Dėl kaimo vardo „Ývoliai“ kilmės

LAIMUTIS BILKIS Institute of the Lithuanian Language ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0002-2902-4722 Research areas: toponymy, anthroponymy. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/all83-08 ON THE ORIGIN OF THE VILLAGE NAME ÝVOLIAI On the Origin of the Village Name Ývoliai ANNOTATION Based on an analysis of data from spoken language and historical sources, this article provides a detailed discussion of the origin and development of the name Ývoliai of a village in Kražiai Eldership, Kelmė District. After reviewing the recorded forms of the oikonym from spoken language and assessing their reliability, it is concluded that the form of the name with a long vowel at the beginning of the word is authentic. In discussing the use of the oikonym in historical sources, primary attention is devoted to analysis of the entries in the 1656–1672 baptismal register of the Kražiai parish, in which this name is mentioned for the first time. To respect not only the history of the name but also that of the settlement it denotes, both the toponymic and anthroponymic contexts of the historical records are presented: references to the village and its inhabitants are reviewed in detail, and the relationships among the recorded people are revealed. Having established that in the second half of the 17th century the personal name *Yvolis (Ivolis, Iwolowa, Iwolayte, Iwalowa, Iwolaytis, Iwoliene, Iwalwona) existed in the village of Ývoliai and its environs, it is concluded that the oikonym is unquestionably of anthroponymic origin. KEYWORDS: historical toponymy, historical anthroponymy, development of oikonyms, origin of oikonyms, historical records of onymic names. ANNOTATION Based on the analysis of the data from the living language and historical sources, the article presents a comprehensive discussion on the origin and development of the name of the village Ývoliai, which is located in Kražiai eldership, Kelmė district. After reviewing the records of the oikonym from the living language and evaluating their reliability, the conclusion is made that the name form with a long vowel at the beginning of the word is authentic. When discussing the usage of the oikonym in historical sources, most attention is paid to the analysis of the records from the Baptism Register Book of Kražiai Parish 178 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII On the origin of the village name Įvoliai of 1656–1672 in which this name was mentioned for the first time. In order to evaluate the history of both the name and the settlement bearing this name, the toponymic and anthroponymic context of historical records is provided: the mentions of the village and its residents are thoroughly reviewed; the links of the recorded people are revealed. Since it was found that the personal name *Yvolis (Iuolis, Iwolowa, Iwolayte, Iwalowa, Iwołaytis, Iwoliene, Iwalowna) actually existed in Yvoliai village and its environs in the second half of the 17th century, the conclusion is made that the oikonym is definitely of anthroponymic origin. KEYWORDS: historical toponymy, historical anthroponymy, development of oikonyms, origin of oikonyms, historical records of onyms. The village called Yvoliai is currently located within the territory of Kražiai Eldership, Kelmė District; formerly it belonged to Kražiai County. No research on the origin of this name or the history of the settlement bearing it has been found. The structure1 and origin of the place name are not clear at first sight and cannot be elucidated without a more detailed linguistic and historical analysis. Therefore, the aim of this article is to establish the features of the historical development of this oikonym and its most likely source of origin. To achieve this, it is necessary to bear in mind the historical context, that is, to analyze references to the settlement and its name (recordings) in historical documents, paying attention not only to the toponymic but also to the anthroponymic aspect of the historical records. It is also necessary to investigate the development of the name’s use in spoken language and prescriptive sources while determining its genuine, authentic form. The first recording of the oikonym from spoken language may be considered the unaccented form of the village name Ivoliai, recorded by Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas in 1904 in Pašilė Parish (Vaiszgantas 1904: 56). The reliability of the initial I here raises doubts because, for example, the oikonyms Ylakiai, Ylakaičiai were likewise recorded by Vaižgantas as Ilakiai, Ilakaičiai (p. 52). According to the population census conducted in 1923, the 1925 Lithuanian gazetteer of inhabited places lists Ivalių km², belonging to Kražiai Township, Raseiniai County (LAV 211). In 1935, a questionnaire for the village’s land-name inventory was compiled, in which the name of the settlement itself was, naturally, also recorded. The place names were collected from local resident Jonas Balsys by Antanas Tamošiūnas, a teacher at Karklėnai Primary School. It should be noted that the place names in the questionnaire were recorded very competently, with accents clearly distinguishing the intonation patterns3. The village name is given with a long initial vowel and a falling intonation: Įvoliai. At approximately the same time, the names of settlements 1 In one card of the card file of place names from spoken language, there is even doubt as to how the village name should be written—Yvoliai or Įvoliai. 2 According to the 1923 data, the village had 3 homesteads and 23 inhabitants. 3 Cf. the recorded place names Atkračičiai, Gliminės, Šūnpakausis. Straipsniai / Articles 179 LAIMUTIS BILKIS was administered by the Surname and Place-Name Commission, headed by linguists Antanas Salys and later Juozas Balčikonis. In the files it compiled, the form of the village name and the position of the stress coincide with the data in the land-name questionnaires; only here the broken intonation corresponding to the Žemaitian acute intonation is marked: Ĩvoliai (VB III 47). After the war, for reasons unknown, a village-name variant with circumflex intonation became established—Ĩvoliai (LATSŽ II 100). Reviewing the data on the oikonym’s use in spoken language and the history of its standardization, it can be stated that the present form with a long initial vowel, Yvoliai, is genuine, since it is attested by the interwar sources most closely connected with spoken language—the Lithuanian land-name questionnaires and the files of the Surname and Place-Name Commission. The intonation raises some uncertainty, but the interwar data make it possible to question the authenticity of the circumflex that appeared in a prescriptive source from the second half of the 20th century. Analysis of the historical sources allows us to state that Yvoliai is not a very old settlement; it is not mentioned in German chronicles or old estate inventories. The first records date from the second half of the 17th century. For now, at least, it can be stated that the village was first mentioned in 1661. The 1656–1672 baptismal register of Kražiai Parish records the godmother Elisabeth Litwinienė, living in Yvoliai (Elisabeth Litwinowa de Villa Iwole), who, together with Kazimieras Stanėvičius (Casimirus Staniewicz) from the village of Paalksniai⁴, baptized Ona (Annam), daughter of Bartholomew Petraitis and his wife Kristina (Bartholomei Petraytis et Cristina de Paalksnie), who also lived there (KržKr₁ 83). Thereafter, the village is mentioned quite frequently in this baptismal register. In 1662, it was recorded that Jonas Litvinas, a resident of Karklėnai⁵ (Joannes Litwinis de Korklany), and a woman identified as Magdalena Iwolowa, living in Yvoliai (de Iwole), baptized Christophorus (Christophorus), son of Laurentius Bukantis and Ona Jurgaitė from Karklėnai (Laurenty Butantis⁶ et Anna Jurgayte de Korklany) (KržKr₁ 89). In the same year, the parents Jonas Stanislovaitis and his wife Elisabeth, living in Yvoliai (Joannis Stanisłowaytis et Elisabetha de Iwole), were recorded, as were the godparents of their son Andreas (Andream), Jonas Laurinaitis from the village of Ejučiai⁷ and Ona Yvolaitė from Yvoliai (Joannes Laurinaytis de Eiucie cum Anna Iwotayte de Iwole) (KržKr₁ 94). In 1663, the Yvoliai residents Kazimieras Yvolis and his wife Magdalena (Casimiri Iwolis et Magdalena de Iwole) were mentioned; their son Motiejus (Mathias) was baptized by Stanislovas Kantauškis and Barbora Stanislovaitė from Karklėnai (Stanislaus Kantowski de Korklany cum ⁴ Paalksniai—a village in Kražiai Eldership, Kelmė District. ⁵ Karklėnai—a town in Kražiai Eldership, Kelmė District. ⁶ The book clearly records the personal name Butantis; it is evidently the scribe’s distorted form of Bukantis. ⁷ Ejučiai—a village in Kražiai Eldership, Kelmė District. 180 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII On the origin of the village name Ývoliai Barbara Stanisłowayte) (KržKr₁ 98). This settlement was also recorded in 1664: at that time, the Karklėnai residents Jurgis Yvolaitis and Elžbieta Kantauskaitė (Georgio Iwolaytis de Korklany cum Elisabetha Kantawskyte) baptized Kazimieras (Casimirus), son of Kazimieras Jonaitis and Kotryna Kidikaitė from Yvoliai (Casimiri Jonaytis et Catharina Kidikayte de Iwole) (KržKr₁ 111). In 1668, Yvoliai was mentioned in connection with Barbara Mikolaitė (Barbara Mikolayte de Iwolis), living there, whose son Stanislovas (Stanislaus) was baptized by Martynas Burokas and Magdalena Budrevičaitė⁸, living in Kražiai (Martinus Burak cum Magdalena Budrewiczowna Crosentes) (KržKr₁ 172). In the later register of the Kražiai parish, covering baptismal and marriage entries from 1680 to 1737, Yvoliai is also mentioned many times. In 1691, the Yvoliai resident Jonas Milius (Joanᵉs Milus de Iwole), who baptized Kotryna (Catharina), daughter of Kristoforas Milius and Marijona Mažrymaitė from the village of Klibaliai⁹ (Christophori Milus de Klibale et Mariana Mažrymayte), was recorded (KržKr₁₁₁ 15). In 1720, Marijona Bargailienė, also a resident of this village (Mariana Bargaytowa de Iwolis), was identified as the godmother of Stanislovas (Stanislaus), son of Grigorijus Šurpickis and Agota Burtynaitė, living in Yvoliai (Gregory Szurpick y et Agatha Burtynowna de Iwolis) (KržKr₁₁ 25). A 1721 entry records the marriage of Simonas Liplevičius, a resident of Yvoliai (Simon Liplewicz de Iwole), to Barbora Milinovičaitė from the village of Kupšeliai¹⁰ (Barbara Milinowiczowna de Kupszczeliszki) (KržKr₁₁ 169). In 1722, the parents Kristoforas Šorpickis and Agota Leplinaitė, living in Yvoliai (Christophori Szorpicki¹¹ et Agatha Leplinowna de Iwole), and the godparents Jonas Jalvanovskis¹² and Kotryna Rutkovska (Joannes Jalwanowski cum Catharina Rutkowska) were recorded (KržKr₁₁ 45), as were the parents Danilas Kitas and Parasija Kitkovna and the godparents Romanas Oferovskis and Ona Bargailienė (Danilo Kitał et Parasia Kitkowuna <...> Romanus Oferowski cum Anna Bargayłowa de Iwole) (KržKr₁₁ 46). Further on, the book records the following onyms of the village and its inhabitants: the parents Eustochim Łukaszow et Mariana Bobrowska and the godparents Petrus Jakubowski cum Anna Ignatowiczowna de Iwol in 1723 (KržKr₁₁ 50); ⁸ In reconstructing Lithuanian surnames of unmarried women in the article, dialect data rather than standard-language data are followed. In the Southern Žemaitian Varniškiai dialect, the suffix -aitė is added to a father’s surname regardless of its ending (cf. LKA III 120, map no. 112). This usage is also attested by the data of the sources examined; cf. the surnames of unmarried women Jurgayte, Iwolayte, Kantawskayte. Therefore, the surnames are reconstructed by adding this suffix, rather than the standard-language suffixes -ytė, -(i)ūtė. ⁹ Klibaliai—a village in Kražiai Eldership, Kelmė District. ¹⁰ Kupšeliai—a village in Kražiai Eldership, Kelmė District.. ¹¹ The personal name Szorpicki and Szurpick y, recorded in the same Yvoliai in 1720, are evidently graphic variants. ¹² The authenticity of this personal name is doubtful because it is written very unclearly in the book. Straipsniai / Articles 181 LAIMUTIS BILKIS the parents Joannis Bordasow et Catharina Akionka¹³ de Iwole in 1723 (KržKrᵢₙₙ 54); the witness Audagin Łukcho de Iwola in 1724 (KržKrᵢₙₙ 176); husband and wife Constanting Arasimow cum Añ’a Zakrzewska de Iwole in 1729 (KržKrᵢₙₙ 182); the parents Antony Zakrzewski et Anna Zakrzewska de Iwole in 1730 (KržKrᵢₙₙ 118); the parents Cõ̃stanti Audachim, Añ’a Zacherewska De Sywoli in 1730 (KržKrᵢₙₙ 119); the parents Casimirus Zakrowski et Anna Szantarskouna De Iwale and the godmother Anna Karbowska De Iwaliszki in 1731 (KržKrᵢₙₙ 121); the godfather Matthias Anaszko de Iwola in 1732 (KržKrᵢₙₙ 129). The village of Yvoliai is consistently mentioned in later church documents of the Kražiai parish as well. For example, the 1736–1748 baptismal register records in 1744 the parents living in this village, Jurgis Milinavičius and his wife Kristina (Georgio Milinowicz et Christiña <…> de Iwole), and the godmother Marijona Jakimaitė (Marianna Jakimowna de Iwole) (KržKrₙₙ 106). In the first half of the 19th century, Yvoliai is mentioned in documents of the Karklėnai church, which at that time was a filial church of Pašilė Parish. The 1816–1829 baptismal register contains the following entries: Josepho Toluszewicz matre Ursula de Domo Kurpowiczowna de Villa Iwole in 1817 (KrklKrᵢ 3), Antonio Toluszew⁽?⁾, Jōhana Łukszowna de Villa Iwole in 1818 (KrklKrᵢ 7), and so on. In a somewhat later baptismal register of the Karklėnai church, the village of Yvoliai is recorded in the locative case: We wsi Iwołach in 1828 (KrklKrₙₙ 2). In the mid-19th century, the village and its name were also recorded in Latin and Slavic script in other (non-ecclesiastical) sources: Иволе in 1845 (PašPS 5), Iwole in 1854 (Hołowiński 1854). Analysis of the historical sources makes it possible to distinguish several variants of the oikonym Yvoliai used in them. The form de Iwole (de Iwole, Иволе). is recorded most often. Forms such as de Iwolis, de Iwol, De Sywoli, de Iwola, De Iwale, De Iwaliszki, We wsi Iwołach also occur. First of all, it should be noted that in no case, except for the atypical form de Sywoli, is the long initial vowel represented. However, this cannot be a reason to doubt the authenticity of the spoken-language name Yvoliai, since in sources written in non-Lithuanian languages i is very often written instead of y; cf. Iłłakaycie in 1699 and 1700 (YlJn 35) (= Yłakaīčiai¹⁴), de Iłakiow in 1682, de Iłłoki in 1688, 1689, 1699, 1702, and 1703, de Iłoki in 1682, de Iłłoki in 1689, de Iłłokie in 1698 and 1699, de Iłłokif in 1688, de iłokif in 1677, de jłłokif in 1678 (YlJn 2, 4, 10, 21, 22, 24, 34, 35, 38, 39), de ilocis, de Iłakiow in 1713, de Iłakif, Iłłocis in 1716, de Iłłocis in 1718 and 1720, de Iłłoki in 1720, de Iłoki in 1716, de Iłłokie in 1719, de Iłłokie in 1719, de Iłłokis in 1718 (YlKr ¹³ The personal name is written unclearly, so the authenticity of the form presented in the article is doubtful. ¹⁴ Yłakaīčiai—a village in Ylakiai Eldership, Skuodas District. 182 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII On the origin of the village name Yvoliai 23, 24, 51, 56, 57, 59, 60, 73, 76, 84, 85, 87) (= Ylakiai¹⁵), Iniszki in 1854 (Hołowiński 1854), Mhuuku in 1892 (KnGGS 148) (= Yniškės¹⁶). The fact that long and short vowels [i̯] and [i] are not distinguished in place names recorded in non-Lithuanian historical sources is also noted by other researchers of Lithuanian onomastics (see Gar­liauskas 1998: 184). The word-final e (Iwole, Jwole, Iwale) and a after a Polish soft consonant¹⁷ (Iwola) most likely reflect the Žemaitian monophthongization of the ending –iai (–ei), that is, its conversion to [e]. Quite many such cases have been recorded in Žemaitian historical oikonymy; cf. de Brukale (= Brukaliai), de kule (= Kuliai), de Rezgale (= Rezgaliai), ex Stanele (= Stanėliai), etc. (see Gar­liauskas 1998: 175), ze wsią Giwole in 1777 (= Gyvoliai¹⁸) (IVK). The form de Iwolis, recorded once, is evidently Latinized and corresponds to the plural ablative. This is particularly likely because the source text was written in Latin¹⁹. The recording De Iwale is probably related to the Slavicization of Lithuanian place names by marking the long [o̯] (unstressed in this case) with the letter a; cf. the historical oikonyms of the Punsk Parish from the late 17th and early 18th centuries Furrmaniszki (= Fūrmoniškės), Jawoyszany, Jawoyszane (= Jova­iš­ėnys) (Palionis 2008, 193, 194); cf. also the recordings Гувалу in 1865 and 1892 (= Gyvoliai) (IVK). The indeclinable form de Iwol given in 1723 may have arisen by analogy with the Polish genitive plural of neuter nouns with the nominative plural ending –a after a soft consonant: plural nom. Iwola → plural gen. Iwol²⁰. The form We usi Iwolach recorded in the first half of the 19th century is Slavicized and corresponds to the Polish locative, the language in which the source was written. The form De Iwaliszki recorded only once, in 1731, could attest to a former variant of Yvoliai, *Yvoliškės or *Yvoliškiai; however, the one-time occurrence requires this case to be assessed cautiously—it may not be a name from spoken language but merely a construct written by the scribe according to some other analogy, especially since the same entry also gives the form of the oikonym without the suffix, De Iwale. The recording of Yvoliai as De Sywoli is undoubtedly a scribal error resulting from failure to understand or hear the actual village name correctly, but this form is the only one in which the long vowel is reflected. Analysis of the variants recorded in historical sources allows us to state that the village name Yvoliai used in spoken language is primary. Its various forms were determined by ¹⁵ Ylakiai—a town in Ylakiai Eldership, Skuodas District. ¹⁶ Yniškės—a village in Raudėnai Eldership, Šiauliai District. ¹⁷ The source was written in Latin, but the place names contain quite a number of Polish-language elements. ¹⁸ Gyvoliai—a village in Viekšniai Eldership, Mažeikiai District. ¹⁹ Cf. the historical recordings de Kaulaakis (= Kaūlakiai), de Rymucis (= Rimūčiai), de Jabanif (= Sabōniai), etc. (see Gar­liauskas 1998: 164–165; 2004: 44). ²⁰ Cf. Polish singular nom. pole, plural nom. pola, plural gen. pól. Straipsniai / Articles 183 LAIMUTIS BILKIS factors characteristic of the general historical development of Lithuanian toponymy: respect for dialectal features, Slavicization, Latinization, and the competence of scribes. If the form Iwaliszki (*Yvoliškės? *Yvoliškiai?) from the first half of the 18th century were genuine, it should be regarded as secondary, arising later than Y̌uoliai and not surviving to the present day. The historical sources examined also make it possible to explain the origin of the oikonym Y̌uoliai with reasonable confidence. Its key lies in the aforementioned 1656–1672 baptismal register of the Kražiai church. In 1661, it records the godparents Jonas Milkantas (dial. Milkontas) from the village of Spiṙgiai21 and Ona Yvolienė from the village of Pagiai22 (Joannes Milkont de Spirgie et Anna Iwalowa de Pagie) (KržKr₁ 73). Two entries from 1662 mention the godparents Jonas Litvinas from Karklėnai and Magdalena Yvolienė, a resident of Yvoliai (Joannes Litwins de Korklany Cum Magdalena Iwolowa de Iwole) (KržKr₁ 89), and Jonas Laurinaitis living in Ejučiai with Ona Yvolaitė from Yvoliai (Joannes Laurinaytis de Eiucie cum Anna Iwolayte de Iwole) (KržKr₁ 94). In 1663, the parents, residents of Yvoliai, Kazimieras Yvolis and his wife Magdalena (Casimiri Iwolis et Magdalena de Iwole), and their son Motiejus (Mathias) are mentioned (KržKr₁ 98). In 1664 and 1665, the godparents, residents of Karklėnai, recorded respectively were Jurgis Yvolaitis with Elžbieta Kantauskaitė (Georgio Iwotaytis de Korklany cum Elisabetha Kantawskayte ibidem) (KržKr₁ 111) and Jonas Litvinas with Ona Yvolienė (Joannes Litwin de Korklanis cum Anna Iwalowa ibidem) (KržKr₁ 127). Another entry from 1665 records the parents, residents of the village of Ganyprova23, Adomas Butvilas and Ona Yvolaitė (Adami Butwilh et Anna Iwolayte de Goniprowa), and the godparents Jurgis Yvolaitis from Karklėnai with Kotryna Račaitė from Ganyprova (Georgio Iwolaytis de Korklany Cum Catharina Raczayte de Goniprowa) (KržĮ 130). The same Ganyprova resident, Ona Yvolaitė Butvilienė (Anna Iwolayte Butwilowa de Goniprowa), is mentioned again as a godmother in 1666 and 1668 (Krž 146, 169). In 1669, Elžbieta (Elisabeth), daughter of Andrius Yvolis, who lived in Karklėnai, and his wife, whose second personal name was Mikulaitė24 (Andrea Iwolis et <…> Mikulayte de Korklany), was baptized by Kotryna Jonušaitė Yvolienė, a resident of the same village (Catharina Jonu layte Iwoliene de Korklany) (KržĮ 185). In the same year, Samuel (Samuel), son of Melchioras Simoniaitis and Elžbieta Yvolaitė, residents of the village of Audeniai25 (Melchioris Symonaytis et Elisabetha Iwolayte de Audenie), was baptized; his godfather was Jonas Yvolaitis from Karklėnai (Joannes Iwolaytis de ²¹ Spiṙgiai—a village in Kražiai Eldership, Kelmė District. ²² Pagiai—a village in Kražiai Eldership, Kelmė District. ²³ Ganýprova—a village in Kražiai Eldership, Kelmė District. ²⁴ The wife’s name is illegible in the source. ²⁵ Audeniai—a village in Užventis Eldership, Kelmė District. 184 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII On the origin of the village name Ývoliai Korklany) (Kržį 189). In 1670, the Ganyprova residents Adomas Butvilas and Ona Yvolaitė Butvilienė (Adami Butwilt et Anna Iwolayte Butwilowa de Goniprowa) were mentioned again; their daughter Magdalena (Magdalena) was godparented by Jonas Yvolis from Karklėnai (Joannes Iwolis de Korklanis) (Kržį 194). The baptismal entries of the same year also mention the aforementioned godmother, Kotryna Jonušaitė Yvolienė, a resident of Karklėnai (Catharina Jonufzayte Iwolowa²⁶ de Korklany), and the Karklėnai residents Gertruda Yvolaitė and her husband Kristoforas Vaičaitis (Christophori Wayczaytis et Giertrudis Iwolayte de Korklany), whose daughter Kotryna (Catharina) was baptized by Jonas Yvolis, also a resident of Karklėnai (Joannes Iwolis) (Kržį 200). In 1671, two godmothers were recorded: Elžbieta Yvolaitė from Vaiguva²⁷ (Elisabeta Iwalowna de Waygowa) (Kržį 220) and Zuzana Yvolaitė from Karklėnai (Zuzanna Wotayte de Korklany) (Kržį 210), whose second personal name was probably shortened by the scribe, who failed to hear it clearly, by dropping the initial y (i). Elžbieta Yvolaitė living in Audeniai, who was mentioned as a godmother in 1669, was recorded in 1672 as the wife of Merkelis Leišaitis (Merchelis Leyfzaytis et Elisabetha Iwolayte de Audenis) and the mother of a son, Jokūbas (Jacobus) (Kržį 230). These data show that in 1656–1672 many people lived in Kražiai Parish whose second personal names contained the root Yvol-. In the village of Yvoliai itself lived Magdalena Yvolienė (Magdalena Iwolowa), Ona Yvolaitė (Anna Iwolayte), Kazimieras Yvolis (Casimiri Iwolis) with his wife Magdalena²⁸ (Magdalena) and son Motiejus (Mathias). It is quite possible that these were members of one family—a husband, wife, daughter, and son. Ona Yvolienė (Anna Iwalowa) was recorded in the village of Pagiai; in Karklėnai, Jurgis Yvolaitis (Georgio Iwolaytis), Ona Yvolienė (Anna Iwalowa), Andrius Yvolis (Andrea Iwolis) with his wife, whose maiden personal name was Mikulaitė (Mikulayte), and daughter Elžbieta (Elisabeth), Kotryna Jonušaitė Yvolienė (Catharina Jonufayte Iwoliene, Catharina Jonufzayte Iwolowa), Jonas Yvolaitis (Joannes Iwolaytis), Jonas Yvolis (Joannes Iwolis), Gertrūda Yvolaitė (Giertrudis Iwolayte), and Zuzana Yvolaitė (Zuzanna Wolayte); in Ganyprova, Ona Yvolaitė Butvilienė (Anna Iwolayte Butwilowa); in Audeniai, Elžbieta Yvolaitė (Elisabetha Iwolayte); and in Vaiguva, Elžbieta Yvolaitė (Elisabeta Iwalowna). The personal names Iwolowa, Iwołayte, Iwolis, Iwalowa, Iwołaytis, Iwoliene, Iwalowna are consistently written with i (I)²⁹ in the source, but this can also be explained by other ²⁶ The form used to identify this woman by her husband differs: in 1669, the Lithuanian variant Iwoliene was recorded, while in 1670 the Polish Iwolowa was used. and in 1670—the Polish form Iwolowa. ²⁷ Váiguva—a village in Vaiguva Eldership, Kelmė District. ²⁸ The woman identified as Magdalena Iwolowa and Kazimieras Yvolis’s wife Magdalena are most likely the same person. ²⁹ Cf. also the Polish personal name Iwoła (SNP IV 231). Straipsniai / Articles 185 LAIMUTIS BILKIS the writing analogy of historical Lithuanian personal names with [i] at the beginning of the word, cf. personal names Ilowicz, Jlewiczą, Jłowicza: Yła (–ys, –ius?) (Zinkevičius 1977: 147), Mame Илаумц 1537 (= *Yłaitis), Iła 1702, Casimiri Iłа, Casimirg Iłа, Casimiri et Mariannæ Iłа 1685–1731 (= *Yła) (IAK), Įtaniflag jłokowicz 1678, jo–annej jłokowicz de jłokis 1680 (= *Yłakavičius), Josephus Iłakaytis 1698 (= *Yłakaitis) (YĮJn 4, 6, 10, 34), Jerzy Iłakis, Mathias Iłakis, Bartholomaeus Iłakis, Josephi Iłakis 1808–1820 (IAK) (= *Yłakis). The use of forms with a in the stem (Iwołowa, Iwołowna) should likewise be attributed to Slavicization, since writing a instead of o is a common method of Slavicizing historical Lithuanian personal names³⁰, cf. personal names Jadeyko < Sodeika, Tatarelis < Totorelís, Zylobralis (= *Žilabrolis, *Žilabrolys) (Ragauskaitė 2005: 61). It should be noted that a is written instead of o in those variants whose suffixes have also been replaced with Slavic (Polish) ones –ova, –ovna, whereas o is consistently retained in personal names with Lithuanian suffixes: Iwołayte, Iwołaytis, Iwołiene. Moreover, as already mentioned, i instead of y is written in all the historical records of the village name Ŷvoliai, whose authenticity is substantiated by living speech. Thus, the historical anthroponymic data from the second half of the seventeenth century attest to the personal name *Yvolis (Iuvolis) existing in Yvoliai village and its environs, from which the oikonym Ŷvoliai undoubtedly derives. This would be a collective settlement name formed from the plural of the personal name. The above survey of references to Yvoliai and its inhabitants in historical sources shows that, from 1680 onward, the personal name *Yvolis is no longer mentioned in Yvoliai village; it was not found either in the parish registers of the eighteenth and the nineteenth century’s first half, or in the mid-nineteenth-century (1845) parishioner list. The surname *Yvolis has not survived to the present day either; it is not recorded in Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames (LPŽ). The origin of the anthroponym that became the basis for the village name itself is not entirely clear; however, the anthroponymic data of the most important historical source examined—the 1656–1672 baptismal register of the Kražiai church—make it possible to propose one hypothesis of origin. Alongside the personal names Iwołowa, Iwołayte, Iwołis, Iwałowa, Iwołaytis, Iwołiene, Iwałowna, recorded many times in the book and presupposing the stem Yvol-, there are two cases from which the anthroponym *Gyvolis can be reconstructed. In 1660, the baptismal sponsors living in Pašilė, Jonas Gyvolis and Liucija Vaičaitė, were recorded (Joannes Giwolis cum Lucia Wayczayte de Poszyle) (KržKr₁ 55), while in 1667 the parents from the same village, Albertas Gyvolis and Kristina Degutaitaitė, were recorded (Alberti Giwolis et Cristina Degutayćiowna de Paszyle) (KržKr₁ 151). Thus, in the same source and during the same period, in settlements located close to one another ³⁰ Cf. Zinkevičius 2008: 48; Sinkevičiūtė, Račickaja 2014: 310. 186 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII On the origin of the village name Yvoliai personal names31 were used in the settlements *Yvolis and *Gyvolis32. Therefore, it may be very cautiously surmised that *Yvolis is a secondary anthroponym derived from *Gyvolis, arising for extralinguistic reasons through the loss of the initial g of the word. Such phenomena have not been specifically studied in historical anthroponymy; apparently, they are not very frequent, but a tendency to drop or add consonants at the beginnings of names is attested, at least in this source, by the already mentioned personal name Zuzanna Wolayte (? ← Iwolayte) and the oikonym variant Sywoli (← Ywoli). The dropping or addition of consonants for extralinguistic reasons at the beginnings of historical personal names has also been observed in studies of historical anthroponymy, cf. the possible personal-name variants Jakub Streygis, Michal Streygis and Marcin Treygis, Mateusz Treygis (Maciejauskienė 1991: 140). In that case, the basis of the origin of the oikonym Yvoliai—the personal name *Yvolis ← *Gyvolis—would derive from Lithuanian (Samogitian) gyvolis ‘animal; living cattle, creature, beast; one who behaves like an animal’ (LKŽe). This would not be the only such case in Lithuanian oikonymy: the manor and village name Gyvoliai in Viekšniai eldership also most likely derives from the personal names *Gyvolis, *Gyvolys (cf. LVŽ III 218–219). The personal name *Gyvolis is recorded in other historical sources as well: Giwolis in 1743 (Žeimiai parish), Gywolatis in 1757–1767 (Ragainė) (IAK). Its structural variant *Gyvulis, *Gyvulys is also found in historical anthroponymy: Ian Giwulis in 1678 (Pasvalys manor), Giwullys in 1769–1822 (Ragainė), Giwulawcia in 1740 (Žeimiai parish) (IAK). The motivation of these personal names is apparently connected with negative qualities, cf. Lithuanian gyvolis ‘one who behaves like an animal’, gyvulỹs ‘an impolite, uncultured person’, nickname Gyvulỹs, whose motives for emergence are: ‘unkempt, angry; having stepped on the judge’s foot, he was called an animal by him’ (Butkus 1995: 221). It may be that, because of their negative connotations, they did not survive to the present day. On the other hand, in Polish, for example, anthroponyms of this semantic type are recorded not only in historical sources but also in current usage, cf. Polish personal names Bydłowski in 1423, 1431, 1484, etc. (SSNO I 290), Bydłoch33 in 1469, Bydłoniak in 1691, Bydłonik in 1721, Bydłoń in 1635, Bydłoński in 1792 (Rymut 1991: 93), nicknames Bydliński, Bydło, Bydłoń, Bydłowski (SNP I 594). 31 From Pašilė, where the personal name *Gyvolis was recorded, to Yvoliai and Karklėnai, where the personal name *Yvolis was attested, the distances are approximately 4 and 5 km, respectively. 32 This hypothesis of origin would, of course, be more reliable if the same person had been designated by the personal names *Yvolis and *Gyvolis in the historical source, but no such cases have been recorded. 33 The note concerning its origin provided alongside this personal name states that it derives from Polish bydło ‘ungulates, animals, cattle’. Straipsniai / Articles 187 LAIMUTIS BILKIS CONCLUSIONS 1. Analysis of data from living speech shows that the authentic form of the oikonym used by local inhabitants is Yvoliai. It is attested by the principal and most reliable sources of place names collected during the interwar period. 2. The village name begins to be mentioned in historical sources in the second half of the seventeenth century. Taking into account the factors, nature, and regularities of the Slavicization and Latinization of Lithuanian place names, it can be stated that the recorded historical forms de Iwole (de Iwole, Иволе) (more frequent) and de Iwolis, de Iwol, De Sywoli, de Iwola, De Iwale, De Iwalizski, We wsi Iwolach (less frequent) most likely likewise presuppose the oikonym form Yvoliai. 3. The village name Yvoliai is of anthroponymic origin, derived from the personal name *Yvolis, which existed in Yvoliai village and the surrounding localities in the second half of the seventeenth century, as attested by the historical records Iwolis, Iwolowa, Iwołayte, Iwalowa, Iwołaytis, Iwoliene, Iwalowna. Magdalena Yvolienė lived in Yvoliai village itself (Magdalena Iwolowa), as did Ona Yvolaitė (Anna Iwołayte) and Kazimieras Yvolis (Casimiri Iwolis), together with his wife Magdalena (Magdalena) and son Motiejus (Mathias). It is highly possible that these were members of one family—a husband, wife, daughter, and son. 4. The cautious hypothesis may be advanced that the personal name *Yvolis underlying the origin of the oikonym Yvoliai may, for extralinguistic reasons, have arisen from the anthroponym *Gyvolis (Gi̇wolis), recorded during the same period in the settlement of Pašilė, located not far from Yvoliai village. ABBREVIATIONS personal name — personal name common language — standard language pl. — plural gen. — genitive Polish — Polish Lithuanian — Lithuanian fem. — feminine gender nickname — nickname surname — surname distr. — district nom. — nominative sg. — singular Samogitian — Samogitian 188 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII On the origin of the village name Ýuoliai HISTORICAL SOURCES Hołowiński 1854 – [Ignatijus Hołowiński’s handwritten list of place names of the Telšiai and Samogitia diocese]. Kept in the archive of the Center for Research of Baltic Languages and Onomastics of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. IAK – Alphabetical card index of historical personal names. Collection of the Center for Research of Baltic Languages and Onomastics of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. YĮn – [Ylakiai Church marriage register, 1676–1738]. LVIA F. 1683, Apr. 1, B. 1. Online access: http://www.epaveldas.lt. YĮKr – [Ylakiai Church baptismal register, 1712–1721]. LVIA F. 1683, Apr. 1, B. 3. Online access: http://www.epaveldas.lt. IVK – Alphabetical card index of historical place names. Collection of the Center for Research of Baltic Languages and Onomastics of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. KnGGS – Списокъ населенныхъ местъ Ковенской Губерніи, Ковна: Въ Типографіи Губернскаго Правленія, 1892. KrklKrᵢ – [Karklėnai Church baptismal register, 1816–1829]. LVIA F. 1520, Apr. 1, B. 6. Online access: http://www.epaveldas.lt. KrklKrᵢᵢ – Księga Ochrzczonych Kościoła Filialnego – Roku 1827 Sporządzona. [Karklėnai Church baptismal register, 1828–1834]. LVIA F. 1520, Apr. 1, B. 8. Online access: http://www.epaveldas.lt. KržKrᵢ – [Kražiai parish baptismal register, 1656–1672]. LVIA F. 1521, Apr. 1, B. 4. Online access: http://www.epaveldas.lt. KržKrᵢᵢ – [Kražiai parish baptismal and marriage register, 1680–1737]. LVIA F. 1521, Apr. 1, B. 5. Online access: http://www.epaveldas.lt. KržKrᵢᵢᵢ – Metrica Baptisatorum Ecclesia Parochjali Crosensi [...] Ano 1736 Curam Animarum agente Iosepho Waygowski Comendario Crosensi Vicariūf. [Kražiai parish baptismal register, 1736–1748]. LVIA F. 1521, Apr. 1, B. 6. Online access: http://www.epaveldas.lt. LAV – Inhabited Places of Lithuania, Kaunas: A. Bakas printing house, 1925. PašPS – [Pašilė Church parishioner lists, 1845]. LVIA, F. 605, Apr. 8, B. 50. Online access: https://www.genmetrika.eu/zemaítijos_par_sarasai.html. VB – Lists of settlements of Panevėžys and Raseiniai counties of the Commission for Surnames and Place Names (files) 3, (typescript). Kept in the archive of the Center for Research of Baltic Languages and Onomastics of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Vaiszgantas 1904: Saṅraszas geografiszkųju Lietuvos vardu. – Dirva 1, 35–61. Online access: https://www.epaveldas.lt/. Straipsniai / Articles 189 LAIMUTIS BILKIS LITERATURE AND SOURCES Butkus Alvydas 1995: Lithuanian Nicknames, Kaunas: Æsti. Garli auskas Vidas 1998: Lithuanian oikonym forms in non-Lithuanian sources of the sixteenth–nineteenth centuries. – Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics 40, 123–204. Garli auskas Vidas 2004: The Seventeenth-Century Baptismal and Marriage Register of the Molėtai Church, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing. LATŠŽ – Directory of the Administrative-Territorial Division of the Lithuanian SSR 2, compiled by Z. Noreika, V. Stravinskas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1976. LKA III – Atlas of the Lithuanian Language 3. Morphology, text authors S. Ambrazas, G. Belickienė, E. Grinaveckienė, A. Jonait yte, J. Lipskienė, K. Morkūnas, B. Vanagienė, A. Vidugiris, responsible editor K. Morkūnas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1991. LKŽe – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1–20 (1941–2002): electronic edition, editor-in-chief G. Naktienė, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2005. Online access: http://www.lkz.lt. LPŽ – Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames 1–2, text authors A. Vanagas, V. Macijauskienė, M. Razmukaitė, responsible editor A. Vanagas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985, 1989. LVŽ III – Dictionary of Lithuanian Place Names 3, text authors V. Adamonytė, L. Bilkis, G. Blažienė, D. Kačinaitė-Vrubliauskienė, M. Norkaitienė, A. Ragauskaitė, M. Razmukaitė, D. Sviderskienė, responsible editor L. Bilkis, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2018. Maciejauskienė Vitalija 1991: The Formation of Lithuanian Surnames, Vilnius: Mokslas. Palionis Jonas 2008: Personal Names and Place Names of Punia Parish from the Late Seventeenth to the First Half of the Eighteenth Century, Vilnius: Vilnius University. Ragauskaitė Alma 2005: Personal Names of Kaunas Residents in the Sixteenth–Eighteenth Centuries, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Rymut Kazimierz 1991: Surnames of Poles, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wydawnictwo, 1991. Sinkevičiūtė Daiva, Rėčkaitė Veslava 2014: Personal names of Lithuanian dithematic names and features of their stems’ recording in the 1661–1795 list of new citizens and guarantors of Vilnius. – Archivum Lithuanicum 16, 295–322. SNP I – Dictionary of Surnames Currently Used in Poland 1, ed. K. Rymut, Kraków: Polska akademia nauk, Instytut języka polskiego, 1992. SNP IV – Dictionary of Surnames Currently Used in Poland 4, ed. K. Rymut, Kraków: Polska akademia nauk, Instytut języka polskiego, 1993. 190 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII On the origin of the village name Ŷvoliai SSNO I – Dictionary of Old Polish Personal Names 1, A–D, ed. W. Taszycki, Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, Wydawnictwo Polskiej akademii nauk, 1965–1967. Zinkevičius Zigmas 1977: Lithuanian Anthroponymy. Lithuanian Personal Names of Vilnius at the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century, Vilnius: Mokslas. Zinkevičius Zigmas 2008: Lithuanian Personal Names, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language. On the Origin of the Village Name Ŷvoliai SUMMARY The village bearing the name Yvoliai is located in Kražiai eldership, Kelmė district and previously belonged to Kražiai district, Raseiniai county. No previous research addressing the origin of this name and the history of the settlement bearing this name could be found. The structure and origin of the toponym itself is not clear at first sight; it does not become any clearer without a more in-depth linguistic and historical analysis. After reviewing the data gathered on the oikonym from the living language and the history of standardization, we may point out that its true form has long [ī] at the beginning of the word and bears the acute accent: Ŷvoliai. The sources of the interwar period which are most closely linked with the living language – Lithuanian Questionnaires of Land Names (1935) and the files of the Commission of Surnames and Place Names – also testify to this form. The analysis of historical sources leads to the conclusion that Yvoliai is not a very old settlement; it was not mentioned in German chronicles or the old manor inventories. The first records are found in the second half of the 17th century. We can so far state that the village was first mentioned in 1661 in the Baptism Register Book of Kražiai Parish of 1656–1672: de Villa Iwole. Afterwards, the village was quite often mentioned in this and later church register books. The analysis of the historical sources of the 17th–19th centuries allows us to single out several variants of the oikonym Ŷvoliai, which appear in them. The most common form is de Iwole (de Iwole, Иволе). The forms de Iwolis, de Iwol, De Sywoli, de Iwola, De Iwale, De Iwaliszki, We wsi Iwołach can occasionally be found. The analysis of the recorded variants leads to the conclusion that the village name Yvoliai used in the living language is primary. Its various forms are determined by the factors characteristic of the general development of historical Lithuanian toponymy: evaluation of dialectal features, Slav icization, Latinization, competence of scribes. The historical sources investigated in the study provide an opportunity for a rather tangible explanation of the origin of the oikonym Ŷvoliai. Its key lies in the aforementioned Baptism Register Book of Kražiai Church of 1656–1672. Its data show that in the period Straipsniai / Articles 191 LAIMUTIS BILKIS 1656–1672 Kražiai parish was largely populated by the people with their second personal name having the root Yvol- Yvoliai village was home to Magdalena Iwolowa, Anna Iwolayte, Casimiri Iwolis, his wife Magdalena and son Mathias. It is likely that they are the members of a single family – husband, wife, daughter and son. Anna Iwalowa is recorded in Pagiai village; Georgio Iwołaytis, Anna Iwałowa, Andrea Iwolis, his wife with a maiden personal name Mikulayte and daughter Elisabeth, Catharina Jonužayte Iwoliene (Catharina Jonužayte Iwolowa), Joannes Iwołaytis, Joannes Iwolis, Giertrudis Iwołayte, Zuzanna Wołayte are recorded in Karklėnai; Anna Iwołayte Butwilowa is recorded in Ganyprova; Elisabetha Iwołayte is recorded in Audeniai, Elisabeta Iwałowna is recorded in Vaiguva. The personal names Iwolowa, Iwołayte, Iwolis, Iwałowa, Iwołaytis, Iwoliene, Iwałowna are consistently spelled with i (I) in the source, but it can also be explained by the analogy of spelling of other Lithuanian historical personal names with [i] in the word-initial position. Hence, the data of historical anthroponymy of the second half of the 17th century testify to the existence of the personal name *Yvolis (Iwolis) in the village of Yvoliai and around it, from which we can definitely trace the oikonym Ývoliai. It would be a collective name of a residential place formed from the plural form of a personal name. From 1680, the personal name *Yvolis is no longer mentioned in the village of Yvoliai; it is neither found in the register books of the 18th century – 1st half of the 19th century nor in the register of parishioners of the mid-19th century (1845). The surname *Yvolis has not reached our days; it is not recorded in Lithuanian Dictionary of Surnames. The origin of the anthroponym, which constitutes the basis of the origin of the village name, is not absolutely clear, but the anthroponymic data of the major historical source – Baptism Register Book of Kražiai Church of 1656–1672 – enable us to put forward a careful hypothesis of origin. In addition to the numerous personal names Iwolowa, Iwołayte, Iwolis, Iwałowa, Iwołaytis, Iwoliene, Iwałowna recorded in the book, which suggest the root Yvol-, there are two cases which enable us to reconstruct the anthroponym *Gyvolis. Godparents Joannes Giwolis cum Lucia Wayczayte de Poszyle residing in Pašilė were recorded in 1660; meanwhile, the parents, Alberti Giwolis et Cristina Degutayčiowna de Paszyle, residents of the same village, were recorded in 1667. Hence, the personal names *Yvolis and *Gyvolis used in the settlements situated close to one another were mentioned in the same source and during the same period of time. We can therefore carefully guess that *Yvolis is a secondary anthroponym deriving from *Gyvolis, which originated by dropping the word-initial g as a result of extralinguistic reasons. Submitted on 15 October 2020 LAIMUTIS BILKIS Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 5 Petro Vileišio St., LT–10308 Vilnius, Lithuania [email protected] 192 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXIII