It is a possible thing, it is a Germanism (cf. German von ihm sprechen). c) Instead of the prefix of the literary language from the construction (see p. 155), e.g. :arjinudé geleZiés, is there anything else that you don't fear? 6 Plg, E. Grinaveckienė, min. ill., p. 133. " Plg. but J. Senkus, min. ill., p. 138. 157 6) quantity, measure, proportion of an object, e.g.: he took a pig from three cefitneriy; I pulled the rope from the 5-pointer. 7) The purpose of the object, e.g. brought herb for tooth pain. 21. Paskiad—rare preposition of adverbial origin, used in dialect to indicate the time of action, e.g.: réd mą (it seems to me) that you tu came after me; Two run after cows. 22. Pir ma — rare preposition of adverbial origin, used to indicate the place and time of an action, ir e.g.: go before me, show me the way! aš I stood up before you. 23. Pirmiaa—rare preposition of adverbial origin, used to indicate the time of action, e.g.: pirmiaū visū užmigaū; This Stupid Chicken: First Aš Chicks [with patience. 24. Pray. The prefix in the dialect is ř. The latter jo form, as a preposition ir from (see section 4.4). p. 157) is probably due to a pro-crisis situation. Jo constructions may mean: 1) Place of action, e.g.: my market aš market brought (į things) pasidéjau prie tūvęs; més gyvėnam priė girios; in the winter, they would put it on the wheel. 2) Direction of action, e.g. her farm is drawn to knitting, as mine to weaving; pdrSalimai at the lungs mint. ų The term is often used in phraseological contexts, such as in the case of the ir phrase "I'm going to the library". 3) Time of the action, e. g. died before no ji one of us went to the tsar's schools; Parents, į why are you iš banging that door to the man of the tu day? 4) Method of action when the prepositional construction forms a sampling with the same noun su to of the conjugated word, e.g. here mėdis prie mėdžio susudįta; here column to column welded. It is used in dialect phraseologisms, such as ššėjomės prie keturig aki. ir 9) The quality of an object, when the prepositional construction forms a sampling with su to the noun of the conjugated word, e.g. smafkiis (good) rye: foot to foot; it's a meadow: smoked to smoked. 6) The object of action. The construction of the prefix to this meaning is used: a) As in literary language, e.g.: nemote pri jés prižibt: posdabins, nuskrāps. ji o aš b) Instead of the usual utility in literary language, e.g.: branktas prikladso prié akéciy prie pakdjy priklaiso visos plantéles, plg. the construction of literary language: all lentélés are attached to the pâtées. c) Instead of a į su prepositional suffix, e.g.: jėigu tau bus tė (there) wrong, shout (contact) us. d) Instead of a preposition su at the end, e.g.: býva ji pri otca. 158 7) The quality of an object, į abandoning it, e.g. he is at the sloth (he is prone to laziness); he's at the lungs (prone to lung disease); our fields near the cold ground. 8) The purpose of the object, e.g.: made a bucket (bucket) at the pillar. 25. Pu sidu— a rare preposition, denoting a mode of action or quantity of a characteristic, e.g. kdrvés Nemunė susibridusios pusidu kalzdą; VerSiai tam žardy(je) pusidu sidu manure. 2€. Skersai in dialect used to indicate the place of action, e.g.: užviftes skersai Iodva ir Gulia. As shown in the example, the location su value is also a shade of ir the mode value. Su prefix par it forms a present tense prefix of local circumstance meaning across paf, e.g.: byla učiněna největší služka přes par klobulů. 27. Get out. As in literary ir language, the preposition blízko is used to indicate the place of action, e.g.: stáva vždy vedľa jé. ji 28. S aly rare — preposition of local meaning, which occurs after the verb form has been strengthened, e.g. paldidojo šaly jį kapiniū; she lives in the countryside; houses jū Saly Kaunas. In literary language, the šį preposition is reflected by ne the preposition near, the o adverb pakraštyjė, pašalyjė. 29. This is a rare — preposition of adverbial origin, denoting the place of action, e.g.: pirkom šiėno Siapus Guesthouses. 30. Sitapus. As this ir side, it means the place of action. In the dialect, this prefix is rare, for example: this type of girys very poor kélias. 31. Tefp. This prefix is used in dialect instead of the literary tafp. It may be expressed as: 1) Place of action, e.g. you live on a tefp mountain, the nė wind is not blowing. 