TS-LKD partijos 2008 metų rinkimų kampanijos į Seimą kognityvinė analizė: konceptualioji „kelionės“ metafora

JURGA CIBULSKIENĖ Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences Research interests: cognitive semantics, conceptual metaphor, political discourse. ROMA JAGMINAITĖ State Research Institute, Nature Research Centre Research interests: cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor theory. COGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TS-LKD PARTY’S 2008 ELECTION CAMPAIGN TO THE SEIMAS: THE CONCEPTUAL JOURNEY METAPHOR Cognitive Analysis of the Campaign of the Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats for the Lithuanian Parliamentary Elections of 2008: Conceptual Metaphor of JOURNEY A B S T R A C T The article analyzes the conceptual JOURNEY metaphor in the TS-LKD party’s 2008 election campaign to the Seimas, applying Jonathan Charteris-Black’s critical metaphor analysis method, which combines conceptual metaphor theory and critical discourse analysis. Cognitive analysis revealed that the Conservatives conceptualized the 2008 elections as a journey; more precisely, the development of the state (the state’s progress and/or regression) is metaphorized as the development of a road- K E Y W O R D S: conceptual JOURNEY metaphor, changes in metaphors, electoral discourse of the Lithuanian Conservatives. K E Y W O R D S: conceptual JOURNEY metaphor, change in metaphors, electoral discourse of the Lithuanian Conservatives. Straipsniai / Articles 25 JURGA CIBULSKIENĖ, ROMA JAGMINAITĖ …nia. In TS-LKD’s political discourse, the road is emphasized particularly often. It is one of the key concepts in the conceptual metaphor THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE IS A JOURNEY, which frames the development of the state as a journey. Furthermore, the ROAD image schema, which implies forward movement, is applicable to conservative discourse and conceptually corresponds to ways of achieving political goals. The study showed that the JOURNEY metaphor is one of the dominant and most salient conceptual metaphors in the Conservative Party’s 2008 election discourse, since the discourse under examination contains numerous metaphorical expressions with journey as the source domain, conceptually corresponding to the development of the state as the target domain. ANNOTATION The article analyses the conceptual metaphor of JOURNEY as apparent in the campaign of the Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats Party (TS-LKD) for the Lithuanian Parliamentary Elections of 2008 on the basis of Jonathan Charteris-Black’s critical metaphor analysis method bringing together conceptual metaphor theory and critical discourse analysis. The cognitive analysis revealed that the Conservatives conceptualise the elections of 2008 as a journey; to be more precise, the development of the country (country’s progress and/or regress) is metaphorised as a journey. In its political discourse, TS-LKD often highlights the road which is one of the main concepts of the conceptual metaphor THE COUNTRY’S DEVELOPMENT IS A JOURNEY when speaking about the development of the country as a journey; what is more, the discourse of the Conservatives resorts to the scheme of the image of the ROAD implicating the movement forwards which conceptually corresponds to the methods for achieving political goals. The research revealed that the 2008 electoral discourse of the conservative party relies on the metaphor of JOURNEY as one of the dominant and mostly revealed conceptual metaphors because the discourse under analysis abounds in metaphorical expressions of a journey pertaining to the source domain that can conceptually be paralleled to the development of the country as the target domain. 1. INTRODUCTION More than three decades ago, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s book Metaphors We Live By (Lakoff, Johnson 1980), which sparked a veritable revolution in linguistics and marked a significant turning point in the development of cognitive linguistics, is now regarded as a classic study that inspired scholars to pursue further qualitative and even quantitative research on metaphor. G. Lakoff and M. Johnson argued that metaphors are not merely a means of poetic imagination or rhetorical expression, but are also widespread in everyday human language. Moreover, metaphors exist not only in language itself, but also in human thought and action. The conventional conceptual system that underpins human thought and behavior is metaphorical in nature. Metaphors exist in language because human thought proce- 26 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX TS-LKD partijos 2008 metų rinkimų kampanijos į Seimą kognityvinė analizė: konceptualioji kelionės metafora sses are metaphorical; in other words, the conceptual system is metaphorically structured, and metaphors are understood as metaphorical concepts. The study of metaphor has long since crossed the boundaries of pure linguistics and become interdisciplinary. Over the past decade, increasing attention has been paid to the “behavior” of metaphor and the implications it gives rise to in various discourses—academic (Cameron 2003; Littlemore, Low 2006), economic (Charteris-Black, Ennis 2001; Charteris-Black, Musolff 2003; Skorczynska, Deignan 2006; Urbonaitė, Šeškauskienė 2007), political (Lassan 1995, 2011; Charteris-Black 2004, 2005; Musolff 2004; Chilton 2004; Cibulskienė 2012), religious (Shokr 2006; Jäkel 2002), literary (Semino, Short 2004; Dorst 2011), and sports (Simó 2009; Shields, Bredemeier 2011), among others. Moreover, the study of multimodal metaphors, which analyzes not only linguistic manifestations of metaphor, is gaining ever greater momentum. Metaphor expressed through gesture is widely analyzed in the works of Alan Cienki (2008) and Cornelia Müller (2008), while visual and auditory metaphor in cartoons (Bounegru, Forceville 2011; Swain 2012), films (Rohdin 2008; Eggertsson, Forceville 2009), advertising (Forceville 2007), painting, and music (Zbikowski 2009) is attracting increasing attention from researchers. These studies show that metaphor is conceptual in nature: people use metaphors not only in poetic or literary discourse, as was traditionally thought, but also in everyday activities, without any significant conscious effort—they think metaphorically and live by metaphors. Therefore, in the broad sense, this study examines metaphor in political discourse, and more specifically, the discourse of the 2008 election campaign of the Homeland Union-Lithuanian Christian Democrats party (TS-LKD). The article examines how one of this party’s dominant conceptual metaphors—the JOURNEY metaphor—is developed in the discourse under analysis, and how it is shaped by the country’s ecopolitical and social factors. 