D. Poškos žodyno genezė ir likimas

LIETUVIŲ LEKSIKOS IR TERMINOLOGIJOS PROBLEMOS LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI. XXIX (1991) KAZIMIERAS PAKALKA THE GENESIS AND FATE OF D. POŠKA’S DICTIONARY Dionizas Poška (c. 1757–1830) was not only a distinguished poet but also a capable lexicographer and ethnographer. He understood the need for a new Lithuanian-language dictionary and wrote about it on more than one occasion. In 1821, he urged Vilnius University to take an interest in writing a history of Lithuania, a Lithuanian-language dictionary, and a grammar (Poška, 1959, 271). Poška believed that it was impossible to write a good grammar without first having an accurate dictionary. A dictionary, he maintained, is the foundation of a language (Poška, 1959, 489). Poška sought someone who could write such a dictionary. Unable to find an author, he himself took up the work of a lexicographer in his old age. Other Samogitian writers supported his lexicographical work. As indicated on the title page, he began writing the Polish–Latin–Lithuanian dictionary on March 8, 1825. The author himself titled the dictionary “Słownik języka Litewskiego, Polskiego i Łacinskiego.” In fact, the dictionary is Polish–Lithuanian–Latin. M. Brensztejn (1874–1938) regards 1825 as the date when Poška began writing the dictionary in a “fair copy” (Brensztejn, 1934, 20–21). Brensztejn probably reached this conclusion on the basis of a statement by L. Jucewicz (1813–1846), who knew D. Poška well: “And all the moments of his life he devoted to writing a Lithuanian-language dictionary” (Jucewicz, 1837, 23). Poška himself also confirmed Jucewicz’s statement in “Žodyno medžiaga” (Notose). He wrote: “I still had much work to do on that dictionary—I wrote and recopied it with my own hand” (Poška, 1959, 199). V. Maciūnas believes that Poška had already done preparatory work for the dictionary before 1825. “In [1825] he probably only began recopying material for the dictionary that he had collected earlier, since it would be hard to believe that an old man could have managed to write such a substantial dictionary (more than 2,000 manuscript pages) in the five years before his death” (Maciūnas, 1981, 31). Poška’s aim was to include as many words as possible in the dictionary he was compiling. Poška compared the dictionary to a forest: just as one should find all kinds of trees in a large forest, so one should find every desired word in a dictionary. On the reverse of the dictionary’s title page, he included the following quatrain of his own composition: That forest bears the true name of a good wood, Where one finds every tree one needs and seeks; So too, I wish our lexicographer to be, That he may find each word for which someone seeks (Poška, 1959, 87). 8. Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 29 t. 113 For his dictionary, he took the register of Polish words from S. B. Linde’s six-volume “Słownik języka polskiego” (1807—1814). Having become acquainted with Linde’s dictionary, Poška realized that he could not equal Linde. Therefore, on the title page he wrote what was, as it were, a modest excuse: Linde wrote a splendid dictionary for the Poles, Worthy of the honorable name of a good scribe, But more than one lad will say of the one now being written: “Ah, neither this way nor that—the old Žemaitian scribbled it” (Poška, 1959, 85). News of Poška’s dictionary in progress, as Brenšteinas notes, soon spread among Poška’s friends: the poet S. Valiūnas (1789—1831) composed a literary letter (Valiūnas, 1957, 293—294). In that letter, Valiūnas enthusiastically supported Poška’s dictionary project and gave the lexicographer significant advice. Word of Poška’s dictionary spread at Vilnius University. J. Loboika (1786—1861), a professor at the university, informed N. Rumyantsev about Poška and his dictionary. For Loboika had visited Žemaitija in 1825 intending to see Poška’s dictionary (Maciūnas, 1981, 32). Poška did not finish writing the dictionary. In five years he wrote more than half of it, up to the Polish word “sianie.” Even before completing the dictionary, Poška was thinking about having it printed. This is indicated by a note to the printing house included in the dictionary (“Przestroga dla drukarni”), in which Poška advises using certain printer’s marks when printing so that readers could see the distinctions between the various parts of speech (Słownik..., I t., 163, 671). While seriously ill, Poška was concerned about the fate of his manuscripts and dictionary. In his will, he left all his Lithuanian manuscripts to Kajetonas Nezabitauskis (1800—1876). In the final clause of the will, written in Polish, he stated: “I wish my Lithuanian manuscripts, whatever may be found, to be handed over to the Hon. Kajetonas Nezabitauskis, who lives in the city of Warsaw in the Kingdom of Poland and works for the benefit of the Lithuanian language” (Poška, 1959, 672—677). He entrusted the execution of his will to the brother of his late wife Uršulė, Vincentas Sosnovskis, a lieutenant colonel in the Russian army (Brenštejn, 1934, 17). As we shall see from the later history of the dictionary, he did not fulfill Poška’s testamentary wishes. A fortunate fate decreed that Poška’s dictionary manuscript, more than once declared lost, should reach our times after various wanderings. The dictionary manuscript passed through the hands of many people. Of course, there is not enough information to trace its journey precisely. The first to publish a notice about Poška’s Lithuanian-language dictionary was Jucevičius in a booklet published in 1837, “Excerpts from the New Polish Poets and a Few Words about the Lithuanian Language and Literature” (Jucewicz, 1857, 23). This fact is also repeated in a review of this book by an unknown author—“A New Work” (Magazyn Powszechny“, 1837, 229). The editors of the periodical “Magazyn Powszechny” added the following note concerning Poška’s dictionary manuscript: “We have learned from reliable sources that this manuscript, bequeathed by will to Kajet. Nezabitauskis, was to have been sent to him as early as 1830, but unforeseen circumstances detained the manuscript in Kaunas, at the lawyer’s [Jurgevičius’s] 114 in the hands. It would be desirable for the manuscript to reach its intended destination, as this would fulfill the late author’s final wish, and Lithuanian-Samogitian literature would, without doubt, only benefit” (Jucevičius, 1959, 667). The author of a handwritten Lithuanian grammar, Juozas Čiulda (1796–1861), provided some information about the subsequent history of Poška’s dictionary. In his “Brief Outline of the Rules of Samogitian Grammar,” he wrote about the fate of the manuscript of Poška’s dictionary. “Some wish to consider the dictionary mentioned here merely imaginary, but this is not true. I do not know how the autograph of the dictionary itself came to Kaunas, to someone who knew no Samogitian at all. I, too, had borrowed it from him for a few days. The dictionary consisted of two large volumes in 4° minori, from the letter A through P inclusive, in three languages: Lithuanian, Polish, and Latin. I wanted to acquire it, but the price of 18 rubles in silver was too high for me at the time. After Jurgevičius’s untimely death, which came upon him—in truth—in the greatest poverty and solitude, all his belongings, as well as this manuscript, disappeared, no one knows where. And it seems they were lost forever” (Jurgutis, 1960, 25). Čiulda attempted to assess Poška’s dictionary: “Although it consists of two volumes, the dictionary, in my opinion, covered perhaps only half of the words beginning with those letters. It is the work of more than one person and was not completed in a short time” (Jurgutis, 1960, 25). Čiulda was better acquainted with Poška’s dictionary than others. In the sixth chapter of his grammar, “Brief Outline…,” entitled “On Writing Samogitian Poems,” he drew on the verse examples in Poška’s dictionary (Čiulda, 70–72). Čiulda’s assertion that Poška’s dictionary consisted of two volumes raised no doubts. Two volumes of the dictionary have indeed survived to our time. The first volume covered: A — Oziębło (1116 pages); the second volume: Oziębłość — Sianie (969 pages). The entire manuscript comprises 2040 pages. It is unclear why Čiulda does not mention the section of Poška’s dictionary from R to Sianie. Perhaps Čiulda was mistaken in indicating the dictionary’s alphabetical extent, or perhaps Jurgevičius did not lend Čiulda the entire manuscript of the dictionary. Poška himself divided the dictionary not into volumes and pages or leaves, but into arkušai. The entire manuscript comprises 255 arkušai. Each arkušas contains 4 leaves. The Polish linguist J. Karlovičius (1836–1903) was interested in Poška’s dictionary, as well as in Lithuanian studies in general. In the section “Features of Lithuanian Bibliography” in his study “On the Lithuanian Language,” he provided information about Poška’s dictionary. Karlovičius had not seen the manuscript. He contented himself with repeating Jucevičius’s and Čiulda’s information about Poška’s dictionary. Karlovičius himself noted that the Vilnius bookseller J. Zavadskis had given him the manuscripts of Čiulda’s grammar, “Brief Outline…,” prepared for publication, so that he could examine them (Karlovicz, 1875, 226–227). In repeating Čiulda’s information in full, Karlovičius omitted the fact that Čiulda himself had wanted to buy Poška’s dictionary from Jurgevičius. As Čiulda himself wrote, he and Jurgevičius could not agree on the price of the dictionary. In Karlovičius’s view, information about Poška’s dictionary’s journey to Kaunas was provided by the anonymous reviewer of Jucevičius’s booklet “Excerpts from the New Polish Poets…”. In fact, it was not the reviewer but the editors of “Magazyn Powszechny” themselves who announced that Poška’s manuscript had arrived in Kaunas. Tolesnį Poškos žodyno likimą, nenurodydamas šaltinių, atskleidė K. Jokantas (1880–1945), rašęs slapyvardžiu A. Miškonis (Miškonis, 1905). 9. 115 Poškos žodyno rankraštį, Jokanto liudijimu, rado A. Juška (1819–1880) kažin kokiame dvare Žemaitijoje užmestą su visokiu šlamštu ant užlų. Matyt, Poškos žodynas paskui ir buvo pas A. Jušką. Mirus A. Juškai, Poškos žodynas su visais kitais Juškos rankraščiais likęs jo broliui Jonui (1815–1886). Mirus J. Juškai, Poškos žodynas atiteko jo žmonai Felicijai Juškienei, gyvenančiai Dorpate. According to Poška’s biographer Brensztein, after Juška’s death, his wife donated Poška’s dictionary, together with her husband’s manuscripts, to the Lithuanian Scientific Society in Vilnius in 1908 (Brensztejn, 1934, 27). Jablonskis (1860—1930) presented the additions to the A—P entries of Poška’s dictionary, “Notas,” to that society in 1912, according to Brensztein’s testimony (Brensztejn, 1934, 28). The library of the Lithuanian Scientific Society, together with the manuscript of Poška’s dictionary, was inherited by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Poška’s dictionary manuscript and photocopies are now kept in the manuscript collection of the library of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature. LITERATŪRA Brensztejn M. Dionizy Paszkiewicz, pisarz polsko-litewski na Żmudzi w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku. Wilno, 1934. Čiulda J. Krótkie pomysły o prawidłach gramatycznych języka Żmudzkiego (rankraštis). Jucewicz L. Wyjątki z nowoczesnych poetów polskich tłumaczone na język litewski z przydaniem kilku słów o języku i literaturze litewskiej. Wilno, 1837. Jucevičius L. A. Raštai. V., 1959. Jurgutis V. Rasta Juozo Čiuldos 1854 metų gramatika // Bibliotekų darbas. 1960. Nr. 1. Karłowicz J. O języku litewskim // Rozprawa, 1875 (išspausdinta atskiru atspaudu). Mačiūnas V. Vilniaus universitetas ir lietuviškasis XIX a. pr. sąjūdis // Lituanistikos instituto 1979 m. suvažiavimo darbai. Chicago Illinois, 1981. Miškonis A. [K. Jokantas]. Dionizas Poška // Vilniaus žinios. 1905. Nr. 18. Nowe Dzieło //Magazyn Powszechny, dziennik użytecznych wiadomości. Rok czwarty w Warszawie 1837. Poška D. Raštai. V., 1959. Słownik języka Litewskiego, Polskiego i Łacińskiego przez Dionizego Paszkiewicza Żmuydzina (rankraštis). Valiūnas S. Kaszanten lietuwiszka żodini // Lietuvių literatūros istorijos chrestomatija / Feodalizmo epocha / Sudarė K. Korsakas, J. Lebedys. V., 1957. P. 293—295. К. ПАКАЛКА ГЕНЕЗИС И СУДЬБА СЛОВАРЯ Д. ПОШКИ Резюме Д. Пошка (ок. 1757—1830) был не только поэтом, но и лексикографом. Он хорошо осознал нужду в новом литовском словаре. Чтобы заполнить этот пробел, в 1825 г. он начал составлять трехъязычный литовско-польско-латинский словарь „Słownik języka litewskiego polskiego i łacinskiego“. Но по существу словарь является польско-латинско-литовским. Реестром польских слов послужил известный словарь С. Б. Линде „Słownik języka polskiego“ (1807—1814). Пошка ставил перед собою цель подготовить полный словарь. Но этой цели не достиг. Рукопись словаря обрывается на слове „Sianie“. Составил два тома: I A — Ozjębło, II Ozjębłość — Sianie. Всего в словаре 2040 с. 116 По завещанию Пошки рукопись словаря перешла к литератору Каетонасу Незабитайскису, который жил в Варшаве. Однако непредвиденные обстоятельства помешали передать рукопись по назначению. Она досталась адвокату Юргявичюсу в Каунасе. Адвокат собирался словарь продать. После смерти Юргявичюса рукопись исчезла. По сведениям К. Йокантаса, рукопись словаря А. Юшка обнаружил в одном имении в Жемайтии. После смерти Юшки рукопись попала в руки его брата Йонаса. В 1908 г. вдова Й. Юшки подарила словарь Пошки Литовскому научному обществу в Вильнюсе. Библиотека общества была передана Институту литовского языка и литературы Академии наук Литвы. В рукописном отделении упомянутого института словарь хранится и поныне.