S aipsniai / A icles 37
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Fields o esea ch: his o y o Li huanian language, Bal ic
linguis ics, geolinguis ics.
JŪRATĖ LUBIENĖ
Klaipėdos uni e si e as
Fields o esea ch: lexicology, dialec ology, geolinguis ics.
GEOLINGUISTIC AND
SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION
OF NORTHERN SAMOGITIANS
OF KRETINGA: DIALECTAL
AREA, USE OF THE DIALECT,
LINGUISTIC ATTITUDES
Šiau ės žemaičiai k e ingiškiai geoling is iniu
i socioling is iniu požiū iu: plo as, a mės
a ojimas, kalbinės nuos a os
ANNOTATION
The aim o his a icle is o highligh he pa ame e s deno ing he i ali y le el o lin-
guis ic and cul u al iden i y o one dialec al communi y (namely, he No he n Samogi-
ians o K e inga) unde he ci cums ances o inc easing globaliza ion and diglossia. In
acco dance wi h he heo e ical concep o geolinguis ics as a dynamic dialec ology, he do-
main classi ica ion p oposed by An on M. Hagen and he empi ical ma e ial issues deno ing
sociocul u al iden i y o he subdialec a e p esen ed. The i ali y and sociocul u al dis inc-
ion o he dialec al a ea is being sus ained by a ious ac o s, h ee o which ha e he mos
impo an ole: su icien ly de eloped in as uc u e, dialec use and a i udes based on he
alue sys em o use s o he dialec .
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ, JŪRATĖ LUBIENĖ
38 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
KEYWORDS: Samogi ian dialec , No he n Samogi ians o K e inga, s an-
da d language, geolinguis ics, sociolinguis ics, domain, linguis ic
a i ude.
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnyje s a s oma, a įmanomas ienu dialek u kalbančios bend uomenės kul ū i-
nės i kalbinės apa ybės ęs inumas globalizacijos i diglosijos (dialek o i bend inės kalbos)
sąlygomis. Remian is eo ine geoling is ikos kaip dinamiškosios dialek ologijos koncepcija,
An ono M. Hageno pasiūly a domenų klasi ikacija i empi ine medžiaga, p is a oma ienos
pa a mės – šiau ės žemaičių k e ingiškių – sociokul ū inės apa ybės p oblema ika. Ta mi-
nės g upės gy ybingumą i sociokul ū inę apa ybę lemia į ai ūs eiksniai, be ypač s a būs
ys – pakankamai iš ys y a in as uk ū a, a mės a ojimas i a mės a o ojų e ybinės
nuos a os.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: žemaičių a mė, šiau ės žemaičiai k e ingiškiai, bend inė kalba,
geo ling is ika, socioling is ika, domenas, kalbinės nuos a os.
1. INTRODUCTION
Geog aphical mobili y, u baniza ion and globaliza ion ine i ably lead o
con ac s be ween dialec s causing le elling and change o dialec s. Wha is
mo e, s anda d languages in he mode n wo ld a e ep esen a i es o he e -
i o ial wholeness and en i e y o s a es. They a e i mly es ablished a he op
o he hie a chy o language a ie ies and se e as publicly accep ed languages
o public adminis a ion. Language s anda diza ion ideology p e ailing in mos
Eu opean coun ies sus ains a lowe social alue o dialec s in compa ison o
he s anda d language (Ramonienė (ed.) 2013). Howe e , he examples om
No way and some o he coun ies ole a ing dialec s in a ious communica i e
spaces ha e shown ha i is possible o esis linguis ic homogenisa ion and e-
ain linguis ic di e si y by consciously nu u ing linguis ic ole ance and lin-
guis ic alues (Jah 1997, 2008).
A he end o he 20 h cen u y and in he beginning o he 21s cen u y in es-
iga ions o language a ia ion e alua ing linguis ic, social and geog aphical pa-
ame e s inc eased g ea ly wo ldwide. Va ious aspec s o ela ionships be ween
dialec al and s anda d languages we e in es iga ed as well (Fe guson 1959; Hau-
gen 1966; Labo 1972; T ugdill 1983; Hagen 1989; Aue , Hinskens 1996; Aue
2005, 2011; Edwa ds 2006, 2009, 2010).
S aipsniai / A icles 39
Geolinguis ic and Sociolinguis ic Si ua ion
o No he n Samogi ians o K e inga:
Dialec al A ea, Use o he Dialec , Linguis ic A i udes
Cu en ly, signi ican a en ion is being paid o linguis ic a ie y in Li hua-
nia. The use o dialec al and s anda d language has also d awn he in e es o
esea che s (Aliūkai ė 2008; Kliukienė 2013; Bakšienė 2015). Such aspec s as
dialec al sel -awa eness and conscious/unconscious linguis ic a i udes, o e
and co e p es ige o dialec s/s anda d language ha e ecei ed special a en ion
om some Li huanian esea che s (Venskienė 2008a, b; Aliūkai ė 2011; Vaice-
kauskienė, Saus e de 2012; Kačiuškienė 2012; Vaicekauskienė, Aliūkai ė 2013;
Kalėdienė 2013; Ge žo ai ė 2016; Vyniau ai ė 2016).1
This a icle complemen s he esea ch in language a ia ion in Li huania by
p esen ing a geo-sociolinguis ic si ua ion o one Samogi ian subdialec , namely
he No he n Samogi ians o K e inga ( u he in he ex – NSK).
The aim o his a icle is o highligh he pa ame e s deno ing he i ali y
le el o linguis ic and cul u al iden i y o one dialec al communi y. To his end,
he ollowing aspec s a e aken in o accoun : 1) he a ea in which he dialec is
being used, 2) he use o he dialec , and 3) linguis ic a i udes owa ds e na-
cula language.
The in es iga ion p esen ed in his a icle is based on he p ojec Mode n Re-
sea ch o Geolinguis ics in Li huania: The Op imisa ion o he Ne wo k and In e -
ac i e Sp ead o Dialec al In o ma ion which was implemen ed in Li huania in
2011–2013.2 To examine he geolinguis ic and sociolinguis ic aspec s o he
dialec , he me hods o he p ojec we e applied.3 The ques ionnai es4 mee ing
gene al sociolinguis ic p inciples we e used in o de o e eal and eco d socio-
demog aphic pa ame e s. Geog aphical, social and cul u al dimensions we e
compiled ou o he da a abou he speake ’s place o esidence, age, educa ion,
na ionali y, p o ession, spoken languages, language a i udes, and o he in o -
ma ion. The locali y poin ques ionnai e p o ided sociocul u al he i age da a
ha allowed o de e mine he le el o he egion’s i ali y.
1 A ew inno a i e p ojec s ha e al eady been implemen ed in Li huania, e.g. Sociolinguis ic map
o Li huania: Ci ies and owns 2010–2012 (see esul s in wo monog aphs: Ramonienė (ed.) 2010,
2013) and Mode n esea ch o geolinguis ics in Li huania: The op imisa ion o he ne wo k and in-
e ac i e sp ead o dialec al in o ma ion 2011–2013 (see esul s in he monog aph: Mikulėnienė,
Meiliūnai ė (eds) 2014).
2 Global g an p ojec No. VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-K-01-028. Fo mo e in o ma ion, see www. a mes.l .
3 Fo mo e in o ma ion abou me hodological issues, see Mikulėnienė, Meiliūnai ė (eds) 2014:
25–47.
4 Fo mo e in o ma ion abou he me hodology o compiling ques ionnai es, see Mikulėnienė,
Meiliūnai ė (eds), 2014: 49–62.
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ, JŪRATĖ LUBIENĖ
40 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
2. DIALECTAL AREA
By e e ing o he adi ional classi ica ion o Li huanian dialec s p o ided
in Lie u ių kalbos a lasas (A las o he Li huanian Language), 35 dialec al poin s
we e dis inguished in he a ea o he NSK. Dialec al poin is conside ed he
poin wi h he la ges popula ion, g ea es in as uc u e, highes social p es ige,
and mos p onounced dialec al ea u es. A dialec al poin is no a single illage/
communi y/ own/ci y. I is composed o bo h cen al and pe iphe al locali ies
(Mikulėnienė 2013).
The au ho s o his a icle isi ed 35 dialec al poin s o he NSK. A e col-
lec ing he da a wi h he help o he ques ionnai e which was comple ed by all
he in o man s,5 hey ied o examine whe he he esponden s om all h ee
age g oups spoke he dialec al language in each dialec al poin unde in es iga-
ion. The speake ques ionnai e c ea ed acco ding o he gene al p inciples o
sociolinguis ics enabled he au ho s o e eal and eco d he sociodemog aph-
ic pa ame e s which exhibi he use o he dialec by all h ee age g oups in all
dialec al poin s excep o one named Se apnai which had physically become
ex inc . Howe e , conside ing he ac ha he ex inc poin is su ounded by
i al dialec al poin s, he conclusion can be made ha he e i o y o he use
o he subdialec has no subs an ially changed o e he las i y yea s. Acco d-
ing o he p ima y da a, nea ly 11 pe cen o dialec al poin s ha e disappea ed
in Li huania (Meiliūnai ė, Š amba y ė-Valužienė 2014). Meanwhile, only 3 pe
cen o dialec al poin s ha e become ex inc on he e i o y o NSK.6
The in es iga ion o each dialec al poin was based on he sociolinguis ic
poin ques ionnai e7 (35 ques ionnai es in o al) ha allowed he au ho s o
con i m he eal exis ence o dialec al poin s and o es ablish hei di e ences in
espec o hei i ali y le el. Ha ing examined he dialec al poin s in espec o
hei adminis a i e s a us, economic, social and cul u al in as uc u e as well
as hei localiza ion ega ding connec ion o u ban a eas, he ollowing 5 g oups
o dialec al poin s we e singled ou :
S ong dialec al poin s (23 in o al) ha e se e al (o a leas one) educa-
ional ins i u ions, a cul u al cen e, a chu ch, a lib a y, shops/ca és/a ma ke ,
5
Sociolinguis ic speake ques ionnai e No. 3 included 22 ques ions, see Mikulėnienė, Meiliūnai ė
(eds) 2014: 381–384.
6 Conside he si ua ion in 37 language poin s o Lie u ių kalbos a lasas (A las o he Li huanian
Language) ep esen ing di e en dialec s o Li huania om wes e n and eas e n Aukš ai ija (High-
land) as well as sou he n and no he n Žemai ija (Lowland) in Š amba y ė-Valužienė 2014.
7 Sociolinguis ic poin ques ionnai e No. 2 including a se o hi een ques ions, see Mikulėnienė,
Meiliūnai ė (eds) 2014: 378–380.
S aipsniai / A icles 41
Geolinguis ic and Sociolinguis ic Si ua ion
o No he n Samogi ians o K e inga:
Dialec al A ea, Use o he Dialec , Linguis ic A i udes
communi y o ganiza ions; he dialec al poin has he s a us o adminis a i e
cen e (188 Akas/Daugėda, 91 Da bnai, 218 End iejã as, 216 Ga gžda/
Vžaičiai, 94 Gin alškė/Plã eliai, 92 G ūšlaukė, 286 Jud ėnai, 90 Kalg aũžiai/
Laũkžemė, 154 Kálniškiai, 155 Ka klnai, 152 K e ingà, 185 Lapia, 189 Me-
dingnai, 125 Mišnai/Ša ekiai, 156 Plùngė, 219 Rie ã as, 93 Salan a, 250;
Vei žėnai, 124 S opẽliai/Klupėnai, 123 Ruginia/Ka ena, 39 Žemý ė/Len-
kmai, 64 Vindekiai/No nai, 122 Žibiniñkai/Rdaičiai8).
Dialec al poin s o medium s eng h (3 in o al) ha e a leas one educa-
ional ins i u ion, a lib a y, a shop, bu he e is no cul u al cen e – i s unc ions
a e implemen ed and communi y membe s a e consolida ed by educa ional in-
s i u ions (126 Bab ungnai/Dd yčiai, 61 Įpil s, 252 Žad aina).
Weak dialec al poin s (2 in o al): ha e no educa ional ins i u ions, bu
he e a e cul u al cen es, communi ies, shops and/o a ma ke (153 Bud ia,
186 Šakinia/Til ika).
Dialec al poin s in decay (6 in o al) ha e no educa ional ins i u ions,
cul u al cen es, chu ches, shops, o communi y o ganiza ions (217 Án kop-
is, 251 Ma áičiai, 187 Mižukiai, 151 P yšmañčiai, 63 Šauklia, 220 žpeliai).
Dead poin s (1 in o al): he poin i sel has al eady anished, only he ields
a e le (62 Se apnai).
The esea ch o he adi ional dialec al poin s unde in es iga ion showed
ha he majo i y o dialec al poin s o he egion in ques ion (o e 80 pe cen )
a e ema kably s ong, i al, ha ing p ese ed hei adi ional (o sligh ly shi -
ed) cen es om he geog aphic poin o iew. The main ac o ha ing de e -
mined he i ali y/g adual displacemen /decay o NSK dialec al poin s and/o
hei cen es is in as uc u al changes. The main ac o s sus aining he socio-
cul u al peculia i ies o he dialec a e such ins i u ions as school, cul u al cen-
e, adminis a i e s a us o a own, lib a y, chu ch, communi y o ganiza ion,
shopping cen e, public ca e ing ins i u ions, pos o ice, e c. The adminis a-
i e eo ganiza ion o small owns, se lemen s and illages implemen ed by
closing smalle schools, lib a ies, cul u al cen es, heal h ca e ins i u ions and
mo ing hem o la ge adminis a i e cen es had a e y nega i e impac on
he ma e ial and spi i ual li es o communi ies, s imula ed he p ocesses o mi-
g a ion and o he (psycho)social phenomena – unemploymen , he loss o he
sense o communi y, alcoholism, o men ion bu a ew.
8 The second posi ion shows which cen e he dialec al poin has shi ed o. The numbe ing o lo-
cali ies is p o ided in Lie u ių kalbos a lasas (A las o he Li huanian Language).
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ, JŪRATĖ LUBIENĖ
42 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
3. USE OF THE SUBDIALECT
Ano he ques ion unde in es iga ion was: How do people om K e inga
speak? Wha is he ela ionship be ween he dialec and he s anda d language?
Th ee gene a ional ca ego ies we e in es iga ed: he younge gene a ion (peo-
ple unde he age o 30), he middle gene a ion (people aged 31–49 yea s) and
he senio gene a ion (people aged 50 and olde ). A o al numbe o in o man s
who we e ques ioned and eco ded in he s udy is 300: 69 pe cen o hem a e
women (209 in o al); men comp ise 31 pe cen (91 in o al). The in o man s
om he elde ly gene a ion comp ise 63 pe cen (188 esponden s); 20 pe cen
(59) o he in o man s belong o he middle gene a ion; he in o man s om
he younge gene a ion accoun o 17 pe cen (52). As a esul , 300 speake
ques ionnai es we e comple ed and 350 hou s o digi al speech eco dings om
34 esiden ial poin s we e made.
In speake ques ionnai e No. 3 (ques ions 9, 10, 15–18) each in o man was
asked which language – dialec al and/o s anda d one – he o she chooses o
communica e wi h hei amily membe s (wi h a spouse, child en, g andchil-
d en, pa en s, siblings and g andpa en s) o in public (in shops, a ious ins i-
u ions, mee ings, in chu ch, wi h acquain ances/s ange s, neighbou s, e c.).9
To ca y ou he analysis o s anda d and dialec al language ( u he – SL and
DL espec i ely), he heo y o domains p o ed o be a me hodologically use ul
amewo k o he esea ch. Domain is unde s ood as an ex alinguis ic ca ego-
y ha alludes o ac i i y a he han place, o a discu si e si ua ion a he han
me e language ( o a mo e exhaus i e desc ip ion o a domain, see Aliūkai ė,
Valikonė 2012). Va ious esea che s dis inguish di e en domains; howe e , his
esea ch employed he classi ica ion by An on M. Hagen (1989). The au ho
dis inguishes he ollowing domains:
1) Ins umen al public domains, such as public ins i u ions, school, eligion,
con e sa ions wi h s ange s.
2) Solida i y domains, such as neighbou s, iends, colleagues.
3) Sepa a e domains ( amily).
Resea che s claim ha he language o domains is a di ec e e ence o he
language i ali y a e. Dai a Aliūkai ė emphasizes ha conside ing SL and DL
om he pe spec i e o domains hey e e o, a comple ely di e en alue is
a ibu ed o he ca ego y o domain loss. The dis ibu ion o language a ie ies,
as dis inc om he use o di e en languages in bilingual o mul ilingual com-
muni ies, is less likely o cause ha m o he language as a communica i e uni
9 I should be no ed ha all he in o man s pe manen ly li e in he dialec al poin s unde in es iga-
ion and know hei e nacula dialec , excep o a ew esponden s om he younge gene a ion.
S aipsniai / A icles 43
Geolinguis ic and Sociolinguis ic Si ua ion
o No he n Samogi ians o K e inga:
Dialec al A ea, Use o he Dialec , Linguis ic A i udes
impo an o sel - ealiza ion and iden i y o a pa icula e hnic communi y. On
he o he hand, as a as he main enance o he dialec al language is conce ned,
he loss o , le ’s say, home domain is a e e ence o he loss o he dialec . Fu -
he mo e, he scheme o SL and DL dis ibu ion shows he ideological alue
o SL and DL in social con ex and he like (Aliūkai ė, Valikonė 2012: 9–10).
Thus, wi h ega d o he classi ica ion o domains p oposed by An on Hagen,
he ollowing esul s o DL and SL dis ibu ion a e p esen ed below.
I should be emphasized ha o his esea ch he answe s o he esponden s
e lec ing hei opinion we e analysed, while he objec i e obse a ion was no
applied. The ques ion o how much hese answe s e lec he eal si ua ion o
he dialec use emains open. Howe e , hey clea ly show conscious a i udes
owa ds he dialec use.
3.1. Sepa a e domain ( amily)
Dialec al language. Eigh y one pe cen o he in o man s use hei dialec
o alk o all amily membe s (244 in o al). O hem, 85 pe cen belong o he
elde ly gene a ion (159 in o man s); 80 pe cen belong o he middle gene a-
ion (47 in o man s), and 67 pe cen belong o he younge gene a ion (35 e-
sponden s) (see Diag am 1).
Dialec e sus s anda d. Eigh een pe cen o he in o man s use bo h he
s anda d language and he dialec o communica e wi h some o hei amily
membe s (51 in o man s). Fou een pe cen o he esponden s belong o he
elde ly gene a ion (26 in o al); 17 pe cen belong o he middle gene a ion
(10 esponden s), and 29 pe cen o all he in o man s a e ep esen a i es o he
younge gene a ion (15 in o man s).
Fo example, he ep esen a i es o he elde ly and middle gene a ion use
he dialec while communica ing wi h all he membe s o hei amily, whe eas
he s anda d language is used o communica ion wi h child en, especially wi h
g andchild en. The ep esen a i es o he younge gene a ion use hei dialec
o communica ion wi h hei g andpa en s, mo he o a he only. Meanwhile,
hey use he s anda d language o communica ion wi h hei siblings. Se e-
al in o man s om he middle o younge gene a ion no e ha hey speak he
s anda d language while alking o hei child en so ha hey could lea n he
s anda d language be e (in his case, bo h spouses o he amily a e Samogi-
ian). In o he cases, amilies whose membe s belong o di e en gene a ions
use SL and DL al e na ely; only he s anda d language is used o communi-
ca ion wi h some amily membe s i one o he spouses is a ep esen a i e o a
di e en dialec /language.
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ, JŪRATĖ LUBIENĖ
44 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
DIAGRAM 1. Sepa a e domain. Dis ibu ion o language code
S anda d language. Only 5 in o man s (1 pe cen in o al) use he s and-
a d language a home, 1 o whom belongs o he elde ly gene a ion ( he in o m-
an wi h highe educa ion); 2 in o man s belong o he middle gene a ion, and
2 esponden s a e he ep esen a i es o he younge gene a ion (see Diag am 1).
3.2. Solida i y domain (neighbou s, iends,
colleagues)
Dialec al language. Eigh y pe cen o all he esponden s (241 in o al)
use only he dialec o communica e wi h hei neighbou s, iends, and col-
leagues. Eigh y eigh pe cen o he esponden s belong o he elde ly gene a-
ion (166 in o al); 75 pe cen o he in o man s belong o he middle gene a-
ion (44 in o al), and 54 pe cen o he esponden s a e ep esen a i es o he
younge gene a ion (28 in o man s) (see Diag am 2).
Dialec e sus s anda d language. Bo h he s anda d language and he
dialec a e used by 16 pe cen (47 in o al) o he esponden s o communica e
wi h hei neighbou s. The s anda d language and he dialec a e used al e na ely
by 12 pe cen o he esponden s om he elde ly gene a ion (19 in o al); he
esponden s om he middle gene a ion comp ise 29 pe cen (15 espon den s),
and 17 pe cen o he in o man s belong o he younge gene a ion (9 in o al).
The Samogi ians o K e inga use hei dialec o speak o he oldes and el-
de ly gene a ion, whe eas he s anda d language is used o communica ion
wi h he younge gene a ion. Mos commonly, he choice o he esponden s
belonging o he elde ly and oldes gene a ion o use he s anda d language
when speaking o he child en o neighbou s and you h is de e mined by hei
p o essions (such as eache s, p ies s, lib a ians); howe e , o communica ion
S aipsniai / A icles 45
Geolinguis ic and Sociolinguis ic Si ua ion
o No he n Samogi ians o K e inga:
Dialec al A ea, Use o he Dialec , Linguis ic A i udes
wi h hei neighbou s who belong o he oldes and younge gene a ion he e-
sponden s use hei dialec al language. The esponden s om sligh ly la ge se -
lemen s (K e ingà, Ga gžda, Da bnai, Lenkmai) claim o use ei he dialec al
o s anda d language o communica ion wi h hei neighbou s depending on
which language o dialec he neighbou s p e e o use.
DIAGRAM 2. Solida i y domain. Dis ibu ion o language code
S anda d language. Only 4 pe cen o he esponden s (11 in o al) use
he s anda d language o communica e wi h hei neighbou s. The e a e no e-
sponden s om he elde ly gene a ion who speak only he s anda d language.
The s anda d language is used exclusi ely by 3 pe cen o he middle gene a ion
(2 in o al) and 17 pe cen o he younge gene a ion (9 in o al).
3.3. Ins umen al domain (encompassing public
ins i u ions, eligion, school, con e sa ions wi h
s ange s)
Dialec al language. In he ins umen al domain 42 pe cen o he espon-
den s use he dialec al language (see Diag am 3). Mo e han hal o all he in-
o man s (58 pe cen , 108 ou o 188) who belong o he elde ly gene a ion
use he dialec al language. One i h o he esponden s (20 pe cen , 12 ou o
59) belong o he middle gene a ion; only 6 pe cen a e ep esen a i es o he
younge gene a ion (3 ou o 52).
Dialec e sus s anda d. App oxima ely hal o all he in o man s o NSK
(52 pe cen , 156 in o al) end o shi hei linguis ic code in he ins umen-
al domain. Mo e han one hi d (40 pe cen , 74 in o al) o he elde ly in o -
man s om K e inga use bo h DL and SL al e na ely, p e e ing he dialec
mo e equen ly. The esponden s om he middle gene a ion usually use bo h
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ, JŪRATĖ LUBIENĖ
52 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
sąlygomis. Remian is eo ine geoling is ikos kaip dinamiškosios dialek ologijos koncepcija,
An ono M. Hageno pasiūly a domenų klasi ikacija i empi ine p ojek o Šiuolaikiniai geolin-
g is ikos y imai Lie u oje: punk ų inklo op imizacija i in e ak y ioji a minės in o macijos
sklaida (2011–2013) medžiaga, p is a oma ienos pa a mės – šiau ės žemaičių k e ingiškių
sociokul ū inės apa ybės p oblema ika. Ta minės g upės gy ybingumą i sociokul ū inę
apa ybę lemia į ai ūs eiksniai, o ypač s a būs ys: pakankamai iš ys y a in as uk ū a,
a mės a ojimas i a mės a o ojų e ybinės nuos a os.
Daba iniai šiau ės žemaičių k e ingiškių a miniai punk ai in as uk ū os požiū iu y a
ne ienodi: ieni y a s ip ūs, ki i idu inio s ip umo, silpni a ba nyks an ys. Didžioji dalis
k e ingiškių a minių punk ų (pe 80 p oc.) y a s ip ūs, gy ybingi, jų cen ai išsaugo i a-
diciniai a kiek pasislinkę. Punk ų silpnėjimui i nykimui daugiausia į akos u ėjo mokyklų,
kul ū os cen ų, biblio ekų cen aliza imas.
Ta mė a ojama isose s i yse, ypač gausiai – izoliuo ajame (namų) i solida umo do-
menuose: apie 80 p ocen ų pa eikėjų kalba a miškai su šeimos na iais, kaimynais, d augais,
pažįs amais. Ins umen iniame, a ba iešajame, domene a mės a ojimas sumažėja pe -
pus – esiekia 40 p ocen ų. Maždaug penk adalis in o man ų keičia kalbinį kodą, . y. kalba
bend ine kalba, izoliuo ajame i solida umo domene, o iešojoje e d ėje bend inę kalbą
enkasi ne pusė žemaičių, ypač idu inės i jaunesniosios ka os (pe 70 p oc. abiejose am-
žiaus g upėse) a s o ai.
Tik bend ine kalba su šeimos na iais, a imaisiais bend aujama e ai. Maždaug penk a-
dalis jaunesniosios ka os a s o ų (apie 20 p oc.) kalba bend ine kalba solida umo i ins u-
men iniame domenuose.
Ty imo me u nus a y a, kad a p isų šiau ės žemaičių k e ingiškių ka ų esponden ų
g upių dominuoja sąmoningos nuos a os a minio kalbėjimo a ž ilgiu (apie 80 p oc.): že-
mai iškai kalban is žmogus ge bia sa o a mę, y a sa o k aš o pa io as, lais as žmogus. Po-
zi y us ašy inės a mės e inimas i jos a ojimas, ypač in e ne inėje e d ėje, eikia naujų
galimybių išlik i i gy uo i a mei bei jos a o ojų apa ybei.
Į eik a 2018 m. spalio 8 d.
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lie u a
[email protected]
JŪRATĖ LUBIENĖ
Klaipėdos uni e si e as
Salomėjos Nė ies g. 5, LT-92227 Klaipėda, Lie u a
ju a e[email p o ec ed]
