Šiaurės vidurio Lietuvos vietovardžiai su priesaga „-išk-“

ACTA LINGUISTICA LITHUANICA L (2004), 1-10 This article deals with Lithuanian proper names derived with the suffix -išk-, which goes back to IE *.isk'-. In most cases this suffix is the token of a new formation based on the meanings of place, dependency or particularity. Toponyms with this suffix are derived from personal names, appellatives or other toponyms. Chronologically, toponyms with the suffix -iSkare of relatively recent origin, being for the most part derivatives based on other proper names (less frequently on appellatives). 1. IVADAS The suffix -iSky is very old, derived from the Indo-European pronoun *-isk'-. This adverb is used by Slavs, Germans, Scandinavians (Ambrazas 2000: 183). Of the Baltic languages, it is rarely found in Latvian, while in Lithuanian and Prussian it has many derivatives (Skardžius 1996: 150). The suffix -is primarily means “the possession of some characteristic characteristics [...] related to the very essence of the thing” (Skardžius 1996: 153). For adjectives, the suffix -iskgives a generalized meaning of quality, a characteristic of the object or word represented by the main word. Most adjectives with -iškverto nouns, for example: dvariškis, moteriškė (compare budv. feminine- ), namiškis, vyriškis (compare būdv. masculine), tėviškė. The -iškas, -a variant of the -iškas suffix is one of the most commonly used qualitative adjective suffixes. Its derivatives form the nucleus of a group of adjectives with similar and distinctive characteristics. The most typical adjective function of this suffix is “like the object said by the reference word” (ghostly image, friendly people). The adjectives with the suffix -iškas, -a also indicate the essential characteristics of the object, this meaning is closely related to the meaning of the characteristic characteristic. Most often made from derived or compound adjectives, which can also be nouns, the suffixes -iškas, -a adjectives usually denote a characteristic or essential feature of the object (meaningless hope, hopeless state). (Ambrazas, ed., 1994: 207-208). In modern Lithuanian, with the suffix -iškvariantas -iškis, -ė from real words (towns, towns, villages) it is customary to make names of persons according to their origin or place of residence, e.g. Kauniškis, -ė, vilniškis, -ė. In dialects, the suffixes -iškis, -ė are more frequently Vedic than the commonly used -ietis, -ė. There are also adjectives with a distinctive meaning (similar to the above-mentioned nouns), for example, vilniškiai svečiai (vilniškiai guests). From the general place-denoting noun- 2 | RENATA ENDZELYTĖ there are few derivatives of the surname (dvariškis, kalniškis, namiškis- ). There is another name of a person, made not from place names or otherwise common names of places, but from other words having a slightly different meaning of belonging (royal, military, family) (Ambrazas, ed., 1994, 139-140, 219). The significance of origin and dependence is particularly evident in the placenames of personal noun origin. Place names with this suffix are abundant throughout Lithuania (Razmukaitė 1998: 139-141), and in northern central Lithuania, the former territory of Žiemgala, according to Kazimieras Būga, the place name suffix -iškyra is the most faithful indicator of Lithuanianness (Būga 1961: 582). The article discusses the place names of northern central Lithuania (Joniškis, Pakruojis and Pasvalys districts) with suffix -iskfrom the point of view of construction, semantics, structure. There are more than half a hundred of them, especially in the register of residential places and small place names. Not all of the derivatives of this suffix are equally old, some of them may be relatively new derivatives, especially small water names or toponyms. In a sense, this is related to the possessive meaning of this suffix, since most of these place names are made from personal names”* (probably, the names of the owners). Toponyms with -is found in all classes of place names: names of inhabited places (church villages, manors, villages, single-houses), water bodies (rivers and lakes, streams, ditches, springs, pools, marshes, sietuvy), and names of places (soils, fields, meadows, pastures, mountains, forests, graves, various other places). In the analysis of word formation, there is a distinction between the basis and the formant. In this case, the formant of the verb is the suffix -išk-. The formation of true words, with certain reservations, is based on the principles of the analysis of common words (Vanagas 1970: 24-29, 53— 58). In addition to the first-person narrative, there is a second-person narrative, the first-person story. These are the cases where the name of one toponym is simply transferred to a neighboring object. Thus, the primary place names are those names whose base words (the basis of the verb) already have the suffix -išk-; Names whose base words do not have this suffix, i.e. whose transformation into toponyms was caused by the eruption of the suffix, are considered secondary or derivative. The analysis of the place names revealed that most of them are secondary onions with a clear possessive meaning. Almost all local names are made up of nouns, so they are divided into those derived from actual and common words. Different endings add variety. There are several variants of this. In the living language, the variants -iškė, -iškis, -iškės, -iškiai are often only a formal thing, but can lead to the formation of a new placename, e.g. : Daunor-iské k., Daunoravos apl., INS; 1999. pp. 10. "Svirplių apylinkė, JNš, plg. Daunoras avd. ; Karp-iškiai b., PSVT; Kdrp-iskis upl., LNKV, plg. Karpis Avd. ; Šleidar-iškė vk., KRx; Šleidar-iškiai vk., SkilvioVietovardžiai surinkti iš gyvosios kalbos, dr. Kazimieras Garšva asmeninė kartoteka, Lietuvos žemės vardynas, Kraštotyros draugijos Pakruojo skyriaus archive, Lietuvos žemės ūkio ministerijos Respublikos žemėtvarkos institutas vietovardžių ir gamtos bei kultūros paminklų apsaugos žiniaraštis, Lietuvos TSR administracinio-teritorinio suskirstymo žinynas (Vanagas, red., 1976), Lietuvos TSR upių ir ežerų vardynas (Vanagas, red., 1963). It is believed that possessive place names are not very archaic, since their semantics have diverged from the semantics of a specific class of objects due to possessiveness (Vanagas 1970: 278). to Pronouns with the suffix -išk-| 3 nių apl., INS; Sleider-iskis vk., Saugėlaukio apl., INS, plg. Sleideris avd. Sometimes the same object can have different names, for example, in masculine or feminine, singular or plural forms. This results in a new name, which in terms of word formation is the derivative of a suffix or ending, e.g. : Katil-iskés k., Žagarės apl., INS; Katil-iškiai village, ŽGR; Katil-iškiai k., Žiūrių apl., Psv, plg. Katilius avd. ; Plėd-iškė dr., Giminėnų k., JNš; Plėd-iškis dr., Plediškių k., Stoniūnų k., JNš, plg. Plėdiškiai k., Plėdis avd. ; Veicel-iškė dr., Klioriškių vnk., JNš; Veicel-iškės dr., Skribakių k., JNš; 1999. pp. 10. "Dr. J.M., Ph.D., Ph.D., Ph.D.". Veicelis avd. When analyzing place names, it is often difficult to distinguish which of the two identical place names is of older origin, which is a derivative of a suffix, and which has taken over the already prefixed name. It is often difficult to determine the meaning of the base word when it is a personal noun of adjective origin. The question then arises whether the name of the place originated from a personal adjective or from a common word. Such dual-origin place names are discussed separately, because they cannot be assigned only to personal or only to adjective names, e.g. : Smailiškis dr., JNšK, Smailiskis mš., INSK: plg. Smailys, Smailis avd. (smailūs, -i). The etymological analysis shows that the basis of place names with the suffix -iškdaryba is usually various personal names: both the old two-stemmed (Doviltiškė vk., ŽGR: Doviltas avd.), mononyms (Dargiškis sdb., INSKL: Dargis avd.), nicknames (Malakiskiai k., PKR: Sakalas avd. —sakalas; Balciskiai k., Psv: Balčius avd. — baltas, -a), patronymic personal names (Sindriiiniskiai k., Psv: Sindriiinas avd.), as well as Christian names (Antaniskis vk., PRK: Antanas avd.), and abbreviations (Kaziuliské dr., Lan: Kazialis, plg. Kazys, Kazimieras avd.); not only Lithuanian, but also Latvian (Dabariskis vk., LGM: Dabars avd.) and other (Gerliskiai kln., KRK: Herlich avd.) personal names. Other primary lexems are mainly nouns, which refer to the names of animals (wild animals, domestic animals, reptiles, insects, fish), birds (wild and domestic), plants (trees and small plants); physiographical terms (mountain, foothill, hill); ethnonyms (Guds, gypsy, Latvian, Jew), personal names (bérnas, soldier, priest); names of body parts (curl, hump, horn), household items (diid, dagger, axe). Basic adjective lexems indicate the characteristic of the object (bald, pointed, calm) or the color (white, black, ride). 2. PRINCIPAL PRONOUNS The name of the place is considered to be primary if it has not received any formal signs of construction while moving from one word category to another. In other words, the base words of the names of places considered to be original are nouns with the suffix -iskjau. These are usually personal names or oikonimes, whose name is transferred to an object next to it. The name of a larger object is usually moved to a smaller one: Kiaūliškis dr., PKR: Kiaūliškis buv. dv., PKR; Kūpeliškės krm., INS: Kūpeliškės k.; LNKV: Kudrėniškis k., LNKV; "Spitkiškė vk., PKR: Spitkiškė dv. ; 1999. pp. 10. "Trūliškis plk., Psv.: Trūliškis mš., Psv. For some objects the name is moved to emphasize their localization: Jakiškiai II vk., JNš: Jakiškiai k., dv., vk., INS; Kareiviškis I, Kareiviškis II k., PKR: Kareiviškis k., PKR; Keluotiskiai II k., Všk: Keluotiskiai k., INSK; Siliskiai I k., PKR, KRK, Siliskiai IT k., PKR KRK: Siliskiai vk., PKR. 4 | RENATA ENDZELYTĖ Several primary names can be derived from personal names*: Gipiskiai k., Psv: Gipiškis avd. ; 2nd ed., New York: Springer-- Verlag. The plural form of the noun is pluralis tantum. This indicates that the place is named not by one person, but by their group (family) as a unit. In some sense, such oikonimes could be treated as derivatives of the extremities, but in essence it is the same name, only with a group meaning. The names of smaller objects do not change the number: Katėliškis b., PSvT: Katéliskis avd. IS composed of adjectives denoting physiographical terms, formed local names Kalniškiai vk., PKR: kdlniskis “man living in the mountain, kalnénas’ (LKZ, 148); Pakalniskiai k., LNKV: Pakalniškis vk., KRK: pakalniskis, pakalniskis ‘inhabitant of the mountains’ (LKŽ, 147). 3. SECONDARY PRONOUNS In the case of the secondary toponyms, the suffix is a derivative sign, the base words do not have this suffix. The basis for the formation of these place names are various nouns, usually personal names. Place names with the suffix -iška have the obvious meaning of affiliation (if the name is formed from a personal or oikonimo) and speciality (if the name is formed from another noun or adjective). Secondary place names are usually composed of personal names (70,6696). Other proper names are very rarely used: oioinimic place names make up about 1.3% and hydronyms 1.9%. Place names of unclear origin comprise about 1696, and place names consisting of nouns of various meanings — almost 11%. 3.1. Secondary oeconomy Most of the oikonimi, or names of places of residence, are derived from personal names, adjectives. A number of oikonymes may be derived from hydronyms, other oikonymes. The base words of oikonimies of personal noun origin are both Lithuanian (old twoand single-stemmed, patronymic, apelative) and non-Lithuanian (Christian and other peoples) names (Vanagas 1982: 62-97; Maciejauskienė 1991: 243-248): Adomiškis vk., INSK: Adomas avd. ; Alberta, Canada: Alberta Department of Agriculture. ; Aleniškis vk., PKR: Alena, Elena avd. ; Antaniskis vk., PRK: Antanas avd. ; Badariskis vk., PSVT: Badar district. ; Buiviskiai k., SLC: Buivys, plg. Bydgoszcz avd. ; Čeniškiai k., INSK: Cenys avd. ; 2000. pp. 10. "Čaučiniškis vk., LGM: Čaučinys avd. ; Dabariskis vk., LGM: Dabaras avd. ; Dévainiskiai dv., PKR, Dėvainiškis vk., PKR: Dévainis avd. ; 2nd edn., pp. 122. ; Gailioniskiai k., INSK: Gailionis avd. ; Gražiškiai k., INS: Gražys avd. ; Jūkiškiai vk., KRK, Jakiškiai dv., k., JNš: Jakas avd. ; 2000. pp. 10. "Jūkiškiai k., PKR: *Jūkas, plg. Yukon District. ; King's Landing: King's Landing: King's Landing: King's Landing: ; Katiliškiai k., ŽGR: Katilius avd. ; Keliautis k., INSK: Keliautis avd. ; Krasniškiai k., ZML: *Krasnas, *Krasnys avd., plg. The two types of personal nouns may be derived from the adverbial personal noun (primary) and from the non-adverbial personal noun (secondary). Since the Lithuanian surname dictionary also records prepositional personal names, such oikonimai are classified as primary, p.g. Gips and Gipiškis, Judys and Judiškis. Pronouns with suffix -išk-| 5 Kasnickas, Krasnėvičius avd. ; 2000. pp. 10. "Kūngiškiai k., ŽML: Kūngas, Kungys avd. ; Laūmekiškis vk., SLC: Laimekis avd. ; Mineikiškis vk., Psv: Mineika, Mineikis avd. ; 1999. pp. 19. "Minginiškiai vk., KRK: Minginas avd. ; Nagliskis vk., SLC: Naglis, Naglius avd. ; Norkūniškiai vk., LGM: Norkiinas avd. ; Pėtriškis vk., LGM: Pėtras avd. ; Plikiskis dv., VSK, Plikiškiai k., INS: Plikis, Plikys avd. ; Patriskiai k., Psv: Putris, Putrys avd. ; Razaliskis k., SLC: Rozalija avd. ; Rimšoniškiai k., PKR: Rimšonis avd. ; Stasiskiai vk., SLC: Stasys avd. ; 1999. "Silingiskis vk., LNKV: Šilingis avd. ; 1999. pp. 10. "Silver, Silver, Silver". Šulminas avd. ; 2nd ed., New York: Springer, Inc. pp. 100. ; Trūliškis vk., Psv: Trūlis avd. ; Urnėžiškės k., SKs: Urnėžas, Urnėžis, Urnėžius avd. ; Valantiniškis sdb., INSK: Valantinas avd. ; 2000. pp. 10. "Veselka avd. ; Zimbiskiai k., LNKV: Zimba avd. "The 100 Most Influential People in the World by People's Choice". www.people'schoice.com. Milidis avd. ; Pileriskis k., KRK: la. Pileris avd. ; Pundeniskis vk., PSVT: la. Pundenis avd. ; plg. lie. Pundys, Pundinas avd. ; Vagariškis k., KRK: la. Vagars Avd. ; plg. lie. Vagrys avd. SKS: Reibiniai k., Sks; Siksnéliskiai k., Psv: Šikšnėliai k., PKR; Žagūriškiai k., ZGR: Žagūrė k. Hydronyms are usually clear because the village is near the water body of the same name: Savėliškis k., PKR: Savélis upl. ; Sidabriškis k., Psv: Sidabra up. ; 2000. pp. 10. "Šiladis upl. ; Verigriškis dv., KRK, Verigriškis vk., PKR: Verigris upl. Some of the names of places are associated with adjectives: Akmeniškiai k., ŽML: akmué; Dirvoniškiai k., JNŠK: dirvonas; Dvareliškiai k., KRK: manor house; Kalneliskiai k., VšK: kalnélis, kalnas; Kriaūšiškiai village, VSK: pear; 2000. pp. 10. "Šiliškiai vk., KR, Šiliškis vk., LM, KRK: šilas". Oikonimas Cigoniskis k., JNS is related to the ethnonym gigonas, gypsy. The majority of secondary hydronyms are derived from personal names. However, it should be noted that these water names are named mainly smaller bodies of water: puddles, dams, etc. These are relatively new names, indicating the belonging of the object to a certain person, some characteristic or other connection with the base word. The construction of personal noun hydronyms is quite clear: Abromiškis stv., PKR: *Abromas, plg. Abraomas avd. ; Aliūniškė upl., PKR: Aliūnas avd. ; 2nd ed., pp. 107. ^ "Beaches, Lakes, and Lake District- ". ; Buletriskis b., PšvT: Buletris avd. ; 2000: The B.B. King: The B.B. King Collection. ; 2nd ed. pg. ; Daugėliškis b., SLC: Daugėla avd. ; Dragiškis gr., KRK: Drūgas avd. ; Jenikeliškės b., Sks: Jerikelis avd. ; Jėčiškės b., INS: Jėčius avd. ; Karpiškis upl., LNKV, Kūrpiškiai b., PšvT: Karpis avd. ; Kindariškis b., PšvT: *Kindaris, plg. Kindaravicius, Kinderis avd. ; Kleiniškė b., ZML: Kleinas, Kleinys avd. ; "Kraujeliskis šlt., JNšK: Kraujėlis avd. ; Kvedariškė kdr., ŽGR: Kvėdaras avd. ; "Laima avd. ; Liberis4 This was indicated by the authors of the place names, although some Latvian surnames have Lithuanian equivalents. $ The analysis of many itordziy is based on the research of Aleksandr Vanags (see the list of literature), other place names are analyzed based on their example. 6 | RENATA ENDZELYTĖ kis 1kn., VšK: Liberis, Lyberis avd. ; Mažuliškis b., VSK: Mažulis avd. ; Martyniškis vt., KRK: Martynas avd. ; 2000. pp. 10. "Sargeliškis gr., LNKV: Sargėlis avd. ; 2nd ed., pp. 100. "Sergeant- ". ; 2000. pp. 10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 2000. pp. 10. "Sleek". ; Vaitiškės b., INS, Vaitiškė upl., INS: Vaitis, Vaitys, Vaičius avd. It seems that the placename Pagaleibiškė b., PSvT; is a dual verb: it can be both a suffix derivative and a prepositional compound from the personal name Leiba, cf. pagal-leib-iškė. The nouns that form the basis of water names belong to several semantic groups: + personal names: Bėrniškis b., INS: bėrnas, plg. la. bėrns ‘child’; + ethnonyms: Cigoniské b., INSK: gypsy; e Nouns of various meanings: Vilniškė b., PKR: vilna, vilnis. The suffixes of this class of place names are usually made from personal names and adjectives. The names indicate the belonging of the object to some person (as most of the previously discussed minor hydronyms) or a feature of that place. Most of the geographical names, as in previous classes of toponyms, are made from personal names: Aleksandriškė dr., ŽML: Aleksandras avd. ; 2000. pp. 11. "Anywhere, Anytime- ". ; Bagdoniškė dr., pv., PKR: Bagdonas avd. ; Balkiškė dr., JNš: Balkis, Balčius avd. ; 1999. pp. 10. "Burbiškiai gn., KRK, Būrbiškis dr., PSVT: Būrba avd. ; Butkiškė dr., Pšvr: Butkus avd. ; Cépiskes dr., JNS: Cépas avd. ; Dabuliskis dr., INSK: Dabulis avd. ; Dapkiskis dr., Psv: Dapkus avd. ; Gedviliskis dr., LoM: Gedvilas avd. ; Jurgiškis dr., pv., KRK: Jurgis avd. ; Kaziuliské dr., LGM: Kaziulis, Kazys avd. ; Klioriskis dr., INS: Kliorys avd. ; Kukuliskis dr., pv., PKR: Kūkulas avd. ; Lauciske dr., SKS: Laūčius avd. ; Leibiské dr., SKS, Leibiskis kln., SKS: Leiba avd. ; Lipiskiai dr., ZML: Lipas avd. ; "Mary's Crossing: The Martyrdom". ; Mazeikiskis dr., VSK: Mažeika, Mažeikis avd. ; Merkeliskis 1., Psv: Merkelis avd. ; Mūreliskés gn., krm., SKS: Mūrelis avd. ; Naudziiiniskis kn., ZML: Naudziiinas avd. ; Pauriskis dr., PKR: Pairas avd. ; Petriskis mS., SLC: Pétras avd. ; Plediske dr., INS, Plediskis dr., INS: Pledys avd. ; Poviliskis pv., LNKV: Povilas avd. ; Dr. Sargéliskiai, LNKV: Sargélis avd. ; Smailiskis dr., INSKL: Smailys avd. ; Soviskis pv., SLC: Sova, Sovys avd. ; Sunakiskis dr., INS: Šūnakis avd. ; "Usiskiai vt., SLE: Ūsas avd. ; 2nd ed., pp. 104. ^ "Valiusis avd. ; Dr. Zemriėtiskis, INS: Zemriéta avd. The placename Pamoziriskis gn., LGM can be a derivative of both a prefix and a suffix. It is probably a prefix derived from the adverbial ethnonym mozūras or the personal name Mozūras, cf. pa-moziir-iskis. The hydronym of the place is Šiladiškis dr., La: Šiladis upl. Some more often place names are derived from oikonimų- “: Bivainiškis mš., JNS: Bivainiai k., INS; Gedžiūniškis c., INSK: Gedžiinai k., LNKV; Kibiskiai pv., LNKV: Kibai k.; Mažūtiškė dr., PSVT: Mažūčiai k., ZML; Reibiniškės krm., SKS: Reibiniai k., Sks; 1999. "Orelskie gn., LNKV: Orėliai k., INSK". b Pronounziy base of action indicated by the submitters. 7 Other nouns, which are the basis of the formation of place names, are semantically very diverse: + personal names: Burliokiskis kln., Psv: burliokas ‘old Russian in Lithuania’ (LKŽ, 1193); Kleboniškis dr., PSVT, pv., PKR: priest; Murkliškis pv., PSVT: murkllys “who murks; immersed, speechless person; storulis, rubuilis' (LKZ, 420), cf. murkti; Pirdūliškis dr., SLC: pirdūlis ‘pirdzius’ (KZ, 1087); + ethnonyms: Cigoniskis gn., PSVT: gypsy; Zydiškė dr., mš., PSVT, gn., INS: Jew; e body parts: Gdrbaniske dr., ZGR: curl; Kiaūšiškė dr., PKR: egg, egg; e tools: Dalgiškis dr., INS: dalgis; Kirveliškės dr., krm., SKs: axe, axe; + physiographical terms: Paklūoniškis vt., mš., LGM: paklūonė; Sodėliškis dr., PKR: sodélis, sodžius; Šniūriškiai kln., ZML: šniūras, šniūrai “long narrow stretch of land; area measure' (LKZ,, 195); + plants or parts of plants: Zabiskis krm., VSK: Zabas ‘virbas, Zabaras, šakelė; stem, zagar, whip; krūmas, kramynas’ (LKZ,, 14), ‘virbas, zabaras’ (DLKZ 947); + names of dishes: Šiūpiniškis gn., PKR: šiupinys; + mowing: Perkiiniskis str., Psv: Perkūnas; + animal names: Glindiškis 1., Psv: glinda; Ožėliškis pv., SLC: goat, goat; e abstract nouns: Siaūtiškės dr., PSVT: siaūtis “guppy, Suoras; mostas, mojis' (LKZ, 482), ‘siautimas’ (DLKŽ 689); plg. sidutéti. + social environment matters: Pūniškis et al., PKR: pūnė “laying ground for pouring pollen, pollen; barn; diendarje; hut, tent; hole, cave, land; egg void’ (LKZ, 916). The place name Juodokiskis mš., VSK may be derived from the adjective juoddkas, plg. jūodas. VIII 3.4. Vague place names The origin of some place names can be described several times, because it is impossible to say exactly. First of all, these are place names whose base lexicons can be both personal names and adjectives, e.g.: + animal and bird names: Briediškė 1., ŽGR: Briedis avd., elnias; Kūrmiškis pv., PKR: Kurma, Kūrmis avd., kūrmis; Gaidiškis dr., krm., LNKV, mš., PKR: Gaidys avd., gaidys; Gėrviškiai k., INSK: Gėrvė, Gervys avd., gėrvė; Pelédiskis vk., INSK: Pelėda, Pelėdžius avd., ovėda; Sakališkis vk., LGM, mš., PKR: Sakalas avd., sakalas; Šarkiškės mš., INS: Šarka, Šarkis, Šarkys, Šarkus avd., šarka; Varniškis dr., mš., LNKV: Varnas avd., varnas; + ethnonyms: Gudiškis" dr., VšK: gūdas, Gūdas avd. ; 2nd ed., pp. 104. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z. Latvian avd., latvietis, latvietis; Latviškė pv., PKR, Latviskis 1., PSVT: latvis, Latvis avd. ; Maskoliskiai k., SLC: Maskolius avd., cf. maskėlius “war soldier; rusas’ (LKZ,, 7 893); The root gud may not have come from the ethnonym gudai, but from the common word *gudas, *guda 'field, meadow', cf. pr. gudde 'krumar', cf. Karalitinas (1999: 27-40); also cf. guda ‘bad; scarecrow to frighten birds; scarecrow to scare children’ (LKZ, 692), gude ‘pustykle, bude, galastuvas’ (LKZ, 693). 8 | RENATA ENDZELYTĖ + names of persons and professions: Kairiškis 1., INSK: plg. Left avd., left; Kalviskis vk., INSK: plg. Calf department, calf, calf; 2000. pp. 10. "P.P.K.". Karéiva avd., kareiva, kareivis; Kūpriškis vk., VSK, 1., LNKV: plg. Kuprys avd., kupra, kūprius. To consider these onims to be of personal or only apelative origin is not entirely appropriate. It is more likely that the names of places of residence may have come from personal names, and some geographical names, such as those of forests, meadows, soils, from adjectives. In one respect there is no doubt — they are all suffixes derived from nouns. 4. CONCLUSIONS 1. For adjectives, the suffix variant -iškas, -a gives a generalized quality meaning, a characteristic of the object represented by the main word. With another variant of the suffix -iškis, -ė, it is customary to make names of persons from actual words (towns, towns, villages) according to their place of origin or residence. The significance of origin and affiliation given by this suffix is particularly evident in person-named place names, which are abundant throughout Lithuania. In northern central Lithuania, in the former territory of Žiemgala, place names with the suffix - show their Lithuanian origin. 2. from a chronological point of view, place names with the suffix -is may be relatively new Vedic names, since most of them are made from other real words (usually personal names). In addition, the novelty of the place names presupposes the possessive meaning of the adverb and its derivatives. 3. Various variants of the suffix -iskvarianta are used for pronouns. In the northern part of the country, it is more commonly known as the "Isle of Wight" or "Isle of Wight". By using different suffix variants, several place names can be formed from the same name, e.g. : Daunora, Daunoras avd. : Daunėriškė k., Daunoravos apl., JNš, Daunoriškiai k., Svirplių apl., JNš; Šleideris avd. : Sleipnir vk. KRK, Sleidariskiai vk., Skilvioniy apl., INS, Sleideriskis vk., Saugėlaukio apl., INS 4. Pronoun-- based words are usually nouns. These are personal names of various origins (70.66%): Lithuanian and less often non-Lithuanian, Christian and appellative, ordinary and with suffixes. Other commonly used words are adjectives of various meanings (10.92%). The percentage of unemployed is 15.98%. Hydronyms and oikonyms are rarely used for the formation of place names (respectively 1.9296 and 1.396 of all place names). Non-adverbial toponyms comprise only 0.296 place names. Similar proportions are typical for names of places of residence, water names and toponyms. 5. etymological analysis shows that the place names with suffix -iskpamatininiai lexems are usually followed by personal names and other nouns denoting the names of animals (wild and domestic animals, reptiles, insects, fish), birds (wild and domestic), plants (trees and small plants); physiographical terms (mountain, hillside, hill); ethnonyms (Guds, gypsy, Latvian, Jew), names of persons (child, soldier, priest); names of body parts (curl, hump, horn), household items (diid, dagger, axe). Basic adjective lexems indicate the characteristic of the object (bald, pointed, calm) or the color (white, black, brown). Pronouns with suffix -abbreviations of call names JNš —Joniškis JNšK —Joniškėlis Krk -Kriukai LaM -Lygumai LNKV —Linkuva PKR -—Pakruojis Psv +-Pasvalys Pšvr —Pašvitinys Sks —Skaistgirys Suc —Saločiai VšK -—-Vaškai ŽGR —Žagarė ŽML —Žeimelis OTHER ABBREVIATIONS apl. -—apskritis avd. —asmenvardis b. —bala bk. —by church trees br. —brasta dr. dirva dv. —dvaras gn. —panykla gr. —griovys k. —kaimas kdr. —peat kin. kalnas krm. —shrubs in. —field la. —Latvian lie. —Lithuanian Ikn. slim ms. —forest plv. —palivarkas pv. — pieva sdb. —sodyba stv. —sietuva shlt. —source upl. -—river vk. —village vt. —locality