Evalda Jakaitienė. „Leksikologija“

355 e iews and e iews jonas PaLionis Vilniaus uni e si e as Resea ch a eas: his o y o Li huanian w i en language, cul u e o he common language, publica ion and s udy o old Li huanian w i ings, onomas ics. he e alua ion o he The s udy book o lexicon Vilnius: Published by he Uni e si y o Vilnius, 2009, p. 352 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The book by Vilnius Uni e si y p o esso E aldas Jaki ienė, published a ew yea s ago, seems o ha e ecei ed li le app ecia ion un il now, al hough i is one o he mos signi ican Li huanian wo ks o he la e wen ie h cen u y. i s p ologue s a es ha i is a s udy guide o Li huanian s uden s, in which […]an a emp is made o se ou he mos impo an heo e ical p oblems o lexicology[…] (p. 5). Howe e , his book, w i en by an ou s anding Li huanian lexicog aphe , especially a esea che o lexical seman ics, a exceeds he equi emen s o philology s uden s and is cha ac e ized by scien i ic ma u i y. The book is di ided in o nine majo o mino sec ions: (1) The objec i es and uses o lexicology [...], (2) The meaning o wo ds in lexicology, (3) The seman ics o lexicology [...], (4) The ma hema ics o lexicology [...], (5) The social aspec s o lexicog aphy [...], (6) The wo k o lexicology and lexicog aphy, (7) The onomas ics o lexicog aphy and ph asing [...]. Only he ini ial pa s o he chap e names p in ed in capi al le e s in bold ype a e gi en he e, o which Li huanian in e na ional e minology explana ions a e added s a ing wi h he hi d i le ( he ull names will be indica ed he e when alking abou indi idual chap e s). A he end o all chap e s and some sec ions, he e is a la ge o smalle lis o asks and e y de ailed (e en wi h he pages indica ed) lis s o he ele an main li e a u e. A he end o he book he e is also a collec ion o "signi ican lexicological ques ions" di ided in o chap e s (a o al o 60 ques ions (pages 335-337). I is ollowed by a ai ly ex ensi e lis o li e a u e (p. 338-341), a egis e o abb e ia ions (p. 344-346) and a subjec lis (p. 347-35). The i s chap e (p. 79) explains he concep o lexicology and dis inguishes in a ious aspec s he b anches o he science o his language in linguis ics: gene al, special and ela ed lexicology, semasiology, lexical p agma ics, socio- 356 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI lexicology, e ymology, wo d wo k and onomas ics. jonas PaLionis These a e accompanied by ph asology and lexicog aphy, he o me o which is some imes ended o be conside ed a sepa a e b anch o linguis ics (c . k Z 66), and he la e is a heo y o applied lexicology and many o he names o he b anches o lexicology summa ized he e a e de i ed om adi ional linguis ics. Howe e , lexical p ak ika (plg. jakai ienė 2005: 9). p agma ics, sociolexicology is al eady a wo k o science o he language o he new epoch. Wi hou going in o a b oade discussion o summa ized b anches (which a e also b ie ly desc ibed in his chap e ), one would like o ques ion only he de ini ion o he objec o e ymology: […][...] i s objec […] only hose wo ds whose o igin is synch onously unclea […] (p. 9). Tha de ini ion, i seems o me, is oo na ow. Why is i limi ed o wo ds o synch onously unclea o igin? Wha kind o science s udies wo ds o synch onously dis inc o igin? I is he e o e mo e accu a e o de ine i as a "b anch o linguis ics ha s udies he o igin o wo ds and hei ela ionship o kinship wi h o he wo ds in he same o o he languages" (p. 60). The second chap e (p. 11-37) deals wi h he meaning o he wo d in a a ie y o ways and in an o iginal way. Th ee ypes o i s concep a e dis inguished he e: on ological, scien i ic and linguis ic. The e m on ina ( om G eek on, klm. oγīos ‘pe haps) is he i s o he Li huanian speake s o use he wo d o mean belonging. So pe haps his concep should be explained in he book, and he e's a lo o space: i 's w i en abou he wo d as a complex social phenomenon ha has a cha ac e is ic na u e, a speci ici y, abou i s unc ions, he ypes o unc ional wo ds. he mos impo an unc ion o he wo d is conside ed o be ep esen a i e (p. 15). Bu ha 's ques ionable. I seems o me ha he mos impo an unc ion o a wo d as a basic linguis ic means o exp ession is no o " ep esen some hing", bu o communica e wi h each o he , i.e. o communica e, o communica e. O cou se, in ea ing he main unc ion o a wo d in his way, he p esence o a ep esen a i e unc ion is undeniable (a wo d, like o he uni s o he language sys em, ep esen s a pe son in ol ed in he speech p ocess). In gene al, he desc ip ion o he ep esen a i e unc ion in bo h he language sys em and he ac i i y o speech is complex. he asse ion ha […]in he linguis ic sys em, a wo d acqui es he s a us o a sign o he i s ime [...][…] (p. 19) and […]when used in a pa icula speech ac i i y, i pe o ms he ep esen a i e unc ion o a sign o he second ime[…] (p. 20) may be unclea o he eade , especially o he s uden , and is no clea ly s a ed in he ollowing pages (p. 26 […] 27). he e is no doub abou he o he unc ions o he wo d, which a e di ided in o gene al and speci ic and shown wi h examples in he able. I can only be added ha in he wo ks o some linguis s he e is a dis inc ion be ween he imp essionis ( o example, in mili a y commands: lygiuo !, s ep ma ch!) and he a is unc ion ( o example, he elephone wo d alio!) (plg. bańcze owski, Pogonowski, zgółka 1982: 36[…]37). Bu hese a e sub le ies ha a e no necessa y in he s uden lexicology manual. An in e es ing and ques ionable sen ence is he i le o he sub i le o he second sec ion […]a The wo d […] is a good e minology?[…] (p. 28). In ac , as he au ho poin s ou , he did no use a s ic ly scien i ic e m in he spoken language, bu in e alda jakai ienė. Leksikologija 357 e iews e iews he e a e many di e en de ini ions o he wo d. The amous F ench linguis An oine Mejie (an oine Meille ) is said o ha e said ha he wo d om he p inciple is inde inable: […]le mo es en p incipe indé inissable[…] (ci ed by do oszewski 1954): I seems o me ha he mos a ge ed would be a wo d as a uni o language sys em, called he lexeme o speech, he co esponding (plg. analogiškus e minus onema, mo ema, sin aksema), o šnekos, a ba uni o a wo d. he e m onoma ema p o ided in he book could only be accep ed in one de ined meaning […] […]g oup o lexemes ha ing he same phone ic meaning[…] (p. 29). linguis ic li e a u e he had a di e en opinion han he au ho and because o he app op ia eness o he sociological e m "speaking in Li huanian equi alen s", "speaking ac i i y". I seems o me ha a mo e app op ia e, mo e con enien subs i u e is he monosyllabic equi alen used by many linguis s o o he peoples, šneka (a simple olk language wo d ansla ed by he e m)1. In addi ion o b e i y, his equi alen is e en mo e app op ia e because i can be used no only in he sense o "speaking" o "speech ac i i y", bu also in he sense o " he idiolec o he whole o he indi idual's accumula ed means o language exp ession" (John, Pe e o Ones' snake). Speaking, he ac i i y o speaking, e e s only o he p ocess o language consump ion. By he way, he e mina ed wo d compound "speech ac s" is used in he ou h chap e below and by he au ho he sel (p. 143 […] 146). In he hi d and la ges chap e , Leksinė seMan ika, o Wha and When Wo ds Really A e (p. 38 […] 142) he mos impo an seman ic p oblems o he wo d a e conside ed. F om he ou se , i p o ides knowledge o he his o y o lexical seman ics, and in subsequen sec ions, i desc ibes he concep s, s uc u e, homonyms, and sys ema ic ela ionships o lexical meanings o wo ds and hei meanings. Many o hese p oblems we e add essed as ea ly as 1980 in he au ho 's manual Li huanian Language Lexicology and especially in he 1988 published monog aph Leksinė seman ika. Howe e , in he e iewed book, hey ha e been newly e ised, c i ically e alua ed and supplemen ed by da a om s udies o Li huanian and non-Li huanian linguis s in la e decades. Since he au ho 's his o y o lexical seman ics was w i en in a monog aph in 1988, mo e space is de o ed in he e iewed book only o he e iew and cha ac e is ics o he mo e p ominen seman ic di ec ions and hei ep esen a i es. Bu he concep s o meaning, and especially he classi ica ion o meaning, a e also he ocus o bo h au ho s' books. In addi ion, i is pa icula ly impo an ha he book unde e iew con ains a numbe o lexical seman ic p oblems ha a e ea ed di e en ly and in a new way. One o hem is he non-exis en concep o he meaning o he wo d. In he lexical seman ics, as well as in he e iewed book, wo la ge ypes o his concep a e dis inguished: cogni i e and s uc u al, which a e s ill classi ied in o ce ain 1 besides he English speech, he Ge man Rede, he F ench pa ole, he Polish, he Russian co espondences, i is possible o add he Czech speech […]eč o mluk, Se bian and C oa ian speech. 358 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI po ūšius. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he jonas PaLionis Li huanian language ha he wo d "po ūšius" has been used. Howe e , in lexical seman ics he e a e mo e cogni i e and s uc u al classi ica ions o pai s, and some pai s (pai s, designa i e and conno a i e meaning) a e desc ibed in mo e de ail he e. On he o he hand, some o he concep s and e ms desc ibed in he Seman ic Lexicon (i.e. non-signi ican adjec i es) ha e been abandoned in he Lexicon. de i acinės e ės, designa inės e ės, pa adigminės e ės, kaip am ik ų s uk ū i- Wi hou going in o mo e de ailed compa isons o he con en s o he wo au ho s' books, i mus be said ha he p oblem o lexical seman ics in lexicology has been g ea ly expanded. The chap e s o he hi d chap e deal in mo e de ail wi h he seman ic s uc u e o he plu al wo d (p. 86-100), he homonymy (p. 101-112) and in pa icula wi h he sys ema ic ela ionships be ween wo ds and hei meanings (p. 113-142). In he absence o se ious c i ical ema ks on his chap e , I would jus like o men ion one o he ques ionable o mula ion o con en ious subjec (which a e p esen ed he e in he o de o he pages). On page 66, when w i ing abou syn ac ic alency, o connec ion, and commen ing on he cases o e bs belonging and being connec ed (Name belongs o a neighbo […] Vic o y depends on success; S iuba e da […] Mama e da s iub), i is claimed ha hose e bs ha e wo lexemes. I one holds he opinion ha lexema […] is a wo d […]as a se o all pa adigma ic o ms and hei co esponding meanings[…] (k Ž 113), hen such a s a emen has no basis, because lexema, as a lexical e m, is gi en a syn ac ic meaning. On page 101, wo homonyms a e dis inguished: ue and pa ial. The basis and e m o he dis inc ion a e no clea he e. he pa ial opposi es would be indi isible o , as i is cus oma y o call i , absolu e. some dic iona ies o linguis ic e ms also p o ide o he homonyms. In e ymology, h ee mo e ypes o homonyms a e also dis inguished acco ding o hei sou ces and causes: e ymological, cons uc i e and seman ic (p. 104 […] 111). In he de ini ion o synonyms gi en on page 123, wo wo ds ela ed o hei classi ica ion should be inse ed […]single o […] (my wo ds in he b oken clauses): […]synonyms a e lexical uni s o [single o ] close meaning whose main seman ic componen s coincide, and he seman ic componen s ha dis inguish hem may be neu alized in ce ain con ex s.[…] This in oduc ion is necessa y because he au ho he sel w i es on page 127 abou absolu e synonyms (ka elis […] balandis, kiškis […] zuikis). Bu I don' hink hey pu hose wo ds in he e because o a simple lack o sel -con ol. in he ou h chap e , called Leksinė P agMa ika, o New Wo ds o Speech. he concep o he speech ac i sel is explained om he beginning, and hen he main concep s and e ms ela ed o he speech ac s a e desc ibed: Šnekos ak uose (p. 143–170), ku io p oblema ika nebu o nag inėjama Lek- sinėje seman ikoje, ašoma apie XX a. sep in ajame dešim me yje susi o ma usią e alda jakai ienė. Leksikologija 359 e iews o e iews ilokucija, pe lokucija, as well as he mos cha ac e is ic ypes o lexicon o e bs: pe o ma i e e bs, e ique e lexicon, emo ions and exp essions, modal wo ds. These a e new subjec s ha , un il he appea ance o lexicology, we e p obably no only no augh o s uden s o humani ies special ies o Li huanian highe schools, bu we e also unknown o many eache s o hese special ies. The e o e, he ou h chap e is signi ican , among o he hings, because o i s p oblema ic no el y in Li huanian linguis ic li e a u e. In he i h chap e o he Social Linguis ic Lexicon asPek ai, o be ween he Visual A s and he Linguis ic Linguis ics PusaVio sąVeika (p. 171[…]221), as he name sugges s, i is w i en abou he ela ionship o wo ds o socie y, o i s a ious laye s. Fi s o all, wo ypes o lexicon a e dis inguished acco ding o he social posi ion o he " ep esen a i es o socie y": he uni e sal, o communi y, and he special lexicon. The la e , in u n, is u he di ided in o e minology, oca ional and ja gon (p. 173). The e a e a numbe o commen s on his classi ica ion. I seems o me ha he di ision o he lexicon in o uni e sal (bend a au ė) and special is based no on social, bu on he basis o spa ial scope, and ins ead o uni e sal i would be mo e app op ia e o use he e m gene al o bend a au ė, because he la e ha e olde adi ions in Li huanian language and a e no objec ionable in e ms o seman ics o e bs. The classi ica ion o a e nacula lexicon as a special lexicon also aises doub s, since a e nacula is a e i o ial uni o language, while a special lexicon is ela ed o he sphe e o science and can be called a e m. Howe e , he au ho conside s he e ms and p o essionalism o be unequal o he ypes o p o essional ocabula y (p. 181) and such concep s a e he basis. Howe e , logically speaking, he opposi e o a e nacula lexicon is a common language lexicon. The so-called uni e sal lexicon is conside ed o be he co e o he main ocabula y und o he e m coined by he So ie pe iod. I hink he main lexicon und would be be e . and no o any poli ical easons, bu because i is mo e s ic ly necessa y o de ine he dic iona y as a "book o wo ds" and he lexicon as a " eal se o wo ds" (which is any language, dialec , special y, e c.), i is synonymous and di icul o a oid he use o hese e ms. I has al eady been men ioned ha in he p o essional lexicon, he e m and he p o essionalism a e dis inguished (as sepa a e ypes o unequal alue). he e m is de ined as a wo d wi h a 's ic ly ixed, highly de ined con en , comple ely independen o he con ex ' (p. 182). This de ini ion, al hough laconic, seems o me o be jus i ied, since in he wo ks o ou linguis s, o dina y common o a e nal wo ds a e some imes e e ed o as e ms (e.g., eyes, ea s, hea , e c.) (zemle ičiū ė 2008: […] 143144). Howe e , he desc ip ion o p o essionalism as a pa o he ocabula y o he p o ession, namely 'no common wo ds, bu wo ds o he language o con e sa ion' (p. 185), equi es cla i ica ion because i is no clea whe he wha is mean he e is common con e sa ion o a ce ain in e media e language be ween he in e p e e and he speake , which he Ge man linguis s call Umgangsp ache and which we do no ha e o call In he Ac a Linguis ica LXXI, he ollowing examples o p o essionalism a e men ioned: jonas PaLionis a hle es a e used ins ead o camels, d i e s a e used ins ead o ho ses, and o he me lie u iško nusis ojusio e mino (gal am ik ų bui inė šnekamoji kalba?). simila wo ds can be ea ed as ja gon. bu hese a e con o e sial issues ha do no deny he o iginal and ele an desc ip ion o he basic concep s o e minology. In he six h chap e , E imology and he Making o Wo ds, o whe e and when he wo d is ound (p. 222.262), as can be seen om he i le, i is w i en abou wo ela ed b anches o speech. One o hem s udies he o igin o wo ds, he o he one s udies he making o wo ds, o c ea i i y. P io i y in e ms o place is gi en in he book o he p oblem o he o igin o wo ds: he concep s o […] eldiniai[…] and […]da iniai[…] a e explained, and he o igins and ages o he deb s a e analyzed in conside able de ail on he basis o examples om Li huanian and o he languages. In e ms o o igin, he lexicon o he Li huanian language dis inguishes and discusses Sla s (languages, Russian), Ge mans (languages), La ians, in e na ional wo ds (submi ed o he G eek, usually in he Polish dic iona ies, and e ms wi h he p e ix -ism: Sla ism, Ge manism, e c.). The e is no doub abou he use o such e ms: hey a e used selec i ely in he wo ks o all Li huanian speake s (excep , appa en ly, only in he ocabula y). The e is also no doub abou he classi ica ion o loans […]pagal amžių[…] in o old and new, excep ha […]skoliniai, which en e ed he Li huanian language a e Wo ld Wa II[…], a e assigned (p. 234) bulka […]bandelė[…] and napilnykas […]dildė[…], which we e used ea lie in he colloquial language. The o m napilnykas is no eco ded in he la ges Li huanian dic iona y, and in my na i e Punios Šnek e be o e ha wa only he o m nopiẽlnykas (clea Russian, plg. napilnik) was used. The p oblema ic hing is alphabe ical abb e ia ions, o which e y li le a en ion is paid in he book. I me ely summa ised he i e such abb e ia ions co, dVo, Pc and sMs and said ha hey had been ansla ed in o wo ds (p. 234). And you can ques ion hem because hey' e wo d- o -wo d, because you can' deciphe hem wi hou deciphe ing hem. I 's a kind o alphabe ic abb e ia ion ha I hink could be used o name he symbols. In he 1940s, he abb e ia ion Pe o Jonik was w i en in he Gim oje language (Jonik 1940: 118 […] 123), so i would ha e been mo e widely discussed in he e iewed book. The sub i le "Analysis o e bs" explains he concep o e b mo i a ion, he p inciples o e b analysis, he ypes o e bs, he ypes and ca ego ies o e bs. Al hough all o his is discussed in conside able de ail in Vinco U bucio's The Theo y o Wo d Making (1978; second edi ion 2009), he book by E. Jaka ienė is p esen ed o s uden s in a mo e accessible o m, in addi ion o indi idual p oblems in he p e acija pa em a naujesniais šios s i ies y inėjimais. in e sec ing chap e o Onomas ics, o how wo ds gi e Me (p. e alda jakai ienė. Leksikologija 361 e iew e iews o he ypes o wo ds and he p inciples o analysis o eal wo ds. wo ds which name ce ain objec s wi hou indica ing "e en hei mos common cha ac e is ics" (p. 264) and which canno di ec ly e e o a concep bu which "can (some imes e en mus ) be linked o a concep " (p. 265) a e conside ed o be e i iable he e. In he au ho s opinion, e i ica ion wo ds also ha e a ce ain, speci ic meaning, he exis ence o which is denied by some linguis s. The wo ds in he book a e di ided in o wo majo ypes acco ding o hei meaning: he names o li ing beings and he names o non-li ing hings. The ype o li ing names is u he di ided in o h ee g oups: pe sonal names, o an h oponyms, zoonyms and mi onyms. and he names o non-li ing objec s […] in o place names, o oponyms, o which se e al g oups a e also dis inguished: oikonimai, hid onimai, d imonimai, o onimai. I ha e no doub s abou he meaning o hese eal wo ds, as well as hei classi ica ion. I ha e only a couple o commen s: one abou he ela ionship o su names o pe sonali y ai s, and he o he abou he o igin o some su names. P. 268, based on Alexande Vanag, i is claimed ha he "name" is comple ely independen o his [i.e. he pe son's, […] J. P.] pe sonal quali ies. Such a s a emen would be co ec i we did no ake in o accoun he s age o i s ini ial eme gence. Howe e , du ing he pe iod o su names, many o hem we e o noble o igin, and hei dependence on pe sonal quali ies was clea ( o example, su names such as Kai ỹs, Kup ius, Rudis, e c.). Thus, his o ically speaking, i is also possible o speak o he dependence o ce ain su names on he cha ac e is ics o he pe son. P. 272 The Sla ic su names Bu õkas, Kisiẽlius and Ridkas a e added o he su names o "own o igin". The e, oo, he name o he i e ha lows h ough Klaipėda is associa ed wi h he Osse ian don […]upė[…], bu he mo e eliable de i a ion o his name om he Ku sian language (ž . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In he eigh h chap e , F azioLogia, o he Wo ds o he Pas , he ee and s able wo d combina ions, he seman ics o ph ases, he o igin and hei syn ax and unc ions a e discussed. The in oduc o y pos in his sec ion also discusses he adi ional na owe concep o ph aseology, acco ding o which ph aseologies a e conside ed o be "only mo e o less pic o ial cons an and indi isible combina ions o wo ds" (p. 281), and he newe , b oade one, acco ding o which he mos impo an and eliable ea u e o ph aseologies is "sus aba ism, he equency o he same wo ds". pa ly in line wi h he b oade concep , e. jakai ienė emphasises wo o he impo an ea u es o ph aseologisms […] […]de ined ph aseological en i onmen […] (p. 282) and he ac ha hey […]a e c ea ed om memo y[…] (p. 284). All his is con incing and illus a ed in he book wi h selec ed examples o he Li huanian language. In seman ic e ms, ph ases a e di ided in o mo i a ional and non-mo i a ional, compa a i e and uo uosius, a ba idiomas. Mo y uo ieji da smulkiau skaidomi į is ūšis: 1) sample ph ases. The opics a e again di ided in o me apho ical and me onymical. in e ms o o igin, dialec s and loan ph ases a e dis inguished. Pa icula ly in e es ing and e y a e a e he examples gi en by he au ho , such as ai ais ei i […]niekais i s i[…], p uojais ei i […]sunyk i[…], į kapendą įšankin i […]apgau i[…], 362 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXI sha ply o go "s ongly o go" (p. 295). Bu i 's ha dly jonas PaLionis a ph aseology o conside au ological compounds o wo ds ha a e clea es , in he end, hund eds and hund eds o wo ds ha , al hough mo e o less cohe en , ha e no ep esen a ion, and one is o med by ano he acco ding o a ce ain syn ac ic model (e.g. he bes o he bes , he wo s o he wo s , he wo s o he wo s , he wo s o he wo s , e c.). So maybe we should call hem ee-associa i e wo ds. When asked whe he p eposi ions and ad e bs con aining a "simple" o a "complex" sen ence a e o be ega ded as ph ases, e. jakai ienė ends o answe in he nega i e (p. 303). because ph ases a e compounds o wo ds, no sen ences. This iew, i seems o me, is logically en i ely jus i ied, since e bs and p onouns (ben in Li huanian) usually ha e he o m o one o he o he sen ence a he han a combina ion o wo ds. I is also possible o ag ee o he p o ision o ad ice and p eposi ions o be e e ed o as he e m o he spa ow's speech (simila ly). In he las , nin h chap e , Leksikog a ija, o Wo ds in Dic iona ies (p. 308[…]334) i is w i en abou he heo y and p ac ice o ocabula y p epa a ion. The au ho has p e iously p epa ed a s udy on his (jakai ienė 2005). The e o e, his depa men was able o ake ad an age o , and undoub edly used, he esul s o he esea ch p esen ed in ha s udy, applying hem o s uden s o humani ies special ies in highe educa ion. This is also shown by he coincidence o he names o he wo subsec ions o his sec ion: "Aims and asks o lexicog aphy" and "Types o wo ds". The second sub-sec ion on he ypes o wo ds, hei classi ica ion, is undoub edly mo e p oblema ic. He e, as in he wo ks o many o he linguis s, linguis ic and encyclopedic ocabula y s ands ou i s . Fo hei pa , linguis s a e di ided in o monolingual and pa allel, monolingual […] in o gene al and special, gene al […] in o de ailed and di e en ial, in addi ion, he e a e also explana o y and indexical, uni e sal and aspec al, synch onous and diach onous ( hese in o his o ical and e ymological), bilingual […] in o ac i e and passi e, uni e sal and selec i e. So he e's a lo o di e en ypes o ocabula y ha i 's no easy o ge in o a s uden 's head. In some dic iona ies o linguis ic e ms, he e a e e en mo e dis inc species and a g ea e di e si y o hei e minology. he cha ac e is ics o he ypes gi en in he book unde e iew may be called in o ques ion by he app op ia eness o he name o one ype. Fo example, i seems o me ha he e m "exhaus i e dic iona y" (p. 314) is no e y widesp ead, since he e may no be a comple ely exhaus i e dic iona y. The e m gene al, as opposed o di e en ial, would be mo e app op ia e he e ( he e m used in he e m is pa allel ins ead o pa allel). I is also doub ul ha common ocabula y […]de ines all he wo ds o any language o dialec […] nas išsamieji isai ne eikalingas). no mos a ž ilgiu inkamesnis y a Leksikog a i- (p. 315) [no necessa y o say all] Bu i 's a small, no a all dis espec ul ideo o he Tu ing lexicog aphic depa men . e alda jakai ienė. Leksikologija A he end o he e iew, I would like o make a ew mo e summa y ema ks. 1) in he o ewo d o he book i is s a ed wi hou hesi a ion ha i is a "solid s udy guide" (p. 5). And ha 's exac ly wha i is. in which subjec s a e augh in a p oblema ic way, conside ing a ious iews and hei own, based on weigh y a gumen s. I he e we e no explana o y wo ds in he i les o he chap e s, and i a he end o all he chap e s and many o he sec ions he e we e no addi ions and hey we e called "basic li e a u e" wi h page e e ences, hen i could be called no only a solid guide o s uden s, bu a e y aluable linguis ic wo k in gene al. 2) al hough he book mainly ope a es on examples o he Li huanian language, i also includes da a om o he languages, including No wegian, which a e ela i ely a e in Li huanian linguis ic li e a u e (she has lea ned his language well while wo king in No way). The e o e, he book should be o in e es no only o Li huanians, bu also o eache s o o he humani ies special ies and s uden s o highe cou ses and o people in e es ed in he s udy o wo ds in gene al. Li e a a bańcze owski je zy, Pogonowski je zy, zgółka adeusz 1982: Ws ęp do językoznaws wa (Ws ęp o he knowledge o he language) is a book by he Ge man w i e and poe Władysław Bańcze owski, published in 1988. Poznań: Uni e si y o he A s o he Republic o Poland by Adam Mickiewicza I know. Wojciech Do oszewski was bo n in 1954 in Zagadnień, Poland. Wa saw: PWn. This is a lis o dic iona ies o he Czech Republic, so ed by dic iona y. The Vilnius: Ins i u e o science and encyclopedia publishing. Jonah and Pe a in 1940: sho . […] In he na i e language, 9[…]10 a e, 118[…]123. The s a ion is loca ed in he illage o Kazimie , in he municipali y o Keinys. A dic iona y o spoken e ms. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Mažiulis Vy au as 1999: no Dãnė, bu Dañgė. He is a membe o he Danish na ional eam. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. U banias Vins (1978): The heo y o wo d p oduc ion Vilnius: Science and echnology Second edi ion, 2009. Zeml e i čiū ė Pal mi a 2008: Li huanian Vinco Kudi kos medical e ms. This is he second edi ion. Te minology, 142155. This is no he case. Deli e ed on 25 Sep embe 2014 jonas PaLionis Vilniaus uni e si e as This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.