„Aušros“ fizikos populiarinimo straipsnių terminija

LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE QUESTIONS, XXXI (1994) ISSUES OF LANGUAGE NORMALIZATION ANGELĖ KAULAKIENĖ "EASTERN" PHYSICS PROMOTION ARTICLES DATE 1. Most of the characters are always children. In these cases, the patient may have to be administered a dose of 100 mg or 200 mg, depending on the severity of the symptoms. ZodZiais J. Basanavičius started the first issue of Aušra, they became the epigraph ir of the newspaper. "The newspaper, which shows su Vienna only once a month, let it cover Vienna, which lies in dirt... tą In short, our newspaper will be only swietiszka, according to our resources, ir giving news only from ir the scientific science. In giving this knowledge to our readers, we will more than anything else strive to spread among our brothers the knowledge of our family's (nation's) ancient works, as o well as of our own affairs, such as Lietuwiu, sziose gadynese... Wisa mus gimine (the people) should ir remember to know the past time, which ira giwenus on šios The land of Lithuania, ir all the happy ir accidents, which in this way made our ar family such as we see it today, have contributed to the misery in which we live... ir ję More about the job Speaking of „Auszros“, we must mention ir that we forgot to collect the ne remains of some Lithuanian ir ancient monuments ir (what remains), from which one can know the life, the Buddha, the nature, the ancient truth of our grandfather. To delei rinkejai song, story, ir etc. monument by value swarbumą ir will find us. newspapers for their own work. When we talk about the past, we will not miss the opportunity to talk about the present of our people. su Useful wel lessons know it isz ir notura or ar natural science, it isz ukes wedimo ar (agronomics), it isz ar waistijimo (doctors) ir etc., ras musu "Auszroj wisuomet patalpos wietą"! (1, 5—7)?, 1.1. Although the editors changed, ir but J. Basanavičius' provisions, presented The first number of Aušra, Priekalba, was followed later. ir Be Most of the articles are published on history, language, culture, education. Slightly less articles in „Aušra“ on science popularization in agronomics, iš astronomy, botany, physics, geography, medicine, technology, veterinary medicine, zoology, etc. ir areas. Here are a few of them: "About the Bee" (18, 122—123), Truss about Bees (20, 202—206), "About the ants" (18, 115—116), "On the Picture of the Earth" (22, 342—344), "Description of the Earth's Wealth" (2, 47—49: 3, 72—175: 6, 172—176; 7, 208—210; 8, 256—265), “A Trial of Hand in Lithuania in the Name of Human-Used Weed” (26, 82—86), "Hypnoscope" (22, 319—325), "From the discovery of reason t Here ir elsewhere the text is given authentic. Spelling ir punctuation not corrected. 2 See. a list of sources. The first number indicates “Aušra” year ir number, second — page, 131 In Lithuania, "raszyto akmens" (23, 377-387), "Keliatas žodžiu apie keliu taisymą" (29, 181-——183), "Keli žodžiai apie auginimą" (25, 46-49), "Keli žodžiai apie cholera" (4, 110-113; 5, 138-143), "Vaistas nū koleros" (28, 145-147), "Kelione ežerū ir upiu ing Lietuvą" (3, 79-80), "Matématikiszkas žemės apraszimas" (11, 206-211; 12, 254-256), "Medega statant trobas" (9, 56-59; 10, 125-131; 11, 166-174; 14, 351-354; 15, 412-416; 17, 50-54), "Mokslas apie tautinę ukę" (12, 217-222: 13, 297-304), "Skruzdeliū atsilankymas" (2, 43-47), "Szviesa ir gyvastis" (29, 184-185), "Vaikszeziojanczios žvakelės" (8, 279-282), "Woodis apie veterinariją" (29, 169-172). 