Lietuvių priesaginiai deminutyviniai helonimai

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XLI (19990) Laimutis BILKIS Institute of Lithuanian Language, Vilnius LITHUANIAN DEMINUTIVE HELONIMA 1. The most important features of Lithuanian diminutives 1.1. Lithuanian language is characterized by abundance of deminutives. This is emphasized in all works devoted to both synchronous and diachronic word formation studies (LKG I 254; Urbutis 1978: 280; Ambrazas 1994: 130; and others). Especially noteworthy is the diversity of their construction: a large number of suffixes that can be used as construction affixes, the real or potential possibility of making deminutives from almost every noun and a considerable number of adjectives, etc. Chronologically, four layers of Lithuanian deminutives are distinguished: 1) Indo-European: Vedic with the determinative *-k-; 2) in individual ide. deminutives that have begun to appear in dialects and groups of dialects: Vedic with determinatives |, *-9-/-e'-, *-s and with adjective suffixes *-ino-; 3) proto-Baltic: Vedic with the determinative *-t-, adjective suffix *-inoir and suffix *-itio-(< *-ito-+*-jo-); Here we also distinguish a common layer of Lithuanian and Latvian deminutives (Vedic with suffixes *-ėno-(< *-ėn-+ *-0-), *-inio-(< *ino-+ *-io-), *-atio-(< *-ūto-+ *-io-) and with Slavic suffixes -ka, -uška); 4) Lithuanian: Vedic with -aitis (-aitė), -eitė, -uolis (-uolė), -yklė, -uklis, as well as with various Slavic suffixes (Ambrazas 1994: 153). 1.2. In the study of deminutive forms of Lithuanian language, toponymy (especially hydronymy) data are used quite widely. Water names, as a class of place names with little change, can provide valuable data on the development of Lithuanian deminutives (chronology, distribution, etc.). J. Senkus has written about deminutive names of Lithuanian rivers and lakes (Senkus 1963: 249-260), and they have been investigated in particular detail in A. Vanagas’ study of hydronyms (Vanagas 1970). These studies show that Lithuanian water names with deminutive suffixes are adequate to the tendencies of the creation of appellative deminutives: they are characterized by the productivity of the creation (e.g., among the derivatives of prepositions there are mainly river and lake names with deminutive suffixes -elė, -elis) and a sufficiently large inventory of the creation affixes. Similar trends are observed in Latvian hydronymy — among the prepositional limnonyms, the most productive are the deminutive prepositions -i and -in (Balode 1985: 61). So here it is presented! In addition to the mentioned article by S. Ambraz, see also pg. P. Skardžiaus study of word formation (Skardžius spoken category helonyms, or names of marshy places?, analysis, it seems, could be a necessary and 1996). 51 consistent continuation of water names research. In addition, this analysis would provide an opportunity to compare the production of deminutive helonyms- ”* and other hydronyms, revealing their similarities and differences. 2. Problems of analysis of deminutive helonyms Beginning to analyze deminutive adverbial helonyms, several most important problems related to 1) determination of the way of making; 2) determination of the lexical status of the basis of the work; 3) determination of the meaning of the derivative, i.e. its assignment to a certain category of work. 2.1. with regard to the problem of determining the form of the verb, the cases where the basis of the verb is a general noun are mentioned, because alongside any of them there exist in the language deminutive variants made with various prefixes, so that the helonyms may have arisen simply from the latter, e.g., Balėlė b. Rm < balėlė < bala; "B.B. King – The Rise and Fall of a Nation". In the case of such a model, the names of marshy places should be considered as adverbial, i.e. having a suffix that is not an adverbial affix, but simply a morpheme taken from the base adjective. However, it seems that this would not be right. It is quite obvious that the absolute majority of deminutives, which theoretically could be reference words, are not nominative nomenclatural geographical terms, since they are not neutral in the lexical sense, but also express a certain emotional aspect of what is being valued. The term is also used as a nominal term for rivers. The use of such abbreviations is not a common practice. This is not to say that it is not possible, but it is almost impossible to distinguish these cases, so all helonyms with suffixes characteristic of the formation of deminutives are considered derivatives of prepositions. 2.2. In Lithuanian toponymic works, the lexical nature of the basis of the verb is considered to be particularly significant: first of all, its belonging to the class of appellatives or onions, and then to certain smaller subclasses (see Vanagas 1970; 1973: 209— 219; Razmukaitė 1981: 199-206; 1983: 146-153; 1988: 88-104; 1989: 138-147; 1991: 53-60). For example, it is stated that the oikonimy construction, alongside another more universal prefix, is characterized by several types of prefixes, which arose because of the dependence of the prefix on the lexicon to which they are connected, i.e., on what is the basis of the construction: the adjective, the personal name, the toponym (Razmukaitė 1989: 139). It is even believed that the differentiation of place names made in all forms on this basis could be the first step in the form classification (Savu-? The use of these terms is discussed in more detail (see Bilkis 1997: 35-57). 3 Following the established tradition of studying appellative deminutives, the term deminutive helonymy is understood here and in the following articles in a broad sense: deminutives are also considered to be amplificative, meliorative and pejorative terms, especially since in the case of helonyms (as in the case of toponyms in general) it is hardly possible to distinguish the meanings of such derivatives. 52 kynas 1971: 168). Therefore, this division is not avoided when analyzing deminutive prepositional helonyms, because the relationship of the prepositions with the base words belonging to the corresponding lexical layers is to be clarified. It is true that this is not a structural classification, but rather a semantic classification in a certain sense, and therefore the heterogeneity of the classification must be noted (see Toporov 1963: 228). However, it is justified because, as mentioned, the structural characteristics of adverbial helonyms may depend on the lexical nature of the basis for the formation of helonyms. Moreover, this is not a semantic classification of helonyms, but of their base words. Based on what has been said, two main groups of deminutive helonyms are distinguished. The first (1.) includes helonyms made from apelatives (prepositional toponymization), the second (2.) —helonyms made from onims (toponyms) (prepositional transtoponymization). They are divided into more detailed categories: the first consists of physiographic terms, names of plants, names of animals, names of places denoting a group of objects, and so on. ; second: from other helonyms, from the names of rivers and lakes, from oikonyms, from other toponyms. When classifying deminutive helonyms according to the lexical status of the base word, it is sometimes difficult to determine to which group — of appellatives or onyms (more specifically — toponyms) — the latter belongs. The fact that a place name of the same root without suffix is not recorded next to a helonym with a deminutive suffix does not confirm that such a name of a marshy place does not exist or did not exist before in the living language. However, in the absence of a specific possibility to prove this, only those helonyms are to be assigned to the transtoponymization group, in which the placename in the reference word is actually palidified, i.e. written from the living language. It is also important to note that in some cases the base helonym may not be an independent toponymic unit, but a neighboring gender of the vedic, but this is also very difficult to determine. Moreover, this possibility does not have a significant effect on the lexical characteristics of the base of the phrase, since in both cases the derivative is a place name, more precisely a helonym. 2.3. The study of the constructive meaning of prepositional helonyms is complicated by the fact that the base word of a large part of these derivatives is not quite clear or completely unclear, and the prepositions can be distinguished by comparing the helonym with other co-rooted helonyms, river and lake names, other toponyms and such derivatives, in which it is also possible to distinguish an analogous formant (preposition): Al-iūlė b. Alii Col. Swine; At-aisai Col. Slv plg. — At-uonės b. Tiš, At-esys ez. Smn; about the suffix plg. Long-eared rst. Krn, Juod-aisės plk. Btr, Rim-aisai k. Rm, lat. Raunas ež., Klavaisa up., Araisis ež., etc. In such cases, of course, the meaning of the formation of helonyms (including those with suffixes characteristic of the formation of deminutives) is also unclear, so when speaking about deminutive helonyms, only the names of marshy places with a clear formation are meant, i.e. those whose base word is completely clear. The meaning of the deminutive forms of holonyms is not uniform, and in some cases slightly different from that of the corresponding adjectives. 53 2.3.1. Only those whose base word is a general noun can be considered true deminutive helonyms, e.g. Sak-élés < branch; Oak Grove < oak grove; Uodeg-ikė < tail „the narrowing part of the land, meadow, soil, forest“ (LKŽ XVII 460, 464); "Lake and Lakeside- ". These helonyms are analyzed in the first (1.) group. 2.3.2. Helonyms made from adjectives are rather classified not as deminutives, but as names (nomina attributiva) of persons with noun characteristics, e.g. the relationship of the helonym Zal-élis with the basic adjective žalias is about the same as that of the noun kart-ėlė „kartenė (genus of cruciferous plants)“ (LKG I 360) with the basic adjective kartūs; The relation of the helonym Apskrit-ūtė to the base of the verb apskritas, -a is about the same as that of the noun rausvite „samana growing in pine forests on pure sand“ (LKG I 352) with the base of the verb raūsvas, -a, etc. For this reason, it seems that we should not talk about this type of adverbial helonyms during the analysis of deminutive helonyms. 2.3.3. In the case of the deminutive forms of the verbs, the prepositions are not used to denotate the noun, but to indicate the possessor of the noun (nomine agentis). The relationship of the helonyms Murm-élés, Išpūv-ėlė, Siūb-ūkas, Pump-utis, Kriok-užis, etc. with the corresponding base verbs murmėti (mūrma) “to murmur, to gurgėti, to burgėti” (LKŽ VIII 426), išpilti (išpūvo) “to all rotten, to extinguish; turn to rot’ (LKŽ X 1125), sway, „į swing, sway, sway, sway; sway, sway to the surface, sway” (LKŽ XII 585-586), purnpti "expand, swell" (LKŽ X 909, IX 312), screaming "hardly breathing, screeching, puffing; strongly thunder, thunderstorm’ (LKŽ VI 605-606) is an adequate adjective suckling „grip, grab“ (LKG I 334), broken-- up (LKG I 319), slam ‘plant of the family Crassulaceae, slam’ (LKG I 328), glitter "brightness, glitter" (LKG I 324) relation su with basic verbs čiūpti (sighed), collapse (collapsed- ), sludge (straw), shine (shiny). 2.3.4. Iš Helonyms made from su prefixes characteristic of the deminutives of other toponyms also have the specificity of the operative meaning. Such Vedic verbs in relation to the reference word mean only deminutive ne (which is why to they are also called toponymic minor derivatives*), but possessiveness. The ir relationships of origin, of belonging between the derivative of the derivative ir are here sufficiently obvious only because they ne are determined by the relationship of the objects themselves (Vanagas but because of the characteristics of the formant of 1970: 75), the action. For ir example, the helonyms Meldutišk-aitė, Bagm-élis, Zydbal-yté, Kuden-iokas, Svendr-itikas, which make up the corresponding co-roots of the non-adjective place names Meldutiske, iš Bagmas (Bagma), Zydbalé, Kudeénis, Svéndra, sagos -ait-, -el-, -yt-, -(i)ok-, -(i)ukcan be the formant of the derivatives signifying ir deminutivity and possessivity. — karal-ditis, ant-¢lis, kat-ytis, stirn-iokas, generol-inkas (LKG I 411) and so on. * Vanagas 1970: 75. 54 In the semantic studies of river and lake names, the meaning of derivatives made from place names of different classes is treated differently: hydronyms derived from other river and lake names are considered deminutives (together with the possessive expression), and those derived from all other toponyms — possessives. Such differentiation is based on the uneven quantitative relationships of the objects named by the reference word and the derivative (Vanagas 1981: 4648; 94-97). However, such a criterion may be somewhat formal in some cases, because the deminutive relationships of toponyms (derivate and derivative) as language units may not be adequate to the quantitative relationships of the objects named by them: for example, the meadow Sidabrinė may be smaller than the lake Sidabrinditis, but the derivative Sidabrinditis may be a deminutive in relation to the base word Sidabrinė. This is particularly true when it comes to the relationship of helonyms with other toponyms that are their base words, because in this case the quantitative relationships of the objects named (e.g., raisto ir pievas, puola ir pieva, miškas ir ežeras, etc.) are impossible to define at all. For these reasons, all the helonyms made from other place names (both helonyms and other toponyms) are to be considered deminutives and possessives in terms of their meaning, i.e., derivatives, denoting deminutiveness and possessiveness in relation to the base word. Such helonyms, i.e. made from other toponyms, form the second (2.) group of names of the analyzed marshy places. It should be emphasized that when determining the basis of the formation of names of this group of marshy places, the location data of the objects named by the reference word and the derivative must be taken into account, because only when both objects are next to or near each other, the derivative can be considered a product of transtoponimics.” 2.3.5. The significance of the work of anthropohelonyms is also differently understood. Vedic forms made from personal names show dependence in relation to the base word, therefore they can only be classified as possessive forms, e.g. the meaning of the verb of the helonym Abromalis plk. Plnt: Abromas avd. (LPŽ I 60) would be “belonging to Abram”; helonimo Tamul-ianka b. Krkn: Tamūlis avd. (LPZ II 1017) —‘belonging to Tamuli’; helonym Bišl-aitė b. Jnš, which probably originated from *Bisl-aité: Bislis i, (LPŽ I 266) —„belonging to Bisliu“ and so on. This group of holonyms is not the subject of deminutive holonyms analysis. 3. Analysis of deminutive prepositional helonyms 3.1. Vedic with Lithuanian (Baltic) suffixes. Priesaga -aič- -aičė (-aičės). 1. Rūd-aiči rst. Sem < ore” “natural mineral material from which metals are produced; poor, marshy soil with peat impurities, mud.” 3 This provision does not apply to metaphorical holonyms. ® In determining the adjectives contained in the reference words of deminutive adverbial helonyms, various Lithuanian language dictionaries were used, which, in order to avoid frequent mention of them after each reference word, are indicated in the list of literature presented after the article. For the same reason, the meanings of not all, but only the less common Lithuanian adjectives are given. 55 The suffix -aičreta is used not only in the formation of helonyms, but also in the formation of other place names and adjectives (for the latter see LKG I 286). It is considered a variant of the suffix -ait-(-aité). Priesaga -ait- -aitė (-aitės). According to the lexical status of the reference words, the derivatives of clear action are divided into two groups: adjectives and toponimic derivatives. 1. a) from physiographical terms: Alksn-aitė b. Plv < alksna (alksna) „basin, slope, valley; alksnių užaugusi vieta, alksnynas“, also cf. alksnis (alksnys) „tree of the birch family“; Apydém-aité b. Ml < apydėmė "a common plot of land between two farms; panamē, izvara’; Bal-dité b. Kair, Snt, SI; b., rst. Str; "Bailamos con el balcón" (in Spanish). Grvš; Bal-aite b. Grl, Mrk, Svn¢; spades. Bzl, etc., etc. (14 in total); Bal-aité’b. Al, Lzd, Lg; Col. SI; rst. KzR, etc. (15 in total); Bal- -aitės b. SI; Col. Vs; rst. Sem, etc., etc. (9 in total); Bal-aitės b. MI; Col. Kair, Vrnv; White viscous alder Jnk; Col. Grz, Mrc, SI; plk. Mrs < bala; 2nd ed. pp. 22. "Dunbartonshire" (PDF). Durpinyč-aitė b. Alvt < dūrpinyčia „a place where peat is dug or excavated; pit in the peat’; Gir-ditė b. Vs; b., rst. Kpč; Col. Rs, Sht, etc. (10 in total); Gir-aitė b. Vs; Col. Šlv; rst. Mrk; 2b. Kp¢; Col. Dg, Mrk; rst. Arn; Gir-aitės b. Kuč < giria; Šmk < išdaga (išdaga) "burnt or sun-burnt place in the meadow, forest, peat; burning’; Izdeg-aitė b. Erž < išdegas "burned or sun-burned place in the meadow, forest, peat; burning’; "Kaliningrad Oblast" (PDF). kaliningrad-oblast.ru. kalionija ‘single-seated; atskirs zemes gabals’; Vrd < pear (pyrus) "status, steep shore, steeply rising place"; Kupurn-dité b. Kuč < kupūrna "meadow unevenness, hump, bump; ‘green-headed turtle’; Lank-dité plk. Sri Lanka < “a large, flat meadow, usually near a river, flooded during a flood; slonis, slėnis, kalne’; S.L.N.A.S. b. < “flat, be tree-lined location; cultivated land, crop area", but can be a deadjective, e.g. ir — laukkas, -a “with white forehead ar and white muzzle”; Paker-dité rst. Mlt < packet “place po water washed tree roots; flooded, sloping river bank, lake pit bank, crumbling’; Piev-aitė ar Col. Kr; Piev-aitės rst. Dg; Piev-aitės b. Vs < meadow; 1999. pp. 11. "Žmt < meadow meadow;" < Plyn-aitė b. Kbr; Plyn-aitė b., plk. Šk; Plyn-aitė b. Kbr plynė < “flat place, flatness; swamp, marsh’; Sal-aitės b. Alv, Dkšt; Sal-aitės b. Rd < island "a land area surrounded by water on all sides; higher, dry land area in a gutter, raiste, one kind of grass other plants area, kupstas’; Slyn-dité plk. ar Alj slynas < ‘grey-blue or whitish glutinous clay with organic impurities; such clay soil; sludge, mud’; su plant names: Eagle-eye b) iš b. Krkn; Egl-aitė b. Krkn egle < (spruce); Obel-aitė lk. Dg < apple trees; c) iš Animal names: Kuis-aitė plk., tr. Rt < kuisis (kuisys) "uodas, mašalas- "; " Iš The genders of the living language written but untranslated helonyms are not further pronounced in ir the article. 56 d) from the names of various objects or phenomena of the social environment: Pil-aitė b. Lzd < pilis; e) from the names of various objects according to a certain similarity (metaphoric derivatives): Niekot-aitė b. Sltn < niekotė „a bowl for grains, grains to throw away, to throw away; gelda" —for semantics plg. Geld-ėlė b. Ttr. In addition, the number of subclasses of a given class is divided by the number of subclasses of that class. 2. a) from other helonyms: Alksnyn-- aité b. Vs < Alksnynė b.; Ašutin-aitė b. Mrk < Ašutinė b.; Bal-aitė b. Ckn < Bala b.; "B.B.C. - B.B.C.". bbc.co.uk. ; Mrk < Dielin-aite b.; Girnalov-- aités b. KzR < Girnalove b.; Gojin-dité b. Lzd < Gojiné b.; Yvin-dité b. Slvn < Yviné (Yviné) b.; Jendrin-- dité b., rst. Vs < Jendriné b.; Jendrin- -aité b. Vs < Jendriné b.; Kemsin-dité b. Mrc < Kemsiné b.; Kiaulin-aité b. Vs < Kiauliné b.; Cracked b. Vs < Cracked b.; "Kiidabal- -aité (|| Kiidabalaitis) b. SInL < Kūdabalė bi;" (in Lithuanian). "Kūlynaitė b. Lp" < Kūlynas b.; ; Kupstin-- aitė b. Vs < Kupstinė b.; b. Lzd' < Liuotinė b.; Nendrinė- -titė b. Kuč < Nendrinė b.; Ožkabalaitė b. Šk. < Gožkabalė plk. ; Ožnugar-- aitė b. Rtnk < Ožnugarė b.; Purépecha-dité b. Lp < Polabale b.; "Pridviet-dités plk. Rs < Pritdvietés plk. ; Radin-aite b. Kuč < Rūdinė b.; Sirok- -aite plk. Lp. < Siroké plk. ; Tunisk-aités b. Vn < Tuniskés b. A couple of helonymy made not from other nearby objects jvardijanc¢iy names of marshy places, but simply from neighboring genders: Medušk-- aitė b. Alv is probably a reprocessing due to metathesis from *Medukšt-aitė < Medūkštė, Meduksta; Meldutišk-aitė b. Mrk < Meldutic. The linguistic model of toponymic formation naturally extends and represents the result of the interaction of homogeneous toponyms observed in the Lithuanian system of river and lake toponymic formation — derivatives with the suffix -ait-, characteristic of the deminutive and possessive forms of toponymic formation, denoting deminutiveness and belonging in relation to the basic toponymic formation (for the latter, cf. Vanagas 1970: 75). This model of making is represented by other similar derivatives: (b) from oikonimų: Keryv-dité plk. Grk < Keryvai k.; c) from other toponyms: Bal-aitės b. Vrn < Balos pv. ; Bendrabal-- aitė b. Lp < Bendrabolė pv., which is probably derived from *Bendrabalė; Degus-aitė b. Lp < Dėgusė pv. ; Kemsin-aite b. Lzd < Kemsinė pv. ; 2000. pp. 10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. ; Moragin-dité b. Vrn < Moraginés pv. ; "KZR < Glyn-aités plk. ; Sal-aités b. Mrc < Salos 1., pv. ; Sal-aités rst. Dg < Salos pv. ; Varnisk-dité b. Kuč < Varniškės pv. -aitis (-ai¢iai). 1. a) from physiographic terms: Bal-dičiai plk. Str; rst. Dv; Bal- -aičiai col. Ck; Bal-ditis b. Švnč; Bal-aitis b. Pls; Bal-aitis b. Ons < bala; Eglyn- -diciai b. Lp; Eglyn-ditis b. Lp < fir; Ezer-diciai 2b. Out; Col. Zl; rst. Gr, Vyd, Vin; Ezer-aiciai plk., rst. ZI; of the same type of action is the famous helonym Ezeroiciai rst. Ps. of *Ezraiéai; EZer-ditis b. Grz; Col. Blnk, Gr; plk., b. Grk; rst. Lel, Mrc, PzZIM; Ezer-aitis b. Rod; EZeroitis rst. Btr —slaved from *EZer-aitis < lake; Gir-diciai rst. Btr < giria; Karklyn-aičiai col. Bzl; Karklyn-aitis b. Kpč < karklynas; "Kelm-aičiai Col. Mcč < kėlmas; Kvajyn-aitis b. Vs < kvajynas "pine forest"; Liglyndicai b. Lp < *Liglyn-aičiai, apparently, is a kind of processing of the original gender Eglyn-dičiai (see); Lov-aičiai plk. Rs < lovys „loam, stream, canal, ditch“; Mulyn-aitis b. Lp < *mulynas < mud "mud"; Rid-diciai rst. Gr < ore ‘natural mineral material from which metals are produced; poor, marshy soil with peat impurities, mud;’; Rūdyn-aitis b. Erž < rūdynas "marsh with brown water, peat; rusty, rusted water; ore-bearing land’; "Samanyn-- aitis b. Švn < samanynas- ;" (in Lithuanian). Šil-aičiai b. Knv; Shil-ai I. Dg < shielding; (b) from plant 57 names: 4Zuol-ditis b. Dg, Vrn < oak; (c) from the names of animals: Dél-ditis b. Sltn < lätē ‘blood-eating freshwater worm, pumpernickel’; Gaigal-aitis rst. Pkn < tail of ‘antin’; Varn-aitis b. VIZ < vdma; Vilk-aičiai rst. Blink < wolf. SE derivatives can be reliably considered derivatives of various toponyms: 2.a)from other helonyms: Bendraraist-aitis b. Vin < Berdraraistis rst. ; "Kūdabal- -aitis (|| Kūdabalaitė) < Kūdabalė b.;" (in Lithuanian). Skundabal-- aitis b. ŠlnL < Skūndabalis b.; Svokslin-aitis b. Onš < Švokšlinis b.; river nicknames: b) iš Akl-ditis rst. Dbg < Aklis upl. ; c) from other toponyms: Gulbin-aitis plk. Grz < Gulbinas mš. ; Veršišk-- aitis rst. Dg < Veršiškis pv. Quantitative characteristics of helonyms —adjective-derivative —according to the lexical status of their base word and the meaning of the verb depending on it would be as follows: derived from appellatives (toponymization- ), i.e. true deminutives, are more abundant — 75%, derived from toponimy (transtoponymization), i.e. deminutive and possessive derived, comprise 2590. Separate mention should be made of the swamp name Mutrung- -aitis plk. Grk, because its relationship with the oikonyme Mūtrungis k. may be different: perhaps the original gender of the helonym was *Mutrungis, and later, after naming the village with the same name, the relationship of these oikonymes transformed, and the helonym, already as a possessive, acquired the suffix -aitis. This phenomenon is quite common in the namebooks of rivers and lakes (see Vanagas 1970: 77, 126 and others). Some fairly clearly defined derivatives emerge su - Fathers. The jų highest concentration is found in the southern and southwestern edge of Lithuania — around Lazdijai, Alytus, Varėna, Šakiai, Vilkaviškis. Other places of somewhat greater distribution are the eastern part of Lithuania, as well as the area around Raseiniai, Tauragė. It should be noted that the names of the ir rivers and lakes in the (for the latter, see Vanagas 1970: 79) su area with this suffix. True, the names of rivers and lakes on the north nė shore (Priekulė — It extends northward to the northernmį ost point of the island, Stykkishólmur. Priesaga -al- - All right. (-alles). 1. a) iš physiographic terms: Bryl-alė plk. Ms < brylas ‘gramstas’; Daub-alės plk. Pšk < dauba “valley, slope, ditch”; Ganykl-alė plk. Žlb pasture; Obl < < graužas (graūžas) “a component of gravel; gravel, pebble; land near the rodent; rodent; flooded sand pile, island; pebbled, sandy river or lake 58 edges; pear’; Msd < lanka "a large, flat meadow, usually near a river, flooded with water during a flood; valley, hillside’; Mark-alė b., col. Vg; Mark-alės b. Dr; Mork-alės b. NmZ —processed from *Mark-alés < marka ‘place to lay flax, linmarka®; Pelk-alé Col. Col.; Pelk-alė plk. Nm2?Ž; 1999. pp. 10. "Varn < pėlkė;". Piev-ūlė plk. Rt; Piev-alės b. Kl < meadow; "Prūdėlė" (|| Prūdėlė) col. Užv. Prūd-alės plk. Mcč < prūdas (adjective) "pond"; 1999. pp. Klm < ore; Sil-dlé Col. Vvr < šilas; Tyr-alé plk. Tl < tyras "a sticky swamp covered with rare small trees"; Turpyn-alé plk. Pšt, Sl < turpenas "place where there is peat, bog"; (b) from the names of plants: Gurgžd-alė plk. Lk < gūrgždis ‘plant of the umbrella family’; forest chard; St. John's wort; medicinal lubricants; Common chard; poisonous odor; spotted sea turtle’; Karkl-alė b. Dr < karklas; Kytr- -alė plk. Tv < kytrė "horse (marsh horse)"; "Vingrykšt-alė b. Krž < vingrykštis "vingiarykštė"- ". c) from the names of animals: Gerv-alės plk. Als < gėrvė (crane); d) from the names of various objects or phenomena of the social environment: Pil-alė plk. Krt < castle; e) from other adjectives: Šak-alės plk. Pln < šaka „the stem of a tree, shrub or some other plant grows up, grows out”. Tiesa, šis helonimas gali būti ir kitokios darybos —galūnės vedinys iš apeliatyvo šakalys „nestoras, nedidelis pagalys, malkagalis“. The other part -aitė vedic made from various toponyms: 2. a) from other helonyms: Lakstin-- alé plk. Plng < Lakštinė plk. ; b) from oikonimų: Lendrym- -alė plk. Dglk < part of Lendrymai k.; c) from other toponyms: Lank-alė plk. Pšt < Lanka pv. ; "Liekn-alės plk. Plt < Liekna mš., pv. ; Mark-alės plk. Pdv < Markos pv. ; "Sil-alės plk. Žlb < Šilai mš. ; Tyr-alys pic. Stlg < Tyrai drp., gn. The name Pekl-alė plk. Paš is probably derived from the original gender Pekla naming the same object. -alis (-aliai). 1. a) from physiographical terms: Dumbur-- aliai plk. Kltn < dumburys „dubarys“; Ežer-alis Col. Žlb; rst. Pln < lake; Gyvatyn-- alis rst. Varn < snake-house "a place where there are many snakes; raistas’; Mark-a-Lieutenant Varn; Mark-alis b. Varn < marka ‘place to mark linen, linmarka’; 1999. pp. 10. "Silver-plated "Silver-plated"". the edge of a swamp; šlapia drėgna, pelkėta pieva’; Paversm- -alis plk. Plt < pavėrsmis, pavėrsmė "a covered place that never dries up and does not freeze in winter; ‘source, spring’; Pjaun-alis 2plk. Sli < pjaunys "a swamp, a loam, where water is kept in spring and autumn, overgrown with shrubs"; Priid-aliai Col. Jc¢; Prūd-aliai b. Lk; Prūd-alis b. Tt; plk. Pšln < prūdas (prūdas) "pond"; Pušyn-alis Col. Plt.; rst. Varn < pine forest; Rub-alis plk. See < edge, edge, line’; Skynim-aliai rst. Trg < harvesting (harvesting) "harvesting, cutting down a forest area"; Smuklyn-- alis plk. NmZ < smuklynas "smukli, viskpi plk. Jnš; rst. Sug and others (about 75 in total); Prūd-elis b. Alz, Igl, Kp, Ssk; Col. An and others (16 in total) < prūdas (prūdas) "pond"; The holonym Brad-élis rst is also mentioned here. Uzp, which probably, due to distant assimilation, originated from *Prūd-ėlis; Purv-éliai rst. Pvš, 59 Sr; Purv-élis b. JnšM, Mlt, Všn; Col. Mrk; rst. Mrk, Sug < mud; Col. Rag-éliai Vnc; Rag-elis b. Lzd < rūgas "a narrow area of land, interposed in the sea, lake or forest, peninsula"; Raist-ėliai b. Rk, Rmn, Zl; Col. Sem; rst. Elms and others (about 36 in total); Raist-eliai b. km; Col. Lp; Raist-eliai (|| Siauruciai) b. Ktk; Raist-élis b. Antz, Pnm; Col. DI, Rgv; rst. Sug and others (about 180 in total); Raist-elis b. Al, Ant; 2nd. Sug; "Rai-el" (|| Salelis) rst. Rms < 1; Rav-éliai b. Lzd, Rgv; Col. Sin, Slv; Rav Elis b. Jrgz, Lbn, Pn, Rin; Col. Sn; Rav-elis b. Lp < rūvas "ditch"; Reist-elis Col. Šš; Reist-elis rst. Astr < reistas "link"; Sil-ėlis b. Vb — cf. lat. sils „Šilas“ (ME III 839); Skard-élis b. Sdk, Vs < skardis (skardys, skardis) "slope, bank, cliff"; Smél-elis b. Ds < sand (sand); Sod-élis b. Gdr, Str garden; < Stauk-élis b. Knv plg. — left. staw, stawek “peat, small pond” (SJP VI 407), brush. cmay "place on the river where there was a ar dam mill" (Jaškin 1971: 178); Stok-elis b. Knv plg. — brush. Dumplings ‘santaka’ (Jaškin 1971: 181), left. stock „slope, slope“ (Nitsche 1964: 39), also cf. Stok-a-raistis rst. Dbg; Shil-elli b. Rk; rst. Zmt; Sil-eliai rst. Mnd, Sr; Sil-élis b. Rk, Tj: I'm going. Vb; Col. Km; rst. Rm ir kt (total approx. 47); Sil-elis b. Ar, Jnsh, Kt; Col. Pn; rst. Glv kt. ir (total 9) < Silas “a forest of tall, straight coniferous trees growing in sand dunes; bushy field, pasture; viržis, šilojas’; Schlait-el slope "mountain side, back; b. Rk < shore, bank; a favourable area covered with trees and shrubs’; Lanyards b. Yes, Rom, Schem; I'm going. Lē; Col. Pg; Šniūr-eliai b. Nj < šniūras "Alaas narrow stretch of land"; P.S. I'm sorry. Pp < "peat, dirt"; Tyre-eliai plk. Brs, Lkv, plk. Skdv; T.R. Turf; Tyre-eliai plk. Lkv; Tyre-eliai plk. Jnš, Kltn; Tyr-elis b. Lnkv, Rdsk; rst. Lnkv, Plt; T.R. Sk ir kt (total 13); Tyr-elis 2b. Grz; Col. Kis, Plt, Škn pure "a sticky < swamp covered with rare small trees"; Tractors b. Všn; Col. Dgč; rst. Kvr, Moc, Pbs etc. ir (total 15); Trak-eliai b. Všn; Trak-ėlis b. Km, Mrk, Všn; Col. Krsn; rst. Rmš kt. ir (total 12); Trak-elis b. Lp; rst. Dbk trūkas < "high, dry meadow, covered with rare shrubs and trees, forest site; cut off burnt forest area, harvesting’; ar Zard-éliai b. Dj, Lnkv, Mžš, Rim; rst. JnšM, Sug < Zardis ‘enclosed livestock space’; b) iš plant names: Berz-éliai rst. Lel; Birch rst. Brb; Birch tree b. Vs < burdock; Egl-e-lis b. Ob < eglis (eglis), églius (eglius) “juniper”; Gluosn-éliai b. Mrk < wiosnis; Grush-el b. Onš < grūšia "pear tree ir fruit"; Karkl-ėliai b. Trgn < karklas; Klev-elis b. APnm < film; Kal-éliai rst. Wine; Bullet b. Kpč if — both sexes are not distorted iš *Kul-ėliai, Kul-ėlis (< kulys ‘a bay, a promontory; twisting, twisting; angle; edge, piece”), then it may be iš *butt, *butt, ar etc. — plg. kūlynas "wet, covered meadow, ppr. overgrowth of ir aspergillosis; lightning; such marsh grass’; July rst. Ktk < linden; Roses rst. S. r. < rosea PP Mie, a plant of the thorny nt family; water as ‘wv Viki 66 rotting, endangered tree; tree top, shear’; SS-Sturmbannführer. Rtnk - plg. left. szczep ‘graft, offspring for grafting a tree’ (SJP VI 581); Train-éliai b. Ppl, Ps, SI¢ < trainė (trainė) „a grass of the willow family, growing in wet places; poor, fine grass or hay; poor meadow, pasture’; Uos-ėlis rst. JnšM < uosis; Virz-élis, Viržėliai b. Atk < viržis, viržis "evergreen very woody shrub of the ericaceae family with a branched stem, small leaves and pink flowers- "; (c) from the names of animals: Kurm-éliai plk. Atk < kūrmis; Lyn-élis plk. Vs < lynas ‘fish of the carp family’; Bears rst. Sh < meška; Ož-ėliai b., rst. Lp < goat; Goats b. Vrn < goat; Stark-el b. Rk <starkas (starkas) "strong, sturdy"; d) from the names of various objects or phenomena of the social environment: Būd- -ėliai b. Pn < būda „tent, shelter, cottage (of a guard, shepherd, etc.)