„Naujažodžių duomenyno“ leksika pakeliui į „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną“

DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Research fields: lexicology and lexicography, word formation. THE LEXICON OF THE NEOLOGISM DATABASE ON ITS WAY TO THE DICTIONARY OF STANDARD LITHUANIAN The Lexis of the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms Is on Its Way to the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian ANNOTATION The aim of this article is to examine the new lexicon presented in the Lithuanian Neologism Database and the information associated with it, and to identify the key systemic issues that must be taken into account when processing its data lexicographically and incorporating it into various dictionaries, first and foremost the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian. It is important that the latter differs from the Database in its aims, objectives, functions, methodological principles of compilation and data selection, and system. The study focused on verbs and their abstract nouns (derivatives formed with the suffix -imas / -ymas), on the assumption that the findings could be used, at least in part, in the lexicographic preparation of words from other lexical groups as well. Several important aspects were identified—regularity in the formation of verbal abstract nouns, reflexive derivatives, polysemy, the formulation of definitions, and normative status—in which the two databases under discussion and their systems differ substantially. These aspects must be borne in mind when revising, supplementing, and processing information in the Database before it becomes dictionary text. KEYWORDS: neologisms, dictionary, systematicity, semantics, verbal abstract nouns, lexicographic definition. ANNOTATION The paper sets out to investigate new lexis in the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms and to identify the key systemic factors to be taken into consideration when the data of the above Database is lexicographically processed and included in different dictionaries, first 68 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV The lexicon of the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms on its way to the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian of all, the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas). The latter differs from the former in its aims, goals, functions, methodological principles of compilation and data selection, structure and system. The present research focuses on verbs and their suffixal derivatives, namely, abstract nouns derived with the help of the suffixes –imas/–ymas. Presumably, the results of the investigation might contribute to solving lexicographic problems related to including such words and words of other lexical fields in a dictionary. In the course of investigation, several important aspects have been identified, such as regular derivational patterns when building abstract nouns from verbs, reflexive derivatives, polysemy, lexicographic entries, normativity; they set the two databases and their systems apart. The aspects are very important when updating and processing information in the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms before such information becomes part of a dictionary. KEYWORDS: neologisms, dictionary, systematicity, semantics, deverbal abstract nouns, lexicographic definition. INTRODUCTION The Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (hereafter the Dictionary, BŽ) is eagerly awaited by the public for two reasons: its updated headword list and the hope of having a reliable source on language norms. Among other things, users want to find new standard vocabulary in it, explained from semantic, grammatical, accentuation, stylistic, usage-domain, and other perspectives. In October 2011, work began on the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms (hereafter the Database, ND)—an incomplete, constantly changing and expanding collection of data that reflects the latest changes in the use of Lithuanian vocabulary. It contains “new words (loanwords and formations), word combinations and abbreviations that have appeared in Lithuanian since the end of the 20th century and are emerging in current public usage, new word meanings, as well as information about the origin, usage, and standardization of neologisms” (http://naujažodžiai.lk.lt/Index.asp?Apie_duomenyna). This is a unique source for the Dictionary, meeting two of its creators’ several key needs: to keep track of new vocabulary and to obtain information about its codification. The Database creators’ aim is “to create a database in which new Lithuanian vocabulary can be continually collected [...], and to provide Lithuanian speakers with practical information not found in other contemporary lexicographic sources” (ibid.). Illustrations with authentic examples of usage (with references to their sources) and photographs Straipsniai / Articles 69 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ are also very useful to lexicographers, since they provide additional information when refining the definitions of neologisms, their usage domains, and so on. At the present stage, neologisms are added to the Database through systematic examination of various codification works from the late 20th to the early 21st century, scholarly studies on neologisms, and a range of texts, from which new vocabulary is collected manually (Miliūnaitė 2015: 170). It should be noted that neologisms are collected manually; thus, apparently, whatever is found is entered into the Database, without a requirement to search for neologisms belonging to the same semantic group or usage domain, sharing the same derivational affix, or belonging to the same derivational nest (although, when found, they are linked). In this respect (among many others), the Database differs from the Dictionary, in which these factors are checked in order to achieve one of the key characteristics of a dictionary: systematicity. So, what path do neologisms from the Database take into the Dictionary? What must lexicographers do, and how should they adapt the information provided in the Database so that its data meet the Dictionary’s aims, objectives, and methodological principles of compilation? The observations that follow are not, incidentally, specific to the case of the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian; broadly speaking, they may be relevant to the creators of any lexicographic publication. To answer these questions, the verbs and their abstract nouns presented in the Database were examined—that is, deverbal derivatives with the suffix -imas / -ymas. These include neologisms (coinages, loanwords, hybrids) and previously attested words that have acquired new meanings. It was assumed that the findings could also be used in the lexicographic preparation of words from other lexical groups. The following aspects were identified as important: • regularity of the formation of deverbal abstract nouns, • reflexivity, • definitions, • polysemy, • conformity to language norms. REGULARITY OF VERBAL ABSTRACT FORMATION 1. On 2016 04 01, the Database contained the infinitive forms of 271 verbs and 92 verbal abstracts formed with the suffix -imas / -ymas. During the study (up to June 2016), the Database gained two more infinitives (paguglinėti, užkoucinti) and an abstract, pakoučinimas. The numerical research data presented below are mostly percentages, in an effort to provide a statistical picture that remains relatively stable over time, since the Database is continuously expanding and absolute numbers therefore change more quickly. 70 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Naujažodžių duomenyno leksika pakeliui į Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną Several neologisms have not just one but 2–3 meanings, for example: kabliuoti 1. ‘to throw a hook shot in basketball’; 2. ‘to attract’; 3. ‘to harass’ (for a fourth meaning, see the section on polysemy); pozicionavimas 1. ‘in marketing, creating the image of a particular product or organization by targeting a specific group and seeking to establish a position among competitors’; 2. ‘creating a person’s image’; thus, a total of 280 verbal lexemes and 94 verbal abstract lexemes were examined. 2. Only a quarter (25%) of the verbal abstracts formed with the suffix -imas / -ymas in the Database have a corresponding base verb, for example: aitvaravimas – aitvaruoti, barmenavimas – barmenauti, dykumėjimas – dykumėti, gryninimas – gryninti, klubinėjimas – klubinėti, skaitmeninimas – skaitmeninti, trolinimas – trolinti, apšildymas – apšildyti, etc. Internet usage indicates that in fact there are about 74% such pairs, i.e. base verbs are actually used for abstracts not included in the Database, such as banalizavimas, gražulėjimas, įgalūninimas, išsikūnijimas, keistėjimas, nukrikščionėjimas, nureligėjimas, nusvaigimas, pasidūzginimas, pasisėdėjimas, perseman­tizavimas, sumamėjimas, vaiduokliavimas, vokavimas, žalinimas, among others, whose base verbs are banalizuoti, gražulėti, įgalūninti, išsikūnyti, keistėti, nukrikščionėti, nureligėti, nusvaigti, pasidūzginti, pasisėdėti, perseman­tizuoti, sumamėti, vaiduokliauti, vokuoti, žalinti, etc. The same applies to generally nonstandard words with borrowed roots, such as aplaudinimas, apsišopinimas, kliksejimas, pasikoučinimas, etc., whose base verbs aplaudinti, apsišopinti, klik­sėti, pasikoučinti, etc., are used on the internet. These are not included in the Database. A similar situation emerges when looking in the reverse direction, that is, examining how many of the Database’s verbs have their own abstracts in this source and how many such base verbs and their abstract pairs are actually used. Since the Database contains more verb infinitives overall than verbal abstracts formed with the suffix -imas / -ymas, the percentage of infinitives in the Database that have a corresponding abstract is lower (17%) than the percentage of abstracts that have a base verb (at least 25%). Internet usage indicates that another 54% of the verbs listed in the Database (aiškiare­giauti, alkohol iauti, atsitapatinti, atskambinti, atvirauti, audituoti, debatuoti, dekupažinti, dietintis, donuoti, feminizuoti, grilinti, gugl inti, homoseksualizuoti, ibūtinti, įdrauginti, imuziejinti, įsipatoginti, isterikuoti, išgryninti, išmanėti, į(si)tinklinti, kabliuoti, kriminalizuoti, levituoti, lobuoti, maskulinizuoti, monetizuoti, naviguoti, nomenklatūrėti, nujautrinti, numokyti, nuoty kiauti, nutekinti, pagugl inti, papirinti, paprieš koniuoti, pasikultūrinti, persipuošti, pramogėti, radikalizuoti(s), seneliauti, struktūruoti, suarabėti, suci vilinti, sugrės minti, suradikalėti, surobotėti, susisvarbinti, vienišiauti, žaliavalgiauti, etc., as well as nonstandard forms such as feikinti, išsikalinėti, laikinti, nuherojinti, nusiselfinti, persp jaut i, replikuoti, selfintis, etc.) have base verbs that are actually used but not recorded in the Database Straipsniai / Articles 71 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ as well, so it can generally be said that about 70% of such pairs are in use. In summary, it seems reasonable to conclude that 70–75% of new verbs in contemporary language are used with their corresponding abstracts, derivatives formed with the suffix -imas / -ymas¹. Thus, although in theory derivatives with this suffix can be formed from every verb, in the case of neologisms only about ¼ of such abstract–base verb pairs are actually used. Only 17–25% of the data—that is, no more than ¼—of the neologisms in the group examined are listed as pairs: a verb together with its corresponding abstract formed by the aforementioned process. Clearly, far from all members of the actually used pairs ‘verb – its abstract, a derivative with the suffix -imas / -ymas’ have made it into the Database. 3. The verbal abstracts of the word-formation type discussed here are presented in the dictionary (both in terms of the forms given and the selection of abstracts) in a completely different way from in the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (hereafter DŽ) (for the differences and advantages of the new presentation, see Murmulaitytė 2000, Murmulaitytė 2012, Liutkevičienė, Naktinienė, Vosylė 2010). “It is particularly important that, in presenting verbal abstracts, the BŽ not only adheres to the principle of systematicity but also conducts a fairly comprehensive lexicographic study of each individual word, drawing on the most important data sources [...]” (Liutkevičienė, Naktinienė, Vosylė 2010: 246). Thus, the abstract 1 No separate investigation was made into, nor was consideration given to, which member of a pair appeared or could have appeared first in Lithuanian. It is commonly assumed that when creating native words, a new verb is usually coined first, and an abstract is formed from it (dykūmeti → dykūmėjimas). The reverse may also happen: first, a verbal abstract is borrowed (perhaps as a term), translated, adapted, or created by analogy, and later usage requires the verb itself, since at the time the abstract emerged it was not actually used. Compare the following forms, whose corresponding verbs are absent from the Database: pelėdžiomas ‘an internet pastime—taking photographs in an unusual way (crouching like an owl) and sharing them’, as well as, probably, the author’s one-off coinage automobilinimas ‘blocking up the old town with cars’, and other one-off forms (though not marked as such in the Database): reitingėjimas ‘the overemphasis of ratings; an attempt to rank everything that can be ranked’, subankinimas ‘restricting cash payments by carrying out this function directly through banks’. An abstract or another derivative may acquire a new meaning, while its base verb (in terms of form) is apparently not used with that new meaning, or appears only sporadically. For example, the now familiar slang words atsilupęs, -usi ‘disoriented, backward’, atsilupėlis, atsilupėlė ‘a person who is disoriented, backward’, atsilupimas ‘being disoriented, backward’, yet finite forms of the base verb atsilupti are practically unheard and unseen in this sense (indeed, even the aforementioned participle may have become adjectivized). Similarly, in the case of at-sipūtęs, -usi ‘relaxed, without tension’, it is doubtful whether this (adjectivized?) participle is based on the verb lexeme atsipūsti ‘to rest, recover’ given in LKŽe, or on either of the lexemes given in DŽe: 1. ‘to catch one’s breath’; 2. ‘to rest a little’. On the other hand, in the case of the atsil u pti word family, it would be difficult to explain the emergence of several verbal derivatives in the absence of their base verb. A separate, in-depth study is needed to answer this and related questions specifically, presumably covering not only the derivationally related words in the group examined. 72 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Naujažodžių duomenyno leksika pakeliui į Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną do not automatically enter the Dictionary on the grounds that the formation of these abstract nouns is regular, i.e. such abstract nouns can practically be formed from every verb (Urbutis 1978: 100), as apparently happened in DŽ. Nevertheless, given the aforementioned regularity of formation, when it is decided to include a new verb in the Dictionary, its abstract noun’s usage, the semantic structure of its definition, frequency and distribution of use, normativity, etc. must also be investigated. If the verb’s abstract noun meets the usual selection criteria, a separate dictionary entry is created for it, in which, as in the case of other words, morphological, accentual, semantic, stylistic, and other information related to the derived word is provided. Thus, when using the Database as one of the Dictionary’s sources and deciding to include in the Dictionary a particular verb recorded in it, the usage of its abstract noun2 must also be investigated. Conversely, if the Database provides only an abstract noun but does not record its base verb, the lexicographer must also look into the usage of the latter. Therefore, the word-formation pairs “verb – its abstract noun, deverbal suffixal -imas / -ymas derivative” must be examined together from a lexicographic perspective. The Database (because of its different aims, objectives, and compilation methodology) does not carry out this procedure. This is evident in cases where, after finding an abstract noun recorded in it and checking its base word, it becomes clear that the latter is frequently used, and the Google search engine finds hundreds or even thousands of examples of its use (including duplicates). For example, the Database lists the verb struktūruoti ‘to structure, to create a structure ([...] the modern student does not know how to study – does not structure either their work time or information [...]). On 2016 07 01, 7400 examples of the usage of its abstract noun struktūravimas were found (175 unique), e.g.: the structuring of the book is clear and convenient • historical knowledge and its structuring • [...] the political-scientific structuring of Lithuanian-Polish relations • planning and structuring the day • these lessons help pupils structure and develop formalization skills and foster algorithmic thinking • also, the structuring (graining) of aged waste wood, highlighting the wood’s structure • a text, according to R. Barthes, is “not a structure but a structuring, not a thing but work and play • the meaning of music lies in its structuring • the structuring method – the participant’s activity is restricted, specific instructions are provided, music or instruments are selected, and types of activity are specified • pictures can be used for structuring the space of consciousness • one tool and three special brushes – for structuring, intermediate sanding, and polishing 2 The formation of abstract nouns with other suffixes or endings, for example -is, -esys, -ulys, -yba, -smas, -sena, -ynės; -a, -is, -as, etc. (DLKG 1996: 94–100), is not as regular, so in their case such investigation is not mandatory. 3 Examples of usage found on the Internet are presented unedited, separated from one another by large bullet points (•). The word under discussion is highlighted in them, and omitted passages are marked [...]. Straipsniai / Articles 73 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ • the textbook text is continuous, without highlighting, emphasis, structuring, etc. The use of various examples and plural forms shows that, in the case of the abstract noun, it would apparently be possible to distinguish more than one meaning of this word (in that case, the base verb itself should also be examined semantically in order to determine whether its meaning needs to be made more specific). The analogous investigation should also be conducted in the opposite direction: if the Database contains an abstract noun, for example, sumėjimas ‘the absolutization of being a mother, disengagement from other aspects of life’, but not its base verb, in this case sumėti4, the usage of the latter must also be investigated. It was found in various forms: women who have reached bio “become-mothers” • you need to sumėti and see nothing but the baby • some remain attractive, others not so much; some “become-mothers” or even become old, while others remain misses • simply, if you are one of those younger girls and have children, then you automatically become-a-mother, start talking a lot about mothers’ stuff [...] • feminists do not denigrate motherhood; they disagree that a woman should become-a-mother and have no other goals or aspirations • quite right, I’d much rather have become-mothers who haven’t been seduced, stay-at-home wives • all mothers are welcome, both “become-mothers” and not-so-much • I write like some “become-mother”:)) and so on. Once it has been established that a member of the “verb – its abstract noun” pair absent from the Database is in use, its further examination proceeds according to the usual procedure for writing Dictionary entries: its frequency of use, normativity, distribution, etc. are investigated. It may be that a word not recorded in the Database but found through additional searching is nevertheless extremely rare or occasional. In this case, the difference between the Database and the Dictionary as two lexical repositories becomes apparent: it should apparently still be included in the Database, but not in the Dictionary. The reason is that these sources have different aims and functions. The most important thing for the Database is not to miss a new fact; for the Dictionary, that fact must be sufficiently frequent, established in usage, and have a clear semantic structure. And, which is very important, it must be normative. REFLEXIVE DERIVATIVES When examining the relationship and usage of new verbs and their abstract nouns, and their recording in the Database, it was observed that it often provides a non-prefixed verb (for example, feisbukinti ‘a verb of unspecified meaning, associated with the social network Facebook’, nugrybauti ‘to stray (also figuratively)’, etc.), but 4 the Database does not contain its base word mamėti, nor does it record grybauti, although it lists nugrybauti ‘to stray (also figuratively)’, and so on. The absence from the Database of the base words of prefixed verbs listed in it is another matter requiring separate investigation. See also footnote 15. 74 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Naujažodžių duomenyno leksika pakeliui į Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną does not provide an actually used corresponding reflexive form (feisbukintis, for more on this see the definitions section; nusigrybauti, for more on this see footnote 15; and so on). Sometimes the Database provides a reflexive derivative but does not record the corresponding simple form in use, e.g.: the usage example that pretentious, affected jūsinimas looks funny and strange, especially against the backdrop of heated debates shows that the non-reflexive verb jūsinti is also possible (the Database provides only the reflexive jūsintis ‘to address a person using the pronoun jūs5). And indeed, it is found in online usage: [...] it happens that people, for example in a work environment, get used to addressing everyone with jūsinti, so that they use formal address even with their friends’ friends or even their partners [...]. Another case is that the Database lists the verbal abstracts apsipirkinėjimas (and the agent noun apsipirkinėtojas, -a), apsišopinimas, but neither the corresponding non-reflexive derivatives nor the non-reflexive verbs from which the latter are derived. Nevertheless, an online advertisement reads: A personal shopper with 10 years’ experience as a stylist apipirkinėtoja invites you to change your life online. I can create your style [...], and this agent noun is not derived from the lexeme apipirkinėti, recorded in LKŽe, iter. dem. of apipirkti 1. ‘to buy enough of everything for everyone’. Thus, new non-reflexive usage does exist, and at least a new meaning of apipirkinėti should be recorded in the Database6. Cf. the neologisms nusiselfinti ‘to take a selfie’, nusišalčiū-tirinti ‘to take a selfie in the style of Monika Šalčiūtė, a social media and entertainment figure’; because of their semantics (selfies are taken by photographing oneself), they cannot be non-reflexive. This does not include cases where the Database records only a reflexive derivative because no potential non-reflexive usage exists; for example, it was not possible to find usage of the word *įvaikaitinti, cf. the form recorded in the Database, įsivaikaitinti ‘to take someone else’s child into one’s care as a grandchild’. Sometimes the existence of a (reflexive) verb (if not in actual usage, then at least in the subconscious of neologism creators) can be inferred only from its abstract noun that is actually in use. For instance, while investigating whether the abstract noun of the verb nugalinti ‘to deprive of power’ is used, the following sentence was found: might it be that the society’s nugalinimas and nusigalinimashas been so internalized that existence is conceivable and justifiable only through the dominance of the influential and powerful?7 One may infer from this that the reflexive verb nusigalinti is theoretically possible too. Whether it is in fact used, or whether the reflexive noun found is merely an occasional formation, requires separate investigation. 