2. JOURNEY METAPHOR IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE The cognitive approach to metaphor reveals that both metaphorical language and metaphorical thought are related to human bodily (sensorimotor) experience. G. Lakoff and M. Johnson (2008) argued that embodied concepts (embodied concepts) can be systematically extended to more abstract concepts and can acquire a particular meaning and structure. This was termed processes of meaning construction (conceptual projection), which are closely related to conceptual metaphor. M. Johnson (1987) maintains that embodied cognition manifests itself as the formation of an image in the mind (image schemas). These are elementary image schemas: SOURCE POINT–PATH–GOAL Straipsniai / Articles 27 JURGA CIBULSKIENĖ, ROMA JAGMINAITĖ TS-LKD partijos 2008 metų rinkimų kampanijos į Seimą kognityvinė analizė: konceptualioji kelionės metafora intended progress and the traveller’s movement along a particular trajectory towards an imagined destination. This very sense of direction is important to politicians who want to present themselves as having a political goal and knowing how to achieve it. In political discourse, metaphors are understood as a rhetorical and ideological means of achieving political goals. J. Charteris-Black (2005) analysed the conceptual metaphors used by British and American political leaders and their implications alongside other rhetorical strategies. His research shows that politicians such as Martin Luther King, Winston Churchill, Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, and Margaret Thatcher very often construct their political speeches and create various myths through the JOURNEY metaphor; that is, this metaphor is one of the most characteristic conceptual metaphors in political discourse. Andreas Musolff also emphasises the importance of the JOURNEY metaphor in political discourse. He argues that it is “one of the main conceptual metaphor systems by which we live” (2004: 43). A large-scale study by A. Musolff of analogical argumentation on how Britain and Germany metaphorically conceptualised the European Union in the 1990s shows that the two countries develop the ROAD–MOVEMENT–SPEED element, which is part of the JOURNEY metaphor scenario, in different ways. Germany conceptualises itself as a FAST-MOVING TRAVELLER, while Britain sees itself as a SLOW-MOVING TRAVELLER. This reflects the countries’ attitudes towards the European Union—cautious in Britain and fairly enthusiastic in Germany—as well as the degree and pace of their integration into it. 3. RESEARCH AIM, DATA AND METHODS The aim of the study described in this article is to reveal how the TS-LKD party’s election campaign discourse is constructed through the conceptual JOURNEY metaphor in pursuit of political power—that is, election to the Seimas, the state’s legislature. This determined the data sample and the data collection period. The TS-LKD election campaign discourse analysed comprises campaign speeches and election programmes for the Seimas elections, which were published on the party’s website (http://www.tsajunga.lt) and on the website of the Central Electoral Commission (http://www.vrk.lt) in September and October 2008, the official election campaign period. The speeches were selected at random, with their authors chosen for their leadership positions in the Conservative Party. They are attributed to Andrius Kubilius, Irena Degutiene, and Rasa Jukneviciene. A corpus comprising 865,115 characters was compiled from these speeches. The study was conducted using J. Charteris-Black’s critical metaphor analysis method, which combines conceptual metaphor theory and critical discourse analysis. The essence of this method is to identify intentions and ideology in language. Three stages are distinguished: Straipsniai / Articles 29 JURGA CIBULSKIENĖ, ROMA JAGMINAITĖ three stages of this analysis: 1) metaphor identification, 2) metaphor interpretation, and 3) metaphor explanation. The first stage aimed to identify metaphorical expressions from the semantic field of journeys, that is, those linked by hyperonymy. The MIPVU1 method was used to identify metaphorical expressions; its procedure is as follows: 1) careful reading and comprehension of the text; 2) division of the sentence into lexical units; 3) analysis of each lexical unit to determine its basic (dictionary) and contextual meanings; 4) comparison of the basic and contextual meanings. If a word’s contextual meaning differs from its basic meaning, that lexical unit is identified as metaphorical. The identified metaphorical expressions constitute the linguistic level, which, in the second stage of metaphor interpretation, moves to the level of thought: the expressions are associated with the conceptual JOURNEY metaphor and interpreted using the JOURNEY metaphor scenario, our body of extralinguistic knowledge, which encompasses conceptual elements such as the traveller, the destination, directed movement, obstacles on the journey, features of the road, and so on. The third stage of the analysis—metaphor explanation—is rhetorical and persuasive: it seeks to explain how political ideas and beliefs are conveyed through metaphors and how the addressee-voter is influenced to vote for a particular political force. This study of how the conceptual JOURNEY metaphor is developed in TS-LKD election campaign discourse forms part of a broader study that also covers other conceptual metaphors. The number of metaphorical expressions shows that the conceptual JOURNEY metaphor, together with the WAR and BUILDING metaphors, is one of the most important metaphors through which the TS-LKD party constructs its election campaign discourse. 4. CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS STATE DEVELOPMENT IS A JOURNEY ANALYSIS The conceptual JOURNEY metaphor in politicians’ speeches is usually associated with politicians’ predetermined goals, which imply a clear vision of future prospects. The image of a journey is also associated with planned progress and with a conscious agent who will follow a predetermined path towards an imagined goal. The JOURNEY metaphor can represent politicians, together with the policies they promote, as travel guides, and can be used systematically to evaluate political leadership positively and the lack of leadership negatively. Politicians use metaphors as rhetorical weapons for stra- 1 Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije University (Steen et. al. 2010). Šis metodas yra praplėstas ir patobulintas anksčiau pasiūlyto Pragglejaz (2007) metodo variantas. 30 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX TS-LKD partijos 2008 metų rinkimų kampanijos į Seimą kognityvinė analizė: konceptualioji kelionės metafora tegic purposes, for example, to promote their political ideology or to oppose the political positions of others. Pasak Elenos Semino (2008), remiantis PRADINIO TAŠKO–TRAJEKTORIJOS–TIKSLO vaizdo schema politiniai tikslai metaforiškai konceptualizuojami kaip kelionės tikslai, būdai tikslams pasiekti kaip judėjimas į priekį, sunkumai kaip kelyje pasitaikančios kliūtys ir sėkmė arba nesėkmė kaip kelionės tikslo pasiekimas arba nepasiekimas. Anot Paulo Chiltono (2004), ši vaizdo schema gali būti siejama su sudėtingesne KELIONĖS sritimi, apimančia specifines kultūrines žinias apie keliautojus, transporto priemones, keliavimo būdus, kelionėje pasitaikančias kliūtis ir t. t. 4.1. The direction of the path represents political beliefs and a vision of the future, while the destination of the journey represents a political goal The Conservatives conceptualize the development of the state as a journey: JOURNEY (source domain) → STATE DEVELOPMENT (target domain); in other words, the state is like a traveler journeying along a path of development, encountering various obstacles along the way, attempting to overcome them, and pursuing goals on that journey. The direction of the path is closely connected to the destination of the journey, since directed movement is oriented towards reaching a particular goal. In the Conservatives’ political discourse, the destination of the journey conceptually corresponds to the state’s aspiration (journey destination → state aspiration), although the latter is more abstract and oriented towards a broader context. As Charteris-Blackas (2005: 45) argues, social goals are very often understood as destinations on a journey. The state seeks economic and social changes and a breakthrough towards success, aims to overcome the economic and financial crisis successfully, and also supports other states’ aspirations for NATO membership, for example: (1) Lithuania needs a clear path to the future and meaningful priorities—they are set out in the TS-LKD programme. Change and the courage to pursue it are needed, as is the will to overcome the entrenched bureaucracy and inaction of state institutions. (2) Lithuania must firmly support the democratic path of development chosen by states seeking membership in the transatlantic Alliance. The fact that the Conservatives think about the development of the state and its aspirations in terms of a journey and its goals is evident from the metaphorical expressions used in their election discourse, associated with the path and direction: pave the way for a breakthrough towards success, support the democratic path of development. To reach the destinations of the journey—that is, to realize their party’s political aspirations—TS-LKD declares that it has a plan (journey plan → political programme), as if it had a kind of travel plan that would help it attain one of the goals of state development as a journey: overcoming the economic crisis as one of the obstacles encountered on the path of state development (obstacles on the path → economic challenges). Straipsniai / Articles 31 JURGA CIBULSKIENĖ, ROMA JAGMINAITĖ In conservative discourse, the path of reform is often emphasized, associated with certain transformations in the state (a path that is traveled → reform policy), and this path is described as rational and involving gradual forward movement—evolution, for example: (3) We believe that such a fundamental reform of state governance could be implemented through the path of gradual evolutionary reform. (4) We advocate a more rational approach—to follow the path of sensible reforms. Indeed, the conservatives note that the path of reform is not always the right one—criticizing the political situation in the state, the TS-LKD party speaks of a path of misguided reforms, attributing it to opposition forces, for example, (5) Now the path of misguided reforms is being pursued even further. TS-LKD political discourse also emphasizes and proposes other positive paths associated with development, democracy, the future, fundamental principles, state-building, innovation, and so on. All the paths of state development and improvement named in election speeches are based on moving forward, for example: (6) The path we propose is the path of introducing the fundamental principles of public management. For three decades, New Zealand, Australia, Great Britain, Canada, and the USA have followed this path most consistently. (7) Lithuania will firmly support the integration efforts of states that have chosen the democratic path of development and are seeking partnership with NATO or membership in the transatlantic Alliance, and will share its