“; 2nd ed. pp. 222. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Kap-éliai b. Brz, Pcn, Sl; Kap-eliai b. Lg, Zmt; rst. Mlt < graves; Kryz-élis b. Dtn; Col. Mrk; rst. Dgl < cross; Kuol-élis b. Tj < kuolas "to be stuck or thrown somewhere as a punch, a ball, a punch"; Liept-éliai b. Sv < liéptas; Stulp-élis rst. Blnk < column “upright log buried in the ground”; Svirn-éliai b. Dbč, Šiūl; rst. Dg; Stirling rt. Alv < barn “a hut where grain is poured; greater shelter’; 2nd ed. pp. 2b. Rk; rst. Vdn; Suln-eliai b. Ck, Grnk; Suln-élis b. Kp, Lel, Svrk, T¢; rst. Pvš et al. (11 in total) < Sulnis, Sulnys "well"; Tilt-éliai b. Rink, Vt; rst. Alns, Pun; Tilt-edge rst. pcs; Tilt-shift b. Out; rst. KzR, ZI < bridge; Turg-eliai b. SIk < market; e) from other appellativy: Blūd-elis b. Srj < bliidas “wandering, wandering around; stupidity®; Krokšl-ėlis b. Lp < krokšlys "screaming", also cf. krokšlys "a person who screams, screams, stumbled"; Jiezd-elis b. Lzd < jiėzdas "a barrier across the river to hold fish; perkalas- ’; Kupč-ėliai rst. Vrn < kūpčius ‘seller’; Nightmares b. Vs; Murg-eliai b. Nrg, Vs; Murg-elis rst. Mrs < morgan "the measure of the earth"; Stuk-ėliai b. Int; Stuk-eliai plk. Gdž < stūkas "piece, lump, ingot; thick piece of wood, log, breaking- ’; Shap-ėlis b. Pšl < šūpas "Straw, garbage, dust"; Šul-ėliai b. Dt, Pls < šūlas “a cut or pruned thick tree, log; upright log, column, pillar of a building, gate, fence, bridge, etc.’; "Shadow of a Doubt, Ghost of a Doubt, Ghost of a Doubt, Ghost of a Doubt". 2. (a) from other helonyms: Bagm-élis rst. Aln < Būgmas, Bagma rst. ; Baronkaraist-ėlis rst. Aln < Baronkaraistis rst. ; Bogn-egliai rst. "Bogan's House". ; Brad-éliai b. Pls < Bradai b.; 2nd ed., pp. 102. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. ; Gėgiaraist-elis rst. Lel < Gėgiaraitis rst. ; Goj-ėliai b. Ttr < Gays b.; Goj-éliai rst. "Gojus rst. ; Goj- -ėlis rst. "Gay RnB". ; Goj-ėlis rst. "Gojus rst. ; Goj-elis b. Lzd < Gojus rst. ; Grauzup-- élis b. Šmn < Graužupis b.; 2001. rsssf.com. "Grūšiaraistis rst. ; Kaln-ėliai b. Krč < Kalnas b.; "B.B. King - B.B. King". bbc.co.uk. ; Kuik-eliai rst. See < *Kuikiai or similar. > Kilikie —it is true, that the latter, the glorified, gender does not indicate what object it is naming, but based on the adverbial hellonymy it is possible to guess that it should also be a raist; "Boat-élis b. Dbg < Laivas rst. ; Liekn-éliai b. Šmn < Lieknas b.; Liekn-éliai b. Kair< Lieknas b.; Liekn-élis b. Rz < Lieknas b.; Liekn-élis b. Sb < Lieknas b.; Liekn-élis b. Žml < Lieknas b.; 67 Liekn-élis 1k. Pmp < Lieknas lk. ; Liekn-ėlis plk. Vb < Lieknas krm. ; Liekn-elis plk. Jnš < Lieknas b.; Liekn-elis b., plk. Grz < Leeknas 1k. ; Liekn-elis b. Rm < Lieknas b.; Liúg-el b. Krk < Lifigas b.; Liūn-ėlis b. Uzp < Liina b.; Liin-eilis plk. Aln < Liūnas plk. ; Lian-élis rst. Aln < Liūnas plk. ; Liūn-el b. Lel < Liūnas b.; Liūn- -elis b. Mlt < Liina b.; Col. Lian-eli. Sug < Liūnas plk. ; Liūne-elis rst. Skm < Liūnas rst. ; Lūg-eliai b. Lp < Lūgas b.; Super sharp b. Ck < Luke b.; Lūg-ėlis b. Kuč < Prayer b.; Lūg-ėlis b. Mrk < Lūgas b.; 1998. pp. 10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. Over-sharp rst. Lel < Lūgas plk. ; Marg-éliai b. Pls < *Margiai, *Margai or similar (< Margi) b.; Shadow of the mist rst. Uzp < Piktaraistis rst. ; Pjaun-élis b. Grk < Pjaunas plk. ; Plov- - Col. Gdl < Plovas plk. ; Priid-éliai b. Sv < Prūdai b.; Prad-éliai rst. Žsl < Prūdai rst. ; 1999. pp. 1. "Prūdas b.;". "Prūdas b." 1999. pp. 1. pp. b. 1999. pp. 10. "Prūdas b.;". Prūd-ėlis b. Sv < Prūdai b.; "B-Side: "B-Side"- ". ; 2nd ed. pp. b. Prūd-elis b. Lel < Prūdas b.; Priid-elis rst. Z) < Prūdas b.; "B.R.I.S.E- .R.S.E.R.S- .E.R.S.E.R- ." ; "Raist-ėlis b. Glv < Raistas b.;" (in Lithuanian). Km < Raistas b., rst. ; 1998. pp. 10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 1998. pp. 10. "Raistas b., rst. ; "B.S.I.R.S- .E.R.S.E.R- .S.E.R.S." ; Raist-ėlis b. TC < Raistas b.; Raistas b.; Raist-élis b. Vad < Raistas b.; Raist-élis b. Vs < Raistas b.; "Rais-ėlis Col. Krn < Raistas rst. ; "Rais-ėlis plk. Smn < Raistas plk. ; "Rais-ėlis Col. Sug < Raistas plk. ; "Rais-ėlis Col. Vvs < Raistas plk. ; 1st rd. An < Raistas rst. ; 1st rd. "Rastas rst. ; 1st rd. Dgč < Raistas rst. ; 1st rd. Dgl < Raistas rst. ; Raist-élis rst. Vžns < Raistas b.; Rubėžup-- elis b. Sd < Rubėžupis b.; "P.S. I'm sorry, P.S. I'm sorry". ; Sen-éliai b. Srj < Sėnės b.; Finest-sharp rst. Klvr < Smalkstas rst. ; Séiar-élis rst. SdKfz. ; Sil-élis b. Srv < Silas b.; Sil-élis b., plk. Sgl < Silé b.; "Trac-éliai b. Lel < Trakas rst. ; Vilkaraist-élis rst. "Wilhelmina (Wilhelmina)". ; Žart-ėliai b. Rm < Žafčiai rst. ; b) from the names of rivers and lakes: Kers-éliai rst. Dbk < Revenge up. ; 1000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m - 10000 m ; "Stream- -elis plk. Btg < Sraūtas up". ; Varl-élis rst. Mlt < Varlys ež. ; other toponyms: c) iš Ciur-élis rst. Ktk < Ciurys dr., pv. ; Gardens rst. Dg < Gardens 1.; Goj-éliai b. Srj < Gejus mš., pv. ; "Goji Berry". gojiberry.com. ; Goj-élis rst. Rtnk < Gay pv. ; Goj-elis b. Lzd < Gojus mš. ; Corners rst. Dg < angle pv. ; "Kliep-élis b. Pmp < Kliépas, Kliepis pv. ; "Klon-ėlis b. Mrk < Klonė 1.;". "Kulys pv". ; "Lauz-élis b. KzR < Laužas mš. ; Liekn-élis b. Kp < Lieknas pv. ; Leekn- -ėlis b. Kp < Leeknas b.; Liekn-élis b. Pbr < Lieknas pv. ; Liekn-élis b. PnmR < Lieknas krm. ; Liekn-élis b. SI¢ < Lieknas mš. ; Liekn-élis 1k. Kp < Leeknas pv. ; Liekn-élis Col. Pmp < Lieknas mš. ; Liekn-élis plk. Pmp < Liéknas gn., pv. ; Liekn- -élis rst. Pnv < Liéknas gn. ; "Liin-élis b. Int < Liūnai pv. ; B. B. Lee, L. L. Lee. ; "S.P.A.S.- H.S.H.S.H- .". ; Marg-éliai b. Krk < Margai dr, 1; Oziaraist-elis b. Sug < Oziaraistis pv. ; Pjaun-élis Col. Sin < Pjaunys krm. ; Prad-élis b. Ck < Priidas pv. ; "B-side: "Please Please Me"". ; 1000 m: 1st place. ; "Prid- -élis b. Nrg < Priidas tv". ; Prid-élis b. Pbs < Priidas dr., pv. ; "B.B. King - TV". ; Priid-élis rst. BInk < Priidas pv. ; 1999. pp. 11. "Prūdas pv. ; "Prid- -elis b. Bink < Priidas pv. ; Prad-elis b. Z1 < Priidas d., pv. ; Raist-eliai b. Nrg < 68 Raistai pv. ; "B.B.C. - B.B.C.". bbc.co.uk. ; 1999. pp. 10. "Rais-ėlis b. Mdš < Raistas gn., krm. ; "R.I.P.R.I.- P.R.I.P.R.I.- P." ; "B.S.I.P.E- .R.S.E.R.S- .E.R.S.E.R- .S.E.R.S.E- .R.". ; Raist-ėlis b. Tj < Raistas pv. ; Raist-ėlis b. Žkl < Raistas pv. ; "Rais-ėlis plk. Glv < Raistas ar., gn. ; Raist-élis rst. KTV < Raistas pv. ; 1st rd. PBS < Raistas pv., šlt. ; 1st rd. Sug < Raistas pv. ; 1st rd. Sur < Raistas krm. ; Skar-élis rst. "Skardžius grv. ; "Sil-ėlis plk. Kmn < Šilas mš. ; "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" "Silver-Certified" ; "Silver-Certified M.Sc.". ; SS-Sturmbannführer. 1st ed. pg. ; "B-Sides - Slipknot". slipknot.- com. ; "Trac-éliai b. Rm < Trakai mš. ; "Trac-elis Col. Srj < Trakas mš. Of course, it is necessary to bear in mind that there may be more derivatives made from toponyms -elė (-elės) and -elis (-eliai), because potentially next to the latter in the living language may exist unrecorded co-rooted non-adverbial toponyms, but in the absence of specific data on this, it remains to limit itself only to the number of derivatives presented here. In terms of the lexical status of the base of the work and the meaning of the work, -e/vediniai are distributed as follows: derived from appellatives (toponymization), i.e. real deminutives, — 86.3%, derived from toponyms (transtoponymization), i.e. deminutives and possessives, — 13.7%. Deminutive helonyms with the suffix -behaviour are widespread almost throughout Lithuania. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish only those areas where they are very few: this is the area of Žemaitija, except the northern part and the eastern edge. It should be emphasized that the names of rivers and lakes with the suffix -el is also the least common in Žemaitija (see Vanagas 1970: 396). A distinct group consists of -elvediniai from base adjectives or toponyms with more than two syllables. This is a morphological feature of some Lithuanian dialects, and therefore such derivatives are a specific part of the system of suffixation of helonyms. -one (s). 1. well-hole b. Trk < well; Vytin-ėlė b. Pun < vytinė „vytis, rykštė“. 2. a) from other helonyms: Asiūkl-ėlė b. Aln < Asiūklė b.; Asiūkl-ėlė b. Užp < Asiūklė b.; Juodisk-- élés b. Mdš < Jūodiškės b.; "Samanyč-ėlė b. Dkšt < Samanyčia bi:" (in Lithuanian). b) from other toponyms: EZeryn-- élé plk. Lksn < Ežerynas pv. -el (-eli). 1. Aruod-éliai b. Aps < arūodas „barriers made of thin logs or boards in a barn or elsewhere for storing grain or vegetables; sleep’; Soil rst. Sld < dirvonas "abandoned, uncultivated, green soil"; Brž, Pnm < išdaga (išdaga), išdagas "burnt or sun-burnt place in the meadow, forest, peat; burning’; Kemsyn-- élis rst. 71 < kemsynas ‘wet-combed place’; Paberž-ėliai plk. Rdnk < pabėržė (paberžė) "place under a birch tree"; Pravar-élis b. Slk < adjective meaning "a hollow in the marshes, a deep gulf, a chasm"; Source rst. Pun < source (source); Well-hole Rs < well; Uzrav-élis b. Lz < *užravis < rūvas "ditch"; "Translation: "Sweet Dreams"- ". translatewiki.net. 2. a) from other helonyms: Pempyn-- élis plk. Lz < Pempynė plk. ; b) from other toponyms: Darym-élis b. Ad < Doing pv. ; Patyr-elis b. End < Patyris ar., pv. ; Polym-éliai b. Aps < Polymas pv. ; Tyrel-élis b. Grz < Tyrelis gn., pv. 69 In terms of the lexical status of the base of the work and the meaning of the work, multi-stemmed helonyms —-e!/vediniai —are divided as follows: vedic from appellatives (toponymization- ), i.e. real deminutives, —55%, vedic from toponyms (transtoponymization), i.e. deminutives and possessives, —4596. Helonyms, with the suffix -el, made up of more than two syllables, as well as similarly constructed appellatives, are common in the eastern edge of Lithuania (and also beyond its borders in Belarus) and in Žemaitija. There are considerable doubts about the location of their concentration in southern and north-eastern Lithuania and in the territory around Želva, Alytus, Rūdininkai. Perhaps this is the result of the influence of other languages: Slavic in the south and Latvian in the northeast. The derivatives of the verbal pronoun do not differ from the -e/derivaty in terms of the meaning of the verb and the lexical status of the base words. -eye(s). 1. a) from physiographical terms: Degim-ėlė b. Ps < degimas (degimas) “burnt place (meadow, swamp, forest), degesė”; Ežer-ėlė b. Sd; Col. Stč; Ežer-ėlė b. Rd; Ežer-ėlės b. Aps < lake; 1999. pp. 10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Išdag-ėlė b. Ktk; Jnš < išdaga (išdaga) "burnt or sun-burnt place in the meadow, forest, peat; burning’; Išdeg-ėlė b. Antz < išdegas "burned or sun-burned place in the meadow, forest, peat; burning’; Kanav-élés b. Pn < kanava ‘grave, pond’; Kirtim-élés rst. Btr < kirtimas ‘area of forest cut down, harvesting’; Klampyn-- élé, Klampyn-- élés b. Jsv < klampynė "clumsy place, clumsy place"; Lydim-ėlė rst. Žmt < lydimas (lydimas) "cut or burned area in the forest, cutting, harvesting"; News rst. Prn; News b. Ad, Mrk, Svnč < noviena (noviena) "newly dug land; plėšinys’; Paberž-ėlė b. Gaid < pabėržė (paberžė) "place under a birch tree"; Paežer-ėlė rst. PZIM < paežerė "place by the lake"; Pagramdč-ėlės b. Antz < *pagramda < pagranda "a path paved with stones and branches through a swamp, for- $a"; Pagrand-- élés rst. Sdk < base; Pakaln-élé b. Sv < hill (pakdlné, pakalné) "low place at the foot of a mountain, slénys; hillside’; 1999. pp. 100. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. left. plantéwka “marsh meadow” (Nitsche 1964: 83); Plentovk- -élé b. Ds —plg. left. plantowka; Sėdžiuk-- ėlė b. Z1 < *sédZiuka, which is a derivative of sėdžiuka „kūdra”; Narrow-- élé b. Rdd < narrow "narrow place"; "B-Side: "B-Side"- ". soselka "curly"; Siužilk-ėlė b. Dv < *siužilka — plg. soželka "moth"; Sodzelk-- élé b. Aln < sodzelka ‘muddy’; B. Btr < sodziauka "peat"; Soželk-ėlė b. Rink < soželka "peat"; Sudželk-- ėlė rst. "Vln < *sudzelka -plg. sodželka ‘peat’; Šėdžiuk-- ėlė b. Gdr; "B-Side: "B-Side"- ". peat; 1999. pp. 107. "C.S.I.: Crime Scene Investigation". Šioželk-ėlė b. Klvr; 1999. pp. 10. "S.P.A.R.- T.E.R.". Uodeg-ėlė b. Kpč, KzR, Pšl; rst. Arn; Tail rst. Šš < tail „the narrowing part of the land, meadow, soil, forest“; Vadaksn-- élé rst. "Cln, Sug < *column -plg. ‘the bay of a river which only has contact with the river at high tide; flooded area, inundated area’; "Verden-- élė, Verden-élés b. Pš < verdėnė „šaltinis- “"; B.B.C. - B.B.C. brush. 3anawka, “the land that is broken” (Yashkin 1971: 74); b) from the names of plants: Asiūkl-ėlė rst. Lel < proposition (proposition); Sofa edge b. Knn < sofa; 2010-present. Zl < lapuséle < lapuse ‘eukalyptus’; Obel-ėlė b. Dgč, Rk < apple tree; Vytin-ėlė b. Nmn, Rtnk; Vytin-ėlė b. Lp < vytinė "whip, scourge- "; c) from the names of animals: Squirrel b. Lnkv < squirrel; d) from the names of places representing the 70 company of objects: Beržyn-ėlė rst. Lln < birch; Bruknyn-- élé b. Ad < cranberry; Dumblyn-- élé rst. Kvr < algae; Peat bog b. Snt < peat; Gyvatyn-- élé b. Všk < živatyné „a place where there are many snakes; raistas’; Kelmyn-ele b. Jnshk; Col. SI, Shmn < kelmynė; Kemsyn-- ele b. Ob; Col. Gdr; rst. Dgč, Ds; Kemsyn-- éle (|| Kemsinka) rst. Grs; Kemsyn-- élé b. Kp, Ob, Slk < kemsyneé; Mendryn- -ėlė b. Dgč; Mendryn- -ėlė b. Ob < mendrynė "cane"; Pūkyn-élé b. Nc < *pūkynė —plg. pūkai „švylys“, pūkas „leaf, stem, fruit pavirSiaus plaukelis- “, pūkė „such marsh grass, švylys“; "Skarbyn-élé" Srj < *skabynė - plg. precious ‘assets’; money, treasure’; Smilgyn-- ėlė b. Lln < smilgynė "a place where a lot of milkweed grows"; Spalgenyt-ėlė b. Sd: Spalgnyt- -élé plk. Pnt < *Spalgenyt-élé < *spalgenytė < spalgena "cranberry"; "Zilvityn- -éle, Žilvityn-- ėlės b. Lzd < žilvitynė;- ". e) from the names of various objects or phenomena of the social environment: -élé Col. Antz < church (church); Kapin-élé b. Rdšk; Kapin-life b. Rtnk < kapines; "B.B. King – "Sweetheart"". Pagar-ėlė rst. Mlt < steam steamer; "Slabad-- éle b. Alksnp —plg. brush. caabada “a street with two rows of houses; 1971) 1761 – Janusz Korczak, Polish poet (d. sfoboda ‘small rural settlement’ (SJP VI 209); 100 mg/ day (1000 mg/ day) Zb < gabana (gabana) “a bunch of hay, straw or other similar thing”; Aln, Luok, Sh; Niekot-ėf) iš įvairių daiktų pavadinimų pagal tam tikrą panašumą (metaforilė b. Mlt < niekotė "a bowl for grains, grains to waste, to thresh; gelda" —for semantics plg. Geld-ėlė b. Ttr; Skarvad-- élé rst. Brb < skarvada "bakery- "; Skavrad-- ēlė rst. B.P.G. left. skowroda ‘bakery’ (SJP VI 168); Torielk-élé b. Sem < torielka, torielka "plate": g) from other appellatives: Giltin-ėlės rst. Rm < guild, guild "symbol of death; Ak 2. a) iš other helonyms: Blindness rst. Žmt < Blind rst. ; Akmenyč-ėlė b., plk. Vs < Akmenycia b.; Aptek-ėlės b. Vad < Aptekos b.; Ašsiūlkl-- ėlė rst. "Ašvėklė b., rst. ; High-speed rail. Jž < Aukštoji rst. ; s Blindynėlė b. Šd < Blindynė b.; Degesyn-- ėlė b. Všn < Degesynė b.; Degutin-- ėlė rst. PZIM < Degutinė b.; Dėlynėlė b. Blnk < Dėlynė b.; Dilgin-ėlė rst. 10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. ; Dubak-ėlė b. Švnt < Dubaka b.; Dūdbal-ėlė b. PnmR < Diidbalé b.; Esiūkl-ėlė b. Jz < Esiūkla b.; Ežeriokšn-ėlė b. Šmn < Ežeridkšnės (Ežerokšnė) b.; Girnabal-- élé b. Sd < Gimabalė b.; Gyvatyn-- éle rst. "Snake Snake". ; Beef tenderloin 1k. "Kair < Beef 1k. ; Jendryn-- ėlė b. Mrk < Jendrynė b.; Jokumbal-élé b. Jnš < Jokumbalė b.; Karčemė- -ėlė b. Ssk < Kar71 where b.; Kelmyn-élé b. Vb < Kelmynė b.; Kemsyn-- élé b. Antz < Kemsynė b.; Kemsyn-- élé b. Rk < Kemsyné b.; Kemsyn-- élé b. Sug < Kemsyné b.; Kemsyn-- élé b. Uzp < Kemsyné b.; Krekin-élé b. Rtnk < Krekiné b.; Krinyé-élé b. Dv < Krinycia b.; Kubilnyč-- ėlė b. Mrc < Kubilnyčia b.; ; Kulyn-élé b. Pbr < Ruiz b.; ; "B.B. King – The Greatest Hits". ; Makiškėlė rst. JnšM —from Makiška, which is probably derived from *Makiškė; Mauruv-- élé b. Šd < Mauruva (Mauruva) b., plk. ; Meskin-élé b. Sd < Meskiné b.; Milisk-élé b. Pknš < Miliské b.; Molan-élé b. Rm < Molana b.; Opstein-- élé b. Pn —probably hypernormalism from *Opstain- -éle < Opstainé b.; Paduob-élé b. Ps < Paduobé b.; Pakalnin-- élés b. Antz < Pakdlninés b.; Pakap-élé b. Blnk < Pakapė b.; Pempin-élé b. Slk < Pémpiné b.; Pempyn-- élé b. Pmp < Pempyné b.; Pridbal-élé b. Sd < Pridbalé b.; Puitisk-élé b. Šiūl < Puitiska b.; Pitkin-élé (Pūkyn-ėlė?) b. Ut < Pūkinė (Pitkjné- ?) b.; Raisbal-élé b. Sd < Raisbalé b.; Riadakas- -élé rst. Kpč < Riidakasa b.; Sabal-élé rst. PZIM < Sabala b.; Samanyn- -élé b. Pnm < Samanyné b.; Spangyn-- élé, Spangyn-- élés plk. Sk < Spangyné b.: Sudakisk- -élé šlapia vt. APnm < Sudakiske rst. ; Sepet-élé plk. Kp < Sepeta b.; Silin- -élé rst. < Šilinės rst. ; Tarpin-élé b. Jz. < Intermediate b.; Vaidbal-élé b. Lnkv < Vaidbaleé b.; Vaidbal-élé b. Sv < Vaidbalė b.; Vaidul-élé rst. Skm < Vaidūlė b.; Zagviet-- élé Col. Sin < Zagvieté Col. ; Zydisk-élé rst. Sld < Jewish rst; b) from the names of rivers and lakes: Dikin-élé b. Uzp < Dūkinė up. ; "B-Side: "Let's Get Up"". ; Pijuos-ėlė rst. Dsm < Pijūose ež. ; Virčiuv-ėlės b. PS < Virčiuvis, Virčiuup. ; (c) from oikonimų: Margavon-élés b. Sd < Margavėniai k.; d) from other toponyms: Asiūkl-ėlė rst. Dbg < Proposal pv. ; AUolyn-élé b., Col. Poc <4žuolynė 1.; Bendrov-- life rst. JnšM < Company P.O. ; Bubin-élé b. Tj < Bubinė pv. ; Darym-élé b. Rim < Darymas pv. ; Eglin-ėlė b. Brž < Eglinė pv. ; Guobyn-élé Col. Krns < Guobyné pv. ; Kairabal-- élé Col. Aukšt < Kairabalé pv. ; "Kelmyn-- élé b. Lg < Kelmynė 1g". ; "Kelmyn-- élé b. Slč < Kelmynė sln. ; Kemsyn-- élé rst. Sv < Kemsynė pv. ; "Krikiškėlė b. PnmR < Krikiškis dr., > PV Lapyn-élé rst. Prv < Lopinė vi. mite; Pagrand-- élé plk. Vins < Pagranda pv: Papiliakalnėčlė b. Ds < Papiliakalnė oy Patilt-élé b. Rim < Patiltés vė dr., pv. ; Plentauk- -élé b. Sk < Plentauka pv. ; "Pliukazar- -élé b. Šiūl < Plittkazaré In". ; "Samanyn-élé b. Sb < Samanyné krm. ; Smélyn-éle b. PnmR < Smélyné dr.; Sakaunyé-élé rst. Ktk < Sakaunyéia dr., pv. ; 1999. pp. 10. "Uodega gn., mš. ; "Vilkaduob-élé b. Pmp < Vilkūduobė krm. The morpheminé structure of several helonimi (the presence of another suffix) suggests that they are -ėlė derivatives of unrecorded, but in the living language may or may have existed place names: Ilgav-ėlė b. Kvr —possibly from vv. */lg-ava — plg. Gal-ava rst. Warn; Ged-ava Col. Pdv; B. Bč-—possibly from vw. *Kump- -iškė —plg. Kūmpis, Kumpys, Kumpius avd. (LPŽ I 1119); 1999. pp. 10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. Kuž-iškės p.v. Bnk: Kužas, Kužys avd. (LPZ 11144); 72 Mulain-élé b. Pn —if there is no dialect from *Molain-- ēlė, then perhaps from vv. *Mul- -ainė or similar. —cf. 10, pp. 100, rd. Nc. -shade(s). 1. a) from physiographic terms: Akmen-éliai b. Vs < akmuo; 1999. pp. 13. "A young man's life". offspring’; Source 1k. Sd.Kfz. lat. fonte “source” (LLKŽ 101); Ažusien-- ėlis rst. Aln < ažuūsienis "gallulaukė"; Darymė-- ėliai rst. Slk; Darym-éliai rst. An; Darym-élis b. Gb, Mdš, Rim; rst. Int, Moc, etc. (total 8); Darym-élis rst. Sld < making “a buck, a sticky ball, a raist”; Degés-éliai b. Kp < degésas, degesis, degesys "residue of burning, burnt wood, burnt residue", degésé, "burnt place, place of fire"; Deges-élis b. Kp < degėsė "burnt place of bog or forest", degesys "burnt place (in bog)"; Degilm-élis b. Rz —possibly from *degilmas "burning- "; Flame-sharp b. Jz, Ps, Rd, Srv, Vdn; Col. Kvr and others (15 in total); Flame-sharp colt. Lp; rst. Mlt, Šš < degimas (dégimas) “burnt place (meadow, swamp, forest), degassed”; EZer-éliai b. Jnšk, SI¢, Slk; rst. Al, Pun, Shvn; Ežer-ėliai plk. Lp; Ežerėlis b. Skš; 1k. Dj; Col. Jz; rst. Gdr, Žmt, etc. (about 100 in total); "Ežer-ėlis (|| Ežerūkas) b. Srj". Ežerėlis b. Pmp, SI¢, Ut, Zb; rst. Krn et al. (about 21 in total) < lake; here probably would belong and Ažar-ėlis b. Krkn, which is considered a reprocessing (slaving?) of *Ežer-ėlis; Lp, Ppl, Rgv, Sdk, Svn; b., rst. First; Developer b. Pnd; plk. Btr < išdaga (išdaga), išdagas "burnt or sun-burnt place in the meadow, forest, peat; burning’; Šmn < išdegas „burned or sun-burned place in the meadow, forest, peat; burning’; Channel-- edge b. Dbn < channel; Kirtim-élis b. Tsk < kirtimas "cut down area of forest, harvesting"; Gutter-shadow b. Kpč < gutter "flow, jet; clan, valka, liūgas; bale clamps; raistas’; Lydim-élis b. Dgč, Sug, Vs; I'm going. Large; plk. Šš < lydimas (lydimas) "cut or burned area in the forest, cutting, harvesting"; Lydym-élis b. Kuč < lydimas "cut or burned area in the forest, cutting, harvesting"; 1999. pp. 10. "B.J.S.A. - The B.J.S.A.". MéZim-élis b. Ab —probably from *Meézym-élis < mėžymas,uzmézta dirva’; Paežer-ėlis b. Ob < paežerė, paežerys (paezeris) "place along the lake"; "S.P.A.R.- T.E.R.S.: The Final Cut". field near the forest’; Pagoj-élis rst. Kvr < pagojis "place near the goyim"; Pakaln-éliai b. Vb < pakalnis (mountain, hill) “low place at the foot of a mountain, valley; hillside’; Pakap- -ėliai b. Blnk, Km < pakapé "place near the cemetery"; 1999. pp. 10. "Springfield: A place to be". the edge of a swamp; šlapia, drėgna, pelkėta pieva’; Perkal-ėlis b. Rm < pėrkalas “a frog dam in a river with gaps into which are put bars to catch fish”; "B.R.I.S.E- .R.S.E.R.- S.E.R.S.E- .R.S.E.R.- S.E.R.S.E- .R.S.". perkuliné ‘muddy swamp’; Polym-edged plk. Lkm; Polym-sharp 3rd. Ktk, rst. Lkm < polymas "low damp, marshy place, raist"; Pragar-élis b. Rk < prūgaras "pit, abyss, hell"; Pravor-ėlis b. Rok —probably from *Pravar-- élis < nickname "hole in marshes, deep gulf, abyss"; on the other hand, cf. pravor “distillery or brewery, brauhaus”; Rūdym-ė-- ėlis b. Km; rst. Msn <rūdymas (raidymas) “marsh with brown water, peat; rusty, rusted water; ore-bearing land’; Ridyn-élis b. Srd < rudynas "marsh with brown water, peat; rusty, rusted water; ore-bearing land’; Samanykšt-ėlis b. Antz; rst. 73 Dgl, Gdr, Lel; Samanykšt-ėlis b. Ut; rst. Ds, Vžns < samanykštis, samanykščius (samanykščius) “moss-covered place”; Skynim-éliai b. Všn; rst. Faster; b. Pnd; Skynim-élis b. Brž, Jon, Ob; Skynim-élis b. Lzd, Št < harvesting (harvesting) "harvesting, cutting down a place of forest"; Krn, Krtš, Mrk, Plv, Stk: Šaltin-ėlis rst. Lkm, Šš < source(s) ‘water spring flowing from the ground’; Saltyn-elis b. Sd; Saltyn-élis rst. Auk < source "Source"; "Telėtnink-ėliai" (t. Telėtnyk- -ėliai) rst. Oak; Telėtnyk- -ėlis (t. Telėtnyk- -ėlis) b. Rn; rst. Mlt < telėtninkas (telėtnykas) ‘calf enclosure; calf pasture, meadow at the farm’; Ūžbal- -ėliai b. Rz; b. Vb < ūžbalis "place behind a pool, swamp, pond"; Foreign rst. Rdd < wall “place beyond the wall; the leg’s ridge’; Valak-ėliai b. Pš, Srv < valūkas „žemės sklypas apie dvidešimt dešimtinių; the edge of the earth far from home’; Zardien-- élis b. Rm < žardiena "covered place near the house; shed, enclosure’; (b) from plant names: Apyn-élis b. Švn < apynys; 2b. Vs; Col. Ut; rst. Mlt < oak; b. Rm < thorn (thorns, thorn); Kanap-ėlis b. Knn < canapé; Lazdyn-éliai b. km; Lazdyn-élis rst. JnSM; Hazelnut b. Sv < hazelnut; Paliep-ėlis rst. Šš < commanded "Jakštabudžių family edible mushroom", on the other hand, cf. Paliepis ‘vieta po liepa’; Žilvit-ėlė b. Rgv; rst. Ut < vasculitis; c) iš animal names: Katin-élis plk. Skm cat; < Meskin-élis b. Lkč < manure; Beetle 1K., plk. Grz < beetle; Vanag-élis b. V < cows; d) iš names of places representing the company of objects: Alksnyn-élis b. Kc, Ob, Svn; rst. Vlkv, Zsl kt. ir (total approx. 14) < alder; Asyn-élis b. Gdr < *asyns < asyns ‘offer’; BerZyn-élis b. PnmR, Skm; rst. Brš, Lin, Mrs kt. ir (total approx. 17); BerZyn-élis b. Gdl, Svn; rst. Pn, Skrd birch; < Biriyn-élis rst. Full < Screen ‘birch’; Bruknyn-élis b. Grz < bruknynas; Durpyn-élis plk. Pknš, ZIb peat; < Eglyn-éliai rst. Lel; Eglyn-élis b. Sv; Col. JnSM, Lin; rst. Aln, Lel, Trgn, Uzp; Eglyn-élis b. PnmR; rst. Brb fir; < Karklyn-éliai b. Sltn; Karklyn-élis rst. Krn; Karklyn edge b. Sng, Srj karklynas < ‘the place where the chard grows; many harrows’; Kemsyn-élis rst. Lel < kemsynas "wet-kamsized place"; Kupstyn- - Alive, Col. St < kupstynas "a place where many busts; kemsyn’; Liepyn-élis rst. Akm < linden forest, a place covered with linden; liepų miškas’; Nendryn-élis b. Rdm, Sn < reed ‘area covered with reeds’; Purvyn-éliai b., rst. JnšM; Purvyn-élis b. Lzd, Trgn mud < “a place with a lot of dirt; ištizusi žemė, alga’; Pušyn-ėliai plk. 1g; Pusyn-élis b. Ob; Col. Cramps; rst. Jsv, Lel, Žsl kt. ir (total 11); Pinus sylvestris b. Bsg, Ob, Sml, Užp pine forest < "pine forest"; ; Samanyn-éliai b. Lzd; Samanyn-élis b. Lzd; Col. Lp, Mrs; rst. Alv, Slvn; Samanyn-élis b. Lzd, Žl < ‘moss-covered area’; Viksvyn-élis b. Trgn < viksvynas "a place covered with willows, a meadow of willows"; e) iš various social environment objects ar phenomena names: Abaz- -shade b. Km < abaz “a band, a company, a gang; carriage of soldiers to carry ir jų mantas; camp, army’; Aboz-eli b. Psl abozas < „carriage for soldiers to ar jų carry manta; ‘carriage convoy’; Bravor-shade b. Smn < bravoras “distillery ar brewery74 ”; Malan-élis rst. Pkln < mill; Šulin-ėliai b. Mrk: Col. Jrb; 2009. pp. 101–102. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w rst. Sem < well; niai vediniai): Aruod-ėlis b. Rgv < arūodas „barriers made f) iš įvairių daiktų pavadinimų pagal tam tikrą panašumą (metaforiof thin logs or boards in a barn or elsewhere for storing grain or vegetables; sleep’; Dunoj-élis b. Srj —probably from the adjective dunojus "big water" —cf. Danube up. in Europe; Boiler rst. Where; Katil-ėlis b. Aln, Rm < boiler "large metal vessel for cooking", on the other hand, cf. katilėlis "plant genus of the boiler family; a plant of the Asteraceae family; Common Sinavade; a plant of the vine family; paveidnis vijoklis’; Nemun-élis b. Kpč —probably through the appellative némunas from the river Nemunas (for similar formation of river and lake names see Vanagas 1966: 173-182); Ktk < vainikas „a braid of flowers or other grasses; Tree branches and leaves as a whole, bark’; "B-Side: "B-Side"- ". vent "abdomen, bowels"; g) from other appellatives: Balad-ēļi rst. Lln-plg. ballad "ballad, ballad"; Baltim-élis rst. Vrn —probably due to dialectal abbreviation i. from *Baltym-- élis < baltymas "white leaf, white dot"; 4th ed. pp. 4. There are several other helionyms for this group: Išdeg-ėlė 2b. Rk, b. Ukm; plk. Šš —without knowing the place of the consonant, it is not possible to determine the base word, because it can be both išdegas „burnt or sun-burnt place in the meadow, forest, peat; burning“ (in this case, helonyme is considered a deminutive), both išdėgti < dėgti „to heat from the sun, to dry; when heated, to rot” (in this case, helonyme is considered to be a derivative of the nomina agentis type); Excavated rst. Lkm —without knowing the place of the consonant, it is not possible to determine the base word, because it can be both *išgriuva —cf. išgriova „excavated, excavated place“ (in this case the helonym is to be considered a deminutive), as well as išgriūti (išgriūvo) „to be excavated“ (in this case the helonym is to be considered a derivative of the nomina agentis type). 2. a) from other helonyms: Akivar-élis b., rst. Glv < Akivaras b.; Asiūklynė-ėlis b. Skm < Asiūklynas rst., Asiūklynė b.; Baltramišk-ėliai plk. Rgv < Baltramiskis rst. BerZyn-- éliai rst. Lp < Beržynai rst. ; Berfyn-élis b. Lzd < Berzynas b.; Darym-éliai (Antrasis) b. Dgč < Darymai (Antrasis) b.; Darym-éliai Col. Aln < Darymai b.; Darym-élis b. Lel < Darymas b.; Deges-élis b. Lel < Degésis rst. ; 1999. pp. 10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Burn-in rst. Sh < Burns rst. ; Lnkv < Burn b.; Combustible b. Shmn < Combustion b.; Tč < Burns b.; Burn-heavy rst. Vs < Burning plk., rst. ; Dinabark- -ėlis rst. Skdt < Dinabarkas rst. ; Dumbrav- -élis plk. Vb < Dumbravas plk. ; Dunaj-ėlis b. Vb < Dunajus b.; Eglyn-élis rst. dalis Trgn < Eglynas rst. Part; Eglyn-élis rst. Lin < Eglynas rst. ; Eglyn-ėlis rst. Onš < Eglynas rst. ; Drinking-- living rst. Aln < Drinking place rst. ; 2nd ed. pg. p. Rgv < Išdagas b.; Jaujabal- -élis b. Mrc < Jaujabalis b.; Black-tailed stingray. Lkm < Juodapurviai rst. ; "Cemetery B". cemeteryb.com. ; Kemsyn--- élis rst. Skm < Kemsynas rst. ; Kerbal-ėlis b. Rd < Kerbalys b.; Kirtim-éliai rst. Dg < Kirtimai plk. ; Klimot-élis rst. Aln < Klimatas rst. ; Kupstyn-- élis b. Lzd < Kupstynė b.; Kupstyn-- élis b. Rdd < Kupstyné b.; Nendryn-- élis plk. Brt < Nendryné plk. ; 75 c) from oikonimų: Blakč-iūkai b., plk. Rd < Blakčiai vs.; d) from other toponyms: Apšak-iūkas plk. Pšln < Apšakis dr.; "Alcyon B". alcyonb.com.au. ; "B.B.C. - B.B.C. - B.B.C. - B.B.C.". ; "Liekn-iūkas plk. Klk < Lieknas mš. ; The World-Child rst. Zp < The world flows; Peč-iūkas b. Kpč < Pėčius kln. ; "Raistel-iūkas plk. Aln < Raistėlis pv. ; "Vilkasal-iūkas plk. Šln < Vilkasalis pv. ; "Zotvar-- ukai b. Lbv < Zotvarai pv. -(i)uké (-(i)ukės). 1. a) from physiographical terms: Bal-iūkė b. Grz, Jnš, Lg, Rd; Bal-iūkės b. Jnš; Bal-ūkė b. Lksn, Švn, Vrn; 2nd ed. by L.B. Sng < bala; Brast-uké b. Srj < brasta; Duob-uké b. Grz; rst. Sem; Duob-uké b. Dg < duobė; 2000) 2000 – "Giro d'Italia" (feat. Klampyn-uké rst. Al < viscous, viscous place, viscous®; Kiidr-uké b. Alv < peat (peat); Moorish hair. Kp < Maasai, Mdur; Pabal-inké b. Mrk < pabalé, pabalys "place by score"; Pelk-inké plk. Krp; 2010. "Vdk < plke;" (in Polish). Piev-uké b. Step < pieva; "Saltin-uké b. Lzd < source;". b) from the names of plants: Asiūkl-iūkė b. Gaid < asiūklis (asiūklis); c) from the names of various things according to some similarity (metaphoric derivatives): Nykot-ūkė b. Vs—probably a reprocessing of *Niekot-ūkė < niekotė “a bowl for grains, grains to crush, to shred; gelda’; Skarvad-- ūkė b. Brb, Švn < skarvada "bakery"; d) from other surnames: Dal-iūkės 2b. Vs < part “a certain quantity of the whole item”; b. Btr < *merkykla < merkti “to put, immerse in water or any other liquid; urinate, hydrate’; b. Krsn < *mirkykla < to be immersed in water or some other liquid, to dwell in water; Vytin-ūkė b. Vs < vytinė „Vytis, rykštė“. 2. a) from other helonyms: Bendr-ūkė plk. Sit < Bendrė plk. ; Gervin-ūkė b. Slvn < Gėrvinė b.; Mirtykl-ukė b. Al —due to dissimulation from *Mirkykl-- ukė < Mirkykla b.; Pal-iūkės b. Lzd < Palios b. Lzd; Plovin-ukė b. Ūd < Plovinė b.; Sodželk-iūkė b. Prnv < Sodželka b.; b) from river surnames: Baravykin- -ukė b. KzR < Baravykinė upl. ; c) from other toponyms: Ašutin-ūkė b. Sng < Ašutinė pv. ; "B.B. King - B.B. King". ; Dėlin-ūkė b. Lp < Dėlinė pv. ; 1999. pp. 10. "Kašpirovskis P. V.". In terms of the lexical status of the work and the meaning of the work, -(i)ukvediniai are distributed as follows: derived from appellatives (toponymization), i.e. real deminutives, —79.9%, derived from toponyms (transtoponymization), i.e. deminutives and possessives, —20,190. Deminutive helonyms with the suffix -(i)uk are more or less common throughout Lithuania, except in the western and northern part of Žemaitija. It is interesting that almost all of the greater concentrations of them — eastern and northeastern Žemaitija, the area of Central Lithuania around Baisogala, Krekenavas, eastern part of Aukštaitija — coincide with the more prominent areas of river and lake names (for the latter cf. Vanagas 1970: 418). 82 "(I)ukl- -(i)uklis". 1. Ežer-iūklis b. SI¢, Všk < ėžeras. "(I)" (in Japanese). 1. Bal-iūkštė b. Vies < bala. -(i)high. 1. Saman-iūkštis (|| Samanykštis) rst. "Suman" (Suman, Suman). Priesaga -(i)ul- -(i)ulé (-(i)ulės). 1. Bruzg-ulés b. Mrk < bruzgai, brūzgas “dense, thin bushes, shrubs”; Duob-ulė b. R; rst. Trgn; Duob-ulė rst. Žž < pit; Išdeg-iūlė b. Všk < išdegas "burned or sun-burned place in the meadow, forest, peat; burning’; Krak-ulés rst. On < crake ‘koroas’; Vaid-ūlė b. Sug; b., rst. Skm; rst. An, Cln; "Shadow of the Colossus: Ghost, Ghost, Ghost". -(i)ul(s). 1. Duob-ūlis b. Kž; rst. Lk < duobė; 2b. Sin; Col. Pdb; rst. Sdl; T.R. Sl et al. (8 in total); Tyr-ulis b. SI; plk. Rd < pure "sticky swamp, covered with rare small trees"; Trak-ulis b. Krn < trakas "high, dry meadow, covered with rare shrubs and trees, forest site; cut or burnt forest area, harvesting’; "Vaid-ūliai plk., rst. JnšM; rst. "Ghost, Ghost, Ghost". Some more deminutive helonyms with suffix -(i) were recorded in eastern Lithuania. Priesaga -(i)ut- -(i)uté (-(i)utės). 1. a) from physiographic terms: Bal-uté b. Jon, Pn, Pz, V; rst. Dbg < ball; Daub-uté plk. Stn < dauba; b. Prnv < dirva; "Grab-ūtė b. Erz < grabe "ditch"". Kamp-uté b. Srv < angle "the point where two lines, planes, walls or objects intersect; the corner; the region, the country; half; area, plot of land; borders; piece’; Kams-uté plk. Vdk < kamša "a road paved with spikes, twigs; filled, filled pit; viscous spot’; Lank-ūtė b. Graž; Col. Všt; Long- -utė Col. Pjv < lanka; Mark-utė b. Šlv; Mark-ūtės plk. Skdv < marka „place to lay flax, linmarka- “; Nuotak-utė b. Pns < bride (bride) "leakage, bridal, running away; a fresh meadow, through which the slope water flows’; Pelk-ūtė b. Grk, Šiv; Cols. Ck, Rdd, Rs and others (about 25 in total); Pelk-uté b. Grnk, Šln; 2plk. Btg, Col. Rd and others (7 in total); 2nd pt. Rs; wet vt. Cm < dust; Plyn-ūtė Col. Br, Gž, Kt; rst. Lap, Sil i et al. id total 9); fri Lv, Py, Pl, Zal < plyné ‘gas’ ‘curl’; Trap-a-thon. Kim < trakas "high, dry meadow, covered with rare shrubs and trees, forest site; cut or burnt forest area, harvesting’; b) from the names of plants: Karkl-ūtė plk. Varn < karklas; c) from the names of animals: Krak-ūtės b. Lksn < krake „karosas“; Kirk-ūtė b., plk. SI < kirka "otter, otter":; Mešk-ūtė b. Ss; rst. Dg < bear; Gožk-ūtės rst. Trkm < nažka; Vilk-ūtė b., rst. Aschmn < wolf; d) from the names of various objects according to a certain similarity (metaphoric derivatives): Geld-utės b. Vlkj < gélda “a long vessel carved out of one tree, a nothingness; beds for feeding or watering animals; lomelė, duobė dirvoj’; Pyn-ūtė rst. Rok < pynė "someone scratched, entangled"; e) from other appellatives: Kap-utė b. SI < tombs, grave; 100 sheets rst. Nmt; Leaf rst. Knv < sheet ‘plant leaf’; Lauž-ūtė b. Skėm < laužas "a pile of wicks, frogs, branches, branches"; "Pul-iūtė" (|| Pulka) rst. Zl < police "wave, wave"; 83 Vaid-ūtė rst. Sug < vaidas "ghost, ghost, ghost"; Frog rst. "Dbg < žūbas "virbas, žagaras- "". 2. a) from other helonyms: Lank-ūtė b. Trg < Lanka b.; Plentauk- -ūtė b. Vs < Plentauka b.; "B-Side: "B-Side"- ". ; "Plyn-ūtė plk. Mšk < Plynė plk. ; b) from the names of lakes: Ak-ūtė rst. "Akis". ; "B.C. Long". bclong.com. ; c) from other toponyms: Mark-ūtė plk. Trg < Markos pv. ; Pelk-utė Col. Sin < Pėlkė pv. ; "Plynautė b. Pjv < Plynia drp. ; Plyn-ūtė rst. Vv < Plynė pv. The holonym Kęsuv-ūtė b. Sg can be made from the unrecorded place name *Kesuva or similar. —cf. késas ‘keemsas, kupstas’. -utis (-es). 1. a) iš physiographic terms: Gal-ūtis rst. End of < KzR ‘country; hay; fish; end’; Goj-ūtis Col. Onš < gay; Kirn-utis rst. Srj < kirna “water-- washed root of a tree or shrub on the river bank; bushy, wet place; a place where trees have fallen, a fire, a broken tree’; Pjaun-ūtis plk. Vdk < pjaunys "a swamp overgrown with shrubs, where water stays in spring and autumn"; Horn-owl b. Ldvn; Col. Lkč rye < ‘a narrow stretch of land interspersį ed by a sea, lake or forest, a peninsula’; names of b) iš animals: Krak-ūtis b. Raise a < Pot ‘karosas’; The Bears rst. Pvš; Mešk-utis rst. Onš < meška; 2010. Vilk-ūčiai rst. Stk < wolf; Other names: c) iš Bačk-ūtis rst. Stk < bačka ‘static’; Pt-Cd. Bt < kiigis (cone) “large hay, straw, ar etc. stack, stirt, hiccups’. 2. a) iš other helonyms: Milk-duties rst. Dsm < Milkai rst. ; b) iš river nicknames: Berž-ūtis plk. Aukš < Birch up. ; c) iš other toponyms: Moving-eye rst. Pun < Jewish or. The basis of the thesis in terms of lexical status and the meaning of the thesis -(i)utvediniai are distributed as follows: vediniai apeliatyvų iš (toponymization), t. y. real deminutives, — 87,3%, Vedic iš toponyms (transtoponymization), t. y. deminutives and possessives, —12.7%. Deminutive helonyms suffix su -(i)does not constitute wildlife habitats. Only a higher concentration is noticeable jų Nearby. Į north of the line Varniai — Šiauliai — In this case, — the skeleton does not appear to be broken. Priesaga -(i)ūt- - Ears. 1. Šiūl b. beaver < (beaver) -(i)até (-(i)utes). 1. Abshar-ūta b. Grv plg. — brush. a6wap , "large area of land" (Jaškin 1971: 7); Egl-iūtė b. Jk < eagle (spruce); Kel-iūtė b. Cln kelia. < 2. a) iš Other helonimuy: Kiskiabal-iiite b. Dg < Kiskiabalé b. Helonimai su suffix -(i)constitutes du micro-areas: first eastern — Part of Lithuania, the second — the southern edge of the Dzūkijos. 84 3.2. Slavic Slavic. su All derivatives of this group are made with the suffix -ka and its various variants. Priesaga -time 1. Bal-aika plk. Lp < bala; Gir-aika rst. Nmč < giria; 1999. pp. B. Upton. < 2. Kumpuol time b. Dgč < Kumpuolé up. Plg. brush. vw. XKopmaiixa (Lemciugova 1970: 89), Russian. vv. Hepydaixa (Podolskaya 1983: 91) ir Sir. Prefix -(i)anka 1. Lerm-anka Col. Vdk < lärm "noise". 2. Milch-janka b. Grl < Flour up. Plg. brush. vv. Yuécanka, Xeauwuanxa (MB 242, 245), left. vw. Chrošcianka (Halicka 1976: 201), Kosianka (Halicka 1978: 40) and others. Priesaga -atka 1. Kems-atka b. Imbr < kēmsa, kēmsas "a stump or a lump of land covered with grass or grass". The derivative is considered a hybrid form — from a Lithuanian base word and a Slavic suffix typical of the formation of deminutives — cf. brush. vv. Jawuamka, Jeanamka (Lemciugova 1970: 89). "(i)auk- -(i)auka (-(i)aukos- )". 1. a) from physiographic terms: Daub-aukos rst. Bud < dauba "valley, slope, ditch"; Kems-duka b. Rk < kemsa, kemsas "samanomis or "bay, cape; žole apžėlęs kelmas ar žemės kauburelis, kesas®; Kul-iauka b. Trgn < kulys (kūlis) twisting, twisting; angle; kraštas, gabalas’; b) from the names of plants: Kvašč-iauka plk. Skm —plg. left. weed ‘asiūklis’ (SJP I 309), brush. xgowu ‘t. p.’ (Jaškin 1971: 199); c) from the names of animals: Gandr-aukos plk. Dmnt < gandras; Kra-auka rst. Nmt < jar "koroas- "; Sakal-auka b. Slk < sakal; On the other hand, the latter helonym may have originated from *Salak-auka because of metathesis — in this case it should be regarded as a product of transtoponimicization, i.e. derived from the name of the lake Salakas; d) from the names of various objects or phenomena of the social environment: Cross--offering Col. Sug; Cross-offer b. Ob < cross; e) from ethnonyms: Zyd-auka b. Luok; Col. Pknš, Skp; rst. Btr, Gdr, Mlt; Jew- -auka b. Ob; rst. Mlt < Jew; f) from the names of mythical creatures: Cart-victim rst. Mrs < chart "devil"; Veln-iauka plk. Srj < vėlnias. -offer(s). 1. Mumbl-aukės b. Nmk < mudlas „deposited dust, wet shaken dirt“. It is probably a derivative of the Belarusian suffix -ayxa, -evka, which is used to make many local names, cf. brus. vv. Anemwxayxa, Biuneyka (Lemciugova 1970: 83), Ximpayka, /linayka (MB 273) and others. 85 Halonyms with the suffix -auka are somewhat more widespread in northeastern, eastern and southern Lithuania. Their ranges are the same as the names of rivers and lakes with this suffix (for the latter see Vanagas 1970: 98-99). This is a compound suffix, a variant of the suffix -atka or -ka. It can be distinguished by the following characteristics: 1. Kems-avatka b. Gaid < kēmsa, kēmsas "a stump or a lump of land covered with grass or grass". Prefix -(i)avka 1. Kul-iavka b. Dgč < kulys (kūlis) "bay, promontory; twisting, twisting; angle; kraštas, gabalas’. Plg. brus. vv. Ilem6paexa (MB 248) etc. Prefix -ka 1. a) from physiographical terms: Akmén-ka b. Vin < stone, rock; Pabal- -ka Col. Bsg < pabalė "place by score"; Šlin-ka plk. Krk < šlynas „grey-blue or whitish glutinous clay with organic impurities; such clay soil; sludge, mud’; (b) from animal names: Blus-ka plk. Vdk < flesa; Kumēl-ka rst. Lln < colt, mare; Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey: Birds of Prey Squirrel-ka b. Krn < squirrel; c)from other appellatives: Cigon-ka b. Vrn; rst. Dtn < gigonas "gypsy"; Call it a mouth. Stk < carchema; French-ca rst. Vln < French; "Pul-ka" (|| Pul-iūtė) rst. Z1 < police ‘wave, wave’; Ragdn-ka plk. Rs < ragana (ragana); Tvorél-ka b. Pbs < tvoréle < tvord; 2. a) from the names of rivers and lakes: Lydekin-- ka plk. Mrk < Lydekinis ež. ; "Mūsel-- ka plk. Tj < Mūšėlė up". ; Narant-- ka b. Sv < Narantis up. ; "B.B.C. - B.B.C. - B.B.C. - B.B.C.". ; Suraj-ka rst. "Sugar" is probably derived from "sugar" (sugar). ; Over-- as a rst. The most commonly used is the non-deterministic or non-deterministic NP-complete. Tops up. Vrn; b) from oikonymies: Antup-ka b. Dbk < Antupiai k. This suffix is very productive in Slavic toponymy, cf. brus. vv. laywka, Mas3ypra (Lemciugova 1970: 81-83), lenk. vv. Pruska (Halicka 1976: 140), rus. wv. Xoumepka, JIanka (Smolickaja 1976: 27, 128) and others. In terms of the lexical status of the basis of the work and the meaning of the work, -ka derivatives are distributed as follows: derivatives from appellatives (toponymization- ), i.e. real deminutives, —66.7%, derivatives from toponyms (transtoponymization), i.e. deminutives and possessives, —33.3%. Deminutive helonyms with the suffix -ka have been recorded in various parts of Lithuania that were inhabited at a certain time — Eastern, Central and Southeast Lithuania. The suffix -ka of other helonyms is not considered to be a formant of the verb, since it is not a formant of the helonyms, but simply a means of glorifying them, already made with other means. In some cases, this is confirmed by the adjacent, unenslaved, sex: 86 Amsharin-ka b. Dgč: Amsharin; Kemsin-- ka b. Grs: Kemsynėlė; Marcijan-ka rst. Sug: Marcian; b. Ars: Pekellé; Pusel-kos b. Or: Pušelės; Vēžel-ka b. Rim: Turtle; Zsél-ka Col. Zb: Žąsėlė. The remaining names of the marshy places have no direct unspecified equivalents, but only the above-mentioned helonyms and the overall helonymic or toponymic context allow us to assume that they exist or existed: Ajerin-ka b. Dbg: *4jeriné —cf. Ajerinė b. Dbg; Col. Mlt; "B.B.C. - B.B.C.". bbc.co.uk. Beržinė b. Kč, Prn; B.B.C. (B.B.C.) Brastėlė b. Žsl; Col. Doll and so on. Prefix -(i)onka 1. Kvasc-ionka b. Skm —plg. left. weed ‘asiūklis’ (SJP I 309), brush. xeowu ‘t. p.’ (Jaškin 1971: 199). Plg. brush. vv. Jlyxwconxa, Boreonxa, Ilepazeonxa (MB 272) and others. Prefix -ovka 1. Cigon-ovka b. Smal < cigonas "gypsy"; "B-Sides: "The Devil's Advocate"". left. czart ‘t. p.’ (SJP I 375). Plg. Russian. vv. Anbxoerxa, Bepesoexa, Manunoerxa (Smolickaya 1976: 76, 33, 30) and others. Prefix -(i)uvka 1.Cert-uvka rst. "Dj's: The Devil's Advocate". czart ‘t. p.’ (SJP I 375); Kems-uvka b. Smal < kems; Mendr-uvka b. JnšM < mėndrė (mendrė) "cane"; "Zyd-uvka B. Vvs < Jew". It is a derivative of the Polish word Żubr. left. vv. Bargtowka, Bobrowka (Halicka 1978: 10, 13) and others. 4. The most important characteristics of deminutive prepositional helonyms 4.1. A total of 3 262 prepositional deminutive helonyms were recorded. Based on the available data on the number of all helonyms derived from suffixes (10 500), deminutive derivatives of suffixes make up 31% of all names of marshy places derived by this method. Taking into account that there are a number of helonyms made with prefixes typical of deminutive formation, but cannot be reliably qualified as deminutive because their base word and the meaning of the formation are unclear (see 2.3.), it can be assumed that potentially deminutive helonyms may make up an even larger part of the derivatives of prefixes. 33 suffixes are used to form deminutive prepositional helonyms, and accordingly there are much more variants of their endings. In terms of productivity, they are as follows: -el-—1705, i.e. 52.3% of all deminutive prepositional helonyms; -ėl-—720, i. e. 22,196; -(i)uk-—244, i. e. 7,596; -ait-—195, i. e. 6%; -(ijut-—110, i.e. 3.4%; -al--76, i.e. 2.3 per cent; -ik-—52, i.e. 1,696; -(i)ul-—26, i.e. 0,896; -el-(in helonyms made from multisyllabic base words) — -ėsn-—6, i.e. 0,296; -(i)ūt-—5, i.e. 0,1596; -aika, -yt-, -(ijuvka —po 4, i.e. after 25, t. y. 0,896; -ka — 21, t. y. 0,6%; -(i)auk20, t. y. 0,696; -(i)ok- — 19, t. y. 0,696; 87 0,1%; Get up. — po 3, t. y. po 0,0996; -(i)anka, -(i)ošt-, -(i)ot-, -ovka, -(i)ukl-, -(i)ūkšt- — po 2, t. y. po 0,06%; -aič-, -atka, -avatka, -(i Javka, -(i)onka, -eik-, -and-, -and- — po 1, t. y. 0,03%. For more information on inventory and productivity, see 1 table. 4.2.1. The productivity is very different: -elvediniai account for more than half of all derivatives, only su 7 prefixes (-el-, -äll-, -(i)uk-, -ait-, Jut-, -al-, (i -ik-) made derivatives are more than po 196 of all derivatives, t. y. the derivatives of the remaining suffixes make up only a small part of deminutive helonyms. The ratio of the most productive suffixes to su other suffixes graphically (percentage) would look like this: -it- | -alik- | (i)others R ROM ns extensio- | It is noticeable that the most productive suffixes of deminutive helonyms -el-, -ėl-, -(i)ukyra are most common in the formation of ir deminutive river and lake names (For the latter, cf. Vanagas 1981: 94). 4.2.2. Deminutive helonyms made su 23 Lithuanian (Baltic) prepositions of Slavic ir 10 origin. This forms, respectively, all suffixes. 69,7% ir 30,396 Graphical expression (percentage- ): 7101 60 50 40 30 20 10 Lithuanian (Baltic) origin Adverbs of Slavic origin 88 4.2.3. 3 205 helonyms were derived with 23 suffixes of their own origin, i.e. 98.2596 of all deminutive helonyms; with suffixes of foreign (Slavic) origin — 57 helonyms, i.e. 1.75%. Graphical expression (percentage): Helonyms with prefixes of foreign origin of native origin prefixes 4.3. 2,660 of the deminutives, i.e. the holonyms made of the appellatives, were recorded, i.e. 81,796 of all deminutive holonyms; Helonyms made from other toponyms (helonyms, river and lake names, oikonyms, etc.), i.e. deminutives and possessives, — 597, i.e. 18.3%. The percentage ratio of deminutive helonyms in terms of their meaning (category) graphically looks like this: 107 Deminutives and possessive deminutives (toponymization) (transtoponymization) 4.3.1. The most abundant semantic groups of adjective base words are: 1) physiographic terms — 2 279 helonyms made from them, i.e. 85,796 of all deapellations; 2) names of places representing the company of objects — 149, i.e. 5,696; 89 3) names of plants — 98, i.e. 3,796; 4) names of animals — 53, i.e. 2%. In addition, the number of people who have been diagnosed with the disease is only 3% of the total population. 4.3.2. The most common base words of transtoponimic helonyms are other helonyms, from which 355 derivatives were derived, i.e. 59.2% of all detoponyms. From other toponyms (except river and lake names and oikonyms) 200 helonyms were derived, i.e. 33.4%; from the names of rivers and lakes — 37 helonyms, i.e. 6.2%; of oikonimi — 7 helonimi, i.e. 1.2%. 5. Concluding remarks Presented quantitative characteristics of prepositional helonyms and other laws and peculiarities that emerged during the functional analysis suggest several conclusions revealing the specificity of deminutive prepositional name suffixation of marshy places. 5.1.Deminutive prepositional helonyms are one of the most numerous categories of prepositional helonyms — they comprise 3196 derivatives of all prepositions. These types of verbs are very productive both qualitatively and quantitatively — they are characterized by the abundance of suffixes themselves (33) and by a large number of place names representing the types of verbs. 5.1.1. The productivity of deminutive helonymous suffixes varies greatly. The basis of this category of activity consists of adverbs -el-, -äll-, -(i)uk-, -ait-, -(i)ut-, -al-, -ikvediniai; derivatives of other suffixes are less than 1% each. 5.1.2. The most common helonymous prepositions -el-, -él-, -(i)uk are the most productive in the formation of deminutive river ir and lake names. The sub-productiveness of verbal water names is apparently related to the almost universal prevalence of gų these adjectives in the Lithuanian dialects. su mu (on the formation and use of appellatives cf. LKA Map III 130-132; No. 116, 117). 5.1.3. The autochthonous suffixes of deminutive helonyms constitute the absolute majority of the adjective affixes, especially since the suffixes (69,7%), of Slavic origin are considered as one suffix -ka in various compound forms. Even greater quantitative difference is evident when comparing su derivatives of own su and foreign These two reasons allow us to say that, (atitinkamai 98,25% ir 1,75%). in terms of the means of construction, deminutive prepositional helonyms are an almost homogeneous layer of Lithuanian water names. 5.2. After identifying the most common suffixes and ir lexical semantic groups, to which the words belong most often are derivatives of helonyms, the most productive models of deminutive adverbial helonyms formation are revealed: physiographic 1) term + suffix performing deminutive function (-el-, -el-, -(i)uk-, -ait-, -(i)ut-, -al-, -ik-) — (true) deminutive helonymy; a 2) place name denoting a group of objects + (-el-, -äll- -ait-, -(i)ut-, -al-, -ik-) — (true) deminutive helonymy; the 3) name of the plant + suffix 90 with a deminutive function (-el-, -äll-, -(ijuk-, -ait-, -(i)ut-, -al-, -ik-) — (real) deminutive helonym; 4) animal name + suffix with deminutive function (-el-, -ėl-, -(i)uk-, -ait-, -(i)ut-, -al-, -ik-) — (real) deminutive helonization; 5) helonym + suffix performing deminutive and possessive function (-el-, -ėl-, -(i)uk-, -ait-, -(i)ut-, -al-, -ik-) —deminutive and possessive helonym; 6) toponym (not the name of a river or lake, not oikonym) + suffix performing a deminutive and possessive function (-el-, -ėl-, -(i)uk-, -ait-, -(i)ut-, -al-, -ik-) —deminutive and possessive helonym; 7) name of river or lake + suffix performing deminutive and possessive function (-el-, -él-, -(i)uk-, -ait-, -(i)ut-, -al-, -ik-) —deminutive and possessive helonym. 5.3. There are more or ar less defined areas of distributipriesagų on of some Vedic languages. Areals are of three kinds: 1) typical (or mostly typical) only for one region of Lithuania — in this case, helonyms with a certain suffix are considered to be an exclusive feature of that region; 2) are characteristic of several Lithuanian regions, one of which contains the absolute majority of the derivatives of those suffixes; characteristic of several Lithuanian 3) regions, more or less equally distributir ed in them. 5.3.1. Deminutive helonyms with suffix -a! are common only in Žemaitija, especially in its western and northwestern part; helonimai suffix su -only in — eastern Žemaitija; Appendix su -yttik — Central Lithuania; helonimai su suffix -(i)ok-—only in eastern and north-eastern Lithuania. 5.3.2. The greatest deminutive helonym suffix su -aitkoncentracija southern and — southwestern edges of Lithuania; slightly less of these leads were recorded in eastern Žemaitija eastern ir In the highlands. 5.3.3. Iš helonyms made of multisyllabic base words with suffix -el, mainly found in the su eastern edge of Lithuania in the territory of Žemaitija; Appendix ir su -(i)only on — the eastern edge and somewhat further east į už Borders of Lithuania ir Pietų In Lithuania, on the southern edge of the Dzūkijos. 5.3.4. Excluding ir those Regions of Lithuania where one of the deminutive su helonyms ar suffixes is not recorded: Vedic suffix su -elviskiemenių iš reference words are not in Žemaitija, except the north-eastejų rn part; ir helonym suffix -not yet recorded su in Western Samogitia; Appendix su -(i)uk- — Western ir North in su Zemaitijos; Appendix -(i)ut- — In Lithuanian territory į north of the line Varniai — Šiauliai — The — Turtle. Received 1999 03 01 91