1.2. This article discusses the terminology of the popularization of physics articles in „Aušra“. „Aušra“ was chosen for these reasons. First, it was the first monthly Lithuanian magazine (newspaper) dedicated to Greater Lithuania. Secondly, it was the foundation of a new stage in the development of the present Lithuanian literary, or general, language. Thirdly, Aušra was also a developer of scientific style. His publicistic and scientific style was only in the embryo. When J. Basanavičius, J. Šliūpas and others began to write articles to popularize various fields of science, these styles not only began to stand out more, but also to become noticeably stronger. 2. The development and consolidation of the scientific style—the prerequisite of the scientific language. Its specificity — terminology, nomination of concepts, constructions and sentence word order stereotypes." : 2.1. The terminology of the popularization articles of physics in „Aušra“ is diverse in its origin. Most of them are words from the Lithuanian lexicon, such as: anglinis, -ė (7, 209), anglis (7, 209; 12, 217; 17, 52), anglius® (15, 404), aszis (11, 209), balsas (29, 175), bégimas (9, 27), buvis (24, 28; 28, 154), garas (11, 171—173; 15, 404), evaporavimas (11, 173; 15, 414), amber (28, 157), grūmas (29, 174), kibirksztis (22, 319), medega (2, 48; 9, 56; 23, 377; 29, 161), prietaisas (23, 408; 24, 26; 29, 184), ménulis (29, 177), padarinė (6, 174), svarybé (22, 320), szilima (11, 171; 15, 404), sziluma (6, 173; 11, 195; 22, 319—320), szviesa (11, 195; 22, 320), uZgrudimas (8, 259), virimas (15, 415), žvaigždė (9, 28; 11, 209), žvakė (24, 27) and others, taken from dialects or old Lithuanian scripts. However, in the articles on popularising physics there are a number of Lithuanian terms, which were translated from other languages or created by the editors of Keleivis and other East Prussian periodicals, e.g.: apszvaista (9, 64) „švietimas“, apvalumas (14, 351—353; 15, 415) „tūris“, stelaivis (14, 345, 364; 24, 27; 25, 51), cf. Dampfschiff, geležinis kelias (12, 260; 14, 363; 17, 49), geležkelis (10, 121; 12, 296; 8 Palionis J. On the role of „Aušra“ in the history of Lithuanian literary language //„Aušra“ and Lithuanian social movement at the end of the 19th century. V., 1988. P. 189. + More about the peculiarities of the scientific language see Kaulakienė A. The beginnings of scientific language in „Keleivyje“ //Problems of Lithuanian lexicon and terminology: Questions of Lithuanian linguistics. V., 1990. T. 29, P. 80—91. 5 Sie and some other words are for technical terminology. However, they are discussed here because they are presented in popular physics articles. Physics and technology were closely interconnected at that time. Physics has often been considered the theoretical basis of technology. 132 14, 389; 19, 166), plg. "xcezsesznan dopoza, vok. Eisenbahn, pranc. chemin de fer, gelžkelio trukis (4, 115), plg. vok. Eisenbahnzug, tolkalbis (12, 263; 27, 100), cf. gr. télé + phone, tolrašis (11, 183; 22, 365; 24, 26; 27, 99), cf. gr. rėlė+grapho, etc. In the articles of „Aušra“ on popularizing physics there are also novelties or valuations made by the authors and editors of the articles themselves, e.g.: atrastis (24, 25) „invention“ balsaneszis (24, 26) „telephone“, geležiena: „iron melts and flows into a tub, and on top of it floats iron“ (8, 259), įrėdis (21, 276) „program- “, kibeklas, kibekla (6, 173) „cement, glue“, mėgis (8, 257) „test“, naugės (3, 73; 8, 256; 9, 13; 11, 5; 12, 217; 17, 51) „metal“*, pirmokas (2, 48) „atomas“, pirmokiszkas, -a (29, 170) „atomiškas“, ruksztdaris (10, 127—128), sąmaisztis (8, 47, 257) „mixture“ and so on. Aušrininkai Lithuanian newcomers, apparently, were created for two reasons. First, they were perhaps most concerned about the purification of the vocabulary. The need to avoid all barbarisms, to write in pure language was constantly emphasized by the newspaper editors and by the authors of various articles and reviews." On the other hand, the