5 Abstract nouns were not recorded in the Database during the study. 6 If it is not a word revived with a new meaning or a neologism, since LKŽe essentially provides only reflexive usage: apipirkinėti; M iter. dem. apipirkti 1. | refl. K: I shop with the money from those berries (money received for the berries) Rdn. Nora apsipirkinėti į žanytės Krš. 7 Neither the simple nor the reflexive nouns (nugalinimas, nusigalinimas) had been recorded in the Database as of 2016 06 28. Straipsniai / Articles 75 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ An interesting case is the isolated coinage išžmoginti ‘to destroy the human (as distinct from animal) nature of a person’. During the study, it was illustrated in the Database by a single sentence by Vytautas Radžvilas containing two verbal derivatives with the suffix -imas—a simple and a reflexive one (the process of the Western human’s iš(si)žmoginimo, continuing for several centuries). This telling proofreading error (the verb’s usage is illustrated with examples of its derivative, a noun) points to a perceived organic connection between the verb and its abstract noun. The verb išžmoginti is indeed used, and with more than one meaning; cf. the broader contexts of the two lexemes. In the first case, one can still speak of a semantic feature connecting it with animals; in the second, there is none: 1. This is the most important and essential quality of a fairy tale—the heroes regain or preserve their human form. [...] What do we see in many modern “fairy tales”? [...] First to catch the eye is the transformation of the heroes’ very essence—they are, if one may put it this way, išžmoginti. A striking example is Spider-Man (literally “Spider-Human”—not “Human-Spider”: Spider-Man) and a whole gang of various mutants, from cyborgs to vampires. (http://versijos.lt/trumpa-animacines-mitologijos-anatomija/; accessed 2016 07 11). 2. Painting is a subjective art. Abstract art is too. It is an effort to attain one ideal, and thus an unattainable limit—to “humanize” one’s images; in other words, to dissolve the world into a subjective image of “the human,” to show what it would be like to an absolutely human gaze. Objective art aims at another, opposite ideal limit—it tries to “išžmoginti” reality and its images, to show what they would look like viewed through the “pre-human” gaze of pure nature. (http://klaipeda.diena.lt/dienrastis/menas/dvi-tapybos-ir-realybes-puses-125392; accessed 2016 07 11) • Abstractionism overcame and eliminated the directions of observation, giving the gaze an experience of contrasts, forms, and the play of colors, the joy of art’s dehumanization. Dehumanized art merged with playful reflections of natural forms, liberated from physical dependence, with the energy of colors that had lost their evolutionary or ideological direction and meaning [...] (http://www.vdu.lt/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/PMDF_Mazeikis_7.pdf; accessed 2016 07 11). There is no usage of the reflexive verb išsižmoginti in DLKT, but while looking for further examples of the reflexive abstract noun, one instance was found in another text by the same Vytautas Radžvilas: In other words, the deepening integration of the EU is a steadily intensifying and accelerating process of destroying what we called Europe as recently as the mid-20th century. And this process means that we, who consider ourselves Europeans, are simply dehumanizing ourselves. I deliberately use the concept of “self-dehumanization,” meaning that we are becoming a kind of social animal without any higher aspirations or goals (http://www.propatria.lt/2015/12/vytautas-radzvilas-europos-sajunga-prie.html, accessed 2016 07 11). Thus, the reflexive verb should also be recorded in the Database. 76 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Naujažodžių duomenyno leksika pakeliui į Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną To summarize the observations concerning the relationship, usage, and presentation in the Database of reflexive and non-reflexive words, it should be recalled that the main purpose of this database is to record new vocabulary by noticing it in various information sources, rather than searching for it methodically and deliberately. The Database does not aim to form a system of reflexive and non-reflexive verbs and their corresponding derivatives. Here, it is more important to “notice new lexical phenomena in time, record them, systematize [those recorded – author’s note], describe them, show usage tendencies, determine whether neologisms are standard, and provide recommendations to language users without waiting for long-in-the-making prescriptive works to appear or be updated” (Miliūnaitė 2015: 162). Such a system must of course be present in the Dictionary, taking into account the criteria for selecting vocabulary, such as correctness and frequency. Thus, even if a decision is made to include in the Dictionary a verb recorded in the Database, and a reflexive counterpart and abstracts of both are also found in use, not necessarily will all four neologisms appear in this dictionary. DEFINITIONS OF NEOLOGISMS The Database is not a dictionary; it seeks to describe a new, often unfamiliar reality and define a new concept8, but it does not seek to construct a dictionary entry or create a system of word meanings and definitions. Therefore, if it is decided to include a word from this source in the Dictionary, the Database’s definitions cannot and are not simply copied. They are merely a point of departure for the usual process of creating a dictionary entry: based on usage examples provided in the Database and found additionally, the definition is refined, expanded or narrowed, or created anew. 1. It is often found that a neologism’s definition is too narrow, tailored to a particular usage example, while online usage of the neologism indicates that it could be broader. As regards verb semantics, a great deal of additional information can also be learned by examining their abstracts (both those provided in the Database and those not recorded there). Here are several examples showing that definitions of neologisms should be refined by moving beyond isolated, specific instances of use and taking broader usage into account. Pasikultūrinti ‘to visit cultural events for fashion, rather than out of a need to do so’. Apparently, this is a colloquial word (marked in the Database as having a slang functional connotation), simply meaning to attend a cultural event, cf.: [...] 8 In the case of neologisms, this poses difficulties because “it is not always possible, especially when there is little usage data, to define precisely the meaning or meanings of a neologism (to determine distinctions between meanings, nuances, and stylistic features” (Miliūnaitė 2015: 174). Straipsniai / Articles 77 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ at fifteen I used to skip classes to dash from Mažeikiai to Vilnius, to “Mados infekcija,” to mingle, pasikultūrinti. The usage of the abstract noun derived from this verb supports this interpretation, too: What other pasikultūrinimai await me? I’m planning to go to “Antigonė.” And a not-so-cultural pasikultūrinimas – going to the observatory to watch the stars. These and many other examples of usage, especially in colloquial speech, do not indicate the seme ‘for fashion, not out of need’. Dialoguoti The Database gives two lexemes, from the fields of religion and art: 1. ‘to engage in religious dialogue’; 2. ‘to enter into dialogue through artistic means’. Some usage examples provided in the Database suggest that dialoguoti in them can also be understood less narrowly, without the necessary religious or artistic aspects, which in any given instance are simply determined by the context. This verb can simply mean ‘to engage in, maintain a dialogue’, cf.: the church dialoguoja with science, giving thanks to the Creator for the powers of the human mind and convinced that faith broadens and enriches the mind’s perspective (example of the first lexeme), color palette klyk klyk klyk […] (example of the second lexeme). That the broader meaning is indeed present in usage is also shown by examples from other domains of use that are not recorded in the Database, for example: well, there was an outcry at the workplace over the changes, and the trade union dialoguoja with its employer • […] that the OS dialoguoja with the user is not in itself bad. What is bad is when that dialogue is forced in where it is least needed • the EU and China dialoguoja on economic and trade matters. The same is shown by an example of the usage of the abstract noun derived from this verb (not recorded in the Database): students will develop dialogavimo, analytical, and public speaking skills […]. Thus, if for other reasons (relevance, frequency of use, etc.) this word were to be included in the Dictionary, it might be defined as ‘to communicate without conflict, consult, engage in and maintain dialogue’. Pervertoti ‘to use too much; to cheapen by using too often’. The Database contains just one usage example ([...] this is related to a certain devaluation of the concept of “patriotism” in the public sphere. At some point, this word was simply “overused”; it has become unpleasant to say), which is clearly insufficient to distinguish two nuances of a single meaning. Usage of the abstract noun derived from this verb – saturated fatty acid pervartojimas increases the risk of chronic cardiovascular disease • and your pervartojimas of capital letters shows a bit of arrogance – indicates that it can simply mean excessive or overly frequent use, without implying that this results in devaluation. The latter seme, that of devaluation, may be more closely associated with the context of the usage example in the Database, which discusses the devaluation of a concept. Picintis is defined in the Database as ‘to introduce pizza; to turn pizza into an everyday meal in Lithuania’ and illustrated with one excerpted sentence […] in 50 years we’ll speak Chinese and eat their pilaf, just as we “picinamės” now. Further illustrative usage examples are ninado tik:D and picinamės and we work out • with my little sister 78 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Naujažodžių duomenyno leksika pakeliui į Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną picinomės – shows that picintis can also mean simply eating pizza (cf. the unrecorded in the Database kavintis ‘to drink coffee’ – malonu ramiaškiškai kavintis on a Saturday morning • I’m going kavintis;) what’s wrong with me?). 2. The opposite also occurs: definitions in the Database are overly abstract. to Facebook is not defined in the Database, but explained as “an imprecise verb associated with the social network Facebook.” The only illustrative usage example, And what would sound more Lithuanian—Feisbukiečiai, feisbukiškiai, or feisbukėnai?Facebooking, a question (the author is Harold Mackevičius, a comedy-show creator), hardly makes it possible to state the meaning of this word more precisely, unless one relies on a broader context. The precise meaning of the word can be determined from other, more usual examples. Having reviewed the many instances (a search for the infinitive form alone on 2016 06 28 found more than 4,000 in the Google search engine), for example: young people should be encouraged from an early age to do something more than sit at a computer, to Facebook • perhaps one or two do come to beach-tweet or Facebook, but the vast majority prefer books • there is no need to mention smartphones, because they are an essential attribute for the modern pupil. So that they can Facebook, Google, YouTube, send SMS and many other things during lessons, the dictionary definition of this word could be formulated as ‘to use the Facebook social network’. It was noted that the corresponding reflexive verb to Facebook oneself, which could be defined as ‘to communicate and share information on Facebook’, is not recorded in the Database. Abstract nouns of both verbs are also used: Facebooking (e.g., I’m fed up with constant staying up at night and morning Facebooking) and Facebooking oneself (e.g., that’s a good Lithuanian product, it’s a pity it’s been steadily declining for a long time because of Facebooking oneself I wish it would find some niches and qualities to stand out); their usage examples support the formulated definitions of the verbs. Liofilizuoti is defined in the Database as ‘to dry by freezing’; its fields of use are food and technology. The dictionary has no usage labels for food or technology, so these semantic components of the neologism’s meaning should be incorporated into the definition9. 3. Definitions of some words need to be created anew or substantially revised by studying the scholarly literature in the relevant field, examining specialized texts, and clarifying the word’s semantics. For instance, thinking is explained in the Database 9 In the lexicographic and encyclopedic sources of English, the language from which this word originates, it is defined more broadly in terms of fields of use: more objects of such freeze-drying are mentioned, the purpose for which the technology is used is indicated, and so on: ‘to freeze-dry (blood plasma or other biological substances)’; ‘to freeze-dry (esp. biologicals)’ (http://www.yourdictionary.com/lyophilize#CCvsiqIdQMCQ8kG.99); ‘to dry (blood, serum, or tissue) by freezing in a high vacuum’ (https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/lyophilize); “Freeze-drying—technically known as lyophilisation, lyophilization, or cryodesiccation—is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material or make the material more convenient for transport” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze-drying) and so on. Straipsniai / Articles 79 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ “a special word denoting Lithuanian philosophy”. In fact, even the sole usage example given in the Database would suggest that this is not a description specifically of Lithuanian philosophy, as opposed to some other philosophy; rather, it would be a synonym for philosophy – Speaking about the distinctive features of Lithuanian philosophers’ thought, A. Šliogeris first stressed that the emergence of independent Lithuanian galvojimo, in other words, of an independent Lithuanian philosophy, coincided with the emergence of Lithuanian national self-consciousness and a “high” language. The necessity of the Lithuanian component in the semantics of this word is also contradicted by other texts by the same philosopher (cf. It is possible—though this is a hypothesis that commits us to nothing—that independent philosophical thought is very closely connected with the emergence of a political mentality. At least the Greeks galvoja precisely in this way. [...] This is another feature of Lithuanian galvojimo, which decisively distinguishes it from Celtic-Germanic and even Greek galvojimo. (http://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/kultura/26/74781, accessed 2016 07 10). POLYSEMY Occasionally, a neologism appears for which the Database does not provide all the meanings it has in internet usage. It has been mentioned that the Database records three lexical meanings of to snag: 1. ‘to throw a hook shot in basketball’; 2. ‘to pull’ and 3. ‘to harass’. During the study, a fourth meaning of this neologism, from the field of fishing, was observed—‘to fish by striking and catching a fish with a hook (hooks)’: most oftenthey snag fishthose who are unable to catch them in the normal way, ‘by the lip’. The verbal abstract snagging is also used with this meaning, referring to this prohibited method of fishing: In the Kaunas Lagoon, a groupof “snagging”enthusiasts • will have to pay three times as much if fishing is carried out using prohibited equipment or methods (spearfishing, snagging), etc. It was observed that this abstract lexeme is used by far the most frequently; the others (for example, ‘pulling’: apart from excellent graphics and mediocre sound, the game lacks its most important element—“snagging”) occur less often, while no usage of the basketball-related abstract could be found. Interestingly, one use of the abstract was found, probably occasional, in a meaning not recorded in the Database: ‘to put in commas while writing’: You see, this is a blog—there’s no way to hire a Lithuanian-language specialist or a bright young whippersnapper10—I sacrifice my own free time and write amateurishly. And are there too many commas or too few? Linguists have introduced confusion—once, “comma-placing”was stricter, then it was relaxed, and now I don’t even know… 10 The noun šviežgalvis ‘someone who has a fresh head’ does not seem to occur in the Database’s reference sources, so perhaps, after its usage has been studied more thoroughly, it too could be added to the Database. 80 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Naujažodžių duomenyno leksika pakeliui į Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną To block is recorded in the Database as having a new meaning: ‘in basketball, to try to knock away a ball thrown by an opponent toward the basket11. Sabonis is a basketball anthology. [...] He blocks, scores baskets, shoots from wherever he wants, attacks like a giant python. More examples from the internet: during the first half of the game, Alytus “Dzūkija” “blocked” 3 of the opponents’ shots, and a different player made each of the 3 blocks • at the moment, they are best at fighting for rebounds and “blocking”, but they need to improve here too. Internet usage also reveals another meaning of this verb, not recorded in the Database: ‘to provide a roof, to act as a roof—that is, influential protection required to carry out or organize activities that are not always lawful’ (this is how the Database defines 12 the word roof): a product of the Soviet militia, a fake patriot defending the interests of the ruling clan and “providing cover”for the crimes they commit • she said that if someone came to the company seeking “protection” (i.e. protection from other criminals in return for a certain payment), the pimp would call the police, and officers would soon show up and resolve the disputes, etc. Interestingly, no abstract noun for the first lexeme (the basketball term) was found in internet usage, while for the second (in the legal sphere), as of 2016 06 04, about 2,050 instances were found (90 non-repeated), e.g.: a very strange position, more reminiscent of the notorious Soviet law-enforcement structures’ protectionof criminals • Dalia Grybauskaitė will face impeachment proceedings in the Seimas because of N. Venckienė’s “protection”—that was the strategy of some influential former judges and prosecutors, etc. NORMATIVENESS “[...] the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language [...] will be a normative publication intended for the public, whose purpose is to reflect the correct usage of words in contemporary standard Lithuanian” (Liutkevičienė 2010: 141). Therefore, by no means all the Database’s neologisms can be included in the Dictionary. Information about the normative status of the Database’s neologisms must be sought in three fields of this database, entitled “functional labels,” “normative information,” and “other variants (if any) and their codification status” (Miliūnaitė 2015: 173). These fields do not always all contain information; sometimes, to determine the codification of a neologism or a new word meaning, an entry in any one of them is enough 11 However, it does not include the basketball term roof, ‘blocking an opponent’s shot at the basket by knocking the ball away in the air; a block’ (cf. http://www.zodynas.lt/jaunimo-zodynas/S/stogas; consulted 2016 07 12). In light of this definition, it seems the definition of to block should also be revised and made more specific: the term does not refer to just any knocking away of a ball thrown by an opponent. 12 Cf. roof 1. criminal argot ‘protection, backing’ (Zaikauskas 2007: 142). Straipsniai / Articles 81 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ in one of them, for instance, the label “slang” is entered in the functional-label field (e.g., to fake ‘to report falsely; to deceive’). 1 TABLE. Selection of neologisms for the Dictionary based on the Database’s codification assessments13 ND BŽ 1. standard; recommended for use shopping; to kite (standard, recommended) + 2. nonstandard; not recommended; not to be used; slang; foreignism; loanword to examine (nonstandard) to act silly (nonstandard, slang) trolling (nonstandard, slang) seeing (not recommended, nonstandard) to chill (not recommended, slang, nonstandard) coaching (slang) to click (loanword, not to be used) to freelance (foreignism, not to be used, nonstandard) − 3. uncodified decriminalization dietentis to get high14 (uncod., slang) ? 4. 0 a to purify, to inhale + b to piss off (slang), to go off the rails (slang) ? Table 1 shows how the (non-)normative status of neologisms is marked or left unmarked in the Database in four ways: • by entering “normative” in the variant status field and/or marking the codification as “recommended for use” (row 1 of Table 1), • by marking non-normativity in various ways in all or several of the aforementioned database fields (row 2), • by indicating that the neologism has not yet been codified (row 3), or • by providing no information at all on this matter (row 4). The last column of the table shows which groups of neologisms can (+) or cannot (−) be included in the Dictionary. Cases marked with a question mark must be considered individually. 13 Abbreviations used in the table: uncod. – uncodified, non-norm. – non-normative, not-recommended – not recommended, not-for-use – not to be used, norm. – normative, loan. – loanword, slang – slang, foreign. – foreignism, for-use – recommended for use, jargon – jargon term. 14 This neologism’s abstract intoxication does not bear the label “uncodified”; it is only marked as slang in the functional shades field (accessed 2016-07-01). 82 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Naujažodžių duomenyno leksika pakeliui į Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną The 4th row is divided into two parts (a and b), showing a twofold situation in which a lexicographer must decide whether a neologism or a new word meaning is standard, without receiving information on this question from the Database. In some cases, no problems arise (row 4a): for example, it is obvious that the new meaning of the word gryninti ‘to convert into cash (with reference to money, securities, etc.)’ or the neologism įkvipti ‘to acquire a smell, to become imbued with a smell’ is standard and can be included in a normative dictionary (if it meets the other word-selection criteria). Other cases are more complicated (row 4b), when the Database contains no specific, unambiguous, or any information at all about whether the neologism in question is standard. For instance, the new meaning of užknisti, classified as slang, ‘to exasperate; to annoy someone to death’ is accompanied in the Database by a note to users: “a widely used slang word, on the verge of entering the standard language.” In the case of Nugrybauti (apparently an analogous case—a new meaning, also classified as slang, ‘to stray off course (also figuratively)’), there is no such note. Lexicographers must decide whether the boundary of the standard language has already been crossed in the case of užknisti, whether the analogy with this word can be used in deciding whether nugrybauti is standard, and, if not, what prevents these words from being considered standard. It should also be remembered that these are derived words, morphologically related to the corresponding unprefixed verbs and, moreover, most likely have derivatives of their own (e.g., nugrybavimas, grybauti, grybavimas, nusigrybauti, nusigrybavimas; užknisimas, užknisėjas, –a, knisti, knisėjas, knisimas15, etc.), which (both these words and their derivatives) 15 The Database lists none of them, although they can be found in online usage: on 2016-07-01, 5,850 examples of nugrybavimas were found (130 distinct ones): I don’t like experimental films and nugrybavimo into music-video style • but let’s get back on topic, because this is turning into nugrybavimas again:) • popular Hollywood films nugrybavinai • and the financial value of that nugrybavimas is 27,000 litas out of my pocket • maybe the forum members won’t be angry about our nugrybavimą; if anything, the moderators will restore order • don’t pick on the judges, nugrybavimai are usually appealed in accordance with procedural law, and besides, it looks silly (we all grybaujam sometimes) etc.; nusigrybavimas—4,678 (99), respectively: I think it’s pretty good, and I don’t even follow Star Gate Atlantis because that’s where you’ve really nusigrybavimas gone off the rails because there aren’t any of the main actors • so the courier, with his attention-grabbing headlines and nusigrybavimais, once again PRO SONA • the girl tries to trip up the railway-history specialist, but the nusigrybavimas into the weeds is total • a person wanting to read about something they’re interested in also has to read the forum users’ sigrybavimus and so on. A few more examples of usage from the other derivational family mentioned: užknisimas—one message with spam is just spam; four identical messages are forum pollution and an užknisimas for people • well, then there are two options: stop complaining about being užknisimo by pop music’s dreariness and keep listening to it on commercial radio stations, or tune in to StartFM • if this is being done (they’re calling) every two minutes, right up to the point of užknisimo, you can certainly report that subscriber to the operator • the order should be: first read the law, then express opinions and užknisimus; knisti—back then you used to forgive each other that “bad habit,” so now they’re starting to “knisti” you • how knisa me, those bike paths zigzagging across the sidewalks • the most knisantis time of year for me is winter; knisėjas, –a—right before your eyes, I’ll write a huge text in this section about how I’m this and that, a dishonest liar and a pain in the knisėjas; knisimas—this isn’t news from Russia, it’s just another propaganda brain-knisimas • you need to ignore some people’s knisimai, and everything will be fine for both of you. Straipsniai / Articles 83 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ these too) also need to be examined by dictionary makers in terms of semantics, frequency of use, standardness, and other aspects, so that their inclusion in or exclusion from a normative dictionary is well-founded. The importance and value of the Database for lexicographic work therefore become especially apparent, since it is expected to provide the most up-to-date information possible, qualified to the highest degree for purposes of standardization. Users of the Database looking for a new word to name their company or product are advised in its introduction to read the notes as well, including “whether the word you like complies with the norms of Standard Lithuanian” (http://naujazodziai.lki.lt/Index.asp?Apie_duomenyna). Dictionary makers also rely on this useful and essential information and hope that, over time, an increasing proportion of neologisms in the Database will change their status from “uncodified” to “standard” or “nonstandard,” “not recommended.” FINAL REMARKS 1. The Database of New Words in Lithuanian is one of the few professionally compiled and maintained lexicographic resources whose main purpose is to identify and record new lexical phenomena in a timely manner, determine their standardness, and provide recommendations to language users. It would be difficult to imagine any dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian without its data. 2. Data from the Database cannot and should not be transferred into dictionaries uncritically. It is merely primary material for further research into usage and systematic lexicographic processing. How many and which neologisms to draw from the Database for any given dictionary depends on that dictionary’s aims, scope, purpose, and principles of compilation. 3. Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian is a normative explanatory dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian. New standard vocabulary should be included in it from the Database. Thus, a large part of the Database’s headword list, which is nonstandard (foreignisms, jargon, slang, some uncodified vocabulary, etc.), is not suitable for this dictionary. Individual, author-created neologisms and occasionalisms are also excluded because they are rarely used. 4. When deciding whether a neologism should be included in the Dictionary, its semantic structure, definitions of meanings, derivational relations, usage of derivatives, and other aspects are checked and clarified. Only neologisms that are sufficiently frequent and used across a broad range of contexts (not specialized terms) should be included in this dictionary. 5. When adapting Database data for the Dictionary, attention should be paid to reflexive derivatives, the polysemy of neologisms, and the formulation of definitions. 6. The Dictionary consistently includes, alongside verbs, regularly derived abstract nouns that meet the selection criteria. Therefore, if it is decided to include in the Dictionary a new verb found in the Database or its abstract noun formed with the suffix 84 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Naujažodžių duomenyno leksika pakeliui į Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną -imas / -ymas; it is necessary to investigate the possible existence and use of the other member of this pair as well. If the latter meets the aforementioned Dictionary selection criteria (normativity, frequency of use, prevalence, etc.), it too should be included in the dictionary. 