Dėl veiksmažodžių su priešdėliu „pa-“ valentingumo

XXXV (1995) LITHUANIAN LEXICOLOGY STUDIES Vilija SAKALAUSKIENĖ ON THE PA-VALENTING OF VERBS WITH THE PREFIX PAThe structural and semantic center of a sentence is the personified form of the verb. All other main elements of the sentence and their forms depend on the sentence center. Thus, any analysis of the syntactic structure of a sentence can be started with a verb characteristic. The content and form of the verb determines the necessity and selection of its determinants. The syntactic classification of verbs is based on their valency (Geniušienė 1971:8). The concepts of valenting researchers on this issue and the problems of valenting of Lithuanian verbs are extensively discussed in the articles of N. Sližienė (1978:108—114; 1986:45—91). There is no unified opinion on many of the most important questions of valency (Sližienė 1986:45). S. Kacnelson defined valency "as the property of words to realize themselves in a certain way in a sentence and to enter into certain combinations with other words. This is not only a subjective and objective, but also a circumstantial relationship of the verb with other words” (Sližienė 1978:108). Valentinity, as V. Labutis points out, is a project of syntactic interaction (relationships) of the word as a lexical unit of the language system, which envisages the quantity of words, necessary, probable or only possible interactions, the content (quality) of those interactions and the guidelines for their realization in some language elements" (Labutis 1985:65). N. Sližienė proposes to study valence as a multi-layered phenomenon, the basis of which is in the abstract logical-semantic domain, and its realization — in the concrete language domains, semantic and syntactic (Sližienė 1978:121). This will be the basis for the valence study in the article. So one side of valence is syntactic valence. "The conditioned property of a verb to connect with a certain number of words of a certain form is called its syntactic valence" (Sližienė 1986:46). The other side of valency is the semantic valency of the verb. "Semantic valence is a certain semantic interpretation of the real situation described by the verb, which is fixed as a corresponding set of semantic functions (actants, or semantic verbs)" (Sližienė 1986:90). In this article, N. Sližienė believes that "the verb with its valent companions only provides a certain semantic assessment of the real situation, which may or may not coincide with the psychic image of that situation in the human consciousness" (Sližienė 1986:45). In her earlier works, she argued that the situation denoted by the verb fully corresponds to the real situation. Furthermore, N. Sližienė states that "different verbs with different semantic inflection structures can correspond to the same external situation, which shows that the situation is described differently by them: the semantic representation of the sentence covers only certain aspects of the external situation" (Sližienė 1986:49). The most important characteristic of both semantic and syntactic valence is its necessity or optionality. Some verb conjunctions are necessary, they cannot be omitted, others are optional. The necessity of satellites is determined by an elimination transformation: "by omitting one or another constituent, one determines which of them are necessary and which are optional. The necessary accompaniments describe 121 that part of the situation, which is raised as the most important, the most relevant part of the verb's meaning" (Sližienė 1986:55). The necessary valence of the verb determines, determines a certain element in the sentence, while the non-necessary valence indicates that a certain element is only possible, potential. Facultative conjunctions are used in the sentence when the information they provide becomes relevant. Thus, optional semantic valence is defined as "very likely but not absolutely necessary" (Tėkorienė 1983:99). The article will discuss the verbs of the one-valent class —trivalent verbs with the prefix pa-. This greatly limits the number of verbs examined. Prepositions perform an action function, always limit the action, indicate its one or another ending and allow the verbs of the final action to be compared with those of the continuous action. The prefix payra is of prepositional origin (Paulauskienė 1994:272). It differs from other Lithuanian verbs in that its lexical functions are not so pronounced. It is used more widely than other prepositions to indicate only the verb (Paulauskas 1958:366). The syntactic classification of verbs is given according to the maximum number of partners, i.e. according to the necessary and optional conjunctions of the verb. "A verb is assigned to a certain syntactic class according to 1 the number or form of its satellites, regardless of whether those satellites are necessary or optional" (Sližienė 1986:91). Trivalent verbs denote a situation in which three actors must participate. Therefore, this situation can be fixed by a predicate with three free places. They must be filled by arguments with their values. Both the semantic and syntactic valency of verbs is most accurately determined in the sentence, so extended sentences are taken, the verb is shown in various syntactic environments. When determining the valence of verbs, the starting point is the verb's meaning. The material was collected from the third edition of the "Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language" (1993; hereinafter —DLKŽ) and volumes I—XV of the "Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language" (hereinafter —DLKŽ). —LKŽ). In the syntactic distribution of verbs, the noun plays the most important role, because it can have various forms (various vowels) or prepositional constructions and perform various functions in the sentence — verb, complement 1 Other linguists call them actants, determinants (see Sližienė 1986:46). 2 For the opinion of other researchers, see (Sliziene 1978:111). 122 and circumstances. The prefix pagali has the same meaning as the preposition po —po čemu. The prefix gives it to verbs meaning movement. For example, "drive" while driving how much drive, push, drive? ': Drove the carriage under the trees (DLKŽ); "draw * *drawing under the bottom"; Paviljono harrows under the roof (DLKŽ); pamėsti "to throw after something": Tsar Alexander drove and he lost the bomb under the carriage (LKŽ VIII 69); "inserting help under the bottom"; He put money under the mattress (DLKŽ). All these verbs with a prefix indicate the direction of action "after someone" or show "what after someone is helped" (Galnaitytė 1958:101). The construction with a prefix after the prefix further emphasizes the meaning of the prefix. For example, pavožti "covering under the bottom": Pavožė daiktus po bareliu (DLKŽ); paaūti "weave under the bottom": Weave under the heel higher, so as not to rub (LKŽ I 517); pavilkti "to pull (clothes) under the bottom": Ans pavilka pelkinius po apsiaustu (LKŽ kartoteka); pakdisioti ” pakisinéti- ”: Under the table leg I put some blocks to make it higher (LKZ V 72). From the examples given and the meanings of the predicate, it is clear that the verbs pavažiuoti, pavilkti, pamėsti, pakisti, pavdžti require three actants: subjective, objective and circumstantial. All actants are important for the verb. The object of the verb must be the subject of the action. We have already seen that the prefix indicates direction or place, so the circumstantial act of place is also necessary to complete the verb’s meaning. However, all actants in sentences are not always said. The semantic structure of sentences consists of a predicate and a directive® of three actants: the agent, the patient, and the endpoint. These actants are syntactically realized as follows: the agent is represented by the subject nominative, the patient by the object adjective. The most typical form of implementation of the directive—- prepositional construction. Many verbs with this prefix indicate weak intensity. For example: papliékti "a little punch": Papliekė arklį (su) batagu (DLKZ); paknaibyti "kiek pagnaibyti, panaršyti- ": Paknaibys as fingers bread pulp (LKŽ VI 194). The opposite of this prepositional statement is when it denotes the intensity and strength of the action. For example, to give "hardly what to do“: Lig lunch fourese podaosim (well cut) and will be rye cut (LKŽ II 891). Verbs to "decorate": Šluota kambarį nepuoši (LKŽ X 934); papūsakoti "to describe an event, an accident- "; She returned at dusk and told her husband everything (LKZ IX 449). In addition to the two previously mentioned, there are two other types of phrases that can be used to describe the same thing: "I'm going to tell you a story" and "I'm going to tell you a story". The addressee is omitted here, and in the next sentence —Susirinko kartą jaunesni vyrai medžio vakare ir pasakotojas vienas kitam pasakas (LKŽ 3 Straipsnyje je refers to the classification of semantic roles presented by V. Ambrazo and N. Sližienė (Ambrazas 1986:25; Sližienė 1986:51—55). 123 448)—the addressee is clearly stated. These are the verbs: reddish 'to highlight red, to reddish'; thinning "make thinner"; patdmsinti "to make it darker, worse lit"; pastriūkinti "to make a jacket smaller, to shorten (an object)” indicates that the object of the action becomes larger or smaller than it should be and requires two objects, one of which should be the means (or material) needed to perform the action. The semantic formula of valence would look like this: agent — predicate — subject — instrument A-P-Pt—-1L Another group of verbs denotes a short-lasting action. Sie verbs require actants that indicate a time limit or duration. For example: pablokšti "to throw, beating at someone- ": Einam pablokšim iki pietų (LKŽ I 944); pašerkti "feed for a while": Month feed and you will recover the horse (LKZ XIV 673). A group of verbs without patient, realized by an objective ending, requires an actor, performing the function of a means, and an adverb, realized in the sentence by a vowel. The semantic valence formula of these verbs is: agent — predicate — subject — instrument A:—iP-—Pt —I. The object of the action is the object with which the action is carried out and which is used to act on the direct object. The means of action of verbs is usually determined by specific nouns, the adverbs of which denote tools of work, means of communication, material, parts of the body of a living being. For example: pakalėti "kiek pakalti": Axe pole up (DLK2); ride "to take": Ride the child on sleds (DLKŽ); cover "cover": I cover the walls with boards (LKŽ II 406); to reach "by reaching out, sticking or the like, touching or picking up"; Reach the ceiling with your hands (DLKZ). The instrument can be realized with the inaginous and the preposition with. For example: pabruzinti ’ "to rub, to underline”: This wire rub with a pielyéia to break it (LKZ I 1105); underline 'other'. “underline”: Underlined aslg with a broom (DLKZ); papleekti "kiek pumsti”: I packed the horse with the whip (DLKZ). The formula for the syntactic expression of these verbs is as follows: Nn —Vf —Na —Ni /su Ni.. Iš the examples given show that there is a difference in the relation between the verb and the patient mo instrument. su ir The same verb with a direct su object verb indicates one relationship, with an indirect object verb indicates another. o su — For example, pabalzginti ”balzginant pabaidyti”: Pabalzgink kokiu pagaliu iš po stovy chickens (LKZ I 627). The action pabalzgink hens moves the object, į pabalzgink o pagaliu action does not move the object, which is į completely unchanged. The to instrument corresponds to the tool, 4 The models of syntactic valence are represented by the symbols presented by N. SliŽienė 1986:70). 124 (SliŽienė, 2005). For trivalent verbs with a prefix, the instrumental adverb is important and is considered an objective ir actant. All trivalent verbs with a prefix require a subjective actor. Subjective actants are necessary actants, because without jy the meaning of the predicate would not be quite clear. This actant indicates to whom in the sentence the content of the semantic predicate is assigned or can be assigned (as a certain sign). The relationship between the predicate and the actant is described in terms of semantic functions. The most important semantic categories are the predicate (or predicate), subject and object (Ambrazas 1986:24). The main feature of the semantic subject is the beginning of the reference of the predicate content. In most cases (see the examples discussed), when there is no noun of the actor in the sentence, the verb endings indicate the presence of the subject. For example: paptrsti "offer to marry": Papiršk tu jam tą merginą (DLKŽ); pakrėsti "paberti, padrabstyti- ”: I'll just add some curd to the chicken, and no more (LKŽ VI 546). The semantic subject and the grammatical subject (adjective) may not coincide. Since the logical structure of a statement, having the form of a propositional function, is not identical to the syntactic structure of each sentence, the concepts of subject and factor can also be associated with different units: not all subjects correspond to factors and not all factors to subjects (Ambrazas 1982:7). Trivalent verbs with two objective actants have been discussed earlier, so trivalent verbs with circumstantial actants should be examined in more detail. There is a difference between objective and circumstantial roles. The objective actants have a centripetal direction, and the circumstantial actants have an excentric one. In other words, they are near the edge of action, almost completely uncontrollable by the predicate, prone to acquire independence. The circumstantial (adverbial) actants form the background of the action and correspond to the traditional circumstances (Labutis 1976:76). Among the adverbial roles, according to the specific relationship of the dependent object with the principal, there are the roles of place /Loc/, time /Temp/, cause /Caus/, end /Fin/, direction /Dir/. However, not every circumstance becomes an actor. In semantics, they are defined by the lexical meaning of the predicate. The actant of place and direction indicates the sphere of action of the predicate in space and is expressed by various prepositional constructions: prepositions g, pas, per with the finalis, on, from, behind, from, to with the genitive and preposition po“ with the infinitive. Verbs that are characterized by this structure of syntactic valence Nn —Vf —Na —in Na denote spatial relations and, more specifically, indicate the direction of action or the path of movement. For example: pašlūoti "to remove, to sweep away, to push where": Išvalyvė trobą, nūslavų neišnešė, pašlavė į palovį i teip paliko (LKZ XV 45); break "a little bit": Break the sidecar (DLKŽ); 1: Oti who will accompany me to the house when I'm gone? (LKŽ VII 405); pabraūkti "swiping grab, push": Pabraūkė į šalį sąšlavas (DLKŽ); pavesti “how to send": send him across the street (DLKŽ) 125 (Nn —Vf —Na —per Na). The formula for the semantic valence of these verbs is as follows: A —P-Pt —Dir. Some trivalent verbs with an objective and circumstantial actant indicate that the action is directed to the boundaries of the object performing the local role. For example: sėti "to put seed into the prepared soil": Sėjo darželyje vasarinių kviečių (LKZ XII 462); warm up "to go to pasture; give to feed in the pasture- ": I let the horses run into the green bow (LKŽ VII 274). The formulas for the syntactic and semantic valence of verbs are as follows: Nn -Vf-Na -NI /in Na A -—P-Pt —Loc Trivalent verbs with a circumstantial local act may indicate a certain change in the patient's state. For example: plant "install, accommodate": In my house a stranger planted (LKŽ XIII 281); help "to lay down, to lay out, to place where”: I put the bags on the bed (LKŽ II 450); pakélti "to put something in a higher position- ": Raise me on the lower branch (LKZ V 542). The time actant may be no less important for the meaning of the predicate. Time actants indicate the period of time during which the object of the action is affected or assigned. The actant denoting the time situation is realized by the verbs of the adjective or the noun, marking the units of view. For example: pagrebti "a little, a little bit, a certain time to rake": Pagrėbiau valandą šieną (LKŽ VII 555); help "to lay, to lay down, to put where”: Pasidėk pienui nakčiai (LKŽ VIII 520). The semantic and syntactic valence formulas of these verbs are as follows: i Vn-Vf-Na- -Na ~~ Nn-Vf-Ng- -Nd A-P-:Pt-Temp VV A -P'-Pt -Temp The intervals of time and the moments of time, before which the action marked by the verb occurs, are represented by various prepositional constructions: the final with the preposition before and the origin with the prepositions until, until. For example: pablėkšti "to jump, hitting someone- ": Finam pablokšim iki pietų (LKŽ I 944), nakgdyti "to allow to sleep longer": Jin nakgdo marčią lig pusryčių (LKŽ VIII 161). The formula for semantic valence can be summarized as follows: A —P —Pt —Temp. Another group of trivalenciy verbs is with the circumstantial causal actant. This actant may also be very important for the meaning of the predicate. These are verbs of such predicative structures that tell about unfavorable actions of someone. The actant of cause is realized in the sentence by prepositional constructions: prepositions because, from with the genitive and prepositions for with the dative. For example: 1 paskaūsti "take to hurt": Žandus paskauda nuo juoko (LKŽ XII 785); paginti "to drive out, to drive out": pati vyrą pagins už gėrimąsi (DLKŽ). This analysis of circumstantial roles shows that circumstantial actants, like objective ones, can be necessary and optional conjunctions of the verb. If we consider trivalent verbs with the prefix pa-, we can say that verbs to which the prefix gives a different lexical meaning require an objective and circumstantial actor. Instead, those verbs to which the prefix gives only a grammatical 126 | | Į a i i is LP HL = Nn -Vf-Na from Ng /for Na A -P-Pt -Caus Among the examined trivalent verbs with objective and circumstantial actant there is also the finite — the role of the object. It indicates the objective of the action or the objective to be achieved; in the sentence is realized by the nobleman or usufructuary. For example: paūksėti "call when growing- ": Paūksėk pjovėjams pietų (DLKŽ) (Nn —Vf —Na —Ng); help "to spend, to consume- ": All my earnings I helped to spend on those things (LKZ II 451) (Nn —Vf —Na —Nd). The formula for semantic valence would be: A —P-Pt —Fin. meaning require two objective actants. The number and nature of the actants are determined by the semantic characteristics of the verb. The formal expression of objective and circumstantial actants is more diverse than the semantic one. Abbreviations A —agent I —instrument P —predicate Pt —patent Caus —cause function Fin —purpose function Loc —place function Temp —time function Dir —directional function Vf —personified form of the verb Nn —nomen (noun), n —nominative Ng —genitive Nd —dative Na —accusative Ni —instrumental NI —locative /—marked variants LITTERACY AND SOURCES Ambrazas V. 1982: On the relationship of syntactic and semantic terms. —Syntax of and. semantics issues, Šiauliai, 6—7. AmbrazasV:1986: Syntactic and semantic structure of the unit of a sentence in Lithuanian language. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 25, 4—44. Dictionary of Modern English. New York: University of New York Press, 1993. GalnaityteE. 1958: Verbs with prefix j in contemporary Lithuanian language. —Kalbotyra 1(1), 101—122. Genius. 1971: Syntactic classification of Lithuanian verbs. —Kalbotyra 23 (1), 7—16. 127 Labutis V. 1985: Valentinumas —semantic roles —semantic: structure. —International Baltic Studies Conference, 9—12 October 1985, Vilnius, 65—66. Labutis V. 1976: Problems of word combinations, Vilnius. LKZ —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 3—15, Vilnius, 1956—1991; II ed. 1—2, 1968—1969. Paulauskas J. 1958: The functions of verb prepositions in contemporary literary Lithuanian language. —Literature and Language 3, 303–453. 1994: Morphology of the Lithuanian language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Sližienė N. 1986: Valenting and syntactic classification of Lithuanian verbs. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 25, 45—96. Sliziene N. 1978: On the question of the valency of verbs. —Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics 18, 107—124. Tekorienė D. 1983: The semantic valency of Lithuanian adjectives. — Kalbotyra 34(1), 97-107. TO VERBAL VALENCY WITH PRAFIX PAZ Summary The theory of valence has become particularly popular in recent years. Valence is a peculiarity of meaning, it is peculiar not only to verbs, but also to other forms of speech. The valence of verbs is very relevant for linguistics, because the structure of verbal sentences depends on it. According to the models of verbal valence, grammatically correct sentences are formed. Essay object — three-valued verbs with the prefix pa-. Two groups of verbs are studied: 1) Three-valued verbs, which require a subjective, objective and adverbial mipsis. Prafix gives these verbs a different lexical meaning; 2) Trivalent verbs, which require one subjective and two objective actors. Prafix gives these verbs a purely grammatical meaning. The most important feature of both semantic and syntactic valence is their necessity or facultativeness. Some verbal actors are mandatory (so that the sentence has a proper grammatical structure), the others — optional. 128