Lietuvių–latvių hidronimų paralelės ir jų arealas

LITHUANIAN AREALINES LINGUISTICS QUESTIONS LITHUANIA TSR SCIENCE ACADEMY A. VANAGAS LITHUANIAN-LATVIAN HYDRONIMS PARALLELS IR JŲ Lithuanian hydronyms are very diverse in terms of origin, meaning and composition. Ši diversity can be analyzed in many aspects, but in that case it would hardly be ir possible to cover the whole maze ar of issues. ir One of the many iš possible directions of research is the lexical and semantic overview of Lithuanian hydronymy according to the interfaces with other Baltic languages or the Indo-European nomenclature in jo general. su su Ši overview, true, is possible only on condition that the su hydronyms under analysis have etymologies. In the absence of an etymological dictionary of Lithuanian hydronyms, the stratigraphic excursions and remarks in this article are in many cases based on the author’s etymological studies of Lithuanian hydronyms. The most common and ir at the same time the most characteristic Lithuanian hydronyms are those that have been formed lately, already in the t. y. Lithuanian language soil. In many respects they are very interesting and valuable, but nevertheless the most important ir place in Lithuanian hydronymy in Baltic and Indo-European studies is guaranteed by its oldest, most archaic layer. This article deals with a part of comparatively rather archaic Lithuanian hydronyms, which connect the Lithuanian nomenclature with the su Latvian language and its nomenclature!. The relationships of Lithuanian hydronymy in su Latvian, in the most general sense, are very broad, because the true Lithuanian Latvian nomenclature iš is common to all hydronyms ir in general, place names, derived from words common to Lithuanian ir and Latvian. iš Let's say, the ir Lithuanian-Latvian languages have a common name for a stone: liet. akmud, lat. stone. Iš of these appellatives in ir Lithuanian Latvian language formed hundreds ir of waters various other place names (plg.lit. Akmena, Akmenas, Akmėnė, Akmenjinė, Akmenis, Akmėnupis, Akmeniį river etc. ; ir lat. Akmens-upite, Akmenijas-dūksts, Akmenica, Akmensgrava, Akmens-strauts, Akmenupe ir t. t.). In this way, the place names akmen su are one of the strongest links connecting the Lithuanian-Lir atvian name book. There are hundreds of cases where hydronyms or place names in general are common to Lithuanian and Latvian in the sense that they are derived from common adjectives. They could be the subject of a separate study?. In this case, we are concerned, above all, with Lithuanian hydronyms, derived from such adjectives, which the Lithuanian language no longer has, but they have survived in the Latvian language. In the case of the phrase “connects with Latvian”, it should be explained that it is used conditionally, for convenience. Indeed, the hydronyms in question are lexically, in a certain sense, and areally related not only to Latvian, but also to other extinct northern Baltic dialects (Curnish, Zimgalian, Sely). 2? In the same way, the equivalents of the Latvian Prussian — nomenclature have already — been analyzed. B. /lam6e, CoorBercTBHA B TOnoHHMHH JlaTBuiickofi CCP c gpenBneripycekHM si3biKOM, Baltistica, Annex I, 1972, 55-62. 146 ra, here are also presented hydronyms whose etymology is more based on the Latvian language and its nomenclature in the sense that the Latvian language has preserved generic words whose meanings are more suitable for the origin of the hydronyms under consideration, in particular, for semantic explanation. There are also names of rivers and lakes that can be linked to the corresponding adjectives of the Lithuanian language, but these adjectives themselves can be Baltic dialectisms (Latvian, Curonian, Ziemgalian, Seelian substrate, relative words). It also presents the clearer "phonetic" dialectisms of the Baltic languages, i.e. hydronyms with phonetic changes characteristic of Latvian, Sely, Zemgali, Curonian languages. In total, about 120 Lithuanian hydronyms are examined. Get up. Lel., Aknystėlis ež. "Lake Rk. Plg. Akrysčiai k. Anykščių r., Aknystos k. Anykščių r. These place names have a clear parallel in the Latvian toponymy, see also. Akniša or Akniste k. (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 17). This Latvian place name J. Endzelynas associates (though with a question mark) with the Latin aka „Šulinys“ (ibid.). Later, lat. aka can be compared with lat. acs "eye", lit. akis,,aketé; liūne foul place, small area of water of swamps or lakes that are ending up growing“ (LKŽ I 64). See also W. Porzig, outline, 205. Alanga up. Square. The origins of this name are unclear. Among other things, it may even be Finno-Ugric, cf. fu. Alanga, Olanga, Olonga (for more see A. Vanagas, FS 151). But, in any case, its connection with the Latin aludgs "spring, pit in the water" (LVV I 69) is quite clear. Only the Balticness of this word itself again raises some doubts (see V. Dambe, Gidronimy s formantom -v-, 141). Cool it up. Tl. The name of the river is only known from the writings. The authenticity of his birth date is doubtful. But, in any case, it can be linked to the Latin place names Alauksts ezers (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 19), Aluoksne up., Alūksne up., Aluokste up. (ibid., 24) and lat. aluksna „,climbing place“ (J. Endzelynas, DI II 372; K. Būga, I 500; III 625). Aunuva up. Lk., Aun-ūpis Rdš. Plg. lat. Auna-grūvis grv., Aunuezers ež., Aūnu-straiits, Aunene pv. ir kt (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 54—55): lat. aces ‘lamb’. For semantics, see plg. let. Avimiostas ež. Antz., Avin-upis up. Šl., Avinélis ež. Aln. Aūslas ežeris. Dgč. The name of the lake is probably "Fish" (plg. lat. aušlė, lit. ‘Takia fish, Alburnus lucidus’ (see section 4.4). B. Savukynas, LKK III 299), Up the hill. Stč., up. Všk. Plg. let. (from Latvian?) double ‘well; road pit; bala, klapynė, slėnys’’ (LKŽ I 711), lat. better ‘t. p.’ (LVV I 276—277). Bély ež. Snuff. (and Bélditis ež. Snuff. ). The origin is unclear. Most likely prikluuprie so hydronyms meaning ‘white—whiteness’, cf. list. white „bala, pelkė“ (LKŽ I 738), lat. belute „walka, water pit“ (see. E. Fraenkel, LEW I 30). But plg. rhythm. sl. Geab ‘ball’ (E Kotonova, BH 82). I'm wandering up. Warn. Plg. let. blūkas, ‘smooth, plynas’ (LKŽ I 876), lat. blax ‘,calm sea; equal to’ (LVV I 308). Blonde up. Oh, God. Perhaps, compound name: Blid-eye (for -for more details see HD 82, 83). Root blidcan be later (not desirable?) recycling iš blid- (plg. lat. Blidiene, liet. blind-): *Blind-a-like. For the blindplg. let. Blindis up. Rs., Blind up. Als., Blindūjus up. Jon. bei Blenda up. Mr. Drummer up. Nv., up. Shd. Plg. lat. Budzene pv. (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 139). Liet. The long vowel of the surname i Drugėnis raises some doubts. By the way, in K. Buoga's Nomina propria there are also several sheets with this river name, everywhere written short u. su ir x. The w shorter ir would show lat. Wake up. Lat. Budzene siejama su lat. budzis,,votis, šunvotė, gumbas“ (J. Endzelynas, ibid.). Maybe, let. Drum (ar But it still needs to be su broken. Fingerless drums (LKŽ I 1130). Burkilé hedgehog. Lkv. Perhaps, connects lat. su burqa "Ice equestrian" (LVV I 353); plg. let. buikti "to dust, to spray, to burn, to tint" (LKŽ I 1191). Cedvė up. Yl. The origin of the name, known iš only from writings, is doubtful. Plg. lat. Cede upl. (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 156). Perhaps, Curiosity iš * Both. Jl keplg. let. Chairs pv. Skd. : let. kedėnti „,taršyti, draikyti, purenti, draskyti, draskyti“ (LKŽ V 480), kédarotis "disorderedly branching" (ibid., 479). See also Chess.com. PnmR. The squeegee up. Sk. — see. Pigs Gravis. Pigs Gravis up. RdN., Ciūgriovis up. Sk. (< * Ciuk-griovis). The root citk- (ciuk-, cuk-< *cūk-) is lat. iš Pig ‘pig’, cf. lat. Pig's neck. Pig-dick, Pig-lake ir t. t. (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 173—175). For semantics, see plg. let. Paršežeris ež. Lkv. Chess.com. PnmR. Shadowy name of the lake, iš *Ked-asas (K. 3, pp. p. 275), let. Chairs pv. Skd. : let. kedėnti ,tarSyti, draikyti, purenti, purtyti, draskyti“ (LKŽ V 480), kėdarotis "disorderly branching" (ibid., See also 479). Cedvė up. Ceré-iupys Serc-iupys up.,ež. Km. Lat. vv. Cérsupji village (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1.. 164) shows the following evolution of the river name Cerliupys: *Kersiupys > *Cersiupys > *Cerciupys > Cerciupys. The variant Serdiupys confirms this development: *Cersiupys for metatezés > *Serciupys > Serciupys. This would be a Sėlėniškai place name, whose first word čerč-< *cerssietinas with Latin škėrss "cross" (Latin Cėrsupji: Latin škėrss, pr. kėrschan "over" and Latin upe "river" —see J. Endzelynas, ibid.). Perhaps, it is a semitic-- Prussian parallel (because of *kers-: pr. kérschan). Plg. let. Skersupjs up. Krk., Skefsupis up. VI. "Cerro, Cerro, Cerro". Slč. : Ceraukste (J. Endzelynas, LV Il. 161). "Latvian (Zimgalian) river name: root čeryra from *ker-, plg. lit. Ker-ėsupis (K. Būga, I 337), Kerūlė up. Vdk., Kerėtis ez. Klt. Čuounas ež. Ds., ež. Jž. The name of the lake comes from *Kiaunas, plg. Kidnapped. Lkm., Kiauna up. Klt. (B. Bouga, III 276). Spit up. Krtv., plg. Yosma (J. Sprogis GZ 326). "Kylie Minogue – "I'm Sorry"". "Kiauš-kalnis kln. Sd., Egg 1. Pp. This would probably be one of the brightest Kurzeisms. Citirgs ež. Imb. (and Čičirditis ež. Imb.), Čičirė up. Antz. The name is derived from *Kikirys. This would be a reduplicated watername related to Kiriena up. JNSH. (K. Būga, III 275). Damascus, Damascus up. Rsn. The basic gender is not quite certain — it may be Dumasa, Dumūšė. But plg. liet. Damases pv. Tl. The origin is unclear. Perhaps, Kurzeism (Latvism- ?), related to lat. Damūkša mš., Damūkša b., Damakša gn. : lat. damūkša, damakša “,an ancient large forest; grass and bushes covered wet place” (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 191). Sky's up. Nmk., Dangaiicius up. 2nd ed., pp. 100. ^ "Dafne, the Dafne of the East". Go on. Plg. lit. "Dangai smunkanti meža Lk., Dangūs ar. Wolf. Plg. lat. Danga pv., Dangas—strauts up., Daūnigas b., Dangu—purvs b.: lat. covering- ,,murvina valka; viscous marshy 148 place” (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 194—195). See also I. Duridanov, TBSpr. 27. Driūgis, Drifigiai ež. Lkm. (and Dringykštis ež. Ign.), Dring-upis up. Ck. Perhaps, related to the Latin lizard, „marsh place: eine morastige einschiessende Stelle“ (LVV 1 502) —see. B. Savukynas, LKK V 145. Plg. lit. dringti „,brinkti, išdžiūti; decrease, vanish, give up” (LKŽ II 721). Drukys, Drūkis up. SIc. Plg. lat. Drukis up., Drukis k.. Druki k.: lat. drukis,.Kuinas; mažas kresnas vaikis” (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 229). Dowel up. Żml. Plg. lit. Double b. Pnm., Dūblabalė pv. Stč. (Hence the noble name of the stream Dublūbalės uphill Rz.), Dūblės or. 1, pp. 1. Lnkv., ar. Ms. Apparently, it is related to the Latin dubli, “mud” (see J. Šliavas, Nebaigti ieškojimai, 28). 2000. pp. 222. "Dubai" (PDF). The hedgehog is dying. Krtv., Dukstyna up. Ukm., Dūkšta up. Msgr., Dusty ežeras. Dkšt., Dūkštelis ez. RS. For example, Latin dūksts, “pelké, bala, swampy place, swamp” (LVV I 525), Lithuanian dūksinas, “dirty dirty” (LKZ II 808). See also B. Savukynas, LKK V 196; L. Nevskaja, Nazvanija bolot, 162. Noise up. Warn. Perhaps from the root dūkš with the determinant m: lat. dūksts "slough, swamp, swamp place, swamp", dūksne, "slough, swamp, swamp" (LVV I 525). Dulk-upis up. Sil. Perhaps related to the Latin dust "clan; bala, swamp’ (LVV I 513; see also L. Nevskaja, Nazvanija bolot, 161). 2nd ed. ed. Dulkjs. Dudr-upis up. Pn., Dudr-upis, Duor-upjs, Duorpis < *Duor-upis up. LKč. Here belongs, apparently, and Dudérpis up. Pn., originated from * Duor-upis (see A. Vanagas, Synkopė, 262). Plg. lat. Dūores —purys b., Dudrupe k., Duorupe up., Duérup-valks b. (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 249). The root is related to the Latin dúora, "trunk of a tree with a hole in which bees have their nest; wood; hole, dent” and others (LVV I 534). Gariava up. Ms. Perhaps related to the Latin sound,,long“ (LVV I €07). Gate up. "Gatton up". Gdr., Gat-upis, Gat-upjs up. Nmk. Plg. lit. Parking pv. "Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul". Gate 1., Gatsgal-- purvs b., Gatenes-- ezers ež., Gatenes—- ezerins ež., Gatinu-gravis gr.: lat. gatis,,laitas“. Further, apparently, related su I'atb up. Volmos k., Svisločiaus k., Berezinas ds. (V. 1882) 1942 O. – Rudolf Steiner, German philosopher, theorist of psychoanalysis (b. rat ‘t. p.“, serb. chorv. rar ,,užtvanka, damba", check. hat ,,kamša”, sen. ind. garus ,.kelias®, av. gatu-,,place“ (see M. Vasmer, I 397). Compression up. Ktk. The origin is unclear. Perhaps, connects lat. su 100% ,,lygus, grynas, švarus“ (LVV I 630), cf. lit. gluznus „meilus, lipršnus“ (LKŽ III 446), glūsti „serious, bridge“ (ibid., Gryva up. 444). Break. Plg. lat. Griva up., Griva pv., Grivi pv. Seventy su years. griva ‘river estuaries’, cf. That's it. griva ,,upés žotys’’ (see section 4.4). J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 327—328: O. Trubachev, DUUV 95; I. Duridanov, TBSpr. 25). Grudté up. Lnkv. Plg. lat. Gruote k., Grot (Groot?) postcode, Gruotes-lauks 1., Gruotes-kalns kln., Gruot-lama lm. (J. Endzelynas, LV 1 1. 334). Perhaps, connects lat. su grudti : gruédi , bridge floor boards’ (LVV I 671), plg. let. graphite “,bridge-- based wood, floor” (LKZ III 515). In this way, lit. Gruéré would be a Latvian, or wo more precisely a Wintergalian, name for the river due to the diphthong. For semantics, see plg. Grandena up. Kim. 149 Guop¥s, Guopis up. Nj. Most likely due to syncope (for more see A. Vanagas, Sinkopė, 261 et seq.) from *Guov-upys, -is, cf. lat. Guov-upe up.: lat. gūovs "cow" (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 344). Ylėlis ež. Smn., Ylyčia up. Smn., Yl-upis up. Tl. Plg. lit. Yl-a-balė pv. Smn., Yl-a-kalnis kln. Blnk., Yl-g-raistis 1. Mrk. and, perhaps, Dr. Ilaite. Rd., Il-brastas ms. Mšk., Il-barstis kl. 1, lat. How many up., How many pv. (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 371). The root ylis perhaps related to the Latin ils, “completely dark” (LVV I 836). The last word was related to Rus. "Slow, slow, slow, slow, slow, slow". i/,,mole, slurry“ etc. (M. Vasmer, II 126). Izitas hedgehog. Dgč. (and Izitėlis ež. Dgč.). The prefix z here is in place of lit. ž, so this name of the lake is considered a sleng (K. Būga, III 279). Plg. /Zena up. Smn. : lit. ižas "floating ice of a freezing river; thin, freshly formed ice; the sex of ice; šarma, šerkšnas’ (LKŽ IV 283). Južintas ež. An., ed. Jz. (and Jūžintėlė river Jž.). 1998. "S.O.S., S.O.S., S.O.S.". Shmn. (see) —Baltic dialectism, in which the consonant z replaces lit. ž. And the name of the lake Jūžintas was previously pronounced Jūzintas (P. Skardžius, Vandenvardžiai su -nt-, 22). Further, perhaps, the root *jiig’- can be reconstructed: ide. */eug-, “moved, agitated, restless- ”, cf. arm. (from Iranian) yuzem, ‘judu, krutu’, toch. A yok-, AB yuk-, “to conquer, to overcome” (J. Pokorny, IEW 512). Kalimbėtiškis up. RdN. Plg. lat. Kalimbji, Kallimbi k. < *Kaln-lingvi: lat. kalns „kalnas” and Limbji k. (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 15), i.e. „Kalno Limbiai”. Kaltis, Kalčia up. Yl., Kaltūnis ež. Klt., Kalt-upis up. Ob. Plg. lat. Kalte shallow place in the lake, Kaltene pv., Kaltik-ęzęrs ež. These Latin place names are associated with the Latin word kalte, meaning “a sandy place in a deep lake where horses can swim and where fishermen lay their nets; džiovinimas, džiovykla’ (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 26). J. Endzelynas associates the Latin word kalte with the Latin word kalst, „dZiovinti, sausinti“ and believes that it originated from the proto-Baltic word *kaltas, „hardened, stiffened, hard, dry, dried up“ (LVV II 145). Raised up. Jon. Perhaps related to Kelvė up. Lap. (for kelv-: kelvsee HD 213). Plg. lat. Cėlis k., Cėlen-ęgzers (J. Endzelynas, LV I 1. 163). May be related to lat. cēls, "tall, slender, excellent; aukštas, pakilus, iškilus” (LVV I 377), cf. lit. kélti: kėlias (see section 4.4). E. Fraenkel, LEW I 236). Kerbs up. Whoa. It is connected with Fr. Carbeyne up., Karben, hereinafter —with lat. kirba "marsh place, bala, liūnas, klampynė" (LVV II 383), lit. kirba, "klampynė, liūnas", cf. dak. kerba,,pissed place, cork’ (see I. Duridanov, TBSpr. 38; V. Toporov, TBP 54). Daddy up. Vg., Kėvė ež. Vg. Plg. lat. Kėves-aste pv., Kėves-dikis tv., Kėve pv., Kėvs-ęzęrs ež., Kėvups mš., Kėvene pv. and many others, which are all derived from lat. kėve ,,kumzlė’ (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 216—217), plg. let. kévé ,,poor lean livestock, prices“ (LKŽ V 672). Then rain. The father is probably Latvian. It seems to us that the same liet. ir language word kėvė, which, by the way, is known only iš palate (north-eastern Lithuanian) is also a debt to Latvian. iš This would be be confirmed, among ir other things, by local names. Local names associatsu ed with lat. kėve, in Latvia there are dozens, in o Lithuania only spoken Daddy. Lat. kéve, apparently, iš really is Finno-Ugric (literature Zr. A. As for the Prussian kaywe, it could have entered the 157). Prussian language both as a Lithuanian word į (A. Sabaliauskas, there, both as a 158), borrower of ir the Latvian language. iš See also V. J. Zeps, Convergences, 132. 150 Kniūvas, Knidvasis up. Plng. Plg. lat. Knavi k., Kndvinis b.: lat. knava ;, bent end rod" or, even more accurately, lat. knavs ‘species of waterfowl’ (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 114). She pushed up. Ms. Plg. let. Krėvė pv. Kltn., T1., 1. Krevéliai b. RdN., lat. Kreve k., Krevi k., Kreveju—purvs pv. Matyt, sietina su lat. kreve, krevel , flowing blood” (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 133). Kryn-upis up. Uzv. Perhaps related su to lat. Chrysanthemum ,,pig’’ (LVV II 283). Plg. but let. krynis ( word known only iš Leskyno) "with a tail?" (LKŽ VI 601). Stacks up. Pkr., Kruojėlė up. Sl. Plg. lat. Kruėja up., Krué-valks b. (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 156). Perhaps, connects lat. su kruitiés "to strive to į move forward- ", krujatiės "slowly, hardly, į slowly to move forward" (LVV II 285—286). For the crooks. : Drizzle up. Warn. : Daring up. Įs. Bullet, Bullet up. Pin. Plg. let. Kulkis Part of the Curonian Lagoon, lat. Liela-kulka fishing place, Kulka creek Sakoje, Brasl-bulka ir Mal-kulka sietuva, mouths: lat. kulka ,,road pit; deep place in the river” (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 168). Lat. bullet is debt mnd. iš kulk ,,double, full of water, valka“ (LVV II 306; for more details, see I. Olsson, GT 87—89). But plg. suom. kolkka ‘angle, corner’ (K. The Bow, III 252; V. J. Zeps, Convergences, 123). Latvian river name How many su years. Finno-Ugric hip ,,sandy cape in the sea“ M. Rudzytė (M. Rudzite, Somugriskie hydronimi, 183). ; You're a fool. Kudpé up. You. Plg. let. Kudpis pv. Tvrđava, lat. Kūopas— plava pv., Kopaspurvs b., Kudpu-dikis tv., Kudpu-plava pv., Kuop-ezers ež., Kudpene pv. Matyt, sietina lat. su kuédpa,,krūva; sand dune, cliff’ (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 344), let. cockpit. kuopa ,,heap, heap, heap, cone; krūva, sampilas’ (LKŽ VI 914); plg. let. kudpti , koppi, kasti’ (then pat, Kira 916). up. Grz. Plg. lat. Kira up., Kūra-plava pv., Kūr-lejas pv. This time. The names of the places may probably have come from lat. iš (Fino-Ugric? — see. LVV II 337) kiire , karosas’ (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 189; M. Rudzite, Somugriskie hydronimi, 184). More about the name of this fish see. B. Launane ZN 109—110. The River, The River up. Km. Perhaps, connects lat. su /ext (gen. lesku),‘tokia žuvis’ (B. Laumane, ZN 172). Lesht-upys up. Ck. Maybe it's due to rain. su Lēstis ež. Plt. ir lat. east (gen. See also: Fishing for more — information. B. Laumane, ZN 172. Lift up. Ps. (and The rack up. Pmp. ). Seventy su years. Lévenis pv. : lat. lėvenis, lėvenis , klampyné, liūnas’ (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 304). Plg. Truck. leva ,,marsh, marshy place", kelt. Leven up. (see section 4.4). I. Duridanov, TBSpr. 14, 89). See also Lift it up. Kš. Lift it up. Kš. Plg. pr. "Liwencz, Lewencz eż. Prussians Lywa probably has a root /iv- (P. Skardžius, Water names su -nt-, 26 —27). It continusu es to be connected. Lėvuo (see) — P. Skardžius, ibid.; G. Gerullis, AO 90. Plg. lat. /ivans "Low: flat, plate", livenis,,pelkéta viscous place; marshy viscous lake shore", livens ,,misty, viscous“, livis ,,peat, bog, swamp“ (E. Blese, Liepaja un True, there are 109). opinions that pr. Lywa up. may be Finno-Ugric (H. Gėrnowicz, Suffix-it-, 234), but the ši opinion, especially with the facts of the Latvian language in mind, still requires additional evidence. Perhaps, here would belong ir Livynas up. Sgt. : at. Juvenile, "clamp, liun" (LVV II 545; See also L. Nevsky, Nazvania bolot, hill, 161). 151 Slow up. Sd. Plg. lat. Lanes-mežs mš., Lans gn., pv., Lūna-plava pv., Lanite b., Lanitis tv., Lanites pv. : lat. hill ,,wet meadow; Large inaccessible forest est. < lan (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 286). Lūkalnis, Remains TV. It seems that the first variant is secondary, derived by substitution from the second because of the many compounded place names and su adjectives in the second sand -mountain analogy. The first version of the Lūkainis is su related to lat. Lūkaini pv., Lūkaini k. (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 350) ir lat. Jukains,,nudribgs, nulėpes“ (for more see V. Urbutis,,,- Etimologija“, 208), further —with lit. Lukdjus hedgehog. Klm. ir Mr. Looks up. Krš., Lūkstas ež. Warn. Because of the consonant s after k, these hydronyms are considered to be Baltic dialectisms (Curonian or, perhaps, also Latvian). Plg. lat. Lukste up., Luksts pv., Luksta-ęzęrs ež., Lukstu-ezers ež.: lat. luksts, „dry marshy meadow, meadow“ (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 346). See also Peel up. Jdp. More — V. Urbutis,.,- Etimologija", 208. Lukšta up. Jdp., Lūkštas ez. Aln., eds. Imb., Lukštelis ez. Lzd. It appears to be related to lat. I did it, song. Looks up. Break. (see.) Maguilis ež. Ktk. Plg. lit. Magule vs. Z1. The connection with lit. magus ",seducing, attractive" (LKŽ VII 732) is doubtful. It is most likely related to lat. Mag-upe up., Maga-zalktene pv., Maš-ezers ež.: lat. mags,,mazas* (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 366—367). Mainia ež. Dg. It is most likely su related to lat. maina ‘,peat’ (LVV II 530); plg. air moin ,,pelké, liūnas, peat”, lat. man ",marry, run" (J. Pokorny, IEW 699-700; H. Krahe, AF 93). Mafč-ežeris ež. Antz.. Maybe bit, if the first sand marč is not of personal noun origin, *Merč-ežeris iš (plg. older notation Mepuexepunc), where *merč may be a Balts (Seals) dialectism of *merk'-. This is particularly supported by the name of the lake in Molėtų district Marč-id-- žeris < *Marč-iū- -ežeris, whose consonant is Marik-eZeris. So in both cases, apparently, we have the root mark'-(see K. Būga, III 276). For her plg. Mark up. Nv., Merkys up. Mrk. : lit. mefkti „,to put, immerse in water or some other liquid; urination, irrigation; lyti, drengti“ (LKŽ VIII 37). Plg. rus. "Silver" (by K. Buga, I 414). See also M. Vasmer, II 602; L. Kurkina, NB 137, 143. Melik-upis up. Vgr. Plg. lat. Mellick k.: lat. melikis "liar" (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 408). Miklinys up. Pp. Pig. let. 1999. K. K., Lat. Miklēj ež., Mikkli k.: lat. mikls „,,wet“ or mikls „,flexible“ (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 435), lit. miklūs „flexible, flexible; agile, moist, fast, lively“ (LKŽ VIII 179—180). Nyka up. Cry. (and Nykūtė up. Kriū.), Nykis, Nikis, Nikys up. Srv. Plg. lat. Nica up., Nica pv. Perhaps, it is related to the Latin nica, "place underwater, down the river". Towards the end of the s. Hub,,sukniupes®, sen. ind. nica-h,,Zemas* (J. Endzelynas, LV I 2. 480 — 481; LVV II 745-746). Cf. also lit. nykti,,mazéti, gaišti: weaken, diminish (LKZ VIII 800). Paltis up. Grg., up. Gdz., up. Krkn., up. Pšl., Pdltis ez. part Dst., ež. Vb., Paltys up. Krt., Palt-upis up. Plt. (and Palt-upalis up. Plt.). Plg. Palté pv. PV, pp. p. Plt.,b. Kdn., pv. Rdd., Paltys ms. Sint. It is related to the Latin palts, palte, “walka, klanas, bala”, further — with the Lithuanian. Look up. Pkr., palios, etc. (see W. Schmid, Zur priméren -u-Ableitung, 474-475; J. Otrebski, Les mots slavo-baltes, 149). The association with lit. paltis (lašinių) is inaccurate (HD 47; R. Eckert, BS 32). 152 Pluiiké up. Rt. Plg. lat. plunči, „small swamp“ (LVV III 372; see also L. Nevskaja, Nazvanija balot, 161), lit. plūkti (plurika, plūko),.apply with water, sweat or something else; tekėti, sroventi’ (DLKŽ). Up the stairs. 1000m, runner-up. LK. Perhaps related to rgZa, lat. ruéza „, small stream between fields; small meadow between fields; tin; dent; mountain range in the forest; a series of rises in the score, etc.” (LVV III 585; L. Nevskaja, Slovarj, 358), cf. lit. rąžytis „,raivytis, tampytis“ (LKŽK), rąžūs, „who constantly rows“ (ibid.). Lietu. rąžytis and others are further linked with Lietu. rėžtis, „itempti jėgas“, Latin. regere, kreipti, tiesti“, sen. ind. to groan, “to crack, to stretch out”, etc. (for more details see E. Fraenkel, LEW II 726; J. Pokorny, IEW 854—857). Rove up. Ppl. It is related to the Latin rava, "flood joints in the meadow", rava ", deep place in the sea; waterfall, stream” (LVV III 499), lit. rova, “flood contributions”; such a clay earth” (LKŽK). Rudtis up. Zml. From Latin ruotėt, "to turn, to turn" (J. Šliavas, Nebaigta paieška, Ruvesys up. Tj. There is also the meadow Ruvesys. The origin is unclear. Nevertheless, there seems to be grounds to associate it with the Latin ruvétiés, “to calm down, to be silent, to become mute” (LVV III 565). Jump up. Kv. Perhaps, related to the Latin safkans,,red“ (LVV III 721), Lithuanian sdrkanas,,- rySkus; brownish, red’ (LKZK). Plg. lat. Red river, Red up., Red-white up. (J. Endzelin, LG 126). Stridinis (or Strydinis, cf. Strydené pv. there same) up. RdN. Plg. lit. 28). Stridinis l. Kri., Strydiné (or Stridiné?) pv. JNSH. Perhaps it is related to the Latin words stridinš, stride, strids, strids, “fence, fence” (LVV III 1091). The Upside Down. A raven. Plg. lit. Stryga kin. Ms. Strygalės ms. Dr. Kvr. Perhaps it is related, especially the name of the river Strigiotiné, with the Latin strieguonis, strieguons "marsh, viscous place; pocket of excrement, dung” (LVV III 1092). But cf. lit. strigūoti "to rain slightly", at-strigūoti, "to start, to run away" (LKŽK). For more information, see this article. E. Fraenkel, LEW II 922-923, Tamsa up. Tl. The official sex can be later, secondary, perhaps, in some sense, even contaminative. "Tarija Torūša ir Tūmša, plg. Tūmša pv. LK. It appears to be related to the Latin tumss "dark" (LVV IV 263). Thus, Darkness may be the result of a mixture of the Latin ramss and Lithuanian tamsusi. Tuol Sleng. Ign. Perhaps, it is related to the Latin tiūro/s,,beragis, baužas” (LVV IV 285). Uzinas ež. Shmn. For the consonant z, probably the dialectism of the Balts (Seles) — see below. Južintas ež. Ant. Vasankas ež. Ant. Perhaps, here is mentioned and Vasakū lake Igl. As the name of the village Pa-vasakė suggests, the name of the lake could also have been a non-noble name —*Vasakai or similar. Is it worth mentioning hereand Vasyna up. It is unclear whether this name is derived from the name of the village (Szczecin). K. Būga associated the root vasis with the Latin vasa or ie-vasa "Feuchtigkeit des Bodens" (K. Būga, I 509—510). "CeporiHHHCTBbIė" (LVV IV 486). It is also associated with lit. at-vasa "reproduction, growth", veséti, betweenly grow, between, flourish", ahd. was,,dry ground (feuchter Erdgrund)“, wasal,,water, river“, old English wos,,moisture, juice“, etc. (E. Fraenkel, LEW I 23). Tie up. Km., Vazajis, Vazajys, Vazūjus ez. Jz. (and Vazajėlis ež. Jž.). Because of the consonant z, corresponding to lit. ž, they can be regarded as Baltic dialectisms (Seltic vie" tords) and associated with VaZ-upys up. Srv., Vūžis lg. Igl. 153 Viazm-upis up. Whoa. Plg. let. Vaseline plk. Yl. Perhaps, connects lat. su vazma "stillness, stagnation", vazmuét "to talk?" (LVV IV 488), let. (from Latvian) vazma ‘,valkata’ (E. Fraenkel LEW II 2009). Weger up. Pp. Plg. let. Vegetarian mstl. Seema su lat. vezere "narrow, į forest-intersected creek" (LVV IV 521; K. Būga, II 328). Vedas go. iš *away* -era: idea. *ueg“-,,wet, urinate“, cf. Truck. *Vegera (see section 4.4). I. Duridanov, TBSpr. 31). Swivel up. Msn. There same meadow, raistas Soft. Plg. lat. Vieksta-mežs village, Vieksta river, Viekstini k. (LVK). Matyt, sietina su lat. winds,,water whirl, swirl, non-freezing place; deep place in the river” (LVV IV 654). The hill up. Jz. (and Up the stairs. Jz. ), Vieksn-upis up. 1999. "Viesn-upis, Viekšnupys, Viésn-upis up". Zp. Plg. let. Light pv. Tv., Viekšnaliai mš. Varn., Viekšniai mstl. Perhaps, connects lat. su thick,,forest, shrubs“ (L. Nevskaya, Nazvaniya balot, II table). Plg. dar lat. vieksis ",deep place in the river" (LVV IV 654). See also Swivel up. Msn. Vigailis up. Sb., Vygala up. Tt. (plg. pr. Wigal — G. Gerullis, AO 200), Up the hill. Lieutenant. Plg. let. Vigaus meeva Pmp., Vygėnė ar Vigėnė pv. Dbk., Vygietis ar Vigietis b., kin. Imb., lat. Viga pv., Vigs pv., Vigas pv. The origin of the name is doubtful. Perhaps, connects lat. su error “the lowland between the dunes (which may be marshy), grassy lowland; tvėnkinio žolė", whose earlier meaning could have been „,inclination, iš inclination“, where lyb. error ,,pelké, mokrá žemuma”, plg. nor. week ,,bending", angl. decrease “bend” (for details see LVV IV 582). Wink up. End. Plg. let. Vinka ar Graž., Vinkėrė b. Krtv. Pagal K. The root iš vink-, which meant,,- to bend, to bend," cf. lat. (sighs.) angular at "avoid work" (K. The Bow, III 276). Whiff up. Pkr., Virg-upis, Virg-upys up. Ms. Plg. let. (?) vv. Virga (see section 4.4). K. 3rd ed. 231), Virdzes k., Virdzite up., Virgulica up. Matyt, sietina su lat. virga ,,pelkėpievta a“ (if, of course, this word is indeed an adjective iš see. — LVV IV 604), virgi “,small wind-caused bumps on the water (See also, Plg. 605). dar lat. slave ,.didekrūlė va; many, many” (ibid., lit. 604), virgéti, „mirgéti, judėti“, virginti „virpinti“ (LKŽK). Zaduojys. Zadiiojas ež. Ds. In the case of the z Lithuanian language, it is considered ž to be a dialect of the Polish — language. Zadalis up. SII. It's Zalvas. Dgč., Zalvė up. Ants., Zalvė ežeras. Ants., Zalvélis ež. Dgč., Zalvyj ež. Antz. Plg. lat. Zalva up., Zalvite up., Zalve b. (LVK). All of these are z considered to be hydrocarbons. — Zalvé up. Uzv. Zūras ež. Zr. (and Zarasditis iž. Zr. ). Pagal K. It is a shortened form of hydronyme. iš *Lake > *Azarasas (elsewhere in dialects *Ezerasas, *Ezerasas) > Zūras (K. Būga, II 19—21; J. Otrebski, Lit. Zarasai, 327 etc. ). It's not Zirnejas, it's Zirnajys. Antz. At the beginning of z the word, the consonant is considered to be a syllable. Plg. lat. Zirnajs pv. (LVK). It is connectsu ed to Žirnaja up. Pbs. Of course, all Lithuanian hydronyms ne are mentioned here, which are related to the Latvian ju language and its su nomenclature in the above-mentioned aspect. Perhaps there would be more such hydronyir ms. However, the total number jų will hardly be ar significantly increased. As one ir would expect, most of the spoken Lithuanian hydronyms are in the northern part of Lithuania. Somewhat more jų abundant in Žemaitija ir In the north-east of Lithuania, although a higher jų concentration, apparently, could not be found anywhere. But the same 154