2) Method of action, e.g.: the bowels must first be squeezed by the hands of the medium. 3) Comparison of object properties, e.g. which tefp is stronger? 32. Toliaū— a rare preposition of adverbial origin, used to indicate the place of action, e.g.: foliad Resėinių (Raseiniai) da (already) aš in his old age; Here you can run around our house, don't run far from the fence! 33. It is a rare preposition of adverbial origin that denotes the time of an action, e.g. I acrise later than you, and I have already fallen asleep. 34. Velug —relatively rare preposition of Slavic origin, used in dialect to indicate the cause of the action, e.g.: vėlug mėtų da (still) could live, only health neléidZia; then the walls of beauty are stuck. Instead, the preposition del is used more often (Zr. p. 155). 35.Midury —a rare preposition of adverbial origin, denoting the place or time of an action, e.g. ; she lives in the middle of the forest; got sick in the middle of winter. : 159 Today I sigh after the tuf gy, after the city; hedgehog is running around the fence, e.g.: hedgehog has gone under the fence. 2) Direction of action. In this case, the noble and utilitarian prepositions are used after the construction (in the past tense), e.g.: antys ėjo nuėjo po velniū, kas jds suras dabai; Go straight and you'll find houses with red roofs. 3) Action time. In this case, noble and, in consolidated sentences, utilitarian constructions are usually used, e.g.: parėjo po dvyliktos; come after noon; went outand after this day is not known; parėjaū po visa m (after everything). 4) Mode of action. In this case, we usually use the conjunctive prefix after the construction, e.g.: tėvas erzinasi, bambariuoja (murma) po nosia; je (jeżeli) clover suguły, pod gérkle (przeciwko) piduja. Sometimes, there is also a functional structure in the fixed sentence, for example: més gyvėnam po senodvei. With numerals, the prefix po indicates in what stages or quantities the action is performed. In this case, only rear constructions were observed, e.g.: vanag vištas po vieną išgaudė; They built three of them, and we demonstrated. 5) Number of objects. In this case, only the final constructions are used, e.g.: visoms po marškinius pasiuvaid;, pavūsarį po du rublit mokėjo už Obuolius. 6) Effect of action, change of object. In this case, only noble constructions are used, e.g.: was John John, —and after John (the good John became bad); it is to you: child child, —and after child (good son has become naughty). This is often the case in the case of a structure. 7) Distinctive feature of the object. This means that the prefix after the construction is used instead of the literary prefix after the constructor. The name is derived from the name of the town, which means "the place where the man lives". 3. Blessed. The prefix salig is used instead of the literary language sulig. His constructions here occur with the nobleman, the servant, the gnaginnik without any difference in meaning. It is not very typical of the dialect, rather rare. Its constructions are used to indicate: 1) The limit of the action, e.g.: salig Alsai baigias mūsų laukai; piak salig burn; he cut his hand down to the elbow. As the examples show, some constructions of this meaning also have the meaning of the way of action. 2) The quality of the object, e.g., this is malt —in the opinion of man. 4. Ūž is used with a genitive and a finitive. Its constructions are represented by: 1) Place of action. In this case, noble constructions are used, e.g. jiė gyvéna už tės girūtės; behind Mantviliai (village) — Mituva, and behind Mituva — Mantvilinė (forest). 166 2) Time of action. The preposition of this už meaning also goes with the su genitive, e.g.: trijų dienq tūria už ristise viščiukai; month child was už (born); to be, to grow up. ir Sentences in dialect denoting the place of action ir jo quantity together, e.g.: uz reach already water (reach excavatir ed at the depth of the reach). 3) Method of action. In this sense, noble constructions are used, which form a sampling with the noun of the conjugated word, e.g.: žmėgus sénas, su to vės paeina: kėja kėjos; tiė paisai eda, spaudžias kits už už Rkito. 4) Quantity of action. The preposition has this už meaning when it su goes with the adjective, už e.g.: rūblį tris pakeliūs sėklū gavaū; You už won't get a hundred of them. 5) Purpose or purpose. In this sense, the final constructs are used, e.g.: sėmėnę mani už (me) were hired; to pay the bills už better. 6) Cause of action. This is the case for the following examples: 1. the drunken man was deprived of uz his rights; human sum už uSima fell po to the court. 7) The object of action. In this case, noble constraction is used. tions, e.g. kimbi duons, už boldly o you will not eat; kdpt mą (man) už rafikos; ji už haystack came out (married); father gets a boy. už 8) Comparison of properties of objects. In this case, adjectives are used, e.g. father older (senior) už mother; it tauž vi (tave) less, diok jdm; he is me už (mane) geriad writes. 9) Replacement of one item with another. This is used in final constructions, e.g.: walk me už (mane) į talkę. The following summarizing observations and conclusions can be drawn from the use of the most characteristic ir jų prepositional meanings of the South-North- -West Highland dialect: I. The dialect has noble, adjective, possessive prepositions and prepositions used with several syllables (noble, possessive, adjective, possessive). In addition, it contains a relatively large number of contemporary prepositions, composed of two independent prepositions: near to, near from, above, Siapus, Wii po, ; be be be iš i from, from unūpusį from Spas skarggi par, į anapus, į šiūpus, pagal ins Together with them there is another "triple" preposition, composed of three prepositions: iš už anapus, iš po anapus, iš po šiūpus. In addition to these, the dialect also contains the consonant liūiki, whose shorter form (link) has been used as a preposition lately. 167 2. The dialect contains mostly noble prepositions (38). Some of them (abygaliai, abypusiai, apyšaliai, anksciad, arčiaū, paskuaū, šiūpus, šitapus, toliaū, vėliaū) are dialect adverbs that have acquired the meanings and functions of prepositions, while the prepositions kras$ty, šaly, viršaūs have probably simply arisen from the conjugation of separate syllables. It is possible to see how the process of prefix replenishment takes place in the dialect. The final prepositions are almost the same as in literary language, only the prepositions pagal and palei are used in parallel without any difference in meaning, and the constructions of the prepositions par and pro, it seems, are not mixed: constructions with par usually indicate that the action takes place in the very object, in its middle, and propro its side, next to it. 4. Of the conjugative prepositions, only su and ties are used in the dialect. The prefix with constructions, among other meanings, always denotes the means of action (with a broom couldukių sūšlavė) and the quality of the object (:vyras su ilga nosis) in the dialect. 5. The section on prepositions used with several syllables deals with the prepositions pas, po, salig and za. Unlike literary language, the preposition pas is used in parallel with the genitive and the dative without any difference in meaning. The construction of the noble prefix pas is characteristic and. of the subject dialect to the north-western neighbours of the Zemgalians. The prefix salig, corresponding to the literary sulig, is used without distinction of meaning with nobleman, servant, landlord. 6. The majority of present tense prepositions are noble prepositions. "Triple" prepositions are also made up only of adjectives. Conjunctive prepositions are usually constructed with the meaning of place and time. Not all of the individual elements are equally grown. The most persistent of them are from behind, from below, without behind, from beyond, from this side, to beyond, near from, from beyond. All the other sampley prepositions have a significantly weaker interrelationship. The second accent of conjunctive prepositions (third accent of “triplets”) usually specifies the meaning of the first accent, e.g.: he let out of the bush; he flies from p6 bush; he lefida from under the shabby bush. 7. A large number of dialect prepositions have more meanings than the corresponding literary language prepositions. This applies to afit, aplifik, aukščiau, į, iš, netoli, nud, prié, pro prepositions. 8. The meaning of some dialect prefixes is expanded at the expense of other prefixes. It is less commonly used in the mouth. In addition to the prepositional forms on, -arti, ligi, nedale, in, par, the prepositional forms on, -arti, ligi, nedale, in, par are often used to indicate an approximate number. In addition, the preposition around, in addition to its own meanings, has all about meanings. Prepositions near and above are used relatively rarely, because the preposition near always replaces the preposition near, and the preposition above replaces the preposition above. Prepositional constructions are also used quite often in dialects in cases where the literary language translates with syllables without prepositions or other constructions. 168 3HA4UEHHME H YNOTPEBJIEHUE NMPEAJIOrOB, XAPAKTEPHbIX JIJIS1 IOXXHOTO TOBOPA CEBEPO-3ANAZIHBIX AYKUITAKHTOB 3. TPUHABSILIKEHE Pesziwome B cratbe paccmMaTpuBaloTCsi 3HaueHHe H ynorpelJenHe NPeAsoroB, XapakTepHbIX AJA 10KHOTO TOBOpa ceBepo-3ana/lHbIX ayKuITaiToB, Ha KOTOPOM TroOBOPAT HA TEPPHTOPHH JiHTOBCKOrO #3blKa MexkKay HaceqeHHbIMH nyHktamu Cwmaaununkail, Bamxrupue, npxaabnuc, Ckupcuemyne (lOp6Gapkekuit u Paceitnsiickuji paitonst). MenonbsoBanubiii B cTaTbe IHA/IeKTHB MaTepuas B OCHOBHOM coGupaucs aBTOpoM c¢ 1949 no 1985 r. Bee mpeasiors rosopa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YNpPaBJAseMOro MMH Najexa pacnpeieseHsl Ha YeThbipe OCHOBHBIE TPyNnbi: 1) ripejiJIOTH ¢ POAMTENbHBIM MNa/jlexx0oM, 2) C BHHHTEJLHBIM, 3) c TBOpHTeNBHBIM H 4) Cc HECKOJbKHMH najexam (C pOJHTeJbHBIM, JIATEJIbHbIM, BHHHTeJbHbIM H TBODHTEJIbHb). Ilpeasioros c¢ poauTe/bHBLIM NafekoM B roBope HacuuThiBaercs 10 38 —Goabie, 4ueM B JHTepPaTypHOM s3bike, B HX uHCJI0 BXOAAT H HEKOTOpPHle HapeuHA HCCJIe/jye MOTO roBopa, Hanp. : abygals «B o6oHx KoHuax», abypuses «c Goeux ctopon», abyshales «c o6eHx cropoH>», early «panbie», late «6nnuxe», late «no3xe>», early «panbume», late «c aroh cTOpOHBI», foliaū «nanbune», late «no3xe», a TaKxXe OTAeJbHHE OKOCTEHeBINHe (DOpMbI HEKOTOPHIX NajiexeH, Hanp. : Arašty «na Kpaio»>, Saly «na Kpaio», tops «cBepx». B npuBejieHHbIX npHMepax OTpaxKaeTcst npollecc NONOJHEHHS KaTeropHH npenJora B HCCJelyeMOM TOBOpe 3a CYeT HapeuHH H HMEeH: JaHHble HapeuHs H OT/LeJIbHbIe najiexH npuHoOpejiH 3HaueHHe MINpelLJIOTOB. IpensioB ¢ BHHHTeJIbHbIM IAJĮEXxKOM B TOBOpe CTOJIbKO KE, CKOJIbKO H 5 JuTepaTYPHOM Si3bIKe, OTCYyTCTBYeT JiHINb MnpejiJior pas «y». "I'm not going to say that I'm not going to do it, but I'm going to do it." B ornnuune or JinTepaTypHoro Si3bika NpejnJiOr pas ynoTpeGjigeTc1 B roBope C POAMTEJNbHBIM H BHHHTEJbHBIM NAJeXAMH B OJIHOM H TOM Je 3HauenHH. I'm going to take a look at it. I'm going to take a look at it. I'm going to take a look at it. [peasor pé ynorpe6asiercsi ¢ pOJKTEJIbHbIM, JlATEJIbHbIM, BHHHTeJIbHbIM H TBODPpHTeJIbHkIM MajexXaMH, a UZ —C POAMTENbLHBIM H BHHHTEJIbHbiIM, KaK H B JIHTEpatypHoM si3bike. B or/inuke oT JiuTepaTypHOro sisbika npeasor salig TmapalJIieJibuo YVnoTpebasiercss Cc POAHTEJbHBIM, JaTelbHbIM MH TBOPHTEJbHBIM naxexamu Ge3 pasHHilbl 3HAYEHHS. Kpome yKkasaHHBIX BHIle, B roBOpe BCTPEUAeTCs TaKKe onpejieIeHHOe KOJHYeCTBO CNOMHBIX TPEAJOroB, COCTOSIINHX, H3 JIBYX CaMOCTOATENbHBIX, Hanp. : near «5AH3KO K», near from «6an3ko or», pe north «6e3 aro croponbi- >», beyond «Ge3 TO CTOPOHBI», from north «c 310i CTOpPOHBI», from north «c TOW CTOpoHbi>», beyond pd «6e3 nocae», from ps «us noa», from uf «n3-3a>», along par «BnoJib uepe3», beyond «B Ty CTOPOHY», to North «B 3TV cropony- », until beyond «no Toi cTOpoHbI», until north «no saTOoH CcTOpPOHBI», until under «no nocae», near from «nenajieko OT» FROM beyond «c TON CTOPOHBI», from North «c 3TOMN CTOPOHbI", crossed by "nonepex uepe3>, pdgal anapus "no Toit cropone- ". Bmecte ¢ HHMH M3pelKa BCTPEYAlOTCS Ho «YTPOEHHBIE» CJIOXHbIe MNPeJIOrH, COCTOsAIHE H3 Tpex uacreil, Hanp. : from beyond «u3-3a Toit cTOpoHbi- >», FROM beyond «u3-3a Toit cTopomm- ». He Bee KOMIOOHEHTbI CJAOXKHBIX NPEAJIOroB SIBJASIOTCS B OAHHAKOBOIi Mepe cnasiHbl MexXay coGoii. Bojnee Techas cBfisb OTMEUEHa MeX1y KOMMOHEHTAMH TAKHX CJAOMKHBIX TMpejiJIOTOB, Kak out of, out of under, out of under, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above, out of above. It is the only way to get to the top of the mountain. It's a lot of work. <«yYTpoeHHble» npejjiorH.. Bee ocTa/ibHbIe CJIOKHBIE NMPEAJIOrH MeHee ycTOoHuMBbl. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do it. BTOpoli KOMMOHeHT TaKHX npeaJoros Bceraa yTouHSIET 3HaueHHe NepBoro. 169