experience with them. The PATH image schema can be applied to the examples of political speech presented here, in which forward movement is one of the most important components, while moving forward conceptually corresponds to ways of achieving goals related to the state's development. It should be emphasized that conservatives associate the path not only with moving forward, but also refer to wrong and false paths, or missteps, that lead to deep crisis, degradation, populism, crime, or poverty, for example: (8) Now all that remains is to say, alas... Lithuania has progressed very far along the path of deep crisis. (9) An understanding of the most important values, on the basis of which it is possible to stop wandering down the wrong paths. (10) [...] he is practically deprived of the human right to avoid the path of crime or poverty in the future. The concept of a wrong path used by conservatives effectively conveys the seriousness of the state's social, economic, and political problems, as if warning against taking inappropriate, mistaken paths and indicating what awaits those who choose them. In conservative political discourse, the direction of the path is conceptualized as a trend in the state's development, expressed through verbal and nominal constructions with prepositions indicating direction from – to, forward – backward, away from, toward, into. 32 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX TS-LKD partijos 2008 metų rinkimų kampanijos į Seimą kognityvinė analizė: konceptualioji kelionės metafora Verbal and nominal constructions with the prepositions from – to and to, for example, climb to, move from [...] to, a decisive turn to, enter into in conservative political discourse indicate a positive direction; in other words, the direction or tendency of state development marked by the prepositions from – to and to is oriented toward a higher level, the improvement and development of the state, for example: (11) Lithuanian universities can climb to the European level. (12) To enable institutions that are ready to do so to move voluntarily from an administrative system to a managerial one. (13) Lithuania should enter a new energy era together with the most advanced countries in the world [...] This policy direction is set out in the Energy section of our programme. However, verbal constructions with the prepositions from – to and to in conservative political discourse do not always indicate a positive direction; in some cases, these prepositions indicate a negative direction, i.e. a tendency in state development that merits criticism (14), or an unknown direction (15): (14) [...] the overt aspiration of some politicians to change the country’s direction from pro-Western to pro-Russian is all the more alarming. (15) [...] chaos, the absence of goals, and the lack of a unified management system lead nowhere. Verbal constructions with the prepositions forward – backward, away from and toward in conservative political discourse also indicate a negative tendency in state development, for example: (16) Over the past four years, following the establishment of the Drug Control Department under the Government, the state’s drug control policy has moved not forward, but backward. (17) I would once again like to point out that every year Lithuania moves further away from its commitments. (18) [...] there is a strong possibility that Russia is approaching a deep economic crisis. The direction of the journey, conceptually corresponding to the tendency in state development, is named explicitly in political discourse; that is, the concept direction and its synonyms—course, track (as a suitable way of acting)—are used, for example: (19) A decision on specific actions in the coming years will reveal in which direction Lithuania’s economy is moving. (20) We have already identified the first step in this direction—we will invest in teachers, making teaching a prestigious profession. (21) [...] theoretical strategies and the practical life of the executive branch [...] very often proceed along entirely different tracks. The explicit naming of the concept direction and verbs and nouns denoting movement—moves, first step, breakthrough, proceeds—show that conservatives think and speak about tendencies in state development as directions of travel. Road signs, Straipsniai / Articles 33 JURGA CIBULSKIENĖ, ROMA JAGMINAITĖ which conceptually correspond to policy guidelines in the conservatives’ political discourse can partly be associated with journey directions, which conceptually correspond to trends in the country’s development, since in both cases a direction is indicated. Moreover, in the conservatives’ discourse, the word guidelines, used figuratively, means signposts or arrows associated with the conceptual JOURNEY or PATH metaphor, for example, (22) The multifunctionality of the countryside, the diversity of activities, the expression of regional characteristics, and the promotion of community spirit among rural residents—these are the guidelines toward which the new EU rural policy directs us. 4.2. The Traveler – Lithuania The entity on the road, which may be perceived as a traveler or fellow traveler, is Lithuania and the other Baltic and Eastern European countries. In the conservatives’ discourse, these states conceptually correspond to passengers who encounter difficulties and obstacles and try to overcome them, for example: (23) By voting for TS-LKD [...] you will stand for a dynamic rather than a Lithuania standing still. (24) Now all that remains is to say, alas... Lithuania has come a very long way along the road to deep crisis. (25) [...] Poland, Estonia and Latvia, in terms of their national defense funding, have far outpaced us. The movement of entities on the road—that is, countries—is described in different ways: the conservatives portray Lithuania as afflicted by stagnation, passive, mired in deep crisis, and outpaced by its closest neighbors—the Latvians, Estonians, and Poles. By using this rhetoric, the conservatives try to influence voters and play on their emotions, while at the same time urging them to vote for their party, claiming that by choosing TS-LKD, voters will stand for a dynamic, active Lithuania rather than a passive one “standing still.” The conservatives persuasively influence the addressee through language: the construction by voting, you will stand for conveys a sense of unity and solidarity; potential voters are encouraged to become initiators of the country’s development, while the metaphorical expression a dynamic rather than a Lithuania standing still is intended to awaken voters’ personal ambitions and hopes. 4.3. Traveling – political actions and decisions Travelers on a journey, more precisely, on a road, perform various actions: they stop, overtake, encounter obstacles, get lost, return to the road, and so on. The range of actions on the road of a state's development is quite broad; for example, movement forward is marked by metaphorical expressions: far surpass, advance far, lead to, lead into, follow, open the way; a static state is marked by metaphorical expressions: tread water, make no headway, get moving from a “deadlock,” leave behind, for example: 34 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX TS-LKD partijos 2008 metų rinkimų kampanijos į Seimą kognityvinė analizė: konceptualioji kelionės metafora (26) Most people are disappointed with the actions of G. Kirkilas's Government, which led Lithuania to total chaos in practically every area of state governance. (27) We must resolutely reject the current government structures' hopeless stagnation in establishing integrated transport and logistics centers, which since 2002 [...] until now has not allowed us to make even a single step forward in beginning to implement these projects of importance to Lithuania's transport sector in practice. Actions performed on the road, which are conceptualized as state development, can be divided into three groups: active actions, passive actions, and actions associated with challenges. It should be emphasized that actions which seem active and are associated with moving forward do not always signify positivity in the Conservatives' election speeches; for example, the expression (28) Lithuania has advanced very far along the road to a deep crisis implies “progress” directed toward a negative phenomenon—an economic crisis. Leading forward also does not always signify a positive action; for example, the metaphorical expression in example (26), led Lithuania to total chaos in practically every area of state governance, indicates movement forward in a negative direction, that is, toward negative social phenomena. 4.4. Obstacles on the road – the state's economic and political difficulties encountered Obstacles on the road, which in the Conservatives' political discourse conceptually correspond to economic and social challenges, constitute a major part of the conceptual metaphor STATE DEVELOPMENT IS A JOURNEY and are one of the components of the ROAD image schema. As G. Lakoff (1993: 220) states, difficulties experienced during a journey are perceived as obstacles that impede movement. G. Lakoff distinguishes five types of obstacles: roadblocks; obstacles associated with terrain; burdens; hostile forces; lack of an energy source. The discourse analyzed contained the following metaphorical expressions denoting the (non-)overcoming of obstacles encountered on the road: meet challenges; not fall into a pit, and if you do, climb out of it; sink into; stop wandering down the wrong paths; get lost among, and so on. The emphasis and dominance in the Conservatives' political discourse of economic and social challenges facing the state as obstacles on the road of state development show that this is one of the most important and relevant aspects of state development in the period under study; these challenges affect social and societal groups to a greater or lesser extent and directly exert a greater or lesser influence on the state's development. Two groups of obstacles can be distinguished: 1) challenges that are oriented more toward positivity or are neutral, and 2) obstacles that negatively affect the state's development. In many cases, obstacles encountered on the road of state development are directly referred to as challenges, for example: Straipsniai / Articles 35 JURGA CIBULSKIENĖ, ROMA JAGMINAITĖ (29) However, we must also see and understand all the long-term challenges, extending far beyond merely a ceasefire agreement. (30) Globalizacijos iššūkiai verčia Baltijos jūros regiono bendradarbiavimo erdvėje pasukti nuo sektorinės prie multisektorinės kooperacijos. (31) The example declares that Lithuania faces enormous challenges both at home and abroad, which should give pause for thought and reflection; another message is a concealed political appeal to vote for the TS-LKD party, which promises to overcome these challenges. (31) Thus, Lithuania faces enormous challenges both at home and abroad. It would be good if, at least after the election, we had a government capable of and able to face and address such challenges. The idea that the Conservatives are capable of facing and overcoming major challenges may initially inspire hope; on the other hand, however, excessive declarations of political ambition prompt doubts about whether they can actually be fulfilled. In addition, the use of adjectives such as enormous, long-term and the noun globalization is characteristic of concealed political pathos; that is, there is an indirect attempt to suggest an ability to face major, long-term, global challenges, while perhaps also implying that addressing such challenges requires considerable effort, time, competence, and favorable political, economic, and social circumstances. The Conservatives see a great many varied obstacles that negatively affect the country's development. Such obstacles as social and economic chasms, a deep economic pit, a quagmire of crimes against humanity and society, and a dead end can be associated with the PATH image schema, grounded in sensorimotor experience; that is, the Conservatives metaphorically