Lokatyvinių inesyvo ir iliatyvo konstrukcijų semantinė raiška šiaurės rytų aukštaičių vilniškių patarmėje

S aipsniai / A icles 153 DAIVA KARDELYTĖ-GRINEVIČIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Resea ch a eas: dialec ology, mo phology and seman ics o wo ds, cogni i e seman ics LOKATYVINI INESYVO IR This is a lis o ai po s in Romania, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion. Cons uc ion o he Ilia SEMANTIN RAIŠKA SHIAURS was bo n in Eas e n Highlands o he Philippines In he backg ound Seman ic Exp ession o Loca i e Inessi e and Illa i e Cons uc ions in he No heas e n Aukš ai ian Subdialec o Vilnius This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Based on he me hods o cogni i e seman ics, he a icle analyzes he seman ic ela ionship be ween he loca i e, inesi e and ilia ic cons uc ions o he no he n highland illages. The seman ic aspec o he s udy cons uc ions is discussed by dis inguishing he cogni i e physical, e en , social and s a e spaces named by hem. Thei connec ion is upda ed h ough p o o ypical, non-p o o ipical and ansi ional cases o wea . The ela ionship be ween he seman ic ela ions o he loca i e inesi e and he ilia ic cons uc ions is e alua ed by apibend ina ion. ESMINIAI WORDS: eas e n high- ise buildings in Vilnius, loca i e ine ial cons uc ion, loca i e ine ial cons uc ion, amilia space, p o o ype acili y, p o o ype acili y. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Based on he me hods o cogni i e seman ics, he a icle analyzes he seman ic exp ession sion o loca i e inessi e and illa i e cons uc ions in he No heas e n Aukš ai ian Subdi- alec o Vilnius. The cons uc ions in ques ion a e discussed in e ms o seman ics by dis- o he cogni i e, physical, e en , social, and s a e spaces deno ed by hem. The exp ession is ac ualized h ough p o o ypical, non-p o o ypical, and ansi ional cases. DAIVA KARDELYTĖ-GRINEVIČIENĖ The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII usage is ound a 154 The a icle ends wi h he e alua ion o he a io o seman ic exp ession o loca i e inessi e and illa i e cons uc ions. KEYWORDS: Eas e n Aukš ai ian subdialec o Vilnius, loca i e inessi e cons uc ion, loca i e illa i e cons uc ion, cogni i e space, p o o ypical use, non-p o o ypical use. 1.In oduc o y no es In ecen decades, esea ch on Li huanian language e minology has been mo ing apidly o wa d: he e has been a s eady inc ease in he phone ics, phonology, mo phology, desc ip ions, ansla ion ex s, and dic iona ies o slang. Abundan y ėjams a idžiau panag inė i kalbinius eiškinius, ku ie iki šiol likda o y imų and easily accessible ma e ial o he a ms allows in he pe iphe y. In Li huanian, he wo ds […] inesy o and ilia y o links a e also used o e e o smalle wo ds. So a , he his o ical mo i es o he o ma ion and unc ioning o pos -posi ional subs i u es ha e been analyzed (Zinke ičius 1966: 200[…]203; 1980: 253[…]263; 1982: 21[…]38; 2006: 96; 145[…]146). In he dialec ological li e a u e, he neu aliza ion o inesi e and ilia ic o ms is men ioned (Zinke ičius 1966: me hods 200–202; LKA III: 50–55; 76; LKTCH: 82). Remdamasis s uk ū iniais i na- o ou ism mo phology The mo i es and condi ions o such neu aliza ion a e examined by Albe Rosin (1995: 74 […] 75; 2005: 251 […] 252). His assump ions we e based on indi idual obse a ions o he inequal and illici ela ionships be ween sou he n highlands (Leskauskai ė 2012: 81[…]90) and eas e n highlands in he Vilnius slopes (Ka dely ė-G ine ičienė 2009: 557[…]566; 2014). The e is one o he wo k dedica ed o he phone ics (Bace ičiū ė, Rinkauskienė 2007: 411; 2008: 229237; 2009: 7188) and seman ics (Pe kely ė 2010; Ragaišienė 2012; The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. 1.1. Subjec ma e , pu pose and objec i es o he s udy The e is no much p in ed ma e ial o he eas e n high- ise illas. A small numbe o ansc ibed ex s om indi idual poin s a e p o ided in he ex s o he Highe Educa ion Councils (Ma ke ičienė 1999: 110[…]162), LKTCH (111[…]122), in he book o schools Ry ų aukš aičiai ilniškiai (Ka delis, Ka dely ė-G ine ičienė 2010), in he monog aph o Joli a U bana ičienė (2010: 324[…]352). A icles by A icles 155 Loka y inių inesy o i ilia y o kons ukcijų seman inė aiška šiau ės y ų aukš aičių ilniškių pa a mėje The e a e Mielagėnai dis ic ex s (Ka delis 2006), whe e he ansla ion ex s a e om a speci ic a ea. The ma e ial o his a icle was collec ed om he la ges sou ce o Vilnius ad ice published so a , he book No h-Eas e n Highlands Vilnius (Ka delis, Ka dely ė-G ine ičienė, Na ickai ė, S ungy ė 2006; he eina e […] ŠRAV)1. I con ains ansc ibed ex s om 17 se lemen s in he no he n Vilnius a ea: Bėčinai, Bėčiõnių, Didžiąsalio, Ga bnai, Dndų, Vaišninai, Žydėlių (Pa ish o Palšės), Sėnojo Dugėlškio, Kininų, Kjiškės, P isiegnės, Smilgniškės, Šiškinų, Ving iūlų (Pa ish o Daugėlo), Na šė, Rimkų (Pa ish o Vdiškės). The book is a collec ion o 21 adi ionalis w i ings w i en be ween he 1940s and 1950s. By s udying he inesi e and illici o ms eco ded in he o al ex s, i became clea ha hese closely ela e o he e bs used in he s o y. O en i is he e b, no he placeholde 's humo , ha de e mines he seman ics o he spoken scene (especially in cases o placeholde neu aliza ion and compe ing usage). The e o e, when analyzing he spa ial exp ession, no only he inesi e and he ilia ic o ms a e s udied, bu a leas a minimal localiza ion-ma king cons uc ion, called a loca i e inesi e o a loca i e ilia ic cons uc ion. I is a linguis ic uni consis ing o a place-ma king hyme and i s complemen a y, co ec i e and spa ial componen s ha o m he p ojec ion o he scene in he language (see Ka dely ė-G ine ičienė 2014: 2224). In he ex o he Išnag inėjus ŠRAV, 309 loca i e inesy and 271 loca i e ilia i e cons uc ions a e ound (see Fig. 1). This a icle desc ibes inė aiška based on 1 PAV. Loka y inių inesy o i ilia y o kons ukcijų kiekybinis san ykis Šiau ės y ų aukš aičių ilniškių eks uose ŠRAV eks uose as ų loka y inių inesy o i ilia y o kons ukcijų seman- he me hods o cogni i e seman ics […] ca ego iza ion and p o o ype heo ies. The aim o he analysis is o c ea e a model, 1 The book is published wi h a compac disc. DAIVA KARDELYTĖ-GRINEVIČIENĖ 156 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII showing he means by which he seman ic amewo k o in es iga i e cons uc ions is implemen ed. Tasks o he in es iga ion: • išnag inė i baig inę šiau ės y ų aukš aičių ilniškių eks ų im į i e- cogni i e seman ics me hods ound o di ide loca i e cons uc ions in o seman ically mo i a ed cogni i e spaces; • o c ea e a model o cogni i e spaces o loca i e ine ial and iliac cons uc ions; • o calcula e and e alua e he ela ionship be ween he seman ic exp essions o he loca i e inesi e and he illici cons uc ions. 1.2. Theo e ical assump ions When analyzing spa ial scenes named by loca i e inesi e and ilia ic cons uc ions, his a icle ollows he p o ision ha he e exis s an idealized ep esen a ion o eal physical space in language […] men al space model (an. men al model o space). I is a model o eal o hypo he ical si ua ions in he human imagina ion, si ua ed be ween concep ualiza ion and hinking. F om he physical wo ld, meaning is ans e ed o he abs ac (F awley 1992: 205 ). Each men al space model has i s own in e nal s uc u e. The seman ic space o he localizing links consis s o di e en cogni i e spaces (cogni i e domain). The con ex ha cha ac e izes seman ic uni s is called he subjunc i e space (Lako 2004: 19 ; Langacke 1991: 3). The con ex is e y impo an o seman ic analysis based on cogni i e me hods. Linguis ic uni s canno be in e p e ed wi hou aking in o accoun encyclopedic seman ics, which in con ex s ep esen s encyclopedic in o ma ion […] he pa o ex alinguis ic knowledge ealized h ough linguis ic uni s (E ans 2007: 72). Con ex and encyclopedic knowledge a e e y impo an in desc ibing and in es iga ing spa ial scenes. These ac o s de ine he meaning o he same lexeme in di e en cons uc ions o sayings and de e mine he seman ic exp ession o he uni unde conside a ion. The ela ionships connec ing he e ical spaces can be o a ying complexi y. Cogni i e seman ics allows he esea che o de ail he seman ic desc ip ion o he ex en ha he has o can ob ain knowledge abou he linguis ic Kiek iena pažin inė inesy o i ilia y o e d ė apima konk ečių panašiais se- phenomenon being desc ibed a he ime. he inhe i ed cha ac e is ics o he si ua ions in which hese amusemen s a e consumed. When di iding esea ch cons uc ions in o cogni i e spaces, he c i e ia o p o o ypical, non-p o o ipical and ansi ional use a e used. Cogni i e seman ics A icles o he 157 h a icle Loka y inių inesy o i ilia y o kons ukcijų seman inė aiška šiau ės y ų aukš aičių ilniškių pa a mėje a s o ai laikosi požiū io, kad kalbos ka ego iją suda o jos eikšmių isuma, a- has no equi alen in e ms o meaning. The analysis is guided by he p inciples o p o o ype heo y, acco ding o which all ca ego ies ha e in e nal s uc u es consis ing o a cen e and a pe iphe y. The p o o ype is he bes , clea es example, he benchma k o he membe s o he ca ego y, by which he whole ca ego y can be ecognized (Lako 2004: 62 < 71; 375; Langacke 1987: 159). No so consis en ly and clea ly ac ualized meaning modula ions, some imes appea ing only in special con ex s, a e conside ed p o o ypical. In he p o o ypical and non-p o o ipical examples o o osens ha name cogni i e spaces, se e al cogni i e spaces a e o en in e spe sed and hus o m cogni i e spaces. In he p in ed ma e ial, he spa ial scenes a e called he spa ial scenes by he inesi e and he ilia ic cons uc ions. They a e desc ibed by he asymme ical ela ionship be ween he wo pa icipan s o hese scenes […] he ajec o y and he o ien a ion. These a e he main, mo e no iceable, o mos p ominen , pa icipan s o he space scene. T ajec o y indica es any kind o mo emen o ac ion (physical o abs ac ), is sui able o bo h s a ic and dynamic ela ionships. The o ien y indica es whe e he ajec o y is mo ing o being loca ed (Langacke 1987: 217[…]220)3. As al eady men ioned, an idealized ep esen a ion o space is p ojec ed in he speech. The ela ionship be ween sai, ne e ai y a me a o iški a ba me onimiški. Todėl kogni y inės k yp ies a - s o ai seman inės analizės objek u laiko koncep ualiąją me a o ą (an. concep ual me apho ) i koncep ualiąją me onimiją (an. concep ual me onimy). Jos a skleidžia ajec o y and o ien a ion, like he ela ionship be ween he p ocesses o human hough and he s uc u es o human hough , e lec s, ealizes and explains he linguis ic phenomenon o hough a ising om he gene al expe ience o human hough (Lako , Johnson, 2007: 27). The heo y o cogni i e dissonance is based on he wo k o Eleono a Rosch (1978: 27-48) and o he ŠRAV eks uose as ų loka y inių inesy o i ilia y o kons ukcijų seman- ep esen a i es o cogni i e psychology. E. Rosch consolida ed he concep o he p o o ype by s udying he aes he ic ca ego ies o human pe cep ion […] he pe cep ion o colo s. 3 Cha ac e is ics o he o ien a ion a e complemen ed by he cha ac e is ics o he dimensional con aine s. Taking hem in o accoun , loca i e inesi e and ilia ic cons uc ions can be called h ee-, wo-, one- and ze o-dimensional o ien a ions, o ese oi s (Langacke 1987: 150[…]151; 248; Ka dely ė-G ine ičienė 2014: 27[…]29). DAIVA KARDELYTĖ-GRINEVIČIENĖ 158 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII inesy o i 234 ilia y o kons ukcijos) i mažiau p oduk y ias į ykių (17 loka- 25 loca i e cons uc ions), social (8 loca i e cons uc ions and 12 loca i e cons uc ions) and s a e (7 loca i e cons uc ions and 4 loca i e cons uc ions) (see Figu e 2). 2 PAV. O he The quan i a i e a io o cogni i e spaces named by he loca i e inesi e and he ioly ic cons uc ions in he ex s o he no he n highlands o Vilnius is discussed in mo e de ail in he ollowing a icle. 2.1. Pažin inė izinė e d ė P o o ipiškai loka y inėmis inesy o i ilia y o kons ukcijomis į a dijamas ajek o iaus bu imas a judėjimas e d ėje su okiamas kaip jo i izinės alpy- he loca ion, o o ien a ion, o he ela ionship. The physical space con aine has a ious opological ea u es cha ac e izing he physical egion whe e he ajec o y is loca ed o o which i is mo ing (e.g. F awley 1992: 254 o 255. P o o ypical examples o physical space, ealized by loca i e ine ial cons uc ions, can be conside ed spa ial scenes whe e he o ien a ion is in a ce ain h ee-dimensional physical space (see Fig. 3). The p o o ype o he loca i e-ilia i e cons uc ions can be conside ed o be he so-called spa ial scenes, whe e he ajec o y i sel mo es o is someone's al hough placed in a ce ain h ee-dimensional ou is con aine . One o he dynamic schemes o he PRADINIS TAŠKASKELIASGALINIS TAŠKAS pa s […] GALINIS TAŠKAS is ma ked wi h an Ilia ic (see Langacke 2008: 32; see Figu e 4). A icles by A icles 159 Loka y inių inesy o i ilia y o kons ukcijų seman inė aiška šiau ės y ų aukš aičių ilniškių pa a mėje 3 PAV. O he The p o o ype o he loca i e ine ial cons uc ions in he physical space schema4 4 PAV. The p o o ype o loca i e and illici cons uc ions in physical Kadangi nag inė oje šiau ės y ų aukš aičių ilniškių medžiagoje gausu pa- space scheme5 e e s o loca i e and illici cons uc ions ha name physical space, hey a e di ided in o small seman ic ypes. The basis o hei alloca ion is he pu pose o na u e o he con aine s. Th ee dominan seman ic ypes can be dis inguished: localiza ion in he p emises, in he capaci y and in he geog aphical and landscape egions. Ras a and indi idual cases no included in hese seman ic ypes6. 2.1.1. The lack o ib ous examples wi h loca i e inesi e and ilia ic cons uc ions in he ex s o he no h-eas e n highlands o Vilnius analyzed he localiza ion o he oom. In o al, 46 locomo i es and 55 locomo i es we e ound. Localiza ion in he oom is one o he p o o ypes o physical space ealiza ions. boje, nu odančių, jog ajek o ius y a a ba juda į am ik ą užda ą ima ę pa al- In he analyzed ma e ial o he no h-eas e n high- ise illas, he localiza ion o he p emises is p o o ypically named by loca i e cons uc ions wi h he pu chase o lexemes, 4 TR […] ajec o y, OR […] o ien a ion. 5 SP […] he posi ion o he obse e . 6 Fo a mo e de ailed b eakdown o cogni i e physical space by seman ic ypes, see The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. DAIVA KARDELYTĖ-GRINEVIČIENĖ The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII pi is, kluonas, k au u ė, ligoninė ie ninkais, o example: (1) his is a pu chase on one Sa u day, Sunday, hen he nex he e is a pu chase o a lo o young people (ŠRAV 53); (2) I go o he g oce y s o e and say, "Mom, I don' ha e any sheep, I'm going o look o hem". (3) ex olia es and cleans he linseed wi h di ; (4) and ge ou o he bene i 10 as soon as you b ing he kluonuosan (ŠRAV 193); (5) now go o he s o e and buy e e y hing (ShRAV 52); (6) The p ies ook he by he hand and ook he o he hospi al in his way. 161). Non- ypical cases o localisa ion in he p emises a e ealised in he ma e ial analysed as a me onymic link: (7) one accompanied by a line o slaugh e houses in Vilnius, San a išky, and Red (ŠRAV 180). The unp o opinion o he esea ch cons uc ions upg ades and compe es wi h he loca i e o ices. This concep desc ibes a linguis ic phenomenon in which wo di e en means o exp essing he same linguis ic phenomenon a e used in pa allel and nei he o hem is ob iously dominan (e.g. In 1957, he 100 h anni e sa y o he ealiza ion o he 123; 1967: 100–123; plačiau ž . Ka dely ė-G ine ičienė 2014: 104–119). Anali- zuo a šiau ės y ų aukš aičių ilniškių medžiaga odo, kad nep o o ipinė a o- inesi e and iliac o ms compe ing in he compounds: The name o he ci y is he same as he name o he ci y, bu he name o he ci y is he same as he name o he ci y, bu he name o he ci y is he same as he name o he ci y. (9) no one's name is he e al eady one's name is he e and his is how young people a e he e and shocked (ŠRAV 152); The e m " amily" is de i ed om he combina ion o he wo ds " amily" and " amily" in he English language, and is used o e e o a amily consis ing o wo o mo e people li ing in he same household. - "Family," 7 He e and in he u u e, i is indica ed how many imes speci ic lexemes in he analyzed ma e ial ha e been used in he inesi e and ilio ic join s eco ded in he loca i e cons uc ions. In he ex , he wo ds used o e e o he loca ion o he p emises a e: pi kioj 5, pi y 5, 4, pi kion 3, pi in 3, kluone 3, kluonan 3, malūnan 3, chu ch 3, chu ch 2, ac o y 2, p ison 2, p ison 2, p ison 2, ki chen 2, ki chen 2, ecipes 2, a e he disco e y: bankan, ceche, o e, o an, gamykloj, ge an, kal , kalbonijoj, klub, kon o , k u u , k au , hospi al, nu sing home, nu sing home, nu sing home, clinic, clinic, clinic, clinic, clinic, clinic, clinic, clinic, clinic. 8 In he examples p o ided, he loca i e ine ial and iliac cons uc ions a e abb e ia ed. 9 Fo con enience, he g amma ical examples a e p o ided in he w i en o m o he common language, no in ansli e a ion. The 10 h o July. 11 The umpe indica es he inesi e, and he IL indica es he ilia ic. A icles o he T ea y Loka y inių inesy o i ilia y o kons ukcijų seman inė aiška šiau ės y ų aukš aičių ilniškių pa a mėje • į a dis (IL) + daik a a dis (IN) + me onimija, pa yzdžiui: (11) mane a e- This is he De in an Fo . I 's his De in am o I' e been si ing on o a while, a couple o mon hs. Seman ically speaking, he loca i e o he noun in he consonan s o he school is ukcijos žymi i pažin inių e d ių pe eigą. Ji i in yški kon eks uose, pasako- inesi e and ilia ic12. In he ex s o he E d inė e e ence school and schools in he no h-eas e n high schools o Vilnius, he name o he building o p emises whe e he educa ional and educa ional ac i i ies a e ca ied ou and he ac ual lea ning p ocess ha akes place be ween hem a e also men ioned. The e o e, he loca i e inesy o ealizuojama pažin inių izinės, į ykių i laiko e d ių pe eiga, pa yzdžiui: (12) and ilia i e cons uc ions wi h he lexema school na a and he school wen o his al eady, how much he e is o lea n I al eady do no know, know (ŠRAV 79); (13) he e was a school and he e was a place, a school he e, he e we li ed, we slep , we slep 13 (ŠRAV 65). The ansi ional pe iod o he pachinko spaces is also indica ed by he loca i e cons uc ions wi h lexemes in he cou ya d, he d a an. In he case o he "E d in" scenes wi h hese lexemes, i indica es bo h he loca ion in he buildings named by hem and he p esence in a ce ain social o de , so ha hey in e sec he amilia physical and social spaces, o example: (14) Well, now Do oko saw his, he e was a ee in he cou ya d [SRAV 202]; (15) Then, a he end o he day, he ga es we e locked so ha he pa ishione s could no en e he house (SRAV 203). 2.1.2. Physical space con aine s a e objec s o a ious sizes and olumes, which can be desc ibed as con aine s. P o o ypically, such con aine s a e comple ely enclosed in he analyzed ma e ial, bu ha e one mobile bounda y (shell, shoulde , bo le, boile , wagon, e c.). T ajec o ies a e also loca ed in con aine s ha do no ha e any physical bounda y (s) (bliūduosan, duobėj, duonakepėn, g io iuosan, kašikan, lineikoj15, pies oj, puodelin, pas aunykan16, spa iednyčion, ska a don17, ca iage). In he 12 ex s analyzed, he school ound as many as 16 loca i e, iliac, and inescu cheon cons uc ions. The equency o hese subs i u es is de e mined by he ac ha almos e e y speake alks abou school imes and lea ning condi ions. While elling he s o y o he lexicon, he subs i u e eache s o en epea i , some imes e en in e e y sen ence, so he e a e many loca i e cons uc ions wi h his lexicon. 13 We had sex. 14 The le els o hese subs i uen s in he es subs ance a e: b ead […] 8, bo le […] 3, ke le […] 3, pi […] 2, wagon […] 2, pain […] 1, wagon […] 1, a iliukan […] 1, box […] 1, ship […] 1. 15 In a ligh , beau i ul cha io . 16 A e ed a ea o g azing animals. The 17 h Cape. DAIVA KARDELYTĖ-GRINEVIČIENĖ 168 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXII (ŠRAV 170) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. (64) says, as you wake up, you' e c ying, I'm going o go o Deshim ojon now; I c ied; and I don' . And I wep wi h all my mind, and I wep wi h all my mind, and I wep wi h all my mind, and I wep wi h all my mind, and I wep wi h all my mind. 63 examples o ea ly adjec i es o ea ly Ch is mas o Eas e y ą yks ančios pi mosios pamaldos, 64 – me onimiškai a ojama skai a - džio o ma dešim oji „10- ą sekmadienį po š . Velykų š enčiami K is aus ši dies a laidai“. 2.3. The c i e ion o he alloca ion o a social space is a sign o i ali y a ibu able o he o ien a ion. The O ien is called a lexema, deno ing a communi y o people, a collec i e, a uni y (Kuzne so 2012: 99[…]102). This cogni i e space does no ha e cha ac e is ic dimensional ea u es. In he ex s analyzed, loca i e cons uc ions wi h lexemes we e ound: amily, alk, a laidai, eselia, wedding, s o ai, šliūbas, bu ial, pa isans48. A o al o 8 loca i e ines and 12 loca i e iliac cons uc ions ha e been eco ded, e.g. (65) la ge amily li e (ŠRAV 57); (66) he sale o he ma ke o coconu s (ŠRAV 75); "Wha goes a ound comes a ound, wha goes a ound comes a ound... I'm coming o you, you' e coming o me" (Psalm 69:1) (I'm su e you'll be pleased o know ha I'm no he only one who's been o SRAV 171.) In he ex s analyzed, he social aspec is o en associa ed wi h o he cogni i e spaces. The ansi ion o such cogni i e spaces is upda ed in di e en con ex s by using he lexeme home. The e m " amily" can e e o bo h he loca ion o a amily in a physical space (see page 67) and he p esence o a social uni in he amily (see page 69). e.g. I also indica es which beau i ul gi l is al eady a home (see page 171). In his example, he ansi ion o cogni i e social and physical spaces is upda ed. O en con ex s whe e social space in e sec s wi h spaces o e en s and ime, pa yzdžiui: (70) a laiduosan jau būda o, o be nai, ai a laiduosan, ai gi daba kai a jau a laidai a bū a jau ši ai Palūšėj Lau ynas51, a jau g ei bus, ai būda o gi isų kaimų be nai gi, ai isi an d i ačių ažiuoja gi jau ši ai a laiduosan (ŠRAV 82). 47 Righ away. 48 The equency o hese lexemes in he ex unde analysis is: a laiduosan […] 4, pa isans […] 3, wedding […] 3, amily […] 2, alkon […] 2. One by one, he ollowing a e eco ded: in he une al p ocession, in he ligh , in he showe , in he alk, in he chee , in he chee . 49 Galima. 50 o ejoice; will be sa is ied. 51 S . You i ed Lau ine. S aipsniai / A icles 169 Loka y inių inesy o i ilia y o kons ukcijų seman inė aiška šiau ės y ų aukš aičių ilniškių pa a mėje 2.4. The space o he s a e is e y close o he adi ional social space. The social space is cha ac e ized by a i ali y, i.e. he o ien a ion mus be exp essed in lexemes ha ma k he collec i e o people, and he s a e space is mos impo an ly he aspec o s a e change (Kuzne so , 2012). The dimensions o he con aine s do no eally exis in his cogni i e space, bu simila s uc u al models a e used o exp ess he ela ionship be ween he ajec o y and he o ien a ion, as well as o desc ibe he physical space […] in o which one en e s in o some s a e o condi ion (e.g. physical kamba į; bū i kamba yje). Taigi pažin inės būsenos e d ės p ojekcija kalboje y a pa em a koncep ualiąja me a o a. Analizuo oje šiau ės y ų aukš aičių ilniškių medžiagoje būsenos e d ę space: en e ing in o he p o o ypically named loca i e ine ial and iliac cons uc ions wi h he leksim: bu liok ein52, pliene53, pazin in, sme in, bela54. O he o al, 7 loca i e ines and 4 iliac cons uc ions we e ound, o example: (71) na o b ing money o he p ickle55 bu liokys ėj, ha is, hen day and nigh h ough i [ge ia] (ŠRAV 162); (72) Behind he doo s ood his Geo ge and ga e he kni e, and he hamme and he chisel (Sh a 90). The Būsen space is also cha ac e ized by he ansi ion o amilia spaces: (72) and as in s eel he e was a b o he o h ee yea s (ŠRAV 55); (73) he wen o he peni en ia y (ŠRAV 79) […] being in he peni en ia y is ela ed no only o he change o s a e ( om ee man o he peni en ia y), bu also o he physical (physical place o being in he peni en ia y), he space o ime (in he peni en ia y a ce ain in e al o ime). The ela ionship be ween he s a e o he pa icles and he space ime is mos clea ly illus a ed by he loca i e cons uc ion wi h he Visų ap a ųjų pažin inių e d ių – izinės, į ykių, socialinės i būsenos – pe- eigą apibend in ai galima pa aizduo i pažin inių e d ių modeliu (ž . 5 pa .). nume al, o example, (75) Čičelo a uoš ė is s ill ali e and now, he e is al eady a hund ed boba (ŠRAV 1966) 56. The do lines ma k he zones o ansi ion o he siomis kons ukcijomis į a dijamos pažin inės e d ės analizuo oje šiau ės y ų cogni i e spaces, which a e named by loca i e, inesi e and ilio ic cons uc ions. This model indica es ha he ma e ials o he es ubes a e igh ly bound oge he . The exp essions o seman ic loca i e cons uc ions a e cha ac e is ic no only o space, bu also o ime. 52 wo ks in Russia. 53 in he Ne he lands. The 54 h. 55 ea ned. 56 To he cogni i e s a e space a e assigned loca i e cons uc ions wi h me apho ically used lexemes memo y (and wol es we e in my memo y (SRAV 98)) and memo y (I only had memo y, I had al eady ead wha was happening, I would no o ge i (SRAV 177). I ma ks localiza ion no in he p esen , bu in he space scenes ha exis ed in he pas . DAIVA KARDELYTĖ-GRINEVIČIENĖ 170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 5 h PAV. The model o he cogni i e spaces o he loca i e ines and iliac cons uc ions eco ded in he ex s o he no he n eas e n highlands o Vilnius 3. Excluded In he analyzed ex s o he No h-Eas e n highlands o Vilnius, he model o he seman ic ela ions o he loca i e inesi e and illici cons uc ions is ke u ias pažin ines e d es: izinę, į ykių, socialinę i būsenos. ealized h ough 2. The seman ic ela ion o loca i e inesi e and ilioac i e cons uc ions is mos p oduc i ely upda ed by naming localiza ion in he cogni i e physical space. Cons uc ions ha in es iga e e en s, social and s a e spaces a e men ioned less equen ly. Loca i e ine ial cons uc ions domina e sligh ly in naming pu ely local cogni i e physical spaces, while loca i e illici cons uc ions domina e mo e abs ac e en s and social spaces. Analysis o he ex s o he no he n highland illage s shows ha he cogni i e spaces named by he loca i e inesi e and he iliac cons uc ions a e no isola ed om each o he , i.e. he seman ic exp ession model e eals he ansi ion o cogni i e spaces. Localiza ion in he physical space, e e ed o as ixed cons uc ions, is cha ac e ized no only by seman ic place ma ke s. The physical loca ion o he ajec o y is ela ed o ce ain cha ac e is ics o i s mode and e y o en o he ime aspec . The ansi ion is pa icula ly p onounced when polysemous lexemes a e used in loca i e cons uc ions. A icles by A icles 171 Loka y inių inesy o i ilia y o kons ukcijų seman inė aiška šiau ės y ų aukš aičių ilniškių pa a mėje 4.I can be assumed ha he loca i e inesy o o ilia i e cons uc ions (as well as he speci ic lexemes used in hem) he seman ic exp ession (and equency) de e mines he cogni i e po en ial o he p esen a ion. The choice o exp essi e means o naming E d ines scenes depends on he heme o he na a o 's de elopmen , elling he cha ac e is ics o he dynamics o s a ici y o he e bs used. The e o e, i is no app op ia e o judge om he quan i ies o ce ain ex s ha he loca i es o one o he o he lexeme a e a ely o no used a all. I he na a i e doesn' equi e, say, a e b (we' e alking abou s a ic ac ions o p ocesses), i 's no going o be unny in ha con ex , bu ha doesn' mean i 's no used in gene al. LITERATURA and yellow Bace ičiū ė Rima, Rinkauskienė Regina 2007: Expe imen al s udy on he inesi e and ilio ic e ec s o eas e n high- ise buildings. A pe son and a wo d: Didac ic linguis ics 9(1), 411. Bace ičiū ė Rima, Rinkauskienė Regina 2008: The inescapable and illi e acy o high school s uden s in he Eas : an audi ion s udy. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. R.A.R.I.M.A.R.I.M.A.R.I.M.A.R.I.M.A.R.I.M.A.R.I.M.A.R.I.M.A.R.I.M.A.R.I.M.A.R.I.M.A.R.R.I.M.A.R.I.M.A.R.R.I.M.- A.R.R.R.R.R.I.M.A.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.- R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R- .R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R.R. Sound and i s esea ch aspec s: me hodology and p ac ice The sound and aspec s o i s esea ch: me hodology and p ac ice, 7188. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. E ans Vy yan 2007: A Glossa y o Cogni i e Linguis ics. This is a lis o linguis s. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. Fagn I an 1957: O e he cou se o he boa s. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Scien ia um Hunga icae 6, 173–278. Fónagy I an 1967: Va ia ion und Lau wandel. Ansä ze zu eine dynamischen Pho- ne ik. – Phonologie de Gegenwa . Wiene sla is isches Jah buch, E gänzungsband 6, 100–123. F awley William 1992: Linguis ic Seman ics. He is a p o esso o linguis ics a he Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Be keley. New Je sey: Law ence E lbaum Associa es and Inc. Ka delis Vy au as 2006: Mielagėnų apylinkių eks ai. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. KARDELIS-VYTAUTIS, KARDELYTE-GRINEVICHENEY DAIVA 2010: The eas e n highlands o he Vilnius egion a e loca ed in he no h-eas e n pa o he coun y. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Ka ely ė G ine ičienė Dai a 2009: Because o he inesy and ilia ic ela ions o he eas e n highland illages. […] P oblems o language his o y and dialec ology 2, 557[…]566. DAIVA KARDELYTĖ-GRINEVIČIENĖ Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII 172 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Ka dely ė-G ine ičienė Dai a 2014: Seman ics and ela ionships o loca i e inesi e and ilia ic cons uc ions in he ad ice o eas e n highland illage s. The doc o al hesis. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Zol án Kö és is he au ho o Me apho : A P ac ical In oduc ion. This a icle is pa o a se ies on he Bible's message o mankind. Kuzne so N. […] Kuzne so Nikolai 2012: Spa ial seman ics o he local occu ences o he Komi language (cogni i e analysis). Ta u: Uni e si y o Ta u The p ess. Lako G. […] Lako J. 2004: Women, i e and dange ous objec s. Moscow: Языки славянкой культуры. Lako G., Johnson M. […] Lako J., Johnson M. was bo n in London, England. Me apho s we li e by. Moscow, he USSR. Langacke Ronald W. 1987: Founda ions o cogni i e g amma . He is also he au ho o he book The Founda ions o Cogni i e G amma . Volume 1: Theo e ical P e equisi es is published. This is a lis o uni e si ies in he Uni ed S a es. Langacke Ronald W. 1991: Cogni i e linguis ics esea ch: concep , image, and symbol. He is also he au ho o he book The cogni i e basis o g amma . New Yo k o Be lin by Ra zlow-D uck. Langacke Ronald W. 2008: Cogni i e G amma : A Basic In oduc ion. This is a lis o g amma schools in he Uni ed S a es. This is a lis o uni e si ies in he Uni ed Kingdom by numbe o s uden s. A 2012 s udy om he Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Los Angeles, ound ha he equency o use o g amma ical ca ego ies in sou he n high-school g amma schools is highe han ha o English-speaking s uden s. […] Recen language and cul u al esea ch. Vilnius: Associa ion o esea che s in Eu opean language and cul u al dialogue, 8190. LKA III […] Mo kūnas Kazys 1991: A las o he Li huanian language 3. The mo phology. The Vilnius: I 's science. LKTCH […] Leskauskai ė As a, Bace ičiū ė Rima, I anauskienė Aud a, T umpa Edmundas 2004: The ch es oma ics o he Li huanian language. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. LKŽE […] Li huanian language dic iona y, elec onic e sion, edi o ial boa d: Ge uda Nak inienė (edi o ), Jonas Paulauskas, Ri u ė Pe okienė, Vy au as lan a Zaba skai ė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. P ieiga in e ne e: www.lkz.l . Vi kauskas, JoMa ke ičienė Žane a 1999: The ex s o he high-le el speeches 1. Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house. Pe kely ė Jus ina 2010: Loca ion in he no h-eas e n subu bs o he Vilnius subu bs (ini ia i e, p e e ences in, and seman ics and ela ionships). I 's he mas e 's wo k. Vilnius: The Uni e si y o Vilnius. S aipsniai / A icles 173 Loka y inių inesy o i ilia y o kons ukcijų seman inė aiška šiau ės y ų aukš aičių ilniškių pa a mėje The Seman ics and Rela ionships o Vie namese and P ole a ian Cons uc ions in he W i en Sou ce o he T e Scheme (1977) P esen a ion a he scien i ic semina Ta mių lexicon and phone ics changes. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Rosch and Eleono a, P inciples o Ca ego iza ion (1978) […] Cogni ion and ca ego iza ion, Rosinas Albe as 1995: 27–48. Names o he Bal ic languages: de elopmen o mo phology. Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house. ROSINAS ALBERTA: The ques ion o he o igin o he name. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. ŠRAV […] Ka delis Vy au as, Ka dely ė-G ine ičienė Dai a, Na ickai ė Agnė, S ungy ė Inga 2006: No h-eas e n high schools in he ci y o Vilnius. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing In he 2010 edi ion o he jou nal, "The phonological sys em o he S i kų šnek os: ocalism and p ose," U bana ičienė-Joli a w o e: Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Vainik Ene 1995: Seman ics in he Es onian language. I 's called Tallinn. Zinkiewicz-Zigmas (1966), Li huanian dialec ologis and w i e . Vilnius: The science. Zinkiewicz-Zigmas (1980): His o ical g amma o he Li huanian language Vilnius: The science. Zinkiewicz-Zigmas, Li huanian pos -posi i e ac i is , was bo n in Li huania in 1982. […] The Bal ic 18(1), 21–38. Zinkiewicz-Zigmas: The o igins o he Li huanian language Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Seman ic Exp ession o Loca i e Inessi e and Illa i e Cons uc ions in he No heas e n Aukš ai ian Subdialec o Vilnius Summa y Based on he me hods o cogni i e seman ics ca ego iza ion and p o o ype heo y, he a icle desc ibes he loca i e, inac i e, and illa i e cons uc ions in he No heas e n Augus ian subdialec o Vilnius. The aim o he analysis is o c ea e a model showing examples he means used o ealize he seman ic exp ession o he cons uc ions in ques ion. The a e di ided in o seman ically g ounded cogni i e spaces. The desc ip ion o he la e is based on he ac ualiza ion o p o o ypical, non-p o o ypical and ansi ional cases o use ealized by loca i e cons uc ions. DAIVA KARDELYTĖ-GRINEVIČIENĖ 174 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII The s udy shows ha in he ma e ial unde analysis bo h loca i e inessi e and illa i e Cons uc ions a e used o deno e ou cogni i e spaces: especially commonly ep esen ed physical space, less ac i e e en , social, and s a e spaces. Realized in ce ain con ex s, hey a e no isola ed om each o he ; They in e ac and c ea e ansi ional zones. The analysis o he ex s also en ails an assump ion ha he seman ic exp ession o loca i e, ina i e, o illa i e cons uc ions (as well as he speci ic lexemes used in hem) is de e mined by he cogni i e po en ial o he speake . Deli e ed on 26 Oc obe 2014 DAIVA KARDELYTĖ-GRINEVIČIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius d.ca dely e@ho mail.l This is a lis o all he membe s o he Eu opean Pa liamen .