7. In the introduction to the Database, after listing the kinds of information collected there, it is stated: “Thus, the database is more than a dictionary; among other things, it is illustrated with authentic facts of usage (with sources indicated) and photographs.” (http://naujazodziai.lki.lt/Index.asp?Apie_duomenyna).Perhaps it would be more accurate to say that it is a collection of lexical data and information about them that is different from a dictionary (having different aims, addressing different tasks, serving different functions, and organized differently), from which lexicographers draw knowledge in order to present new lexis in lexicographic publications. For this to be done properly, work is needed, including the addition to and refinement of the information accumulated in the Database, which varies in scope and detail. After some time, the results of this work should be visible in systematically compiled dictionaries reflecting current usage. The latter, in turn, could also be useful to the same Database, even if only for refining the semantic structure of neologisms, their definitions, and so on. In short, if the Database is “a tool for linguistic research (useful to lexicologists, lexicographers, and language standardizers) and a valuable collection of facts” (ibid.), then the Dictionary should be one of its companion works. L I T E R A T U R E DLKG – Grammar of Contemporary Lithuanian, ed. Vytautas Ambrazas. 2nd revised edition. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996. Liutkevičienė Danutė 2010: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno struktūra, tikslai ir perspektyvos. – Kalbos kultūra 83, 141–150. Liutkevičienė Danutė, Naktinienė Gertrūda, Vosylytė Klementina 2010: Veiksmažodžiai ir jų abstraktai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 2. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 235–251. Miliūnaitė Rita 2015: Naujažodžių atranka ir pateikimas „Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne“. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 5. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 161–184. Murmulaitytė Daiva 2000: Vedinių pateikimas Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno pamatinių žodžių straipsniuose. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 42, 141–159. Straipsniai / Articles 85 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Murmulaitytė Daiva 2012: Vedinių pateikimo sistemiškumas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Kalbos kultūra 85, 71–91. Urbutis Vincas 1978: Žodžių darybos teorija. Vilnius: Mokslas; 2-asis leidimas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2009. Zaikauskas Egidijus 2007: Kalbos paribiai ir užribiai: lietuvių žargono žodynėlis. Vilnius: Alma littera. ŠALTINIAI BŽ – rengiamas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Redaktorių kolegija: Danutė Liutkevičienė (vyr. redaktorė), Gertrūda Naktinienė, Ritutė Petrokienė, Dovilė Svetikienė, Klementina Vosilytė, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2013–2015. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt. DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Kaunas: Kauno Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas/index.jsp. DŽe – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas: šeštas (trečias elektroninis) leidimas, vyr. red. Stasys Keinys. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2006; internetinė versija, 2011. Prieiga internete: http://dz.lki.lt. LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20, 1941–2002, elektroninis variantas, redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. red.), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt. ND – Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas. Internetinė duomenų bazė, sud. Rita Miliūnaitė. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://naujazodziai.lki.lt. Jaunimo žodynas. Prieiga internete: http://www.zodynas.lt/jaunimo-zodynas/. American Heritage Dictionary. Prieiga internete: http://americanheritage.yourdictionary.com/. Vocabulary.com. Prieiga internete: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/lyophilize. Your dictionary. Prieiga internete: http://www.yourdictionary.com/. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Prieiga internete: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/. Webster's New World College Dictionary. Prieiga internete: http://websters.yourdictionary.com/. 86 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV Naujažodžių duomenyno leksika pakeliui į Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyną The Lexis of the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms Is on Its Way to the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian SUMMARY The Database of Lithuanian Neologisms is a unique source for the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas) satisfying the needs of dictionary compilers who update the dictionary on a regular basis and for that purpose require information about all new lexis and its codification. The two databases of the lexicon differ in their aims, goals, functions, methodological principles of compilation and data selection, structure, and system. Before entering the Dictionary, the materials of the Database should be lexicographically processed. When investigating the Database, an attempt was made to identify the way of neologisms to the Dictionary; what should be taken into consideration by dictionary compilers when adjusting the data of the Database for the purposes of the Dictionary. To pursue the aims of the investigation, verbs and their suffixal derivatives were selected, namely, deverbal abstract nouns derived with the help of the suffix -imas/-ymas. They include neologisms, such as new coinages, borrowings and hybrids, and already existing words which have acquired new meanings. It was established that to be able to decide which neologisms should be included in the Dictionary, some important aspects have to be taken into consideration, such as the regularity of deriving abstract nouns from verbs, reflexive derivatives, polysemy, meanings of neologisms and their definitions as well as normativity. Despite that in theory the above abstract nouns can be derived from any verb, in case of neologisms such abstract noun–base verb pairs are actually used in about ¾ of all potential cases. In the Database, only about 17–25%, i.e. no more than ¼ of the above group of neologisms, are given in pairs, including base verbs and derived abstract nouns. When deciding whether a neologism should be included in the Dictionary, from a lexicographer’s point of view, the pairs verb–abstract noun derived with the help of the suffix -imas/-ymas should be treated together, even if the Database fails to give one member of the pair. In a similar way, simple and reflexive verbs and abstract deverbal nouns should be investigated. The definitions of the Database are the starting point when writing dictionary entries. On the basis of actual usage attested in the Database and found in other sources, the definition of meaning is updated by broadening or narrowing it, or starting another definition. It is often identified that a neologism has more meanings than attested in the Database or several lexemes could be treated as one by suggesting a more abstract definition. A dictionary performs a normative function; therefore, a large part of neologisms treated in the Database as non-normative, unacceptable, jargon, loans and borrowings are not transferred to the Dictionary. Straipsniai / Articles 87 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Not all neologisms discussed in the paper should be included in the Dictionary; selection criteria include more than just innovativeness and normativity of the lexis. They also cover such aspects as purposefulness, frequency and spread of use, etc. The paper takes a broader perspective and seeks to demonstrate that the information of the Database should be updated and processed before it becomes part of a dictionary, not necessarily the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian. Presumably, the results of the investigation could contribute to establishing more rigid lexicographic principles when dealing with verbs and abstract deverbal nouns as well as with words of other lexical fields. Pastaba: Straipsnio anotaciją ir santrauką į anglų kalbą vertė Inesa Šeškauskienė. Įteikta 2016 m. liepos 27 d. DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected] 88 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXV