Tarp „baltistikos“ ir „balticitas“, arba užsienio baltistikos klausimais

256 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI PIETRO UMBERTO DINI The Uni e si y o Pisa Resea ch a eas include compa a i e Bela usian linguis ics, he his o iog aphy o Bela usian linguis ics, p ose s udies, and ansla ion s udies. TARP Bal ic and BALTICITAS, ARBA UŽSIENIO (Spanish p onuncia ion (help·in o)) is a Spanish poli ician. The Bal ic S a es* The aim o his ex is o discuss he de elopmen o Bal ic s udies and i s p ospec s in he academic wo ld ab oad (i.e. ou side he Bal ic S a es). As i u ns ou om wha will be said, he e is al eady a ce ain challenge in pe spec i e... Fi s o all, i is wo h looking a he de elopmen o Bal ic s udies in he pas decades om a common his o ical poin o iew and ying o summa ize b ie ly […] like a bi d's ligh […] wha happened du ing his pe iod. I hink I could say ha he a e o Bal ic s udies in Eu ope is closely linked o he a e o Eu ope i sel . In Wes e n Eu opean coun ies, a common ea u e is obse ed: Bal ic s udies ha e ound a esonance in he academic wo ld along wi h he independence o he Bal ic coun ies. I is no coincidence ha bo h in he in e wa yea s and in he las decade o he las cen u y, he academic wo ld paid a en ion o he disciplines o Bal ic s udies. This happened in many coun ies. Du ing he So ie pe iod, in e es in he Bal ic languages and cul u es in he academic communi y in hese coun ies ei he declined al oge he o , a bes , li ed wi h di icul y, wi h only a ew scien is s wo king in he ield o Bal ic s udies. On he o he hand, in Cen al and Eas e n Eu ope, he e was con inued in e es in he languages and cul u es o he Bal s, bu he Bal s su e ed g ea ideological p essu e he e. In Cen al Eu ope, Ge many was an excep ional case, and i is no di icul o unde s and why his happened. On he one hand, he coun y's ela ions wi h he Bal ic coun ies ha e always been he basis o he epo ead a he plena y session o he Wo ld Con e ence on Li huanian Educa ion on 6 Ap il 2017. The con e ence was o ganised unde he EU- unded p ojec "Encou aging coope a ion be ween o eign Bal ic cen es and Li huanian scien i ic and s udy ins i u ions" and ook place in Vilnius, Li huanian Uni e si y o Educa ion. Cha ac e is ics o he s yle o e bal epo ing a e consciously main ained in he ex . Ta p bal is ikos i bal ici as, a ba užsienio bal is ikos klausimais Insigh s 257 is s ong, i can' e en be compa ed o any o he coun y in Wes e n Eu ope. On he o he hand, as you know, i was Ge many ha did no heal he wounds o he con inen o a long ime. Since hen, Bal ic s udies has been cul i a ed in bo h Democ a ic Ge many and he Fede al Republic o Ge many. The kie ijoje. I ienu , i ki u – no s bu o p imes os ski ingos ideologinės nuo- old adi ional Ge man school o compa a i e linguis ics has su i ed, which has also made a special ma k in Bal ic s udies. All he excep ions we e he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica. The si ua ion in he USA canno be compa ed wi h ha in Eu ope. The eaching o Li huanian a uni e si ies was p o ided by communi y- unded Bal ic depa men s (as was he case in Chicago and as will p obably be he case in Sea le). 1. The eason o oday's closu e The Bal ic Sea? I seems o me ha he main p oblem o o eign Bal ic s udies is s ill he s uc u e and place o his discipline in he sciences and s udies o philology and linguis ics, ha is, in o de o Bal ic s udies (o o he Bal ic s udies) o be o become an independen discipline, i is necessa y o c ea e all le els o Bal ic s udies (bachelo 's, mas e 's, doc o al). I would be ideal o ha e a leas one chai o Bal ic s udies, o e ing all le els o s udy, in each Eu opean coun y wi h a adi ion o Bal ic s udies. And in some coun ies, whe e his o ical ies and in e es a e pa icula ly s ong, he e could, o cou se, be mo e Bal ic ca hed als. Tha s I emphasize would be ideal. Howe e , e en om his poin o iew, he si ua ion is indeed une en. I'll y o pu i in o de , al hough I may ha e o go en some hing o mis ep esen ed i . The e seem o be h ee di e en geog aphical s uc u al zones. The i s zone includes hose Eu opean coun ies whe e Bal ic s udies a e (o a leas seem o be) la gely solidly s uc u ed and ha e u u e p ospec s (e.g. Sweden, Finland, he Czech Republic, Ge many, Hunga y, Poland and pe haps elsewhe e). He e, Bal ic disciplines can be in eg a ed in o Indo-Eu opean, Sla ic o No he n Eu opean o simila BA o MA s udy p og ammes. (2) The second zone includes hose Eu opean coun ies whe e Bal ic s udies a e s uc u ed, bu Bal ic s udies is only augh as a sepa a e cou se (examina ion), 1 Illinois Li huanian (Bal ic) his o y and p esen a ion by Gied ius Subačius in his epo […]Li huanian S udies in Chicago[…]. 2 Pe e Vanag's epo "Bal language s udies a S ockholm Uni e si y: his o y and cu en a ai s" explained, by he way, ha he si ua ion in Sweden is a om osy. PIETRO UMBERTO DINI The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI is loca ed a 2583. A simila bu p obably be e pa yzdžiui, kalbo y os bakalau o a magis o s udijų s uden ams. Tokia si ua- si ua ion in F ance (including eaching a INALCO)4. Cu en ly, i can also be augh in a ious BA and MA s udy p og ams. Howe e , he u u e o Bal ic s udies is unce ain he e, and hese s udies a e a isk, especially in his e a o pe manen e o ms in highe educa ion... (3) The hi d zone includes hose Eu opean coun ies whe e Bal ic s udies a e no (ye ) s uc u ed. This is he si ua ion in Spain, o example. Bu oday, un o una ely, e en in a coun y wi h such a deep adi ion o Bal ic a as No way, Bal ic a is no longe celeb a ed. In addi ion, he e a e coun ies whe e Bal ic adi ions a e absen o almos absen , such as Slo enia, C oa ia, Se bia, G eece, and Po ugal. O cou se, his does no mean ha e e y Eu opean coun y needs Bal ic s a is ics (al hough i would be desi able). No does i mean ha he e a e no specialis s o schola s a all in hese coun ies: he e is a spon aneous […] i.e. pe -academic […] o e : o example, a ious p ojec s o esea ch a e ca ied ou independen ly by indi idual scien is s o g oups o scien is s. Howe e , I can conclude hese e lec ions wi h joy ul an icipa ion. I would like o men ion he opposi e phenomenon aking place ou side he EU, in Swi ze land, whe e Bal ic s udies a e o be e i ed5. 2.The Bal ic a ea One impo an dis inc i e ea u e o Bal ic s udies in he Bal ic coun ies and ab oad is p obably ha he need o de ini ion is mo e s ongly el in he la e . Fo eign Bal ic s udies need o be de ined, as hey say, bo h ho izon ally, i.e. by compa ing i wi h o he philologies and linguis ics, and e ically, i.e. by compa ing i wi h he Bal ic s udies o he Bal ic coun ies and in hei own coun y. The concep and eaching o Bal ic s udies in he wo ld's uni e si ies has been and s ill is a unique phenomenon dependen on many ac o s. I is no mal ha eaching is cons an ly changing: changing me hods, in e es s, and e en ually ashions. Howe e , ega dless o all his, i may be wo h saying ha he Li huanians in he Bal ic coun ies and he Bal ic 3 I was lea ned om Guido Mchelini's epo ha he si ua ion o Li huanian language eaching a he Uni e si y o Pa ma is also c i ical. 4 I hank Hélène de Penan os o he commen s and in o ma ion du ing he con e ence. The con e ence Re i alizing Bal ic S udies, announced o his pu pose, will ake place a he beginning o May 2017. By he way, I would emind you ha in 2008 he i s con e ence was o ganised by he Li huanian Communi y in Swi ze land oge he wi h he Li huanian Language Ins i u e and Vilnius Uni e si y (In e na ional Con e ence on Li huanian Language and Li e a u e […]Posi ion and Signi icance o Li huanians in he Eu opean Con ex […], 4.6.2008, F ibou g, Be n, Zu ich). Ta p bal is ikos i bal ici as, a ba užsienio bal is ikos klausimais Įž algos / Insigh s 259 O e seas, because o di e en adi ions and di e en audiences, hey some imes misunde s and and each he same esea ch subjec . Isn' i ue ha he Bal s in he Bal ic coun ies and he Bal s ab oad di e in ha hey a e guided by a di e en concep o he Bal s, o pe haps a di e en canon? And he di e en canons o Bal ic s udies a e guided implici ly, e en wi hou ealizing o paying pa icula a en ion o he heo e ical aspec s... Pe haps i makes sense o aise he ques ion on his occasion and a his con e ence: is undamen al Bal ic s udies possible? Does i make sense o conside (and pe haps y o es ablish) some common Bal ic canon? A he same ime, o he ques ions a ise, o example, is Bal ic s udies as a discipline su icien ly clea ly de ined? And how many o hese de ini ions, i any, a e he e? Is i no ue ha such an impo an ques ion bo h heo e ical and p ac ical has no ye been adequa ely answe ed? You may no ha e hough much abou his p oblem. How many Bal ic de ini ions do we know? I was able o quickly compile a leas a ew de ini ions om he publica ions a ailable (bu his opic would be wo h del ing in o u he ). Endzelin, Ie ads Jānis whi e philology (1945: 5): "Runa ing di ec ly abou whi e philology, i can be said ha his is abou he objec o s udy and so in he wo ds o he whi e people, which exp esses he mu es in he w i ings o he spoken ex s, so old- ashioned, he language o he La ian, he La ian li e a y me ic (and me ic) and he my hology, whe eas he whi e philology ha asses he belo ed o he whi e language, he a i ude. James De o , An In i a ion o he Philology o he Whi es (2004: 83 [ om I alian ansla ion] [Foo no e] The ollowing is a summa y o he main indings o he e iew: […]The i s ask o Bela usian philology […] is o de ine he concep o Bela usian communi y no as a ixed b anch o a ee, bu as a cons an ly dynamically es ablishing balance be ween opposing cu en s ha b anch o om di e en sides.[…] Jonas Kabelka, In oduc ion o Bal ic Philology (1982: 6): "One o he b anches o Indo-Eu opean philology is Bal ic philology, o Bal ic s udies, whose objec o s udy is he ela ionship be ween he Bal ic languages, he li e a u e o he Bal ic peoples and he his o y and cul u e o hese peoples". Raine Ecke and o he s, The Bal ic Languages (1998: 5; Vo wo ): "The o wa d-looking in oduc ion o he s udy o he Bal ic languages... ollows he goal, abou he languages in his unique cul u al To lead he people. PIETRO UMBERTO DINI 260 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXVI A[lgi das] S[abaliauskas], Encyclopedia o Li huanian Language (2008: 55): […]bal is ics, Bal ic philology, […] compa a i e science o he languages, li e a u e and e hnici y o he Bal ic peoples; in he b oades sense […] a complex b anch o science ha s udies he his o y, languages, li e a u e and olklo e o he Bal ic peoples (depending on which his o y, language, li e a u e and olklo e o he Bal ic peoples is s udied, i is also di ided in o Li huanian, La ian, P ussian).[…] Wha do all hese de ini ions ha e in common? I 's all he e. All o he abo e de ini ions emphasize he his o ical pu pose o Bal ic o Bal ic philology, p ima ily Indo-Eu opean, which includes language, li e a u e, my hology, olklo e, and his o y. In e es ingly, he e m philology is used he e and unde s ood oughly as " he s udy o he cul u al uni e se h ough he p ism o language". And his is (o has long been) he p e ailing iew in Bal ic s udies, judging om he de ini ions gi en, o e he las hal -cen u y. The e was no (o was no ) any di e ence be ween he labels, which mean ha Bal ic s udies = Bal ic philology, and ice e sa. Is ha eally he case oday? Is i possible, o example, o say ha he whi es a e s ill la gely descended om he Indo-Eu opeans? I 's no always p e y. Fo example, is i possible o say ha whi es a e in e es ed no only in language bu also in li e a u e and olklo e? I 's no always p e y. And i p obably hasn' always been ha way. In ac , he gi en de ini ions push he ideal bounda ies o he discipline. Ne e heless, hese conside a ions aise he ques ion o whe he he labels "Bal is ics" and "Bal philology" a e s ill unde s ood synonymously oday. I p obably isn like ha anymo e. The e's a ce ain seman ic shi in he way we speak, and ha 's wha 's causing his ques ion. By he way, he exp ession is e y common in languages. I 's well known ha wo ds li e longe han concep s, so in he same way (i 's he same wo d) we call concep s ha a e al eady obsole e o ha e changed. Each language can gi e many examples o mo i a ional weakening, loss, o change. I seems o me ha his is also happening (o has al eady happened) wi h he echnical e m "bal is ics". I don' know, maybe i 's jus my imp ession. I would be in e es ing i espec ed colleagues could con i m o deny his. Le 's ake ano he look a he p o isions o he well-known in e na ional magazine Bal is ica. In he i s issue o he jou nal, a sho […]Edi o ial Wo d[…] (p. 5) in oduces and desc ibes he pu pose o he jou nal: […]This publica ion will publish a icles on he phone ics o he Bela usian languages as well as on phonology, accen ua ion, mo phology, syn ax and lexicon, and will also ocus on he me hodology o he s udy o he Bela usian languages, con ac s wi h o he Indo-Eu opean (especially Sla ic) and non-Eu opean languages.[…] 1965 Ta p bal is ikos i bal ici as, a ba užsienio bal is ikos klausimais Įž algos / Insigh s 261 As you can see, i was i s and o emos impo an o de ine he ba s o scien i ic esea ch ha will be wo ked on […] hese a e he ba s o scien i ic wo k […] ha is, he g amma and ocabula y ba s o all Bal ic languages. Howe e , i is s iking ha no hing has been w i en abou he me hods o esea ch ha will be ca ied ou . Why is ha ? The e o e, i was sel -e iden ha hey had o be o a his o ical-compa a i e, linguis ic and in e philological na u e. This sel -e iden con ic ion is, by he way, mo e clea ly dis inguished and de ined in he a icle by he academic Kos o Ko sako ha ollows he wo d "Redac ion" (p. 11): […]... his publica ion has he aim and du y o linking oday's Bal ic s udies mo e closely wi h he cu en p oblems o in e na ional compa a i e linguis ics, and in pa icula wi h hose b anches o he science o philology which ha e a deep adi ional connec ion wi h Bal ic s udies and ha e made an impo an con ibu ion o he s udy o he pas , language and cul u e o he Bal ic peoples.[…] This and he cu en pu pose o he same online jou nal a e e y clea ly di e en : […]The jou nal gi es p io i y o his o ical, compa a i e and ypological s udies o he Bela usian languages and hei dialec s, ques ions o ela ions be ween he Bela usian and o he languages, his o iog aphy o he Bela usian language [...] Since 2006, he jou nal has paid mo e a en ion o synch onous s udies o con empo a y Bela usian languages, including expe imen al, ela ed and applied wo ks.[…] I is clea om his ha he pe cep ion o he discipline in ques ion has su e ed a ce ain b eakdown. I seems ha he in e na ional scien i ic jou nal Bal is ica s ill lis s his o ical esea ch as a p io i y among i s objec i es, bu i signi ican ly changes he p o isions o 1965 and includes synch onous esea ch in i s scien i ic ba . I has been egis e ed since 2006, al hough he changes hemsel es s a ed ea lie . I so happened ha o e he las wo o h ee decades, many mo e synch onous s udies on he Bal ic languages ha e been published bo h in he Bal ic s a es and ab oad. Is his no a de ac o ecogni ion ha he concep o "bal is ics" has changed signi ican ly? I would say ha oday he label o "Bal ese philology" is associa ed only wi h diach onici y and p oblems o language change, and pe haps p ecisely wi h he s udy o echoes ( ex s). On he o he hand, he "bal is ic" label is mo e ele an o he synch onous and ypological aspec s o he s udy. biau kaip pos indoeu opeis inė (gal ne gi pos kompa a y is inė) i gal ipologi- As i we e, his bal is ica is unde s ood as a line. I would say ha he "Bal is ic" label is oday synonymous wi h he "Bal is " language label. I seems o me ha om he h ee- ie sys em ha p e ailed un il he las decade, i.e. : PIETRO UMBERTO DINI 262 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI, con aining he ollowing p o isions: • I) hype nyms: 1. bal is ika koiponimai: 2. whi e dialec 3. whi e philology is o ming, o may ha e al eady o med, a ↙ ↘ bina y sys em, i.e. : • II) he hype nym: 1a. he Bal ic = 1b. o he Bal ic language ↓ In linguis ic e ms, Bela usian philology was changed om a co-onym o a me onymic ela ionship. Roman Jakobson emphasized a long ime ago ha Fe dinando de Saussu e's dicho omy o diach onici y and synch onici y is only didac ic ic ion, i is no eal. The e o e, i is necessa y o look, in my opinion, only posi i ely a he ac ha synch onous s udies a e included in he gene al mode n concep o "bal is ics". Some Bal icis s a e somewha conce ned ha adi ional diach onic linguis ic s udies ha e almos been pushed ou o ha concep and elega ed o he backg ound as "Bal philology"... Howe e , I belie e ha ega dless o each scien is 's p e e ence o one o he o he concep ion o his discipline, we will p obably ha e o ge used o he changing concep o Bal ic s udies... Pe haps he concep o ou b anch o science i sel mus become b oade . By he way, o eign Bal icis s - mo e o less consciously - ha e always had o in e p e "bal is ic" in his way, because hey need o alk mo e abou he o es han abou indi idual ees, hey need o gi e a gene al pic u e o Bal ic s udies and no sepa a e om philology no only he o ic, bu also li e a u e, my hology, ansla ion and cul u al his o y. On he con a y, he whi es in he Bal ic coun ies can a o d o b eak down he "p abang" discipline in o smalle componen s and hus ensu e he p og ess o esea ch. Bo h aspec s a e impo an and use ul. Bo h app oaches can coexis ha moniously, because hey o m wha I ha e called ou common Bal icism elsewhe e. In he ligh o he 6 Apie ai jau ne ka ą esu samp o a ęs panašiomis p ogomis, plg. KB, 2005, 11, 57–58; LZAVēs- o egoing conside a ions, he Commission concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. Ta p bal is ikos i bal ici as, a ba užsienio bal is ikos klausimais Insigh s om he Inspec o a e 263 3. The Bal ic S a es The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. In pa icula , o eign whi es a e obliged o use he common concep o bal ici y, i.e. a sense o belonging and a common sense ha connec s whi es om he Bal ic and non-Bal ic coun ies. Bal ic and Bal ic a e like wo poles be ween which ou dialogue as Bal ic people be ween he Bal ic coun ies and ab oad akes place. The a e o Bal ic s udies and disciplines ab oad depends bo h on he ac i i ies o indi idual scien is s and on he policies o indi idual o eign uni e si ies. Howe e , i is no sec e ha na ow special ies a e now h ea ened in uni e si ies a ound he wo ld. Once again, allow me o use he he o ic o he e m "o chidean special ies" coined in Ge many, and also o say ha his is exac ly how ep esen a i es o o he (especially mo e powe ul) disciplines pe cei e Bal ic s udies ab oad. Many people would be sa is ied i we augh no Bela usian philology, bu some (I would say, bu some) gene al subjec o linguis ics. I 's no some hing o alk abou in an apocalyp ic way, i 's some hing o alk abou in a sobe , objec i e way. A p esen , economic condi ions a e c ea ing a whole new undamen al di e ence be ween he Bal ic and o eign Bal ic s a es and a e complica ing he si ua ion o he humani ies e e ywhe e, in he Bal ic and non-Bal ic coun ies. Howe e , al hough i is possible o assume ha he e will be no Bal ic suicides in he Bal ic coun ies, he e is a se ious h ea o Bal icism as a discipline ab oad: i may disappea , and hen i s u u e p ospec s will disappea . This h ea is pa icula ly e iden whe e Bal ic s udies a e no solidly s uc u ed, and whe e Bal ic adi ions do no ye exis , hei eme gence is complica ed. I is sel -e iden ha he u u e p ospec s o o eign Bal ic s udies a e closely linked o ensu ing con inui y. The ques ion o con inui y becomes pa icula ly acu e because he e may be no change when he cu en p o esso e i es. And wo se, he e may be no change, no because he e a e no well-p epa ed young specialis s, bu simply because he e a e no app op ia e scien i ic policy solu ions. Fa om p ospe ing - excep pe haps in he i s zone coun ies - elsewhe e in Eu ope, Bal ic s udies a e ying o a oid any kind o " educ ion" and a leas main ain he cu en si ua ion. 4. he Bal ic S a es o he Bal ic Sea I hink i is clea ha he su i al and suppo o o eign Bal ic li e a u e is equal o he su i al and suppo o he Bal ic li e a u e o he Bal ic coun ies hemsel es. I can only be seen om he ou side. du ski ingi dalykai. O kaip žinoma, išo ė y a apgaulinga. PIETRO UMBERTO DINI The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI 264 is he i s o i s kind in Li huania. So he ques ion is, wha should we do o p ese e Bal ic s udies? I will no hide i , i is easie o name hese p oblems han o sugges ways o sol e hem... The e is no hing pa icula ly new he e. Howe e , a leas conside ing he p oblems and ying o make sugges ions is necessa y. I seems o me ha he ollowing measu es, which a e no decisi e bu use ul, could be aken: • To design and each join cou ses (i.e. o s eng hen uni e si y coope a ion and coope a ion) and o o ganise join mul idisciplina y s udies a leas om he MA le el. • To c ea e a join doc o al s udy p ojec by linking Bal ic s udies depa men s ope a ing in di e en coun ies; Ideally, all he depa men s should wo k oge he . To his end, use he possibili ies o Ko u elos and exis ing in e na ional ag eemen s. • O e a common Eu opean doc o al deg ee, o e ing di e en oppo uni ies o coope a ion be ween coun ies acco ding o specialisa ions. • P o ide sho - e m o long- e m unding o Bal ic lec u e s and associa e p o esso s, as well as o o eigne s, o ensu e eaching i he local uni e si y is unable o unwilling o use i s budge o his pu pose. I 's easie o say wha you don' ha e o do, like: • A oid alloca ing Eu opean Union p ojec unds o o eign uni e si ies wi hou an explici commi men o ake o e unding a e he end o he p ojec . This is a sho -sigh ed app oach because i can only be a was e o money ( om a long- e m pe spec i e). In addi ion, i is ad isable o s eng hen exis ing Bal ic ligh houses ab oad a he han opening new ones. I is mo e sensible a his ime o concen a e ene gy and unds, a he han sca e ing hem a ound he wo ld. Howe e , whe e i is s ill possible o hink abou opening new cen es, i is wo h consul ing olde cen es whe e he necessa y and al eady quali ied s a can be ound. 5.P ojec s7 In closing, I would like o publicly commend he wo k done he e and he e by he p e ious p ojec , Li huania, and in pa icula he head o he Depa men o Li huanian S udies and he head o he p ojec , Lo e a Vilkienė, o he clea , co ec and balanced leade ship. The ac i i ies o he cu en p ojec "P omo ing coope a ion be ween o eign Bal ic cen es and Li huanian scien i ic and educa ional ins i u ions" (N . 09.3.1-ESFA-V-709-01-0002, alue 5,8 million eu os), planned o 2017-2023, co e only mobili y. 7 This chap e is w i en pa ly on he basis o Ilya Lemeškina's epo […]Ku leads o eign whi es- ikos kelias?“, ku io eks as aip pa skelbiamas šiame žu nalo nume yje.