Aušra members created a lot of novelties not only because of the desire to purify the language of the articles in Aušra, but also because of the need to name concepts in various fields of science in Lithuanian, because they faced a great shortage of Lithuanian terms and were forced to make them themselves. As it is stated in one of the issues of “Aušra”, that “our language has only recently begun to be applied to science, and therefore some Lithuanian words have not yet been fully developed and are used correctly: we often encounter such cases that it is difficult to find a word in the language for people who are completely distracted, and therefore it is necessary to invent a new one, but such work is not very easy: it is often necessary to make mistakes and sometimes not very sticky and unpleasant “to fault the word” (19, 157)”. However, the authors and editors, who had a better linguistic judgment and a stronger sense of the native language and were familiar with the linguistic works of the time, would create the correct terms. Among the terms composed by such dawners are the following: anglarūkszttė, dirbtuvė, įstatas „law“, juodmena „black thing“, mokslyviris „scientist- “, pervirszis „surplus“, pobūdis „character“, priepladis- ®. Somewhat less in the popularization of physics articles of „Aušra“ are borrowing terms, e.g.: atomiszkas, -a (29, 170), bombarda (9, 39), centimetras (22, 319), fabrika (22, 346), gazas (14, 351), hidraulinis, -ė (14, 351; 15, 414), hypnoskopas (22; 319), chemija (12, 217), kontrafortas (11, 171), kosmografija (29, 176), kvalitėtas (17, 39), kvizika (9, 35), materija (28, 140), materijolas (12, 222), materijoliszkas, -a (12, 222), meridianas (12, 255), metolas (8, 256), optiszkas, -a (7, 201), oricontaliszkai (22, 356), polis (11, 209—210), poleus (22, 320), potograpija (21, 277), praba (8, 251), respirator (7, 220), techno-- mechaniszkas, -a (22, 359), telefonenas (12, 263) and so on, most of the borrowed terms are of Latin or Greek origin (e.g.: astronomija (12, 217; 29, 175), cf. astro... + gr. nomos, diametras (22, 319), cf. gr. diametros * See also Fraenkel E. Litauisches etymologisches Worterbuch. Heidelberg—Göttingen, 1962. P. 487. * Dainauskas J. Auszra and her gadynė //The past of the Lithuanian nation. 1983. T. 7. P. 716. * Ibid. P. 717-718, 133 Electricity (8, 281; 22, 321—324), electric, -ė (8, 281; 29, 170), electric, -a (22, 320, 324; 24, 26—27), plg. Article 10 electron, electromagnetism (22, 320), plg. Article 10 élektron + magnétis, magnasas (22, 319), magnisinis, -ė (29, 166), magnasiszkuma (22, 324), magnasūtas, -a (22, 320), magnetism (29, 170), magnetization (22, 319), plg. Article 10 magnet, machine (11, 168—169), machine (21, 288), plg. lot. machina, mechanika (7, 207; 12, 217; 22, 358), mékanikiszkas, -a (23, 408), mechanizmus (12, 273), plg. Article 10 mechanical, minute (20, 222; 22, 320), plg. lot. minutus, permanentiszkas, -a (22, 320), plg. lot. permanens, formula (15, 404), plg. lot. formula, radical (15, 404), plg. lot. Radical ir t. t.) ir only a few borrowed Slavic, iš German, etc. ar kalby (e. g. : kliszija (25, 64), plg. French. cliché, liampa (26, 90), plg. vok. Lampe, 1. lamp, maliava (17, 52—54), plg. 1. malowad, peczius (11, 170), plg. brush. neu, filter (11, 210), syla (21, 277; 29, 184), plg. Russian. caa, sudynas (28, 157), plg. brush. cydine, spatha (6, 172), plg. vok. Spat (29, 188), plg. vok. Schraube ir tit) of what Iš has been said, it can be seen that from the point of view of origin, the terminology of physics at that time was composed of two layers: Lithuanian words are borrowed terms. ir Words to be used for Lithuanian terms: b) taken from dialects or a) old iš Lithuanian scripts, c) translated from other languages, d) newly formed aušrininkai. c) Iš the 342 terms of the 67,9 94 words discussed consist of Lithuanian words, o 32,1 9%, indebted. Thus, the terminology of physics at that time was still supported by Lithuanian vocabulary, although its percentage is slightly lower than in the initial stage of the formation of physics and technical terminology- ®. 2.2 The popularization of physics articles in Aušra mainly contain derivatives of adverbs. Common Vedic su prefixes -imas/-ymas, -ininkas, -inis, -ė, -ystė, -iSkas, -a, -umas, e.g.: atvėrimas atvirinimas (11, 173), (8, 259), running |star)] (9, 27), bubbling (15, 415), [commonly] drying (11, 169), [water] evaporation (15, 414), extinguishing [weapons] (14, 352), inflammation (11, 174), [common] burning (11, 170), fitting (22, 358), heating (11, 173), overcoming [magnas] (22, 320), [star] falling (29, 177), magnifying (22, 319), distorting [tree] (9, attacking 58), [stars] (29, 175), pulimas (29, 182), choking (10, 126), shrinkage [by wood] (9, 58), excitation (22, 322), numbness [of iron] (9, 58), [device] ignition (23, 396), burning (8, 259), heating (11, 168), ventilation (11, 167), boiling (15, 415), welding (9, 102); rower (9, 12), chemist (9, 89), boatman (9, 12), sailor (26, 88), oarling (23, 408), coppersmith (28, 146); stone [kulka] (9, 39; 26, 95), coal [gas] (14, 351), electric [isztaka] (8, 281), steam [kuliama maszyna] (27, 124), gelZinis [stripas] (9, 28), extrusion [magnasas] (22, 320), magnasiné [needle] (29, 166), casting [sprout] (8, 260), static [stone] (10, 126), stacked [part] (12, 217), brick [stenis] (14, 351), Zaibiné [macis] (24, 25); acrutininic (24, 27), amatninic (9, 6), spyroric (24, 27), 2vaizddininic (12, 222); electric [kibirksztis] (24, 26), [machine] (22, 320), [speka] (22, 324), [szviesa] (24, 27), marininkiškas [moks-? Gastila L., Kruopas J., Zitkuté A. The pioneer of technical literature and terminology // Science and Technology. 1969. No. 11. P. 34—36; Gastila L., Zitkuté A. The beginnings of Lithuanian technical terminology in East Prussia in the 18th century //Science and Technology. 1969, No. 4. P. 20—21, las] (21, 270), medegiszkas, -a, materijoliszkas, -a (12, 222), mėkanikiszkas [work] (23, 408), [research] (23, 408), optiszkas [glass] (7, 207), permanentiszkas [magnas] (22, 320), tekno-mėkaniszka [in friendship] (22, 359), Zvaigzdininkiszka [observatory] (14, 375); roundness (14, 351-354; 15, 415), height (9, 58; 14, 352), size (11, 168, 171), humidity (10, 125), denseness (9, 57), thinness (29, 183), depth (29, 182), length (9, 57; 10, 126; 14, 352; 29, 183), slowness (21, 277), magnitude (22, 324), width (10, 126; 29, 182), splitness (9, 38), strength (9, 58), thickness (11, 171; 14, 352), weight (17, 47), density (9, 58), firmness (9, 56; 21, 277), etc. Somewhat less (sometimes just one 134 after the other) are the terms formed with the suffixes -eklas (kibeklas 6, 173), -ybė (svarybė 22, 320), -iena (irena 8, 259), -yklė (mine [copper] 28, 146; sziaudiklė 9, 47), -ima (szilima 11, 171; 15, 404), -uma (sziluma 6, 173; 11, 195; 22, 319—320), -yné (padaryné 26, 89; 28, 157), -mé (veiksmé 10, 119), -smas (grūmas 29, 174; trauksmas 11, 173), -sné (vyksné 21, 277), -stis (atrastis 24, 25), -tojas, -tojis (barstytojas 26, 97; iszrastojis 22, 319), -tukas (kvéptukas T, 220), -tuvas (darbtuvas 12, 217; 21, 288; 23, 408; piaustuvas 11, 169; pjautuvas 9, 62; trintuvas 8, 259), -tuvė (darbtuvė 22, 346; 28, 155; padétuvé 26, 97). In the popularization of physics articles, there are also many derivatives of extremities. More common derivatives of the endings -a, -as, -is, e.g. apsvaiista (9, 64), sugaba (21, 277), įeiga (25, 63); steam (11, 171—173; 15, 404), stump: “science is a stump, which pushes everything farther, harder, better” (27, 100); height (11, 167, 171), habitat (9, 7; 24, 28; 28, 154), flammability (15, 404), length (9, 28; 11, 170-171), thickness (21, 276), width (9, 7; 10; 11, 168), composition (3, 74), thickness (11, 168, 171), etc. There is one other derivative of the prefix, for example: overhead (21, 276), echo (29, 176), antepost (11, 171). In addition to prepositions, suffixes and derivatives of endings, the articles of „Aušra“ on popularising physics are rich in puns, which can be divided as follows: 1) puns with noun second sand (anglarūkszttė 10, 128; laivavis 25, 51; geležinkelis 12, 268; 16, 24; 27, 109; 29, 187; gelžkelis 10, 121; 12, 296; 14, 389; 19, 166; pusgaris 25, 52; šeszkertis 9, 28; fractal 10, 119, etc.); 2) punishments with the verb second sandus (balsaneszis 24, 26; garvežys 27, 100; 29, 165; ruksztdaris 10, 127—128; skersakiszté 22, 319; tolgirdis 27, 99; tolkalbis 12, 263; 27, 100; tolraszis 11, 183; 22, 365; 24, 26; 27, 99; vandendaris 15, 404; Zemapraszis 12, 227 and so on). These derivatives of prepositions, suffixes, endings and diphthongs can be divided into certain categories of action, which usually define the categories of terms themselves. In this case, it is possible to distinguish categories of actions, characteristics, phenomena, objects, dimensions, professions, which were related to some peculiarities of the term nomination. 2.3. One of them is the variation of the names of the concepts presented in the popularization of physics articles of “Aušra”. 1) when the concept is named by a compound and single word name, e.g.: geležinkelis (12, 260; 14, 363; 17, 49) and geležinkelis (12, 268; 16, 24; 27, 109; 29, 187), geležkelis (10, 121; 12, 296; 14, 389; 19, 166), pjaunama maszina (cutter) 135 (7, 217). Very often such names are joined by a conjunction or, for example: daigtai darantiejie or maliavos (17, 52), umbra or žemė tamsei raudona (17, 51), vienkartiniai pecziai or kalajai (11, 170), žaibinė vėka or macis, etc. ; 2) when the term is designated by two single words separated by a comma, brackets or connected by a conjunction, or, for example: gencziaZymis, ethnography (21, 276), įrėdis, programatas (21, 276), medega, materijolas (12, 222), medegiszkas, materijoliszkas (12, 222), nūtrauka, potograpija (21, 277), svaraunas, physiszkas (21, 276), vopna, kalkės (14, 354); Magnetic) needle (yla) (29, 166), negative (negatywiszka) [electricity] (22, 321), atomiszka (first-class) [theory] (29, 170), discovery (24, 25), tin (8, 257), carpentry (26, 68), workshop (maszina) (12, 217), (maszyna) (21, 288; 23, 408), end (pole) (22, 320), permanent (permanentiszkas) [magnas] (22, 320), kibekl (cement): “clay mixed with a good lump of kibeklq (cement)” (6, 173), kibekla (glue): “after pouring water over burnt Was, a great sziluma appears and it turns into kupetq flour limestone; these are flour mixed with sand and water that makes a strong kibeklq (glue) for stones” (6, 173), kibirksztis (ZieZerka) (22, 319), quality (17, 39), ligdienis (¢equator) (12, 255), megis (proof) (8, 257), nauges (metals) (3, 73), oramieris (barometer) (7, 207), primokas (atom) (2, 48), additive (pozityviszka) [electricity] (22, 321), prieszstulpiai (counterforts) (11, 171), meridián (meridian) (12, 255), respirator (kvéptukas), (1, 220), skersakiszté (diameter) (22, 319), sudas (rattle) (28, 146), sziltamieris (thermometer) (7, 207), telefonas (translator) (12, 263), graters (pieliczios) (8, 259), véka (syla) (23, 408), Zemapraszis (geography) (12, 227), Zinguné (half, paste) (27, 121); crafts or trade (22, 316), bombarda or armota (9, 39), workshop or craft (28, 155), koczilas or piaustuvas (11, 168), naugės or metolai (8, 256). Thus, the variation of the nomination manifests itself in two ways. Firstly, when the term is named differently in different articles, e.g.: geležinkelis (12, 260; 14, 363; 17, 49), geležinkelis (12, 268; 16, 24; 27, 109; 29, 187) and geležinkelis (10, 121; 12, 296; 14, 389; 19, 166), aukštis (11, 167, 171) and aukštumas (14, 352), ilgis (9, 28; 11, 170—171) and ilgis (9, 57; 10, 126; 14, 325; 29, 183), plotis (9, 7, 10; 11, 168) and plotis (29, 182), storis (11, 168, 171) and storis (14, 352). Secondly, when in one article there is a double name of a property by using a conjunction or by separating such names by commas and brackets, e.g.: daigtai darantiejie or maliavos (17, 52), medega, materijolas (12, 222), pirmokas (atomas) (2, 48) and so on. The examples show that the main differences are in the names of objects, dimensions? *, properties and categories of phenomena. 10 The derivatives of the suffixes -umas and the endings -is in the popularization of physics articles of „Aušra“ denote not only the names of properties, but also certain sizes, quantitative parameters, e.g.: augszezio of half a span (11, 167) and augsztumas-gi ūlaktis with czverte (14, 352), length... four spans (11, 170) and length of half a span (29, 183), sieksnio ploczio (11, 168) and an inch wide (10, 126), half an inch thick (11, 168) and thickness of half a span (14, 352). Consequently, the content of the concept of such names includes signs that simultaneously belong to two logical categories: "peculiarity" and interchangeably related morphologically. They usually 136 form morphological variants, which can be divided into the following groups: 1) compound term and univerbation-formed monosyllabic term (railway and railway, railroad); 2) a compound term and a term established by marriage (cutting machine and sickle (7, 217); 3) two terms of the same root formed by marriage, differing in longer or shorter form (growth and height, length and length, width and width). The other parts of the varied names are related to each other semantically. They are like synonyms, which are joined by a conjunction or (klystugné or žltvykslė (24, 25), naugės or metolai (8, 256)), separated by a comma (nūtrauka, potograpija (21, 277), svaraunas, physiszkas (21, 276)) or brackets, permanent (permanentiszkas) [magnas] (22, 320), positive (pozityviszka) [electricity] (22, 321) and so on. Therefore, the variation of the nomenclature leads to the variability and synonymy of terms. These features (especially variantity) are not allowed in terminology. However, at the initial stage of the formation of the term, they are inevitable and justified. On the other hand, such variants as: railway, railroad next to railway, mower next to mower, show the beginnings of a tendency to shorten terms. 2.4 The elements of the compound terms presented in the popularization of physics articles are related to each other by certain connections. Most often these relationships are attributive. They are expressed: a) a coordination certificate (coal gas (14, 351), atomiszka (pirmokiszka) theory (29, 170), driving iron (8, 259), electric power (8, 281), elektriszka bucket (24, 26), elektriszka maszyna (22, 320), elektriszka prediction (22, 324), natural electricity (22, 321), hydraulic vopna (14, 351; 15, 414), permanent (permanentiszkas) magnas (22, 320), field half-mark (21, 276), magnasiné needle (yla) (29, 166), magnasiuta duduté (22, 320), mékanikiszkas isztyrinéjimas (23, 408), optiszkas glass (7, 207), inter-attraction (17, 47), stacked parts (12, 217), techno-- mékaniszka friendship (22, 359), Zaibiné véka or macis (24, 25), Zvejdzininkiszka observatory (14, 375)); b) incompatible with the Sign (dust tin (16, 25), iron lump (22, 319), itekmé power plant (29, 170), potash stone water (20, 222), mine copper (28, 146), saltwater (17, 52), flowing vein (23, 408), truth weight (17, 47)). These examples show that there was already a need to distinguish between racial and kinship terms. Some of them even form nests and burrows, e.g.: stones: limestone a. (10, 127), wild a. (29, 181), sandstone a. (10, 127), static a. (10, 126): static stones for walls, static stones for aslu, static stones for roofs (10, 126), timber a. (29, 181), brick a. (14, 351); coal: stone coal (7, 209; 12, 217), wood or Zolynu coal (17, 52), real coal (7, 209); work: mékanikiszkas d. (23, 408), svaraunas d. (21, 277); workshop: gaspadoriszka d. (23, 408), pab- “size”. So, already in the terminology of physics at that time, one could say, there was categorical multi-significance. | Articles contain suffixes -umas derived from words that describe only a quantitative parameter, a certain volume, e.g.: gypsum dough does not reduce its roundness when juddating (15, 415); a lean wood does not increase its roundness more than twice... (14, 353), greatness (10, 127). 137 rikiszka d. (23, 408); Malawa: cinnamon m. (17, 54), cinnamon oil m. (17, 54), glue m. (17, 50-53), milk m. (17, 50), milk or curd m. (17, 53), wood m. (17, 50); maszina: steam cast iron (27, 124), iron cast iron (12, 273), cast iron (7, 217), saw (cutter) (7, 217); medega: carbon m. (7, 209), artificial m. (9, 56), natural m. (9, 56); powder: white cynomolgus (17, 54), white swine mollusc (17, 54); plitos: burned p. (9, 56), unburned p. (9, 56); brick: burnt brick or lime (9, 56), greasy (14, 351), quenched (14, 351), burning or boiling (14, 351), etc. Some articles also mention the names of „amatu, pabuklu, medegos, padarynės“ (21, 279), branches of science (,arithmetic, algebra, geometry, cosmography, mineralogy, quiz, chemistry* (8, 258), specialties (.inZineras, teisdaris (26, 93), chemininkas (knows how to create stacked parts with all kinds of things®) (9, 89). This shows the authors’ and editors’ desire to present as much scientific knowledge as possible, to introduce the readers to the names of the main concepts, sometimes specifying them with words of other languages (mostly German), e.g.: elmsfeuer (8, 281), bestrebung (21, 277), pramoné (kunst) (29, 186), sugaba, fihigkeit (21, 277), sierés ruksztorius (acidum sulfuricum) (5, 42), pormilis (radical of roasted autumn, pormilsuperchloride) (15, 404) and so on. Apparently, this clarification of concepts can be interpreted in two ways. First, of course, the Prussian literary language had a great influence on the general language, interpretation of concepts, and presentation of terms in the articles of the popularization of science in „Aušra“. This is quite understandable: the editors of this newspaper were familiar with the periodicals published in East Prussia (Keleiviu 1849—1880, Naujuoju keleiviu 1880—1886, Lietuviška ceitunga 1878—1939, etc.), and some of them were also friends of J. Basanavičius, J. Šliūpas, A. Vištelis had published their articles in the last two publications"?, Secondly, the Dawnists, wanting to be understood by all Lithuanians and trying to continue the previous (S. Daukanto, M. Valančiaus and others) traditions of language purification! *?, tried to replace borrowed and semi-borrowed words with Lithuanian words (instead of the variants presented in „Keleivyje“: damšėpis, garšėpis, garinė šėpis, garinis šėpis, garų šėpis, varomoji šėpis, „Aušroje“ only one term is used: „stepalaivis“ (14, 345, 364; 24, 27; 25, 51; 29, 165), instead of telegraph, wire half, wire half, lightning half — „tolrašis“ (11, 183; 22, 365; 24, 26; 27, 99)), while his own new creations or those borrowed from elsewhere were often explained with more well-known words, e.g.: kibirksztis (žiežerka) (22, 319), pirmakas (atomas) (2, 48), spėka, stiprybė (sila) (12, 217) and so on. Thirdly, such a clarification or explanation of the concepts arises from the specificity of the language of science itself, which is partly mentioned in one of the issues of Aušra. “In the last work mentioned (the article “Description of the riches of the earth”) the writer gives the reader knowledge about all kinds of stones, salts, coal, nuts, tells what kind of substance it is, what its forms are, whether it burns on fire or dissolves in water, whether it is pure or mixed, on what it is used, what benefits it brings to man, etc. He does not add anything to himself, does not invent anything from his own head, but says only what is true. Isz to apsa- " Palionis J. History of Lithuanian Literary Language, V., 1979. P. 221, ibid. 12 P. 222, 138 the reader of the book acquires knowledge about things, expresses it in his mind and encompasses it with his mind, i.e. understands” (24, 7). 2.5 Such texts often provide interpretations of new names, as if they were definitions of a kind. Here are some of them. “There is a power of nature, which the disciples call electricity” (8, 281). Lightning lightning or macis differing from a false candle called a false candle or a yellow candle [...] (24, 25). But why is the new tool that shows how the magnifying power overcomes man not called a magnoscope, but only a hypnoscope? (22, 322) [...] long-thought-out Newton invented the great truths of gravitation and attraction or mutual attraction, which is the power of time and makes travels in all celestial light, that is: sun, moon, star, planet and comet (17, 47). The latter example also shows some manifestations of the systematization of concepts: the term heavenly brightness and the terms — sun, moon, stars, planets, comets. There are more such examples: we wear iron meat in three ways: grina iron, steel, szpižius (8, 258). Its [diamond] sqdelis is the same as that of carbon and judpaiszos (alupkés, szwino) (3, 74). Natural electricity is divided into additive (positive) and subtractive (negative) (22, 321). Often, in the articles of Aušra about popularizing physics, the names of scientists or inventors are also mentioned. Some of them are presented in their original form (e.g. : Faraday, Foucault, Lindsay (22, 320), Lohmeyer (9, 75)), others —circled (e.g. : Democritus (29, 170), Newton (17, 47), Ochorovicz (22, 319), Tacitus (9, 75), etc.). The articles also contain symbolic names, i.e., the names of newspapers, magazines or other publications in the original language, e.g.: „Klosy” (7, 215), „Lumiere ėlectrigue” (22, 319), „Tygodnik ilustrowany” (11, 183), „Wedrowiec” (8, 287) and so on, as well as formulas, e.g.: a radical composed of carbon and hydrogen called pormillium (C,H) (15, 404). The combination of its [radical] with chlorine is called chloroform (C,“HCl,) (15, 404). Some articles also contain certain tables. For example: czia can be added to the size of the load required for the compression of no stone... Then the stone is compression, if on the quarter finger: for granite ni 6000 to 11200 pounds; for limestone - from 1000 to 8000 pounds; ———sandstone ——1600 ———4000 ——— ———marble ——————4000 ———10400 ——— ———masonry of red ply from 960 to 1440 pounds (10, 127). All these things indicate the consolidation and establishment of the language of science, which is expressed in the elaboration of statements, hypotheses, their justification, argumentation, consideration. The analysis of the terminology of the popularization articles of physics in „Aušra“ can be summarized by the following remarks: 1) the main element of the scientific language — the terminology was not yet sufficiently systematic, but was based on a solid foundation — Lithuanian lexicon, which included words taken from dialects, old Lithuanian writings, new creations already discovered in previous publications, valuables and the aušrininkai themselves 139