J. Balčikonio vertimų pragmatika ir stilistika

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE SANDARS STUDIES LITHUANIAN LINGUISTIC- AL QUESTIONS, XXVI (1987) ROTA MARCINKEVI- CIENE J. BALCIKONIO VERTIMY PRAGMATICS AND STYLISTICS T ansla io- ns can be examined in a ious aspec s: li e a y, linguis ic, psychologic- al, social. Which aspec he ansla - ion c i ic chooses depends on which cha ac - e is ics o he ji ansla ion a e o in e es o him. Mo eo e , he choice o he aspec o ansla ion analysis can be dic a ed ne only by he c i ic's in en ions, bu he i ansla ion i sel is one o se e al a mo e p ominen jo ends. J. Baléikonis’ ansla ions can be s udied in e ms o he li e a y i no m o ansla ion and language, adequacy, impac on he eade , i and o he aspec s, bu one aspec o ansla ion i is mo e and mo e s iking, jo namely p agma ism, which — encompass- es he i a o emen io- ned aspec s o e alua ion. In his ega d, all J. Baléikonis's wo ks, so we ha e limi ed ou sel es o nu i8 las jo e imy — Dz. Swi Gulli e 's T a els. Si book chosen no by chance: a mo e adap ed ji han o he ansla ions, ansla ed by se e al ansla o s, be published se e al imes. a Fi s ime Dz. Swi 's no el in j Li huanian was 1924 ansla - ed by an unknown ansla o- , who only used his ini ials — L. D., 1936 — P. MaSio as. In he So ie yea s ,,Guli e 's T a els“ has been ansla - du ed se e al imes: 1947 — S. Tomonio, 1957 — J. Bal ic. 1975 yea appea ed he second P. Au ho iz- a ion o he ansla ed ex . J. We analyzed he ansla ion o ji su Baléikonis, compa ing i S. wi h he i P. MaSio o's ansla ions. P agma ic ansla ion is examined in h ee ways: The analysis, he a p agma ic Zodziy eikSmés (kono aciné, emocionné, socialiné, s ylis iné, exp esiné, unkčné o i o he wise y iné ojy called language Zzenkly in o ma ion), a co ec ly sol ed some speci ic p agma ic ask, app op ia e ansla ion a adap a ion. In he i s case, when all he a en ion o he ansla o is gi en o p agma inéms In e ms o meaning, he ansla ion does no de ia e om he o iginal, because he jo aim is o — con ey as adequa ely as possible he p agma ic meanings o he o iginal language. Thus, he na u e o e e y ansla - ion is wo old. As a esul o bilingual in e ac ion, i is di ec ed o he o iginal as a sel -con ained ansla ion i language o — i konk e y p iéméja?. DaZnai This duali y is no appa en , because he si ua ion o he non-linguis ic, . y. communica ion p ocess does no con adic he linguis ic p agma ic — ep esen a ion o meaning. In o he wo ds, he ansla ion is done by he o iginal na au ho a he han he eade . Howe e , i may ha e o he pu poses, i no di ec ly ela ed o he p ima y pu pose o su he ansla ion. — These addi ion- al objec i - es bi- * Amb asa- s-Sasna- ya K. T ansla - ion s udies. —V., 1984, p. 75. ? Komucca- pos B,. H. Jimn su- c axa in a ua - a. —M., 1980, c. 109. 48 na j ai iis: p opaga- nda, didac ic, pedagogi- cal. The ansla - o can edi ec he eade o one o any g oup o eade s assigned by social, p o essi- onal o age g oup. I can also p o ide he eade wi h he au ho 's e alua i- on o he e en s depic ed. The DaZnai ansla - o ies o in luence no only he audience, bu also he language o he ansla - ion i sel , o u n i in he desi ed di ec io- n. Such a ela ion- ship be ween he ansla - o and he ansla - ion, he asks i poses, is in line wi h he pu pose o he ansla - ion. Thus, he p agma - ics o ansla - ion, pe cei - ed as he ealiza i- on o an addi ion- al, no di ec ly ela ed o he o iginal o he ansla - ed ex , pu pose o ansla - ion, condi ion he ansla - ion’s dis ance om he o iginal. In his case, he ansla - o does no ansla - e, bu c ea es some hi- ng new, adap ing o new ci cums- ances, speci ic pu pose- s. And he goal, as is known, de e mi- nes he esul o he ac i i y. How his esul is achie ed — J. Baléikoni- s’s adap ed ansla - ion o “Guli e - ’s T a els”- *, wi h a deep di e in o he ansla - o ’s goals, conside - ing he means o achie e hem. We lea ned abou he ansla - o 's goals in his ansla - ion selec io- n. A e all, wi hou Dz. Swi and Z. Ve no, J. Baléikon- is mainly alued ai y ales: a abi, Hau , Pe o, Ande se- n, b oliy G imy. I was his wish ha child en and young people could ead as much o he wo ld li e a u- e as possible in Li huani- an, and ha om hese books hey would lea n he co ec and beau i ul Li huanian language. Todél ansla ing J. Baléikonis,,... used he mos beau i ul Li huanian, olk exp essions. Qui e o en he ansla ion was e y a om he o iginal, because Balcikonis did no ansla e wo ds o sen ence- s, bu his own hough s and he wan ed o con ey hem in a way ha no only he people o science, bu also he child en o he ga den could unde s a- nd.”* Thus, didac ic, pedagogic- al, enligh eni- ng incen i es p omp ed Baleikón o ake up ansla io- n. And no jus hem. The ansla - o wo ked mos in ensi ely when he Li huanian li e a y language was no ye decayed, when i s no ms luc ua - ed g ea ly, and when poo ansla io- ns led he language in he w ong di ec ion. Such ci cums - ances equi ed he in e p e - e o be a language no mi ie . Todél e éian ,,.- .. he main emphasis was no so much on he indi iduali- y o he language and s yle o he o iginal au ho , as on he ac ha he language o he Li huanian ansla i- on should be simple, accu a e, pic o ial, olk, co ec . These ansla io- ns we e p ima ily aimed a de eloping and s anda di- zing Li huanian li e a i i- ng language, aising language cul u e." J. Baléikonis endea o - ed o ensu e ha his ansla io- ns con ibu - ed o he s abiliza i- on o he li e a y language no m, and ha hey os e ed he eade ’s sense o a li ely and i id language. This was he second goal o he ansla o- , which led o he main ea u e o his ansla i- on — he olkness. The s uden s ecall ha he only c i e ion o e alua ion o Baléikoni was "o so Zmonés said". Fo he ansla o- , he olk spoken language was a eliable es o he li e a y language no m. His ai y ales, ano he book o young people, w i en by D. U bas, claimed o connec be ween he book and he li ing human language®. Thus, he s anda - diza ion o he Li huani- an language and he edi ec - ing o he book o young people we e wo main goals o he ansla - ion o he no el. ® Pupkis A., Maziulis V., Bal ikon- is Juozas. - Kn. : J. Baléikoni- s. Selec ed wo ks. V., 1978, ol. 1, p. 13. 4 K uopas J., Ul ydas K. [Zymus lie u iy ling is - as akademi- kas J. Bal ikoni- s. — Language cul u e, 1965, sas. 8, p. 4. 5 U bas D. Abou he ansla - ions o J. Baléikoni- s. —Kalbo y- a, 1966, . 14, p. 41. 49 The abo e men ion- ed h ee a ian s o lie u iSki- ,,Guli e io kelioniy“ a e e y di e en . S. Tomono ansla ion is de ailed, e y accu a e, as a as he no ms o he na i e language allow, adequa e o he o iginal. The ansla o used iSo inés adap a ion — ools o commen on Those, wi hou changing he ansla ion ex . Jo objec i e is — o aise he eade 's poli ical su Swi 's sa i e, adequa e- ly con eyed by he au ho 's s yle, s yle. The 8i compa a i- e ansla ion can be called a bi pa%odic, a he co ec , a he han a book language. Qui e di e en P. MaSio o ansla ion, epublished unde he su label,,Young- e school age‘. This ansla ion b ie ly ecoun s only he i s wo pa s o he no el, he mo e di icul o unde s and hings a e omi ed. Todél P. Mayo 's wo k is no exac ly a ansla - ion. I is only a e elling o he no el's plo o child en, no p e ending o be a comp ehensi e ep esen a ion o he o iginal. i Ta pine paded a p I 's wo e imy akes J. "Baléikon- io ye s os, "Guli e io kelionés"". They a e in ended, as he anno a ion announces, o child en o i middle and uppe school age. Fu he mo- e, discussing he p agma ic s ylis ics o i he ansla ed ji su no el ex , o we will compa e i wi h he o iginal and analyze he me hods o ansla ion adap a ion acco ding o he language ca ego ies. S. Tomono ansla ion emsimés as paZodinim. Phonemic ansla ion is bes illus a ed by he ansla ion o English nouns, p onouns and — pe sonal nouns. — Many a e jy he au ho 's iSgal o i, odél has no ansla i- on i adi ion in lie u iy language. This allows mo e eedom in choosing ansla ion bids. Wai . S. Tomonis ansli e a es, long, i complica ed i les he ansla es in o Li huanian, only adding he endings in some places. ne J. Baléikonis ansc ibes he p ope nouns, eplacing he ha de sounding compounds wi h simple ones. In Pa Two Gulli e 's T a els i B obdinjaga, o ne B obdingnaga, as o iginal i S. Tomono e ime. Especially he i le o he ou h pa di e s. J. Baléikonis was no sa is ied, jo as his p edecesso , nei he Houyhnhnmy ansli e a ion o he coas , han li le in wha essiski ian¢ia This is un eadable T ansc ip ion o he speech. He used he unc ional equi alen o he coun y, i whose inhabi an s a e ho ses, called lie u ixka onoma opéja — Ygagu k a' u. So In he ansla ion o Baléikonis, ac ual nouns a e ansli e a ed. The de elopm- en o language was necessa y o his. Du ing he decade o ansla ion- s, Li huanian language no ms changed d ama ically. Howe e , he ne new equi emen s o ansla ions alone ha e educed he accu acy o noun ansc ip ion. The ansla o 's i a i ude owa ds he eade o whom he is ansla ing is e y impo an . J. Baléikonis ansla es only ne p ope bu gene al nouns, Zymin- i Gius ma , say uni s, househol- d, mili a y i ems. Swi 's no els ha e wo eali ies: English and Fan asy. i The English Reali y J, Baléikonis c ea es, plays wi h Li huani- an analogue- s, aiSkina ap a’ymu. Todél ins ead o ,,ja dy i in y“,,,kabeliy ligu“, i ansk ibuo y S. In he ansla i- on o Tomono, he e a e,, goals“ i ‘collies’, ‘ ee ’ i ‘miles’. ,,Pin a“ is changed acco di- ng o he si ua ion (un o u- ne na ely, e e ywh- i ne e e he same always exac ly) ha i ‘glass’ means: i ' ou h o a d inking cup'. J. Baléikonis e uses Dz. S i ui bidingo p o okolinio ikslumo de alias, kelioniy i ap a’ymus pa odijuojangias ie as e ia apibend indamas: p z.: and abou ou ya ds om me, o e agains igh ea , hea d knocking o ,,... abo e an hou , like ha o people a wo k...“ * —,,...abou ou ya ds away, a my igh ea , o mo e han an hou I hea d a my whis ling sound, as i Zmonés I bi y was doing a some hing..."? —,,The e was a sound nea my 50 ea s, like he sound o a ca pen e ’s wo k, and i was abou he hou .”* Thus, in J. Bal&ikonis’ ansla ion, he eade is una oidably con on ed wi h an incomp ehensible eali y —,,ja dy“, bu a he same ime wi h Dz. Swi 's sa i e in a lash — a pa ody o scien i ic s yle. Ano he g oup o eali ies a e he e ec s o he au ho ’s an asy, he houses isi ed by Gulli e , exo icisms ha ep esen elemen s o daily li e, cul u e, eligion, cus oms. In he o iginal no el hey a e emphasized in i alics, and in pa en heses is gi en you explana ion in English. The ansla o s o he no el ac in a simila way. In eali y,,.no wo h“, only appea s, because hese wo ds bo h o iginal, ick ansla ion ex pe o m no nominal, bu s ylis ic unc ion —c ea ing local colo . Ve y easonably J. Bal ikonis a oids using in e na ional wo ds. In he o iginal i says,,ci ilized“,,,- p ognosis“,,,ja g- on“,,,egzis “,,,pa- ien “, and he ansla es,,adju- s ed“,,,speci ied- “,,,in a ce ain language“,,,wai i- ng“,,,pa ien “. S. Tomonis le he in e na ional ZodZius. In English hese wo ds a e al eady assimila ed wi h neu al ocabula y, in Li huanian hey a e book wo ds. In ansla ions o young people, in e na ional wo ds should be a oided o ano he eason — hey do no always ha e a clea meaning. Compa ing he o iginal wi h he ansla ion, we disco e mo e lexical-seman ic ans o ma ion- s. In many places J. Baléikonis conc e es ap a’ymq o na a i e, abs ac nouns o English language“,,cause- “,,, ood“,,,people- “, eplacing hem wi h con ex ual synonyms ju ,,ang y“,,- ,ea ing i ge ms“,,,- a ac ion“. Elsewhe e — on he con a y, speci ic Zodzius kei ia abs ac s. A e y popula ansla ion is b oad seman ics Zodis ,, hing”, is used ins ead o ,,ques ion”,,,- p oduc ”,,,mo i- e”,,,be o e”, »image“. Al hough he a o emen ion- ed ans o ma io- ns — gene aliza ion i conc e iza ion — a e mu ually bene icial, bu he pu pose is he same: o make he ex ju mo e unde s andable and close o he eade . i Whe e, ka i as o change, he ansla o chose, ha ing be o e his eyes a well-known add essee o he ansla io- n. F equency J. The ansla ions o Bal ikonis i con ain s ylis ic modi ica ion- lu s. Neu a o iginal languages In o he wo ds, i is eplaced by a mo e i id, pic u esque Li huanian equi alen . This is especially bene icial o wo ds. O iginally used Zod7ius,,c owd™,,,- igh “,,imp izon“,- ,,obs ina e“,,,s e- al o ansla ion co esponds o,,g iidosi“,,,peS- ési“,,,ime é kaléjima“,,,Ziau u- s“,,,nukii é“, use said j ,,chose“, »s uggled- “,,,wo ked ha d“,,, e - ained“,,, e used“. So J. Bal ikonis uses emo ionally conno ed synonyms. Many pai s o English-Li hua- nian synonyms i di e bo h in exp essi ene- ss and in belonging o ne di e en unc ional s yles, in o he wo ds, exp essi e bu unc ional conno a ion. The di ec ion o s ylis ic ne modi ica ion is always he same: neu al aSomai language be e sui ed o angly language a a Zodiac signs J. T ansla ed in o Li huanian by Skai Snekamaičiai. Mo e like i a book S. Tomonio ansla i- on only pa ySkina §j * Swi J. Gulli e ’s T a els. -Moscow, 1973, p. 34. 7 Swi J. Gulli e 's T a els / Ve é S. Tomonis. — K., 1947, p. 64. 8 Swi Dz. Gulli e 's T a els / Ve é J. Baléikonis. — V., 1957, p. 16. 51 o iginal and J. The con as o he Baléiconian ansla ion, e.g. :“... we /abou unde wo migh y e ils: a iolen ac ion a home, and he dange in asion o an o a mos po en ene om my ab oad“—,,...- we ha e o deal wi h wo g ea e ils: o su lea n s ong domes ic s a egies o p epa e su o a powe ul a ack i om ab oad“! ? i§ — ,...18 In eali y, we a e a lic ed wi h wo e ible diseases: i8 in e nal — e e nal pa y s i e, o ex e nal — he dange o a s ong a ack!" J. The ansla ion o Baléikonis can be called a double ansla io- n:,,Guli e io kelionés“ is ansla ed no only ne in o i§ English, bu also in o j Li huanian. Va ian s o his language in Snekamaja. Visual, lexible language s imula es he s ylis ic igu es used whe e in he i co espondi- ng place o he o iginal jy né su You won' ind a glimme . Gulli e J. Baléikonio ansla i- on ko oja.ne su "a Ble usky Island", bu ,,p ie’ Ble usco Island". He e he meaning is me onyms- ically ans e - ed on he basis o he ela ion o space: om he people li ing on j he island o he island i sel . The e is i ano he example o me onymy ansla ion, especially when he ma cinema pa is eplaced by he a ibu e o jy pu pose: a »seeing« is eplaced by,,eyes“,,,3- de il“ — by,,good Hea “. In he o iginal, he ac ion is desc ibed by one ZodZiu »b is i*,,- , o o swim“, in ansla ion inds- me ,,b is e b is i“,,,pla- uk e plauk i“. The e a e many i Li huanian ansla io- ns, lo illus a ing he o iginal language wi h pe iph ases, me apho s. All hese s ylis ic igu es make he language isual, emo ional. Be o,,, hey allow no o say in he ex hings ha so explain, i odél “2. cohesi e na a i e Sepa a ely de é y pakalbé i abou he compa iso- ns which J. Baléikonis adap ed e y s ongly. This is especially ue o objec i e compa isons, in which li e ally he meanings a e compa ed in e ms o du quali y and quan i y. a J. Baléikonis opes ha we e hicke ne ,,o e a simple English Spaga a“, compa es su he o ci cle,,,Ke- palé o he size o a sho gun“ — su Spa ow eggs. This adap a ion o he ansla i- on is necessa y because ko gi wo hy compa ison, when he hing su compa ed ( ema) o he eade is less Known uz hing, whe e we compa e ( heme). Thus s ylis ic modi ica ion is a danding J. Bal ikonio e imy b uozas. He e jus o y emind you o he ansla ion D. U bo's opinion abou he place o s yle igu es in ansla io- ,,... n: he ansla o does no need o be pedan , bu mus obse e ha e e y such s ylis ic means as idioma, samojis, images Zodis bi y (...) updoma same place, j a whe e is o iginal, i is bi y paZodigkumo, sla e y Zymé. Sya bu — S ilis iniy means o o al co esponde- nce, in e nal dialec ic ela ions"!, wi hou doub , when compa ing ansla ions, jy we mus conside bo h Be sepa a ely aken wo ds, sen ence pa ag aphs, as well as he ne in e ela io- j nship o bo h ex s. a j Tags: e en a e i e alua ing he o iginal ansla ion ex s, i lie u iSkasis J. The ansla i- on o Baléikonis su pass- o iginal in abundanc- es he e. * Swi J. Min. eik., p. 56. %° Swi J. Gulli e 's T a els / Ve é S. Tomonis, Ps.95: 41 Swi Dz. Gulli e 's T a els / Ve é J. Baléikonis, p. 42. 1 Zupe ka K. Li huani- an language s ylis ics. — V., 1983, p. 68. ** U bas D. Min. s ., p. 43. 52 The syn ax o he ansla ion unde conside a i- on is also close Fo he s yle o spoken language. DZ. Swi 's sen ences a e long, comma-sepa- a ed i pe iods, J. Baléikony's — a e sho e . The ansla o di ides he o iginal sen ence j in o wo, h ee o a e en ou , eely choosing wha in o ma ion o keep in he i s sen ence and wha o mo e o he o he i sen ences. J. Baléikonis only ne di ides sen ences, bu eplaces English passi e i cons uc ions wi h Li huanian ac i es, noun e bs wi h e bs, impe sonal sen ences wi h pe sonals. — — Thus, he weigh ed sen ences a e easy o ead quie ly aloud, easy i o unde s and, memo ize, ecoun . Syn ac ic ans o ma- ions in objec i e, amy Dz. Swi 's s o y makes i li ely, dynamic. Sj ispiidj ein o ces i he ansla io- n's choice o he i s pe son o he na a i e ins ead o he hi d pe son used in he o iginal. In his way he ansla o c ea es he illusion o ealism, which is so impo an o he young eade . Daugelj sakiniy J. Baléikonis i misses i . Omissions in ansla ions Anyway, i 's a ep ehensi- ble ac . They ea up a lo o in o ma ion, dis o he idea o he u h. Wha is missing i in he ansla ion? J. Baléikonis does no con ey o he y eade o he no el places, which depic he de ec s o English li e: in ideli y, p os i u ion, lies. He skips he i ea men - s, he »na u al a ai s« o Guli e , he o he episodes, i whe e Swi igno es he ules o decency, whe e sa i e is na u alis ic jo sea ch. By omi ing one place a e ano he , he ansla o in e p e s he a subjec s o his poe y, beha ing like a mo alis . In he his o y o ansla ion, i he e ha e been many simila cases o ambiguous ansla ion. In mode n imes, such ea angemen s a e only pe missible when i a book o adul s is edi ec ed o young people. Ve inan J. In he case o Baléikonis’s ansla ion o Gulli e ’s T a els, he ne adequacy o he i ansla ion o he o iginal should be conside ed, bu he p agma ic alue o he ansla ion mo as he main e alua ion c i e ion. The e o- e, i is necessa y o Iden i y wha he ansla o 's goals we e and how he succeeded in i achie ing hem. The p agma ic alue o he ansla ion o Baléikonis is wo old: i consis s o he co ec ness, simplici y, olkness o he ja language o he ansla ion. TMIPATMATHKA i MW CTHJIMCTHKA MEPEBOJOB 10. BAJIBYHKOHHCA Pesiome B wac os iei c a se paccMoTpeHs mpmHlMs mepesom eckoi anan annn Ha Ma epuasie pomana JIx. Can a ,,[y emec sue Tymmepa*. Tlepesoaunk mpecneyoBan mpu 3ToM Be Who: CHelaTh POMaH AOCTYMHBIM MOApOcTKaM H HaY4HTS ux Oh, my God, my God, my God, my God. Tip emsi ayam anum oOcyxieHbI 10 OTTETbHBIM YpoBHAM s3BIKa (one n4eckne, nexcnMeckue, CHHTAKCHYecKMe HM TeKCTOBbIe *BIeHHA), Beuia mpoanaM3upoBana CTHMMCTH4eCKad MOubuxanns Kak iapub i MeTon mepeBo yeckoi npax uku IO, Banbunkonuca. ApTop c aTsa Upuluia K BEIBOAY, 4TO ,,[TyTemec sue Cynmmeepa* B mepesoye Banb4ynkouuca sBis e ca m pa maTHYE- CKH AJe@KBATHBIM TepeBozoM.