conceptualize the country's social and economic problems as chasms, pits, a quagmire, and a dead end, for example: (32) If things continue this way, considerable social and economic chasms may emerge in the future. (33) In our party programme, we answer questions such as how to avoid falling into a deep economic pit, how to climb out after falling in, and how not to become Europe's laggards. (34) It is paradoxical that the more and more passionately (in truth, only in words) we fight against evils, the deeper we sink into the quagmire of crimes against humanity and society. (35) For many years, the fight against corruption was stalled by subjective reasons and the lack of principle among the political authorities, as well as a legal consciousness that had reached a dead end. In addition, a chasm, a pit, and a quagmire are obstacles encountered on a journey, implying a downward direction: one plunges into a chasm, falls into a pit, or sinks into a quagmire. These orientational metaphors are associated with negative stages in the country's development. A quagmire implies a boggy place—a swamp—in which one sinks and gets stuck, and from which it is difficult to climb out. The Conservatives' use of the quagmire metaphor vividly conveys the danger posed by crimes against humanity. The metaphor of a dead end signifies a situation with no way out. In examples (36), (37), and (38), the expressions cyclical downturns and bureaucratic obstacles, entrenched bureaucracy and inaction in state institutions, general chaos—these are 36 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX TS-LKD partijos 2008 metų rinkimų kampanijos į Seimą kognityvinė analizė: konceptualioji kelionės metafora obstacles or challenges to the country’s development, which are likewise understood as obstacles encountered on a journey. On the basis of verbs denoting movement and nouns associated with a journey led to, encourage a transition to, a clear path is needed, how to overcome, it can be argued that these obstacles are associated with the challenges of the country’s development. (36) Most people are disappointed with the actions of G. Kirkilas’s Government, which led Lithuania into general chaos in practically every area of state governance. (37) Foreign competition in the construction sector, cyclical downturns and bureaucratic obstacles, as well as policy errors, may encourage some construction entrepreneurs to move into other business sectors where capital turnover is faster. (38) Lithuania needs a clear path for the future and significant priorities—these are addressed in the TS-LKD programme. Change is needed, as is the courage to pursue it and the resolve to overcome the entrenched bureaucracy and inaction of state institutions. 4.5. Mode of travel – the country’s governance strategy In conservative political discourse, the mode of travel conceptually corresponds to the mode of governing the country, that is, the chosen way of governing it: whether to proceed slowly or rapidly along the path of the country’s development, to race or to move forward steadily, to stride boldly along the path of change or to take the first tentative steps, and so on. Various modes of travel as a means of governing the country were identified in conservative political discourse; they can be divided into four groups according to the intensity of travel: Movement, which is the weakest on the intensity scale, is associated with Lithuania’s economy, science, business, innovation policy, and creative industries: (39) The decision on specific actions in the coming years will reveal which direction Lithuania’s economy is moving in. (40) [...] there is no vision of where Lithuanian science should be heading. (41) The movement of the creative industries can play a particularly important role in regional development and reducing regional disparities. All these economic, social, and political phenomena unfold slowly, chaotically, and gradually within the country, and this development of the country is described in conservative political discourse by verbs and their forms used with the word direction and the preposition toward—which direction it is moving in, where it should be heading; and by the abstract noun movement. Stepping is a concrete expression of movement, while the concept itself, to step, means to move one’s foot forward while walking and frequently collocates with the word step—to take a step. Stepping is associated with change, innovation policy and business, finance, the education system, culture, and healthcare, for example: Straipsniai / Articles 37 JURGA CIBULSKIENĖ, ROMA JAGMINAITĖ (42) [...] In Lithuania to take this path of change. (43) We have already begun together – we took the first step towards hopeful change. Let us not stop halfway. United and courageous, we will overcome all difficulties. (44) [...] The introduction of a real estate tax would be a rational step. The metaphor of a step or steps is quite common in the Conservatives’ political discourse, implying the beginning of some action or work, initiative, and determination. The concepts of a step or steps are used with the ordinal numeral first / very first / first and the adjectives urgent, purposeful, rational, and denote a positive (purposeful, rational) impetus in the country’s development, while the first step / the first steps is a particularly common collocation both in political discourse and in everyday usage generally. Walking is one of the more intensive and purposeful ways of travelling, since it covers a greater distance and reaches the destination more quickly. Walking is associated with elections, the economic crisis, reforms, and democracy, for example: (45) TS-LKD is going into these elections offering serious and responsible solutions. TS-LKD has a plan for how to emerge from the current crisis. (46) In countries with a democratic tradition, a long road was travelled before effective control mechanisms were found. (47) We advocate a more rational approach – following the path of sensible reforms. Walking, expressed in the Conservatives’ political discourse through the verbs and their forms goes, to go, to emerge, travelled, is the most commonly used mode of travel when discussing elections: the TS-LKD party goes into them intensively, purposefully, and with clear aims. Moreover, the Conservatives go into the elections with additional means (plans, a programme, proposed solutions), which are intended, as it were, to ensure a more purposeful and goal-oriented mode of travel as a way of governing the state. Racing, associated with the pursuit of superiority, is the most intense and at the same time the least emphasized mode of travel in the political discourse of the TS-LKD party, for example: (48) [...] parties and politicians should be expected to want to race one another in the distribution of those promises. (49) Then they will have to compete with third countries as well. Compared with other metaphors in the Conservatives’ discourse, the conceptual JOURNEY metaphor has the greatest number of conceptual correspondences, indicating that the TS-LKD party’s speeches draw on various aspects of the JOURNEY metaphor. The frequent use of metaphorical expressions that evoke the JOURNEY metaphor shows that the Conservatives view the state as travelling along a path of development, stumbling, trying to get back on its feet, and overcoming obstacles encountered along the way. 38 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX TS-LKD partijos 2008 metų rinkimų kampanijos į Seimą kognityvinė analizė: konceptualioji kelionės metafora 5. CONCLUSIONS The conceptual JOURNEY metaphor (THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE IS A JOURNEY) in TS-LKD’s 2008 political election discourse unfolds across three closely interconnected and interwoven linguistic and mental dimensions—language, thought, and rhetoric. All three segments help construct persuasive and influential political discourse that, through linguistic, perceptual, and rhetorical levels, affects the addressee’s feelings and thoughts and encourages them to make one decision or another. The conceptual JOURNEY metaphor helps reveal the conservatives’ political ideology and views through language, or the linguistic level, that is, through metaphorical expressions which imply the conceptual metaphor THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE IS A JOURNEY characteristic of TS-LKD’s 2008 election discourse and help disclose political views and ideas. The metaphorical expressions characteristic of TS-LKD discourse, to take the path of change, to follow the path of sensible reforms, emphasize possible changes in the state, while the metaphorical image of the ROAD seems to symbolize seeking, the search for rational solutions and new opportunities. The concept of a wrong path (to stop wandering down wrong paths; the wrong paths of empty promises and populism) implies the seriousness of the state’s social, economic, and political problems and their possible consequences. The conceptual JOURNEY metaphor helps reveal TS-LKD’s views through thought, that is, through conceptual correspondences encompassing source and target domains; metaphorical expressions help us understand conceptual metaphors at the perceptual level. When thinking about politics or the state as a journey, politicians use vocabulary characteristic of the semantic field of travel. When thinking about the development of the state as a journey, conservatives use vocabulary characteristic of the concept of a journey: the destination of a journey in the source domain (JOURNEY) conceptually corresponds to the state’s goal in the target domain (THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE); the subject on the road corresponds to the state; the road along which one travels corresponds to the state’s policy of change and reform; actions taken along the road correspond to the state’s development; the direction of the road corresponds to the trend of the state’s development; road signs correspond to political guidelines; obstacles on the road correspond to economic and social challenges, and so on. The conceptual JOURNEY metaphor helps reveal the conservatives’ ideology through rhetoric, that is, through the power to influence and manipulate. The metaphorical expression You will speak up for a dynamic Lithuania, not one standing still seems to sum up the rhetorical goal—to influence voters’ thoughts, manipulate their feelings and emotions, and awaken their personal ambitions and hopes so that they will vote for the TS-LKD party in the parliamentary elections. Straipsniai / Articles 39 JURGA CIBULSKIENĖ, ROMA JAGMINAITĖ LITERATŪRA B o u n e g r u L i l i a n a, F o r c e v i l l e C h a r l e s 2011: Metaphors in editorial cartoons presenting the global economic crisis. – Visual Communication, 209–229. C a m e r o n L y n n e 2003: Metaphor in Educational Discourse. London: Continuum. C i b u l s k i e n ė J u r g a 2012: The development of the JOURNEY metaphor in political discourse. Time-specific changes. – Metaphor and the Social World 2(2), 131–153. C i e n k i A l a n 2008: Why study metaphor and gesture? – Metaphor and Gesture, ed. by Alan Cienki and Cornelia Müller. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 5–25. C h a r t e r i s-B l a c k J o n a t h a n 2005: Politicians and Rhetoric. The Persuasive Power of Metaphor. Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan. C h a r t e r i s-B l a c k J o n a t h a n, E n n i s T i m o t h y 2001: A comparative study of metaphor in Spanish and English financial reporting. – English for Specific Purposes 20, 249–266. C h a r t e r i s-B l a c k J o n a t h a n, M u s o l f f A n d r e a s 2003: ‘Battered hero’ or ‘innocent victim’? A comparative study of metaphors for euro trading in British and German financial reporting. – English for Specific Purposes 23, 153–176. C h i l t o n P a u l 2004: Analysing Political Discourse: Theory and Practice. London: Routledge. D o r s t A l e t t a 2011: Metaphor in Fiction: Language, Thought and Communication. Oisterwijk: Uitgeverij BOXPress. E g g e r t s s o n G u n n a r T h e o d ó r, F o r c e v i l l e C h a r l e s 2009: Multimodal expression of the HUMAN VICTIM IS ANIMAL metaphor in horror films. – Multimodal Metaphor, ed. by Charles Forceville and Eduardo Urios-Aparisi. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 429–449. F o r c e v i l l e C h a r l e s 2007: Multimodal metaphor in ten Dutch TV commercials. – The Public Journal of Semiotics 1, 19–51. Prieiga internete: http://semioticsonline.org G i b b s R a y m o n d W. 1999: Taking metaphor out of our heads and putting it in the cultural world. – Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics, ed. by Raymond W. Gibbs and Gerard J. Steen. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 145–165. J ä k e l O l a f 2002: Hypotheses revisited: the cognitive theory of metaphor applied to religious texts”. – metaphorik.de 2, 20–42. J o h n s o n M a r k 1987: The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. L a k o f f G e o r g e 1993: The contemporary theory of metaphor. – Metaphor and Thought, ed. by Andrew Ortony. Cambridge: CUP, 202–251. L a k o f f G e o r g e, J o h n s o n M a r k 1980: Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 40 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX TS-LKD partijos 2008 metų rinkimų kampanijos į Seimą kognityvinė analizė: konceptualioji kelionės metafora Lakoff George, Johnson Mark 1999: Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books. Lassan 1995 – Лассан Элеонора 1995: Дискурс власти и инакомыслия в СССР: когнитивно-риторический анализ. Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. Lassan 2011 – Лассан Элеонора 2011: Лингвистика ставит диагноз.... Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. Littlemore Jeannette, Low Graham 2006: Figurative Thinking and Foreign Language Learning. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Müller Cornelia 2008: What gestures reveal about the nature of metaphor? – Metaphor and Gesture, ed. by Alan Cienki and Cornelia Müller. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 219–245. Musolff Andreas 2004: Metaphor in Political Discourse: Analogical Reasoning in Debates about Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Pragglejaz 2007: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol 22(1), 1–39. Rohdin Mat 2008: Multimodal metaphor in classical film theory from the 1920s to 1950s. – Multimodal Metaphor, ed. by Charles Forceville and Eduardo Urios-Aparisi. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 403–428. Semino Elena 2008: Metaphor in Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Semino Elena, Short Mick 2004: Corpus Stylistics: Speech, Writing and Thought Presentation in a Corpus of English Writing. London: Routledge. Shields David, Bredemeier Brenda 2011: Contest, competition and metaphor. – Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 38, 27–38. Shokr Mohamed 2006: The metaphorical concept “Life is a Journey” in the Qur’an. – metaphorik.de 10, 94–132. Simó Judit 2009: Chess metaphors in American English and Hungarian. – Metaphor and Symbol 24, 42–59. Skorczynska Hanna, Deignan Alice 2006: Readership and purpose in the choice of economics metaphors. – Metaphor and Symbol 2(12), 87–104. Steen Gerard J., Dorst Aletta G., Herrmann Berenike J., Kaal Anna A., Krennmayr Tina, Pasma Trintje 2010: A Method for Linguistic Metaphor Identification. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Swain Elisabeth 2012: Analysing evaluation in political cartoons. – Discourse, Context and Media 1, 82–94. Urbonaite Justina, Šeškauskienė Inesa 2007: HEALTH metaphor in political and economic discourse: a cross-linguistic analysis. – Studies about languages 11, 98–74. Straipsniai / Articles 41 JURGA CIBULSKIENĖ, ROMA JAGMINAITĖ Z b i k o w s k i M. L a w r e n c e 2009: Music, language, and multimodal metaphor. – Multimodal Metaphor, ed. by Charles Forceville and Eduardo Urios-Aparisi. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 359–381. Cognitive Analysis of the Campaign of the Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats for the Lithuanian Parliamentary Elections of 2008: Conceptual Metaphor of JOURNEY S U M M A R Y The paper focuses on the conceptual JOURNEY metaphor of the Lithuanian Conservative Party in the 2008 election campaign. The aim of the study is to analyse how the JOURNEY metaphor reveals political ideology via language (metaphorical expressions), thought (conceptual metaphor) and rhetoric (power of rhetorical impact and manipulation). The research is carried out within the Critical Metaphor Analysis framework, which blends the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Critical Discourse Analysis, suggested by Charteris-Black (2005). The cognitive analysis showed that Lithuanian Conservative Party tends to conceptualize 2008 General elections as a journey, or to be more exact, the development of the country (its progress or regress) is comprehended through the JOURNEY metaphor. In terms of conceptual correspondences, the path is the most recurrent element which acquires metaphorical importance. Moreover, the PATH image schema which underlies the conceptual metaphor of JOURNEY implies the direction and movement forward as conceptually corresponding the ways to achieve particular political goals. The findings indicated that the JOURNEY metaphor is one of the most elaborate metaphors in terms of scenario development in the Conservative discourse and this metaphor allows us to decode political ideas that politicians try to highlight or hide. Moreover, it has to be admitted that metaphorical expressions of the JOURNEY metaphor have a rhetorical function to persuade the electorate to vote for them. Įteikta 2014 m. kovo 19 d. JURGA CIBULSKIENĖ Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas Studentų g. 39, LT-08106 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected] ROMA JAGMINAITĖ Gamtos tyrimų centras Akademijos g. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected] 42 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXX