Scalability and performance evaluation of DECT NR+ for IOT connectivity

Cu so: 2024-2025
Di ec o /Di ec o a: He e o Villalib e, Saioa
Es udian e: He nández Jau egui, Ike
SCALABILITY AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
OF DECT NR+ FOR IOT CONNECTIVITY
MÁSTER UNIVERSITARIO EN INGENIERÍA DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN
TRABAJO FIN DE MÁSTER
Fecha: Bilbao, 17de eb e o 2025
Supe isado y di igido en des ino po :
Ho s Hellb ück
TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE LÜBECK
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND
COMPUTER SCIENCE
TRABAJO FIN DE MÁSTER
REALIZADO EN MOVILIDAD
Hi zau ea
Tesi honek DECT NR+ eknologia az e zen du, be e gai asunen, e endimendua en e a
LPWAN eknologien pano ama en ba uan duen posizioa en az e ke an e a ebaluazioan
zen a uz, e a 5G- ako diseina u ako e abile a-kasu be ie a ako baldin zak be e zen di en
az e uz. NS3 e a MATLAB e abiliz egindako simulazioen bidez, ike ke ak eknologia en
eskalaga i asuna ebalua zen du. Bai a e e, e endimendua en az e ke a sakona bu u u da
gailu ba e aga ien e abile a i eske , e endimendua en un sezko pa ame oak p oba zeko
age oki gida uak diseina uz, ga a uz e a gauza uz. Ebaluazio ho ien emai zak eknolo-
gia ho i diseina u zen 5G e abile a-kasue ako baldin zekin konpa a u di a, e a a giz apen
adimendune ako e abile a-kasu ba ga a u da Sma Ci ies-en es uingu uan, eknologia en
ahalmenak kon uan ha u a. Ike ke a honek DECT NR+ 5G ekosis eme a ako bide aga ia
den LPWAN eknologia gisa ule zen lagun zen du.
Hi z gakoak: DECT NR+, LPWAN, 5G, NS3, MATLAB, a giz apen adimenduna,
Sma Ci ies
Resumen
Es a esis explo a la ecnolog´ıa eme gen e Digi al Enhanced Co dless Telecommunica ions
New Radio + (DECT NR+), cen ´andose en el examen y e aluaci´on de sus capacidades,
endimien o y posici´on den o del pano ama de las ecnolog´ıas de Red de ´
A ea Amplia de
Bajo Consumo (LP-WAN) y el cumplimien o de los equisi os pa a los nue os casos de
uso dise˜nados pa a 5G. A a ´es de simulaciones u ilizando NS3 y MATLAB, el es udio
e al´ua la escalabilidad de la ecnolog´ıa. Adem´as, se ha ealizado un an´alisis exhaus i o
del endimien o con la p ime a gene aci´on de disposi i os compa ibles median e el dise˜no,
desa ollo y ejecuci´on de escena ios di igidos pa a p oba pa ´ame os cla e de endimien o.
Los esul ados de es as e aluaciones han sido compa ados con los equisi os de los casos
de uso 5G pa a los que ue dise˜nada es a ecnolog´ıa y se ha desa ollado un caso de uso
espec´ı ico pa a iluminaci´on in eligen e en el con ex o de Sma Ci ies eniendo en cuen a
las capacidades de la ecnolog´ıa. Es a in es igaci´on con ibuye al en endimien o de DECT
NR+ como una ecnolog´ıa LP-WAN iable pa a los ecosis emas 5G.
Palab as cla e: DECT NR+, LPWAN, 5G, NS3, MATLAB, iluminaci´on in eligen e,
Sma Ci ies
Abs ac
This hesis explo es he eme ging Digi al Enhanced Co dless Telecommunica ions New Radio
+ (DECT NR+) echnology, ocusing he wo k in examining and e alua ing i s capabili ies,
pe o mance, and posi ion wi hin he landscape o Low-Powe Wide-A ea Ne wo k (LP-
WAN) echnologies and he ul illmen s o he equi emen s o he new use cases designed
o 5G. Th ough simula ions using NS3 and MATLAB, he s udy e alua es he scalabili y
o he echnology. Mo eo e , an ex ensi e pe o mance analysis wi h he i s gene a ion
o compa ible de ices has been conduc ed by designing, de eloping, and execu ing a ge ed
scena ios o es key pe o mance pa ame e s. The esul s o his e alua ions ha e been
compa ed o he equi emen s o he 5G use cases o his echnology was designed o and a
speci ic use case has been de eloped aking in o accoun on wha he echnology o!e s. Based
on he e alua ion, a no el use case le e aging DECT NR+’s unique ea u es was de eloped,
showcasing i s po en ial applica ions in sma ligh ing applica ions. This esea ch con ibu es
o he unde s anding o DECT NR+ as a iable LP-WAN echnology o he 5G ecosys ems.
Keywo ds: DECT NR+, LPWAN, 5G, NS3, MATLAB, sma ligh ing, Sma Ci ies
Con en s
Lis o Figu es iii
Lis o Tables x
1. In oduc ion 1
1.1. Mo i a ion ..................................... 1
1.2. Goal......................................... 1
1.3. O ganiza ion .................................... 3
2. Backg ound 4
2.1. In oduc ion..................................... 4
2.2. His o yo DECTNR+............................... 4
2.2.1. 5G...................................... 5
2.3. Speci ica ions.................................... 8
2.3.1. Sys emA chi ec u e ............................ 9
2.3.2. Ne wo king ................................. 9
2.3.3. PhysicalLaye ............................... 11
2.3.4. MACLaye ................................. 16
2.3.5. Da a Link Con ol and Con e gence Laye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.6. Co-exis ence ................................ 19
2.4. Compa isons .................................... 19
2.4.1. In oduc ion ................................ 19
2.4.2. LTE-M ................................... 20
2.4.3. NB-IoT ................................... 21
2.4.4. Blue oo h 5.3 Low Ene gy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.5. IEEE802.15.4 ............................... 22
2.4.6. LoRaWAN ................................. 22
2.4.7. Conclusions................................. 22
2.5. Summa y ...................................... 26
3. Simula ion and Modeling 27
3.1. In oduc ion..................................... 27
3.2. Ne wo k simula ion - NS3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.3. Radio Planning - Ma lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.3.1. T ansmi e ................................. 32
3.3.2. Recei e ................................... 32
3.4. Summa y ...................................... 34
4. E alua ion o DECT NR+ echnology 36
4.1. In oduc ion..................................... 36
4.2. Equipmen ..................................... 37
4.2.1. n 9161 De elopmen Ki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.3. Ne wo ke alua ion................................. 39
4.4. RFE alua ion ................................... 41
4.4.1. Tes scena io ................................ 41
4.4.2. Bandwid h ................................. 42
4.4.3. Timinganalysis............................... 43
4.4.4. Powe ansmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.5. Pe o mance e alua ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.5.1. Da aRa e.................................. 46
4.5.2. Co-exis ence es ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.5.3. Range es ing................................ 52
4.5.4. La ency ................................... 53
4.6. Resea ch....................................... 56
4.7. Summa y ...................................... 60
5. Use cases 62
5.1. In oduc ion..................................... 62
5.2. URLLC ....................................... 62
5.3. mMTC........................................ 63
5.4. Sma Ligh ing solu ion o Sma Ci ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.4.1. P ac ical implemen a ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.5. Summa y ...................................... 68
6. Conclusions 69
1. Appendices ..................................... 70
A. Collec ed da a om he es ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
B. Flow cha s o he code de eloped o hesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Bibliog aphy 79
Lis o Figu es
2.1. Se ices ha can be implemen ed on echnological basis o 5G gene a ion
communica ionne wo ks. ............................. 6
2.2. Illus a ion o o e all p o ocol s ack a chi ec u e o DECT-2020 [21b]. . . . . 9
2.3. Fo ma ion o he clus e ed ee mesh ne wo k opology [21b]. . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4. Ope a ing band numbe ing [21c] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5. Illus a ion o RF esou ce mapping [21c]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.6. DECT-2020 NR ame s uc u e [21c]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.7. Illus a ion o Random Access ansmissions [24]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8. Example esou ce alloca ion wi h downlink and uplink esou ce assignmen ,
wi h µ=1[24].................................... 18
2.9. Compa ison o echnologies based on hei max da a a es and ange. . . . . . 24
3.1. NS3 simula ion mesh ne wo k model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2. NS3simula ion esul s............................... 31
3.3. Radio planning co e age esul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.1. 3D isualiza ion o a spec og am while a DECT NR+ ansmission. . . . . . 42
4.2. 2D isualiza ion o he DECT NR+ spec og am while wo pe ansmissions. 43
4.3. Ampli ude s Time isualiza ion o a single DECT NR+ ame slo . . . . . . 44
4.4. Model o he powe measu emen scena io. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.5. Powe s F equency isualiza ion o a single DECT NR+ ame slo . . . . . . 45
4.6. Powe s Time isualiza ion o a single DECT NR+ ame slo . . . . . . . . . 45
4.7. Da a a e (kbps) a ia ion on MCS alue change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.8. Diag am o he ne wo k scena io o he co-exis ence es ing. . . . . . . . . . 51
4.9. Loca ion o whe e he de ices we e loca ed du ing he ange es ing. . . . . . 52
4.10. Tes scena ios designed o he la ency es ing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.11. Model o la ency es ing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.12. Pe cen age o nodes in di!e en ne wo k ie s wi h di!e en scena io adiuses
[NB22]. ....................................... 58
4.13. Bi and packe e o e o a es [Was+24]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1. Ampli ude s Time isualiza ion o wo DECT NR+ ames wi h 2 consequen
slo sand2slo gaps................................. 74
2. Ampli ude s Time isualiza ion o wo DECT NR+ ames wi h 8 consequen
slo sand2slo gaps................................. 74
3. Ampli ude s Time isualiza ion o a single DECT NR+ ame slo wi h 8
consequen slo s and 2 slo gaps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4. Flow cha o he bidi ec ional ids.c code. .................... 76
5. Flow cha o he ligh con ol unicas code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6. Flow cha o he ligh con ol b oadcas code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Lis o Tables
2.1. Compa ison o 3GPP NR & DECT-2020 NR [DEC24]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2. Channel bandwid hs in DECT-2020 NR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3. Modula ion and coding schemes [21c]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4. LPWAN Technology speci ica ion compa ison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1. NS3 modeling speci ica ions o DECT NR+ echnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2. P opaga ion model con igu a ion o adio planning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3. T ansmi e con igu a ion o adio planning simula ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4. Recei e con igu a ion o adio planning simula ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.5. Radio planning esul s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.1. nRF9161 De ice Speci ica ions [No 24]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2. bidi ec ional ids.c inpu pa ame e s. ....................... 40
4.3. Powe measu emen esul s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.4. Da a Ra e Tes ing Pa ame e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.5. Imp o emen o he da a a e when he op imal consecu i e subslo s a e used. 49
4.6. Summa y o es pa ame e s o co-exis ence es ing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.7. Summa y o ob ained esul s o he di!e en co-exis ence cases ha we e
es ed......................................... 51
4.8. bidi ec ional ids.c con igu a ion o ange es ing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.9. La ency Tes ing Pa ame e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.10. Resul o la ency es ing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.11. Summa y o he pe o mance e alua ion es esul s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.1. URLLCKPI. .................................... 63
5.2. mMTCKPI. .................................... 64
5.3. Sma ligh ingKPI. ................................ 66
5.4. Sma ligh ing con igu a ion pa ame e s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1. Da a a e (kbi /s) es ing compa ison be ween di!e en MCS alues wi h
de aul alues (2 consecu i e slo s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2. Max ob ained da a a e (kbi /s) es ing compa ison be ween di!e en MCS
alues ........................................ 70
ii
1.3. O ganiza ion
The es o he documen is o ganized as ollows. The documen s s a wi h he backg ound
o he echnology by explaining i s his o y, main speci ica ions and how i di!e en ia es
i sel wi h echnologies ha also all unde he umb ella o Low-Powe wide-a ea ne wo k
(LPWAN) echnology. The ollowing chap e is a simula ion and modeling o he echnology,
con inuing wi h he e alua ion o he echnology whe e he ne wo king, use o adio esou ces
and pe o mance has been ex ensi ely es ed. The las chap e akes in o accoun all he
in o ma ion gained om he p e ious chap e s by showcasing h ee main use cases o he
echnology, and shows a p ac ical implemen a ion o a Sma Ligh ing solu ion using he
a ailable de ices ha suppo he echnology. The documen ends he o e all conclusions o
he wo k o his hesis, a lis o igu es, a lis o ables and he bibliog aphy o he esou ces
used in he p ojec .
3

2. Backg ound
In his chap e , he backg ound o he DECT NR+ echnology is p esen ed by including a
b ie his o y o DECT NR+, he key ea u es implemen ed by he echnology, and an analysis
o DECT NR+’s posi ion wi hin he wi eless landscape.
2.1. In oduc ion
This chap e p o ides an o e iew o he DECT NR+ echnology, ocusing on i s his o y,
key ea u es, and speci ica ions. The chap e begins wi h a b ie his o y o DECT NR+ and
i s de elopmen , highligh ing i s e olu ion om he DECT s anda d o he cu en DECT
NR+ echnology. The chap e hen p esen s he echnical speci ica ions and key ea u es o
DECT NR+, ou lining he sys em a chi ec u e, ne wo king capabili ies, and o he essen ial
aspec s o he echnology. Finally, he chap e discusses he posi ioning o DECT NR+
wi hin he wi eless communica ion landscape, compa ing i o o he wi eless echnologies
and highligh ing i s unique capabili ies and use cases.
This o e iew es ablishes a c i ical ounda ion o unde s anding he po en ial o his
newly s anda dized echnology, se ing he s age o he de ailed e alua ion and p ac ical
implemen a ion explo ed in subsequen chap e s.
2.2. His o y o DECT NR+
As he de elopmen o new echnological ad ances in he a ea o wi eless communica ion in
1980s, he new ways o use he adio c ea ed a b and new ways o use he a ailable adio
esou ces. Wi h he in end o c ea ing a s anda d o co dless elephony, ETSI s a ed de-
eloping he o iginal DECT (Digi al Enhanced Co dless Telecommunica ions) s anda d in
1988. Be o e DECT, he elecommunica ions landscape was domina ed by analog co dless
phone s anda ds ha we e cha ac e ized by lowe quali y ansmissions compa ed o DECT
and lacked he ad anced ea u es and secu i y p o ocols ha DECT in oduced. Addi ion-
ally, he e olu ion o mobile communica ions echnologies, such as GSM, began o eme ge
a ound his ime, o!e ing ano he o m o wi eless connec i i y beyond adi ional landline
and co dless phones.
The in oduc ion o Wi-Fi in he la e 1990s ma ked a pi o al momen in wi eless communi-
ca ions, o!e ing an al e na i e o wi ed connec ions o da a ansmission. Howe e , DECT
4
ini ially ocused on oice communica ions h ough co dless phones and la e expanded in o
da a applica ions, such as wi eless LANs and wi eless in e ne access se ices. Despi e i s
ad an ages, including good ange, high in e e ence immuni y, and suppo o as oam-
ing, DECT aced challenges in pene a ing he wi eless da a ma ke due o ac o s such as
egula o y hu dles and compe i ion om eme ging echnologies like Wi-Fi and cellula da a
se ices
The echnology ha is being analyzed in his hesis, DECT NR+, is buil upon he basis o
he DECT echnology, adding new ea u es and capabili ies o mee he equi emen s o he
5G s anda d. The de elopmen o 5G was d i en by he need o suppo he g owing demands
o he in e ne o hings (IoT), au onomous ehicles, and o he ad anced echnologies ha
equi e high-speed, eliable, and secu e connec ions.
DECT NR + is p omised o be one o he wo ld’s i s non-cellula 5G echnology s an-
da ds, which alls unde he ca ego y o LPWAN (Low Powe Wide A ea Ne wo k) ech-
nologies. The echnology allows any company o o ganiza ion o build i s own p i a e 5G
ne wo k, ee o a adi ional ne wo k ope a o . This app oach can po en ially lowe bo h
capi al expendi u es (CAPEX) and ope a ional expenses (OPEX), as companies may a oid
ini ial in es men s in pa ne ing wi h elecom p o ide s and educe ecu ing subsc ip ion
ees and se ice cha ges ypically associa ed wi h cellula ne wo k usage. Addi ionally, by
gaining con ol o e ne wo k in as uc u e and ope a ions, businesses can op imize hei
spending on equipmen and main enance, po en ially u he educing OPEX cos s. This
enables g ea e democ a iza ion o 5G ne wo ks, allowing use s o implemen hei desi ed
use cases wi h jus he necessa y de ices, hough hey may s ill need o conside a ious
ac o s including ne wo k se up, main enance, and egula o y compliance.
DECT NR+ was designed o be able o c ea e a sel -healing, decen alized, and au-
onomous mesh ne wo k, allowing easy de ice addi ion and elimina ing single poin s o
ailu e. Each node can unc ion as an access poin wi h di ec in e ne connec ion, adap ing
oles based on ne wo k needs. This mesh echnology o!e s lexibili y and scalabili y ac oss
indus ies, u ilizing cellula echniques o obus ness. Ope a ing on he 1.9 GHz band e-
duces deploymen cos s by elimina ing equency planning and ce i ica ion equi emen s.
The ETSI DECT o um [DEC] s a ed wo king in he s anda d in ea ly 2018 and was
comple ed in July 2020. The DECT o um buil DECT NR+ upon he basis o he DECT-
2020 NR ETSI s anda d, which is based on he IMT-2020 echnology ecommenda ion [In 23]
as in he ITU-R [In 24] ecognized by WP5D as a e m o desc ibe he global ision o 5G.
2.2.1. 5G
The DECT NR+ echnology is designed o mee he equi emen s o he Ul a Reliable Low
La ency Communica ions (URLLC) and massi e Machine Type Communica ions (mMTC)
use cases o IMT-2020. These wo equi emen s a e pa o he h ee main use cases o 5G
5
shown in he igu e 2.1, along wi h Enhanced Mobile B oadband (eMBB) ha ocuses in
highe peak da a a es.
Figu e 2.1.: Se ices ha can be implemen ed on echnological basis o 5G gene a ion com-
munica ion ne wo ks.
5G URLLC
URLLC s ands o Ul a Reliable Low La ency Communica ions. As i s name implies, i
ocuses on ensu ing ex emely high eliabili y and e y low la ency o c i ical applica ions.
Such applica ions migh include au onomous ehicles, indus ial au oma ion, and emo e
su ge y, whe e e en a sligh delay o ailu e could lead o ca as ophic ou comes. He e a e
he key equi emen s o URLLC in 5G:
•Reliabili y: URLLC aims o p o ide a eliabili y le el o 99.999% o mission-c i ical
applica ions. This means ha he sys em should be designed o minimize e o s and
ailu es o an ex emely low a e.
•La ency: The a ge la ency o URLLC is less han 1 millisecond (ms). This is sig-
ni ican ly lowe han he la ency a ge s se o gene al-pu pose 5G se ices, e lec ing
he need o nea -ins an aneous communica ion in c i ical applica ions.
•A ailabili y: URLLC mus main ain se ice a ailabili y unde all condi ions, includ-
ing ex eme wea he , high a”c loads, and ne wo k conges ion. This equi es obus
ne wo k design and edundancy measu es.
•Scalabili y: As he numbe o connec ed de ices inc eases, he ne wo k mus s ill be
able o gua an ee URLLC equi emen s wi hou deg ada ion in pe o mance.
6
This equi emen s a e mo e ex ensi ely explained la e in he 5.2 sec ion o his documen .
5G mMTC
mMTC (Massi e Machine-Type Communica ions) is mainly designed o suppo sel -con igu ed
and in as uc u e-less wi eless senso ne wo ks. mMTC enables connec ions o as num-
be s o IoT de ices and i suppo s applica ions like sma ci ies, whe e i moni o s u ili ies,
was e managemen , and ai quali y o c ea e mo e e”cien u ban en i onmen s. These use
cases le e age mMTC’s abili y o connec up o one million de ices pe squa e kilome e ,
enabling widesp ead IoT deploymen s ac oss indus ies. The key equi emen s o mMTC
in 5G a e as ollows:
•De ice Densi y: Ne wo ks mus be capable o suppo ing a e y high densi y o
connec ed de ices, a leas one million de ices pe squa e kilome e wi h he minimum
message densi y o one packe pe wo hou s.
•Low Powe Consump ion: De ices connec ed ia mMTC should consume minimal
powe , ex ending ba e y li e and making deploymen easie , especially in en i onmen s
whe e eplacing ba e ies equen ly is imp ac ical.
•E!cien Spec um Usage: Gi en he shee olume o de ices, e”cien use o spec-
um is c ucial o a oid conges ion and ensu e ai access o esou ces.
•Cos -E”ec i eness: The in as uc u e and de ices suppo ing mMTC should be
cos -e!ec i e o deploy and ope a e, conside ing he scale a which hese ne wo ks will
be olled ou .
This equi emen s a e mo e ex ensi ely explained la e in he 5.3 sec ion o his documen .
O e all, he echnology p omises o ul ill he equi emen s o his wo b and new main
use cases.
3GPP NR
Apa om DECT NR+, 3GPP NR [3GP22] is also men ioned as he main echnology o
mobile b oadband communica ion inside 5G. 3GPP NR is pa o he ongoing e olu ion o
mobile b oadband communica ion s anda ds, building upon p e ious gene a ions (2G, 3G,
4G/LTE) o mee he inc easing demands o mode n applica ions. As i can be seen on
he able 2.1, 3GPP NR is gea ed owa ds mobile b oadband and suppo s a wide ange
o mobile de ices and applica ions, including sma phones, lap ops, and IoT de ices. In
con as , DECT NR ocuses on p o iding highly capable and scalable p i a e ne wo king.
3GPP NR ope a es ac oss a b oad spec um, including bo h sub-6 GHz and mmWa e
bands, o deli e high da a a es and low la ency. In con as , DECT NR ypically uses
7
licensed spec um in he 1.8 GHz o 1.9 GHz band. 3GPP NR is designed o handle massi e
connec i i y and high da a a es, suppo ing housands o use s and de ices simul aneously,
hanks o i s backhaul a chi ec u e. Meanwhile DECT NR, while capable o suppo ing
mul iple de ices, is gene ally ocused on smalle -scale deploymen s ha don’ equi e ha
much planing.
In summa y, as i can be seen in he 2.1. igu e, while bo h 3GPP NR and DECT NR a e
ela ed o he e olu ion o wi eless communica ion echnologies, hey add ess di!e en needs
and en i onmen s. While 3GPP NR is a global s anda d o mobile b oadband, ca e ing
o he demands o a wide ange o mobile de ices and applica ions, DECT NR ocuses in
b inging in as uc u e-less ne wo k opologies o he end use o use cases ha ocus on low
la ency and high de ice densi ies. In his hesis, he scalabili y and pe o mance o DECT
NR+ a e e alua ed o de e mine i s sui abili y o a ious use cases and applica ions.
Table 2.1.: Compa ison o 3GPP NR & DECT-2020 NR [DEC24].
Pa ame e 3GPP NR DECT-2020 NR
Spec um Spec um Auc ioned o MNO;
si e Licensed (Campus) License exemp o 1,9 GHz
Topology Cellula P2P1, P2M2, Mesh and Cellula 3
In as uc u e
Base s a ion (BS) and Use
Equipmen (UE) managed by
MNO (Mobile Ne wo k Ope a o )
Local Sel -o ganizing RDs wi h
con ex based oles
Use cases eMBB, URLLC, mMTC URLLC, mMTC
The nex sec ion will p esen he echnical speci ica ions and key ea u es implemen ed
in he DECT NR+ echnology ha ha e been designed and implemen ed o mee his e-
qui emen s. In his hesis, his new key ea u es a e analyzed o check i he echnology is
capable o mee ing he equi emen s o he URLLC and mMTC use cases.
2.3. Speci ica ions
In his sec ion he echnical speci ica ions and key ea u es implemen ed in he DECT NR+
echnology a e p esen ed. The in o ma ion is mainly based on he ETSI echnical speci ica-
ions [21b; 21c; 23] and he DECT NR+ whi epape [DEC24]. This in o ma ion is c ucial
o unde s anding he echnology and i s capabili ies, as well as o unde s anding how he
echnical ad ancemen s p omised by he echnology a e accomplished.
1P2P: Poin - o-Poin
2P2M: Poin - o-Mul ipoin
3DECT NR+ is mainly designed o suppo sel -con igu ed and in as uc u e-less wi eless ne wo ks ha
wo k o P2P, P2M and Mesh opologies, bu i also suppo s cell opologies, e en hough i ’s no i ’s main
pu pose.
8

2.3.1. Sys em A chi ec u e
The a chi ec u e o he DECT NR+ sys em can be de ined in di!e en laye s ha will be de-
sc ibed in his chap e . The a chi ec u e ollows he igu e 2.2, whe e each laye implemen s
an speci ic se s o unc ionali ies ha adds o he o e all unc ionali y o he sys em. I
s a s wi h he Physical (PHY) laye , esponsible o he ansmission and ecep ion o adio
signals. Abo e i , he Medium Access Con ol (MAC) laye manages access o he commu-
nica ion medium, ensu ing e”cien da a ansmission. The Da a Link Con ol (DLC) laye
handles ou ing and link managemen be ween de ices. Mo ing up, he Con e gence (CVG)
laye p o ides essen ial se ices such as ansmission, secu i y, and endpoin mul iplexing,
acili a ing secu e and eliable communica ion. A he op, he IP 6 and Applica ion laye s
manage use applica ions and IP-based communica ion, comple ing he da a low ac oss he
ne wo k.
Figu e 2.2.: Illus a ion o o e all p o ocol s ack a chi ec u e o DECT-2020 [21b].
2.3.2. Ne wo king
As o ne wo king, DECT NR+ o!e s di!e en ypes o opologies ha can be used o build
local a ea wi eless access ne wo ks, ha don’ elay on a cellula ne wo k. De ices in he
ne wo k a e known as Radio De ice (RD) ha ha e adio ansmission and ecep ion capa-
bili ies, which can ope a e in he ollowing dis inc ope a ional modes:
•Fixed Te mina ion (FT): RD ini ia es coo dina es local adio esou ces, p o ides
in o ma ion how o he RDs may connec and communica e wi h i . I also p o ides
connec ion as a sink o o he ex e nal se ices and ne wo ks.
•Po able Te mina ion (PT): RD selec s ano he RD, which is in FT mode, o
associa ion. I ac s as a use equipmen o end node in he ne wo k.
The ollowing di!e en ne wo k opologies a e suppo ed by DECT NR+, each op imized
o di!e en use cases:
9
Wi eless Poin - o-Poin and Poin - o-Mul ipoin Links
DECT NR+, as i s ac onym clea ly implies (Digi al Enhanced Co dless Telecommunica-
ions), can be used as a e y eliable Poin - o-Poin and Poin - o-Mul ipoin Wi eless Links
p o isioning as a cable eplacemen solu ion by a wi eless link es ablished be ween wo adio
de ices equi ing communica ing wi h each o he . This ype o ne wo k opology is also
known as a s a opology, when se e al end nodes a e connec ed o he main node, and i
allows suppo o URLLC use cases and is also used in echnologies such as LoRA, Sig ox
and NB-Io , as shown in a la e sec ion o his documen .
Compa ed o wi eline sys ems, wi eless comes wi h he bene i ha poin o mul ipoin
communica ion is an inhe en ea u e o adio p opaga ion, so ha he suppo o b oadcas
and mul icas messages om one poin o mul iple poin s is jus a ma e o p o ocol.
The adio connec ion be ween wo o mo e adio de ices is enabled by one RD selec ing
o ope a e in FT mode (RDFT) and ini ia e adio esou ce coo dina ion and beacon ans-
missions. O he RD(s) pe o m associa ion p ocedu e in PT mode (RDPT) and wi h he
RDFT.
Mesh ne wo king
The mesh ne wo king capabili y o DECT NR+ enables applica ion-d i en ne wo k opolo-
gies and deploymen s in e.g., mMTC use scena ios, such ha he link budge o classical
cellula base-s a ion use equipmen cons ella ions is no longe a limi ing ac o . Mesh opol-
ogy can suppo high de ice densi ies, and he au onomous ou ing p o ides he abili y o
adap dynamically o mobile use s and in e e ence. This ne wo king unc ionali y is one
o he main key ea u es o DECT NR+ ha makes i unique compa ed o o he LPWAN
echnologies.
As de ined in he s anda d [21b], he mesh sys em ope a ion is based on a clus e ed ee
opology whe e each RD decides he nex hop indi idually based on a ailable ou es owa ds
he RD p o iding he connec ion o he ex e nal esou ces. Each adio de ice has knowledge
o he nex uplink and downlink hop in he clus e ed ee and RDFT, o RDFT,PT mode in
each clus e con ols adio esou ces ( equency bands, HARQ, MCS...) and ansmissions
independen ly o each adio link.
The ne wo k is ini ia ed by an RDFT ha is connec ed o one o mul iple backend e-
sou ces, which selec s he ope a ing equency/ies and ini ia es a beacon ansmission indi-
ca ing ha i has a ou e o he ex e nal wo ld. Thanks o his, he RDs in he ne wo k
de ec he beacon and e alua e he connec ion based on he in o ma ion included in he
ecei ed beacon and decide o associa e wi h he RD p o iding he bes connec ion o he
sink. The p ocess con inues o he nex hops and so on, as illus a ed in he igu e 2.3. Radio
de ices can change oles based on ne wo k needs, e.g. an RD may change om PT o FT
mode, o ice e sa, based on he ne wo k needs.
10
The ou ing unc ionali y in mesh ne wo ks adds complexi y o he ne wo k and he p o-
ocols used, bu i also p o ides edundancy and aul ole ance. I one node canno each
he des ina ion, i can send he da a o ano he node ha can. This makes mesh ne wo ks
mo e eliable han ne wo k opologies ha he es o LPWAN echnologies p o ide. The
ou ing is based on a cos alue, wi hou he need o main ain ou ing ables in each de ice.
The consequences o his added ex a le el o complexi y needs o be s udied in e ms o
eliabili y, scalabili y and powe consump ion, be o e he deploymen o he co esponding
applica ion ha uses his ne wo king solu ion.
Local A ea Wi eless Access Ne wo ks in Cellula Ne wo k opology
E en hough DECT NR+ is a non-cellula echnology, i can s ill be used o build local a ea
wi eless access ne wo ks ollowing a cellula ne wo k opology. This allows he deploymen
o a la ge numbe o adio de ices in a small a ea, which can be used o suppo mMTC
use cases. A single-cell ne wo k opology in ol es an RDFT as a base s a ion, which is a
componen o he ixed ne wo k in as uc u e, and o he RDPT as use equipmen in he
ne wo k.
RDFT coo dina es he adio esou ces and p o ides in o ma ion on how o he RDs may
connec and communica e wi h i . RDPT selec s he RDFT o associa ion and communica-
ion.
Figu e 2.3.: Fo ma ion o he clus e ed ee mesh ne wo k opology [21b].
2.3.3. Physical Laye
Looking a he ETSI echnical Speci ica ion o he physical laye o DECT NR + [23],
he physical laye employs mul iple nume ologies, wi h di!e en subca ie spacings ac o s,
known as µ, and co esponding Cyclic P e ix leng hs and FFT sizes, allowing ope a ion wi h
di!e en channel bandwid hs, and op imize ope a ions in di!e en equency bands and
11
p opaga ion en i onmen s. In addi ion, he Fou ie ans o m scaling ac o , also known
as ω, can be se o allow di!e en ansmission bandwid hs o each con igu a ion o he
subca ie spacing. This esul s in he suppo o nominal RF bandwid h om 1,728 MHz
up o 221,184 MHz, whe e he nominal and ansmission channel bandwid hs a e de ined
in he able 2.2. The capabili y o ope a e a high bandwid h alues enables highe da a
h oughpu in ansmission, compa ed o o he Low-Powe Wide-A ea Ne wo k (LPWAN)
echnologies.
Table 2.2.: Channel bandwid hs in DECT-2020 NR.
Channel Type Nominal channel
bandwid h (MHz)
T ansmission
channel bandwid h
(MHz)
Ope a ing channel bandwid h I 1,728 MHz 1,539 MHz
Ope a ing channel bandwid h II 3,456 MHz 3,051 MHz
Ope a ing channel bandwid h III 6,912 MHz 6,075 MHz
Radio cha ac e is ics
ETSI de ines 17 ope a ing bands om 450 MHz up o 5 875 Mhz. The wide ange o ope a ing
bands in DECT NR+ echnology ca e s o a mul i ude o use cases, enhancing i s e sa ili y.
Howe e , his di e si y also demands me iculous analysis o ensu e he co ec con igu a ion
o DECT NR+ o he app op ia e equency band, c ucial o op imizing pe o mance. The
ange o a ailable channels can be seen mo e clea ly in he igu e 2.4 aken om he ETSI
s anda d [21c].
Du ing he wo k o his hesis, he band 1 channel 1677 (1899,069 MHz) has been used,
as i ’s he main one ma ke ed by he DECT o um. The minimum channel spacing is 1,728
MHZ be ween adjacen channels cen e o cen e equencies.
Mo eo e , up o 8x8 open loop s eams o MIMO and beam o ming can be used du ing he
an enna p ocessing o enhancing he capaci y and eliabili y o wi eless communica ions,
especially in challenging p opaga ion en i onmen s such as u ban a eas wi h dense buildings
o in high-speed ehicula scena ios.
Powe le els
Fo ansmi e ope a ion, maximum ou pu powe classes o 23dBm, 19dBm, and 10dBm
a e speci ied, wi h a ±2dB powe ole ance. This lexibili y allows o adap a ion o a ious
applica ion equi emen s, including ba e y-powe ed scena ios. Addi ionally, he ansmi e
ou pu powe can be adjus ed down o -40dBm, acili a ing high equipmen densi y use cases.
12
app oach makes HARQ pa icula ly e!ec i e in a ying signal condi ions.
The in luence o his e o con ol mechanism on la ency and da a a es du ing ansmis-
sion needs o be analyzed wi hin he DECT NR+ echnology amewo k o ensu e eliabili y
o use cases equi ing low la ency and high da a a es.
2.3.5. Da a Link Con ol and Con e gence Laye
The Da a Link Con ol (DLC) and Con e gence laye s play a c ucial ole in ne wo k com-
munica ion, o!e ing lexibili y in sys em a chi ec u e. The DLC laye is esponsible o
essen ial unc ions a each adio link, including segmen a ion and packe ou ing, which a e
i al o managing da a ansmission e”cien ly. The a chi ec u e o he DLC in ol es a
single ou ing se ice en i y in each Radio De ice (RD), wi h dis inc DLC en i y se s o
di!e en ope a ional modes and communica ion scena ios. These en i ies handle a ious se -
ice modes based on Quali y o Se ice (QoS) and applica ion da a o ma equi emen s,
ensu ing da a is ansmi ed and ecei ed acco ding o he speci ic needs o he ne wo k and
i s applica ions.
The DLC laye suppo s ad anced ea u es like anspa en mode o s aigh o wa d da a
ansmission and segmen a ion mode o di iding da a in o smalle segmen s o e”cien
ansmission. Addi ionally, he DLC laye acili a es packe ou ing in a ious di ec ions
(backend o RD, RD o backend, and be ween RDs) using unicas , mul icas , o b oadcas
add esses, enhancing he lexibili y and adap abili y o he ne wo k communica ion p ocess.
2.3.6. Co-exis ence
DECT NR+ was designed o be backwa ds compa ible wi h p e ious DECT e sions by
suppo ing he same equency bands (1880 MHz o 1900 MHz), ame s uc u e, and im-
ing. This ensu es ha DECT NR+ de ices can ope a e alongside olde DECT echnologies
wi hou in e e ence, allowing o a smoo h ansi ion o he new s anda d. Addi ionally,
DECT NR+ inco po a es new ea u es like he p e iously p esen ed Hyb id HARQ, CP-
OFDM, and LBT o andom access esou ces. These ea u es enhance he pe o mance and
e”ciency o DECT NR+ ne wo ks, making hem mo e obus and eliable in challenging
en i onmen s.
2.4. Compa isons
2.4.1. In oduc ion
In his sec ion o he documen , a compa a i e analysis o DECT NR+ echnology is con-
duc ed agains o he simila wi eless communica ion echnologies. The ocus lies on ex-
amining he ea u es, speci ica ions, and use cases ha di!e en ia e each echnology, mo e
19

speci ically in he eu opean ma ke .
The eason behind his compa ison is o g asp a b oade unde s anding o he en i onmen
in which DECT NR+ echnology ope a es. By con as ing DECT NR+ wi h al e na i e
echnologies, i becomes possible o iden i y i s place wi hin he wide ecosys em o wi eless
communica ion solu ions. This compa ison no only s esses he compe i i e dynamics bu
also highligh s he dis inc i e cha ac e is ics ha he DECT NR+ echnology o!e s.
Fu he mo e, acing he ajec o y o hese echnologies o e ime e eals signi ican
ends in echnological p og ession. These ends may sugges po en ial pa hways o he
e olu ion o DECT NR+, o!e ing insigh s in o u u e de elopmen s o unco e ing a enues
o inno a ion and e inemen , o e en highligh he inno a i e ea u es ha DECT NR+
al eady implemen s.
2.4.2. LTE-M
S a ing wi h LTE-M [GSM19], his echnology is a low-powe wide-a ea ne wo k (LPWAN)
echnology ha ope a es on licensed spec um, p omising ex ended co e age and imp o ed
ba e y li e o IoT de ices. LTE-M is designed o suppo massi e machine- ype commu-
nica ion (mMTC) applica ions, jus like in he case o DECT NR+, making i sui able o
a wide ange o IoT use cases. Howe e , LTE-M has ce ain limi a ions and cha ac e is ics
ha di!e en ia e i om DECT NR+ echnology.
As opposed o LTE-M, DECT NR+ ope a es in he license-exemp 1.9 GHz spec um.
This allows o ee use wi hou he need o pu chasing licenses, signi ican ly educing
ope a ional cos s compa ed o LTE-M, which equi es licensed spec um and hus incu s
licensing ees. This aspec makes DECT NR+ mo e cos -e!ec i e o IoT deploymen s,
especially in scena ios whe e licensing ees a e a conce n. Mo eo e , LTE-M needs a ca ie -
p o ided backbone ne wo k, o!e ing less lexibili y in e ms o ne wo k a chi ec u e and
deploymen compa ed o DECT NR+, which allows o p i a e mesh ne wo ks wi hou he
need o SIM ca ds o cos ly base s a ions. Howe e , he a ailabili y o being connec ed
o a ca ie ne wo k backbone allows he de ices in he LTE-M ne wo k o access ex e nal
se ices and he in e ne , simple han in he DECT NR+ ne wo k.
I is ue ha LTE-M o!e s a wide de ice ange co e age a a ound 11km, bu a he
cos o a lowe de ice densi y and da a a e. DECT NR+ is designed o sho e - ange
communica ions, ypically up o 3 kilome e s, making i sui able o localized IoT ne wo ks
such as hose ound in sma ci ies, ac o ies, o la ge buildings. This cha ac e is ic is
pa icula ly ad an ageous o IoT applica ions equi ing he connec ion o nume ous de ices
wi hin a limi ed a ea, whe e DECT NR+ can p o ide be e pe o mance in conges ed
en i onmen s due o i s abili y o suppo high-densi y deploymen s e”cien ly.
As p e iously said, while bo h echnologies se e mMTC applica ions, DECT NR+ is
speci ically ailo ed o mMTC and ul a- eliable low-la ency communica ion (URLLC).
20
LTE-M, on he o he hand, se es a b oade gene al-pu pose audience, including M2M ap-
plica ions ha may no equi e he same le el o eliabili y o low la ency as DECT NR+.
2.4.3. NB-IoT
As LTE-M, NB-IoT (Na owband In e ne o Things) [GSMb] is a cellula echnology de-
signed speci ically o low-powe wide-a ea ne wo ks (LPWANs). Howe e , as LTE-M is bes
sui ed o applica ions equi ing ela i ely high uplink and downlink speeds in he con ex
o IoT, NB-IoT ocuses on op imizing de ices ha equi e minimal powe consump ion and
ansmi small amoun s o da a in equen ly, by lowe ing he bandwid h (180 KHz) and ha -
ing highe la ency (1.5-10sec). DECT NR+, on he o he hand, is designed o high-densi y
IoT ne wo ks and can suppo bo h high da a a es and low powe consump ion depending
on he applica ion.
A esea ch by Roman Ko alchuko called “DECT-2020 New Radio: The Nex S ep owa d
5G Massi e Machine-Type Communica ions”(2022) [Ko +22] indica ed ha DECT 2020 NR
( he basis o DECT NR+) is signi ican ly mo e powe -e”cien han NB-IoT, showing up o
24 imes mo e e”ciency when applied o Blue oo h silicon and a 2.4 imes imp o emen in
powe e”ciency o e NB-IoT de ices when lashed on o cellula chips.
2.4.4. Blue oo h 5.3 Low Ene gy
Blue oo h Low Ene gy (BLE) [RFP24] is designed o sho - ange communica ion be ween
de ices. I is widely used in wea ables, sma home de ices and some IoT applica ions,due
o i s low powe consump ion and ease o use. Blue oo h 5.3 is he la es e sion o he
BLE s anda d, o!e ing imp o ed ange, speed, and secu i y ea u es compa ed o p e ious
e sions.
While BLE is sui able o many IoT applica ions, i has ce ain limi a ions ha di!e -
en ia e i om DECT NR+. BLE ope a es in he 2.4 GHz ISM band, which is a c owded
equency band ha can lead o in e e ence and educed pe o mance in conges ed en i on-
men s. BLE has a ange o a ound 100 me e s, which is su”cien o many IoT applica ions
bu may no be sui able o la ge-scale deploymen s o ou doo en i onmen s.
Ano he key di!e ence be ween DECT NR+ and BLE is he da a a e. DECT NR+ o!e s
a highe da a a e o 3.4 Mbps, making i sui able o applica ions equi ing high-speed da a
ans e , such as ideo s eaming o eal- ime moni o ing. BLE, on he o he hand, has a
lowe da a a e o 250 kbps, which may be su”cien o many IoT applica ions bu may no
mee he equi emen s o high-bandwid h applica ions.
In e ms o powe consump ion, bo h DECT NR+ and BLE a e designed o be low-powe
echnologies, making hem sui able o ba e y-ope a ed de ices. BLE also allows mesh
ne wo king capabili ies, bu no by de aul , only when addi ional p o ocols and modules a e
inco po a ed on op o he LE base.
21
2.4.5. IEEE 802.15.4
IEEE 802.15.4 [IEE] is a echnical s anda d ha de ines he ope a ion o low- a e wi eless
pe sonal a ea ne wo ks (LR-WPANs) in which echnologies such as Zigbee, Th ead, and
6LoWPAN a e based on. I is widely used in IoT applica ions, indus ial au oma ion, and
sma home de ices due o i s low powe consump ion and low da a a e. IEEE 802.15.4,
like he p e iously men ioned echnologies, ope a es in he 2.4 GHz ISM band and o!e s a
communica ion ange o up o 10 me e s wi h line o sigh a a ans e a e o 250 kbps.
While IEEE 802.15.4 is sui able o many IoT applica ions, i has ce ain limi a ions ha
di!e en ia e i om DECT NR+. IEEE 802.15.4 is designed o sho - ange communica ion
and may no be sui able o applica ions equi ing ex ended co e age o high de ice densi y.
DECT NR+, on he o he hand, o!e s a longe ange o up o se e al kilome e s and can
suppo high-densi y deploymen s wi h minimal powe consump ion.
2.4.6. LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide A ea Ne wo k) [GSMa] is a p i a e wi eless communica ion
echnology ha is widely used in IoT applica ions, sma ci ies, and indus ial au oma ion.
I ope a es in he unlicensed ISM bands (868 MHz in Eu ope and 915 MHz in he US) and
o!e s a long communica ion ange o up o 10 kilome e s in u al a eas and 1 kilome e in
u ban a eas. LoRa is designed o low-powe , wide-a ea ne wo ks (LPWANs) and o!e s a
low da a a e o up o 50 kbps. This lowe equencies help he signal o a el u he , bu
a he cos o a lowe da a a e.
I ’s a p i a e echnology o p i a e ne wo ks, he e o e i ’s no sui able o public ne -
wo ks. LoRa is a good echnology o long- ange communica ion, bu i may no be sui able
o applica ions equi ing high da a a es o high de ice densi y. DECT NR+ o!e s a highe
da a a e and can suppo high-densi y deploymen s wi h minimal powe consump ion, mak-
ing i sui able o a wide ange o IoT applica ions. I can be said ha NR + makes an open
and s anda dized al e na i e o his p op ie a y echnology, e en hough i s di!e ences o
LoRaWAN in ne wo king and da a a e capabili ies.
2.4.7. Conclusions
In conclusion, he compa a i e analysis o DECT NR+ wi h o he wi eless communica ion
echnologies e eals ha DECT NR+ o!e s unique ea u es and capabili ies ha se i apa
om exis ing solu ions. Speci ically, DECT NR+ is op imized o high-densi y IoT ne wo ks,
suppo ing bo h high da a a es o up o 3.4 Mbps and low powe consump ion. This com-
bina ion makes i pa icula ly sui able o a wide ange o IoT applica ions, including sma
ci y in as uc u e, indus ial au oma ion, and la ge-scale building managemen sys ems.
Ope a ing in he license-exemp 1.9 GHz spec um, DECT NR+ elimina es he need o
22
cos ly licensing ees associa ed wi h o he echnologies. This aspec signi ican ly educes
ope a ional cos s, making i an a ac i e op ion o o ganiza ions seeking o deploy IoT
solu ions wi hou subs an ial up on in es men s.
The echnology’s ex ended ange o up o se e al kilome e s u he enhances i s appeal o
localized IoT ne wo ks. This capabili y allows o seamless co e age ac oss la ge indus ial
acili ies, u ban a eas, o sp awling campus en i onmen s, add essing connec i i y challenges
aced by adi ional sho - ange IoT solu ions.
As demons a ed in Table 2.4, DECT NR+ o!e s unp eceden ed possibili ies in he IoT
ield. I s unique combina ion o high da a a es and ex ensi e ange posi ions i as a leade
among compa able wi eless communica ion echnologies. Figu e 2.9 illus a es his ad an-
age isually, showcasing DECT NR+ as he only candida e o!e ing bo h high ange and
da a a es simul aneously.
Mo eo e , DECT NR+ acili a es mo e complex ne wo k opologies and enables ue du-
plex communica ion be ween de ices. Unlike many exis ing IoT echnologies ha ely on
simple epo ing nodes, DECT NR+ suppo s ad anced mesh ne wo king capabili ies. This
ea u e allows o dynamic ne wo k econ igu a ion and enhanced eliabili y, c ucial ac o s
in mission-c i ical IoT applica ions.
In ligh o hese indings, i is concluded ha DECT NR+ ep esen s a signi ican ad-
ancemen in wi eless communica ion echnology o IoT applica ions. I s unique blend o
pe o mance, lexibili y, and cos -e!ec i eness makes i an a ac i e solu ion o o gani-
za ions seeking o deploy obus , scalable IoT ne wo ks ac oss a ious indus ies. As he
IoT landscape con inues o e ol e, DECT NR+ is poised o play a c ucial ole in enabling
nex -gene a ion sma in as uc u e and indus ial au oma ion sys ems.
23
Figu e 2.9.: Compa ison o echnologies based on hei max da a a es and ange.
24

Table 2.4.: LPWAN Technology speci ica ion compa ison.
Speci ica ions DECT
NR+ LTE-M NB-IoT BLE 5.3 IEEE
802.15.4
LoRa
WAN
Release Release 2
June 2023
3GPP
Release 13
June 2016
3GPP
Release 13
June 2016
July 2021 La es July
2020
Janua y
2015
Range up o
se e al km 5km
U ban:
1km Ru al:
10km
c.a. 100 m 10 →75 m
U ban:
2-5km
Ru al:
15km
F equency
Bands
B1 (1.9
GHz)
B20
(833-862
MHz)
B3 (1800),
B8 (900)
and B20
(800)
2.4 GHz
ISM
868/915
MHz & 2.4
GHz
863-870
MHz
Max EIRP
Powe 23 dBm 30 dBm 20/23 dBm 20 dBm 20 dBm 14 dBm
ou doo
RX
sensi i i y
-99,7 dBm
[An +21] -126 dBm -141 dBm -96,7 dBm
[22]
-96,7 dBm
[22]
-128 dBm
[Ra 24]
Bandwid h 1,728 MHz 1.4-5 MHz 180 kHz 5 MHz 5 MHz (2
MHz)
max 500
kHz
DL peak a e 3.4 Mbps 1 Mbps 26 Kbps 250 kbps 250 kbps 50 kbps
UP peak a e 3.4 Mbps 1 Mbps 66 Kbps 250 kbps 250 kbps 50 kbps
La ency 1 ms 10-15 ms 1.5-10 s 40 ms →50ms Seconds
Modula ion CP-OFDM OFDMA OFDMA GFSK O-QPSK /
GFSK FSS / CSS
Duplex mode Full / Hal Full / Hal Hal Hal Hal Hal
Ne wo king P P / S a
/Mesh S a S a P P / S a
/Mesh
P P / S a
/Mesh S a
De ices/km 100-
1million - - Thousands Thousands Thousands
25
2.5. Summa y
This chap e p o ides an o e iew o he DECT NR+ echnology, ocusing on i s his o y,
sys em a chi ec u e, and di!e en ia ion om o he echnologies in he ma ke . I s e sa ili y
in suppo ing a ious ne wo k opologies (poin - o-poin , poin - o-mul ipoin , cellula , and
mesh ne wo ks) and he abili y o c ea e sel -deployed ne wo ks make i an a ac i e solu ion
o a wide ange o applica ions. The physical laye u ilizes mul iple modula ion schemes and
coding a es o op imize da a ansmission ac oss di!e en equency bands and p opaga ion
en i onmen s. The MAC laye ensu es e”cien access con ol and secu e communica ion.
The DLC and Con e gence laye s p o ide essen ial unc ions o packe ou ing and da a
segmen a ion, suppo ing a ious se ice modes and QoS equi emen s.
The subsequen chap e s will del e in o he modeling and implemen a ion o DECT NR+
echnology in eal-wo ld scena ios using he i s a ailable de ices implemen ing his ech-
nology. This explo a ion aims o assess i s pe o mance and capabili ies in p ac ical se ings,
as he e is cu en ly limi ed public esea ch on his opic, due o DECT NR+ being a newly
eme ging echnology. In his explo a ion, he co ec unc ionali ies o he me hods ha he
echnology implemen s o achie ing he equi emen s o URLLC and mMTC, e.g., HARQ
and LBT, a e analyzed. Such analysis is i al be o e he echnology is e en conside ed o be
implemen ed in ac ual use cases.
26
3. Simula ion and Modeling
In his chap e he simula ion and modeling o he DECT NR+ echnology will be discussed.
3.1. In oduc ion
Now ha he echnology has been p ope ly in oduced and compa ed o he es o ech-
nologies in he LP-WAN landscape, he nex s ep is o simula e and model he echnology
o be e unde s and i s capabili ies and how i can be used in di!e en scena ios. The
simula ion and modeling o he echnology has been done in wo di!e en ways, one using
he NS3 so wa e o he ne wo king pa o he echnology and he o he using Ma lab o
he adio planning pa o he echnology.
Analyzing DECT NR+ echnology equi es a deep unde s anding he use o i s adio
capabili ies (RF) and ne wo king capabili ies. Fo ne wo king aspec s, simula ion ocuses on
he p o ocol s ack, including physical laye cha ac e is ics, da a link p o ocols, and ne wo k
laye unc ionali ies. This in ol es modeling he modula ion schemes, e o co ec ion codes,
and packe s uc u es used by DECT NR+. Simula ion ools can help assess he sys em’s
pe o mance unde a ious a”c loads, in e e ence le els, and mobili y scena ios, p o iding
insigh s in o h oughpu , la ency, and eliabili y.
By combining RF and ne wo king simula ions, de elope s can gain a comp ehensi e un-
de s anding o how DECT NR+ echnology will pe o m in eal-wo ld applica ions. This
app oach allows o op imiza ion o bo h ha dwa e componen s, such as an ennas and
anscei e s, and so wa e elemen s, including communica ion p o ocols and algo i hms,
be o e mo ing o physical es ing. Such ho ough simula ion e!o s ensu e ha he inal
p oduc mee s he desi ed pe o mance c i e ia, educes de elopmen cos s, and accele a es
ime- o-ma ke .
3.2. Ne wo k simula ion - NS3
The NS3 simula ion so wa e [] has been u ilized o simula ing DECT NR+ echnology.
This communi y-d i en, open-sou ce so wa e is a disc e e-e en ne wo k simula o widely
employed o esea ch and educa ional pu poses. NS3 o!e s a modula a chi ec u e, enabling
use s o c ea e cus om ne wo k models, p o ocols, and applica ions, making i adap able o
27
simula ing a b oad spec um o wi eless echnologies. Use s p ima ily in e ac wi h NS-3
h ough command-line in e aces and de elop simula ions using C++ and/o Py hon.
As o da e o w i ing his documen , he e is no DECT NR+ module a ailable in NS3. To
add ess his gap, se e al esea che s who ha e p e iously wo ked on simula ing DECT NR+
echnology we e con ac ed o guidance on how o p oceed wi h he simula ion. Roman
Ko alchuko , au ho o he esea ch pape “DECT-2020 New Radio: The Nex S ep To-
wa ds 5G Massi e Machine-Type Communica ions” [Ko +22], sugges ed u ilizing he IEEE
802.15.4 model [ns-24a] as a ounda ion o modeling DECT NR+ echnology. In con as ,
Timo Nih ilae, au ho o he “Ene gy Consump ion o DECT-2020 NR Mesh Ne wo ks”
esea ch pape [NB22], ecommended employing he 802.11s mesh model [ns-24b] due o
simila i ies be ween he MAC laye s o DECT NR+ and 802.11s.
Conside ing hese ecommenda ions, bo h models we e analyzed and compa ed o de e -
mine which one aligns be e wi h he echnology unde in es iga ion. While he IEEE
802.15.4 model se es as an excellen s a ing poin due o i s ele ance o low-powe , low-
a e wi eless pe sonal a ea ne wo ks (LR-WPANs) commonly used in IoT applica ions, he
802.11s mesh model was ul ima ely chosen. This decision was made because he 802.11s
model acili a es mo e complex mesh con igu a ions, which is c ucial o he in ended sim-
ula ions. Addi ionally, i suppo s equency sp eading, enabling he simula ion o DECT
NR+ echnology’s MAC laye Random Access Channel (RACH).
Design o he simula ion
Fo he es ing he 802.11s mesh model has been used o he simula ing he mesh capabili ies
o he DECT NR+ echnology in a URLLC use case whe e one ne wo k ha consis s in one
RDFT and he e!ec o amoun o RDPT o one RDFT has been simula ed and analyzed.
The simula ed model ollows he model shown in he igu e 3.1. Due o he eason ha
c ea ing a b and new NS3 module o DECT NR+ om eh s a goes beyond he iming and
in e es o his hesis, ins ead o c ea ing a b and new model o he DECT NR+ echnology,
he 802.11s mesh model has been used as a s a ing poin o simula e he mesh capabili ies
o he DECT NR+ echnology. To simula e he echnology he pa ame e s de ined in he
able 3.1 ha e been de ined.
In he simula ion and UDP echo se e has been ins alled in he de ice 0 ha simula es
aRDFT. As he UDP echo clien , a node in he opposi e co ne o he ne wo k has been
selec ed o which he es o he nodes on he ne wo k send he da a o. As explained in he
NS3 802.11a mesh model, we e his simula ion is based on, he node spacing e!ec s in he
ollowing way:
•Sho dis ances (<15 me e s): Di ec communica ion possible.
•In e media e dis ances (15 ↑30 me e s): Two-hop diagonal ou es used.
28
a ions o exis ing models, such as IEEE 802.11s, due o he absence o a dedica ed DECT
NR+ module. While his app oach has p o ided meaning ul p elimina y esul s, u he
wo k could in ol e de eloping and es ing a dedica ed DECT NR+ module wi hin NS3 o
p o ide a mo e accu a e ep esen a ion o he echnology’s pe o mance.
35

4. E alua ion o DECT NR+ echnology
Chap e dedica ed o he es ing ollowed o he cha ac e iza ion o he DECT NR+ ech-
nology ia speci ica ion, unc ionali y and RF es ing.
4.1. In oduc ion
The DECT NR+ echnology, hough ela i ely new, p esen s signi ican oppo uni ies o
wi eless communica ion sys ems. As o he de elopmen o his hesis, he e is a no able
absence o empi ical s udies on he capabili ies o DECT NR+ echnology in ac ual de ices.
This gap in knowledge s ems om he echnology’s ecen in oduc ion, wi h mos esea ch
based on simula ions and heo e ical models a he han p ac ical implemen a ions.
This chap e aims o add ess his knowledge gap by p o iding a comp ehensi e e alua ion
o DECT NR+ echnology. The ocus is on analyzing he echnology’s p omises agains i s
ac ual capabili ies, u ilizing he i s a ailable de ices implemen ing his echnology. The
objec i e is o assess whe he hese ini ial implemen a ions mee he expec ed s anda ds and
po en ial o DECT NR+.
To achie e his objec i e, an ex ensi e es ing o key speci ica ions o he echnology
was conduc ed. This e alua ion was c ucial o unde s anding he echnology’s capabili ies
and limi a ions, which a e essen ial o de e mining i s sui abili y o a ious use cases and
applica ions. The esea ch con ibu es signi ican ly o he de elopmen o DECT NR+
echnology by p o iding empi ical e idence o i s eal-wo ld pe o mance.
The e alua ion p ocess u ilized he No dic nRF9161 Sys em-in-Package (SiP), which in-
co po a es DECT NR+ capabili ies along wi h LTE-M/NB-IoT suppo . The assessmen
encompassed ne ow king unc ionali ies, RF capabili ies and de ice speci ica ions (da a a e,
delay, ange...). This comp ehensi e e alua ion allowed insigh s in o he p ac ical implica-
ions o DECT NR+ echnology in eal-wo ld scena ios.
This chap e se es as a ounda ion o u u e esea ch and de elopmen in he ield o
DECT NR+, p o iding aluable insigh s in o i s cu en s a e and po en ial applica ions.
By b idging he gap be ween heo e ical expec a ions and p ac ical eali ies, he s udy con-
ibu es o he ad ancemen o wi eless communica ion echnologies and hei in eg a ion
in o IoT ecosys ems.
36
4.2. Equipmen
4.2.1. n 9161 De elopmen Ki
Fo he analysis o he DECT NR+ echnology, No dic’s n 9161 de elopmen ki [No a] has
been used. As no ed p e iously, his ki is one o he i s de ices ha implemen s an ea ly
e sion o a DECT NR+ modem ha inally allows de elope s o s a c ea ing he i s
ba ch o applica ions ha u ilizes his echnology.
De ice Speci ica ions
The speci ica ions o he de ice can be seen in he able 4.1. This de ices is one he i s
de ice a ailable o alua ion and de elopmen o he DECT NR+ echnology, and he e o e
i has he ollowing limi a ions in ega ds o he capabili ies ha he echnology has been
designed o o!e .
•DECT NR+ suppo ed bands: The de ice is capable o ansmi ing only in he
1, 2 and 9 DECT NR+ bands, which co esponds o he license- ee bands whe e he
echnology can wo k on. The s anda d de ines a b oade a ie y o bands o chose
om [2.4], om lowe equencies o highe ange and lowe da a a es, and highe
equencies, up o 6 GHz o highe da a a es o de ices close o each o he .
•Bandwid h (MHz): The de ice is capable o ansmi ing wi h a bandwid h o 1.728
MHz, which is lowe han he 6.912 MHz ha he echnology is capable o ansmi ing
[2.2]. This a!ec s he da a a e ha he de ice can o!e .
•Func ionali y: The modem unning in he de ice only implemen s he PHY laye o
he echnology, he e o e, he main cha ac e is ic o he echnology can’ be es ed, i.e.
he mesh ne wo k capabili ies.
•Powe Ou pu : The de ice is capable o ansmi ing wi h a maximum powe o 19
dBm, which is lowe han he 23 dBm p omised by he s anda d. This a!ec s he
ange and he eliabili y o he echnology.
•An enna limi a ions: As only one an enna ou pu is suppo ed a a ime, he de ice
can’ be used in MIMO con igu a ions, which a!ec s he eliabili y. Mo eo e , no
mul iple s eams can be ansmi ed a he same ime, which a!ec s he da a a es
ha he de ice can o!e .
•MCS alues: The de ice is capable o ansmi ing up o he alue o 4 o MCS,
which is lowe han he 11 ha he echnology is capable o ansmi ing [2.3]. This
a!ec s he max da a a es ha he de ice can o!e .
37
E en hough i has limi a ions, in i s echnical speci ica ion i is p omised o implemen
he co ec slo mechanisms, he co ec equency and he co ec powe alues ha a e
needed o he DECT NR+ echnology. Also HARQ is implemen ed in he modem and
he LBT o andom access. The e alua ion o he echnology should be con inued as mo e
capable modems a e a ailable in he ma ke .
Table 4.1.: nRF9161 De ice Speci ica ions [No 24].
Pa ame e Value
DECT NR + suppo ed bands 1, 2, 9 [2.4]
T ansmission Bandwid h (MHz) 1.728 [2.2]
Occupied Bandwid h (MHz) 1.539 [2.2]
An enna impedance , single-ended (#)50
RX: Sensi i i y 1, modula ion MCS1 (dBm) -103
TX: Maximum ou pu powe (dBm) 19
TX: Minimum ou pu powe (dBm) -40
An enna E he onics
P822601 [6]
LEDs 4
Bu ons 4
Used DECT pe commands
The pe ool o!e ed by he DECT NR+ modem has been e y esou ce ul h oughou he
es ing sec ion o his documen as i allows con inuous ansmission be ween wo de ices
and epo s da a a es along wi h mo e aluable in o ma ion ega ding he ansmission,
including he numbe o bi s ansmi ed and e o s ha occu ed du ing ansmission. The
pe ool has been u ilized wi h he ollowing commands:
•Se e :dec pe -s- -1-h
–-s: Se e ole.
–- : Du a ion ime. Is se o -1 o con inuous se e .
–-h: HARQ ac i a ed. This pa ame e is deac i a ed when he es ing is done
wi hou he HARQ.
•Clien : dec pe -c - 10 –c x pw -8 –c x mcs 4 -h
–-c: Clien ole.
–- : Du a ion ime. Is se o 10 seconds, as he ealized es las o 10 seconds.
38
– –c x pw :TXpowe indBm.Isse o-8dBm.
– –c x mcs: MCS alue. This alue has been h ough he es o es he da a
a e each MCS alue can o!e .
–-h: HARQ ac i a ed. This pa ame e is deac i a ed when he es ing is done
wi hou he HARQ.
The da a ansmi ed was a empe a u e alue ha was being sen om one de ice o he
o he .
4.3. Ne wo k e alua ion
DECT NR+ has been designed o allow di!e en ypes o ne wo k a chi ec u es, such as
poin - o-poin , poin - o-mul ipoin , and mesh ne wo ks, as explained p e iously in he sec-
ion 2.3.2. The ollowing sec ions will desc ibe how he di!e en ypes o ne wo king a e be
implemen ed in he i s de ices ha implemen he echnology.
Poin - o-poin communica ion
Fo poin - o-poin communica ion, he modem p o ides he co ec unc ionali y ha allows
his ne wo king a chi ec u e. Fo his pu pose, bidi ec ional ids.c has been de eloped, which
is based on he hello wo ld.c code om he e sion 1.0 o he DECT NR+ modem p o ided
by No dic. This code has been used o es he bidi ec ional communica ion be ween wo
RDs, whe e bo h de ices can ansmi and ecei e messages h ough he same channel. This
code is a ailable in he Gi hub eposi o y o he p ojec [Jau], wi h all he in o ma ion ela ed
o how o execu ed in a local machine shown in he main README.md ile o he p ojec .
The main loop o he p og am acili a es con inuous communica ion wi hin he DECT
NR+ ne wo k by ansmi ing b oadcas messages and managing de ice connec ions. A e
b oadcas ing, he p og am checks i any de ices a e p esen in he ne wo k. I de ices a e
de ec ed, i sends unicas messages o each, while emo ing any inac i e de ices om he
lis . The p og am hen lis ens o incoming messages and upda es he de ices a ay wi h any
newly disco e ed de ices. This loop ensu es ha he de ices in he ne wo k a e consis en ly
moni o ed and upda ed, allowing o s able and dynamic poin - o-poin communica ion be-
ween egis e ed de ices. The ope a ion o he code is also p esen ed in a simple low cha
in he igu e 4.
This code has been e y use ul in he es ing o he ange o he DECT NR+ echnology,
as i allows he epo ing o when he de ices loose he connec ion o each o he and also
he RSSI and RSSI 2 le els o he connec ion. The inpu pa ame e s shown in he able 4.2
can be con igu ed in he code.
39
Table 4.2.: bidi ec ional ids.c inpu pa ame e s.
Pa ame e Desc ip ion
CONFIG CARRIER Ca ie equency
CONFIG NETWORK ID Ne wo k ID
CONFIG TX POWER T ansmission powe
CONFIG MCS Modula ion and coding scheme
CONFIG RX PERIOD S Recei e pe iod
CONFIG TX TRANSMISSIONS Numbe o ansmissions
Poin - o-mul ipoin communica ion
The co ec unc ionali y o he poin - o-mul ipoin communica ion has been es ed using
a simple code p o ided by No dic in p e-alpha e sion o he modem ha b oadcas s a
coun e and u ns on he LEDs o he de ice while ansmi ing. This code has been used
as a base o he de elopmen o he o he codes used in he hesis, as explained in he
p e ious subsec ion. This simple code has been modi ied wi h he name o b oadcas .c o
allow he epo ing o he RSSI and RSSI 2 le els o he connec ion, he numbe o packe s
sen and ecei ed, he numbe o e o s, and he packe s ha ha e been los . The inpu
pa ame e s a e he same as o bidi ec ional id.c and a e shown in he able 4.2. This code
is also a ailable in he Gi hub eposi o y o he p ojec [Jau].
As o he unc ionali y o he code, he de ice i s lis ens on ha d-coded channel o
10sec, i no ansmission de ec ed, s a s sending o -e e . Ano he de ice can s a , lis ens
and s ays in lis en mode, simple s a is ics a e p o ided a end, when bu on is p essed. Rese
boa d o s a again.
The LED and bu on o he code ha e been use ul o he de elopmen o he o he codes,
as he LEDs can be used o show he s a us o he de ice and he bu on can be used o
change he s a us o he de ice.
Thanks o he epo ing done by he code, i allows o see he RSSI and RSSI 2le els
o he connec ion, he numbe o packe s sen and ecei ed, he numbe o e o s and he
packe s ha ha e been los .
Mesh ne wo king
The cu en e sion o he modem doesn’ implemen mesh ne wo king, as he uppe laye s o
he p o ocol s ack ha allow his unc ionali y a e no implemen ed ye . To es his DECT
NR+ unc ionali ies, he Wi epass echnology has been used, as i allows he implemen a ion
o he mesh ne wo king in he echnology. Wi epass implemen s he mesh laye abo e a BLE
s ack, he e o e he ob ained esul s need o be aken wi h cau ion, as he BLE s ack is no
40

he same as he DECT NR+ s ack, as explained in he sec ion 2.4.4.
Fo he use o he Wi epas solu ion, he PAN1780 Wi epas Mesh Demo Ki [Pan] has
been used, which is based on he PAN1780 module om Panasonic. The es done in his
sec ion has been done only o show and he es he unc ionali ies o a mesh ne wo king
applica ion ha has been p omised by Wi epas o be implemen ed on op o he DECT
NR+ echnology. In o he wo ds, a showcase o he mesh ne wo king capabili ies ha he
DECT NR+ echnology will ha e in he u u e.
The ob ained esul s ha e been posi i e, as he mesh ne wo king has been implemen ed
co ec ly and he de ices can communica e wi h each o he h ough he mesh ne wo k. I
mus be no ed ha he age ha his de ices o!e ed du ing he es ing is o →80mand
hanks o highe ou pu powe (23 dBm o 8dBm o he used de ice) and he lowe equency
(1,9GHz o 2,4GHz o he used de ice) he ange o he DECT NR+ echnology is highe as
shown in he la e sec ion 4.5.3.
Conclusions
I has been concluded ha he limi a ion o only implemen ing he PHY and MAC laye s
o he DECT NR+ echnology in he i s de ices doesn’ allow he co ec implemen a ion
o he mesh ne wo king,due o he uppe laye s o he p o ocol s ack (Da a Link Con ol
and Con e gence Laye [2.3.5]) a e he ones esponsible o his asks. The poin - o-poin
and poin - o-mul ipoin communica ion ha e been es ed and a e wo king co ec ly, as he
es ed e sion o he modem p o ides he igh esou ces ha allow his unc ionali ies.
4.4. RF E alua ion
DECT NR+ being a wi eless echnology, he RF o he echnology needs o be es ed o check
he co ec use o he adio esou ce and he compliance o he de ice wi h he s anda d.
Se e al expe imen s ha e been done o analyze he bandwid h, equency, iming pa ame e s,
powe ansmission and channel cha ac e is ics o he DECT NR+ echnology.
4.4.1. Tes scena io
The ollowing equipmen was used o analyze he RF o he DECT NR+ echnology:
•Tek onix RSA306 Real-Time Spec um Analyze [Tek].
•2 nRF9161DK de ices [No a].
The es s we e conduc ed inside an o”ce space whe e he nRF9161DK de ices we e placed
nex o each o he and 40 cms away om he an enna ha was connec ed o he spec um
analyze . The de ices we e connec ed o he compu e and he pe ool was used o ansmi
41
Figu e 4.1.: 3D isualiza ion o a spec og am while a DECT NR+ ansmission.
da a be ween he de ices. The pe ool was se o ansmi da a o 10 seconds in he
1899,068 MHz equency (Channel 1677 Band 1).
4.4.2. Bandwid h
The o m o he measu ed bandwid h can be seen in 3d in he igu e 4.1 in 3d and in 2d in
he igu e 4.5. The bandwid h can also be also be obse ed in he igu e 4.2 whe e he use
o he adio equency spec um is seen du ing wo 10 second pe ansmission sessions.
In all he measu emen s ha we e ealized he nominal channel bandwid h co esponds
o he one ha is speci ied in he ETSI s anda d o DECT NR+ echnology, which is
1,728MHz o he equency o 1899,068MHz (Channel 1677 Band 1). Fu he mo e, i can
be seen in bo h images how he signal ollows he o m o a ansmission o a single e!ec i e
an enna o wo subslo s du a ion, as desc ibed in 2.3.3, whe e he an unalloca ed gua d
signal is used in he cen e equency o he channel and he synch oniza ion, demodula ion
e e ences, physical con ol and da a channels a e alloca ed nex o hem.
The de ices used o he es ing ha e a maximum o a subca ie scaling ac o (µ) o 1
and a Fou ie scaling ac o (ω,) o 1. Howe e , he bandwid h o he ansmission could be
widened i he modem allowed highe alues o hese pa icula pa ame e s. As p e iously
discussed when lis ing he limi a ions o he de ice, de ices wi h highe capabili ies should
p o ide highe bw and da a a es, as mo e bi s would be anspo ed. Howe e , as e ealed in
a la e sec ion o his chap e , esea ch has shown ha highe bandwid h esul s in selec i e
equency ading beha io .
42
Figu e 4.2.: 2D isualiza ion o he DECT NR+ spec og am while wo pe ansmissions.
4.4.3. Timing analysis
As pa o he expe imen al p ocedu e, he coun o consecu i e slo s has been changed in
he pe ansmission so he iming o he DECT NR+ ame and he subslo s could be
analyzed. The slo iming can be seen in he igu e 4.3, in which a single slo can be seen
ha has a du a ion o Tslo =0,408571ms ↓0,41667ms. The esul s ob ained he e ma ch
he ones ob ained in he heo e ical calcula ions ealized in he [21a].
Du ing his es ing i was also ealized ha he consecu i e slo s also changed he da a
a e as i used he a ailable subslo s mo e e!ec i ely. The e!ec o he co ec selec ion o
he amoun o consecu i e slo s has been ho oughly examined in he 4.5.1 o he documen .
Also he use o oo much consequen slo s caused he de ices o lose synch oniza ion and,
consequen ly, losing he en i e communica ion.
43
Figu e 4.3.: Ampli ude s Time isualiza ion o a single DECT NR+ ame slo .
4.4.4. Powe ansmission
Fo checking he co ec ou pu o he powe o he de ice, he de ice has been connec ed o
he spec um analyze in he way shown in he igu e 4.4. The model designed o his speci ic
es ollows he one ecommended by No dic hemsel es [No b], bu an 3dB a enua o has
been added o a oid any damage o he spec um analyze , as i has max inpu powe ange
o +20dBm a he cen e equency o ↔22MHz [Tek24]. The powe o he de ice was
measu ed in he spec um analyze and he esul s can be seen in he igu es 4.5 and 4.6.
The esul s o he powe measu emen can also be seen, in he able 4.3. The maximum
ou pu powe o he de ice was measu ed o be 16,21dBm and he RSSI was measu ed o
be ↑26,71dBm. The esul s ob ained in he es ing a e in line o he expec ed ones, as he
ou pu powe o he de ices has been o 19dBm and he a enua o educes he ou pu by
3dBm.
Table 4.3.: Powe measu emen esul s.
Pa ame e Max measu ed ou pu
Max ou pu [dBm] 16,21
RSSI [dBm] -26,71
44
Figu e 4.8.: Diag am o he ne wo k scena io o he co-exis ence es ing.
In con as , disabling LBT causes RDBA o in e e e wi h bo h HARQ and non-HARQ
ansmissions. In HARQ scena ios, his in e e ence o e loads he RA (pe se e ), leading
o communica ion ailu es. In non-HARQ scena ios, RDBA educes he a ailable da a a e by
hal , as i ansmi s wi hou e i ying channel a ailabili y, he eby dis up ing o he de ices.
Ac i a ing LBT esol es hese issues by ensu ing ha RDBA moni o s he channel and
ansmi s only when i is ee. This beha io highligh s he e!ec i eness o LBT in enabling
coexis ence and minimizing in e e ence be ween de ices ope a ing wi hin he same equency
channel. The esul s a e summa ized in Table 4.7.
Table 4.7.: Summa y o ob ained esul s o he di!e en co-exis ence cases ha we e es ed.
HARQ
LBT O”On
O”
Hal he da a a e
compa ed o he
max alues
Max alues
On In e e es and
s ops he se e Max alues
51

4.5.3. Range es ing
The DECT o um p omises high ange (up o se e al kilome e s) and low powe consump ion,
bu he eal alues a e needed o be es ed o see i he echnology can be used in he in ended
applica ions. The ange es ing has been done o check he ange o he echnology and o
see i he echnology can be used in he in ended applica ions.
Tes Scena ion
Figu e 4.9.: Loca ion o whe e he de ices we e loca ed du ing he ange es ing.
Fo he loca ion o he es , he Technische Hochschule L¨ubeck campus has been selec ed,
like in he adio planing modeling done in he sec ion 3.3. The de ices we e unning he
52
bidi ec ional ids.c code wi h he con igu a ion showed in he able 4.8.
Table 4.8.: bidi ec ional ids.c con igu a ion o ange es ing.
Pa ame e Value
CONFIG CARRIER 1,677 MHz
CONFIG NETWORK ID 91
CONFIG TX POWER 13 (19 dBm) [24]
CONFIG MCS 1 2.3
CONFIG RX PERIOD S 3
CONFIG TX TRANSMISSIONS 3000
The loca ion o he measu emen s ha we e aken can be seen in he igu e 4.9. The
se e de ice was ixed in he oo o building 18 (colo ed ed pin in he map) a a heigh o
app oxima ely 12 me e s, meanwhile, ano he de ice was mo ed h ough he campus while
connec ed o a compu e so he measu emen s could be aken.
Resul s
The ealized measu emen s show a maximum ange o →200min a LOS (Line-o -Sigh )
scena io. The minimum, max and mean alues o he RSSI and RSSI2 ha we e measu ed
du ing he es ing can be seen in he able 4 and 5. Compa ed o he adio planing esul s
ob ained in he sec ion 3.3, a ound hal he ange has been achie ed in he eal es ing.
This is due o he ac ha mo e powe was con igu ed o he ansmi e in he simula ion
(23dBm) compa ed o he eal es ing (19dBm).
I should be aken in o accoun he ac ha longe anges could be ob ained wi h ano he
an enna ha is no iso opic, and he de elopmen ki isn’ he ideal solu ion o long ange
es ing, bu he esul s gi e a ue pe spec i e o he ange o wo ac ual de ices in a DECT
NR+ ne wo k, as DECT NR+ is no in ended o use in he con ec ional cell ne wo k whe e
he base s a ion can ansmi a a highe powe and he de ices can be loca ed u he away.
In addi ion, he wea he and he en i onmen can a!ec he ange o he echnology, as he
echnology is in ended o be used in indoo en i onmen s in URLLC use cases, he ange
can be lowe in ou doo en i onmen s.
4.5.4. La ency
In his es he la ency in has been measu ed in expe imen al/de elopmen cases. The
la ency is an impo an ac o in he URLLC use cases, as he echnology is in ended o
be used in eal- ime applica ions whe e he la ency is c ucial. The la ency es ing has been
53
done o see he la ency ha he echnology can o!e and o see i he echnology can be
used in he in ended applica ions.
Tes scena io
Fo aking la ency measu emen s, he iming o he de ices needs o synced. The e o e, o
achie e his he es scena io shown in he igu e 4.10 has been designed and implemen ed.
Two de ices (RDAA and RDAB) a e ansmi ing o each o he using a modi ied e sion o
he bidi ec ional ids.c known as la ency/lis ening.c code whe e no unicode message is sen ,
and he b oadcas messages a e sen e e y 5 seconds a e a ime-o!o 5 seconds whe e he
de ices a e lis ening o b oadcas messages om a hi d RD (RDBA) ha is unning he
b oadcas .c code and b oadcas messages o he neighbo ing de ices. The b oadcas messages
sen by RDBA a e used o sync he de ices and o know when he de ices a e ansmi ing
and ecei ing he messages. This model allows o su pass he limi a ion ega ding he
synch oniza ion o he de ices ha he echnology has os da e o w i ing his documen .
Fo he con igu a ion o he ansmission,a s udy ha assesses he candida u e o his ech-
nology [Dha+20] emphasized he impo ance o mee ing s ic la ency equi emen s o bo h
he con ol and use planes. In e es ingly, i was ound ha enabling HARQ-less ansmis-
sion allows o compliance wi h hese s ingen equi emen s. Howe e , when employing ull
slo ansmission wi h HARQ, he use plane la ency exceeded he c i ical 1ms h eshold,
indica ing po en ial limi a ions in ce ain scena ios. The e o e a HARQ-less ansmission
was used in he es o see he la ency ha he echnology can o!e .
The de ices a e loca ed nex o each o he , as he es is o checking he la ency o he
echnology and no he ange o he echnology. He e a e he pa ame e s ha ha e been
used in he es :
Table 4.9.: La ency Tes ing Pa ame e s.
Pa ame e Value
Numbe o es s 4, one o each a ailable MCS alue
Numbe o measu emen s 10 ansmissions o each es
Du a ion o each es 1 minu e and 30 seconds
NRF SDK e sion 2.7.0
Tool lis ening.c &b oadcas .c
T ansmi ed TX powe 19 dBm
En i onmen Inside an o”ce
F equency 1899,069 MHz (Band 1 channel 1677)
54
Figu e 4.10.: Tes scena ios designed o he la ency es ing.
Resul s
The esul s o he la ency es ing can be seen in he able 4.10. In he es ing, a max la ency
alue o 19,678 ±0,120 is achie ed om he s a o he ansmission un il he momen he
da a is a ailable (pdc() unc ion in he igu e 4.11). Also, he esul s show ha in he es ed
scena io he change o alues o he MCS doesn’ d as ically in luence in he la ency o he
echnology. Maybe e en highe MCS alues will lowe he la ency bu ha will c ea e highe
p ocessing ime and he de ices will need mo e ime o ansmi he da a.
Compa ed o he p omised heo e ical alues ha a e acco ding o he ans e ime
needed, o p opaga ion ime o he signal, we can see a clea p ocessing delay ha is due
o he p ocessing ime o he modems in he de elopmen ki . The de ices ha we e used
o he es ing don’ un a ully unc ioning modem and a e no in ended o be used in a
eal ne wo k, bu hey a e used o es ing he echnology and he unc ionali ies ha he
55
echnology o!e s as hey a e he only de ices capable o unning he DECT NR+ echnology.
Fu u e e sions o he modem can op imize he unc ions ha a e esponsible o he
p ocessing ime and he la ency o he echnology and educing he la ency. The e o e, his
es mus be epea ed wi h he new e sions o he echnology o see he la ency ha he
echnology can o!e wi h he new e sion o he modem.
Table 4.10.: Resul o la ency es ing.
MCS
DEV1->DEV2 DEV2->DEV1
PCC la ency
(ms)
PDC la ency
(ms)
PCC la ency
(ms)
PDC la ency
(ms)
010,626 ±0,011 19,656 ±0,105 9,940 ±0,101 19,423 ±0,106
110,270 ±0,115 19,670 ±0,109 9,932 ±0,111 19,407 ±0,120
210,271 ±0,109 19,654 ±0,111 9,929 ±0,109 19,409 ±0,114
310,290 ±0,119 19,678 ±0,120 9,902 ±0,130 19,381 ±0,127
Figu e 4.11.: Model o la ency es ing.
4.6. Resea ch
Due o he limi a ions o he i s de ices unning he DECT NR+ echnology, ou side e-
sea ch has been collec ed in his selec ion o he documen o p o ide a mo e comple e iew
o he echnology and i s po en ial. This ex e nal esea ch helps o highligh he echnol-
ogy’s po en ial pe o mance unde ideal condi ions, p o iding benchma ks ha maximize i s
capabili ies.
56

Channel cha ac e is ics
Fo he channel cha ac e is ic o he echnology, he esul s a e aken om he measu e-
men s done ela ed o he pe o mance and he channel soundings in he esea ch pape
called “Pe o mance o DECT-2020 NR in an indus ial en i onmen o a ying RF bands”
(Wassmann, Poe s, Peissig, & Pilz, 2024) o he EuCNC 6G Summi [Was+24], whe e hey
analyzed he channel cha ac e is ics o he DECT NR+ echnology in an indus ial en i on-
men by es ing he DECT NR+ adio cha ac e is ic using GNU Radio [GNU] and E us
USRP So wa e De ined Radio (SDR) de ices [Res24].
Delay and dopple sp ead
The esea ch indings indica e ha he RMS delay sp ead a e ages a ound 65 nanoseconds
(ns) ac oss all equency bands, wi h a maximum o 180 ns obse ed a he 3700 MHz
spec um. This me ic is c ucial o unde s anding he channel’s beha io in e ms o mul-
ipa h p opaga ion, which in luences he sys em’s pe o mance. Speci ically, a la ge RMS
delay sp ead indica es a wide dis ibu ion o signal a i al imes, po en ially leading o
in e -symbol in e e ence (ISI). The obse a ion o a maximum delay sp ead a he 3700
MHz spec um sugges s a mo e dispe si e channel, highligh ing he need o ad anced signal
p ocessing echniques o mi iga e ISI e!ec s. Addi ionally, he sp eading o he spec um,
dependen on he ca ie equency, de e mines he maximum Dopple equency, impac ing
he sys em’s abili y o handle use mobili y.
Las ly, he impulse esponse alling below he 20dB h eshold be o e 1µs indica es a apid
decay o he channel’s e!ec on he signal, acili a ing easie signal eco e y and demodula-
ion. These da a poin s a e essen ial o designing and op imizing wi eless communica ion
sys ems o ensu e eliable pe o mance unde a ying channel condi ions.
Channel soundings
The esea ch pape concludes ha he 1.728 MHz bandwid h is below he cohe ence band-
wid h o he channel, indica ing a la ading en i onmen whe e he channel’s esponse is
app oxima ely cons an ac oss he signal’s bandwid h. In such a scena io, al hough CP-
OFDM is no s ic ly necessa y due o he uni o m ading, i is s ill bene icial o handling
mul ipa h p opaga ion, which is common in eal-wo ld en i onmen s. Meanwhile, MIMO can
e!ec i ely exploi spa ial di e si y o imp o e communica ion eliabili y in his la ading
channel.
Con e sely, a he highes es ed bandwid h o 13.824 MHz, he channel exhibi s equency-
selec i e ading beha io . In his case, CP-OFDM becomes pa icula ly ad an ageous as i
di ides he signal in o mul iple subca ie s, each expe iencing la ading, he eby simpli ying
equaliza ion and mi iga ing he e!ec s o mul ipa h ading. Fu he mo e, MIMO can be
57
employed in conjunc ion wi h OFDM o le e age spa ial di e si y, enhancing he sys em’s
pe o mance in he ace o equency-selec i e ading.
The e o e, he PHY and MAC laye me hods, including CP-OFDM, MIMO, and he FEC
p o ided by HARQ, o he DECT NR+ echnology a e e!ec i ely deployed o add ess he
ading e!ec s o he channel ac oss bo h la and equency-selec i e ading condi ions.
Range
In he esea ch by Nih ilae and Be g (2022) called “Ene gy Consump ion o DECT-2020 NR
Mesh Ne wo ks”[NB22], shows ha he co e age a ea o he echnology is dependen on he
numbe o ie s o lea es in wi h a FT de ices is used as a elay o he sink. The highe
he ie he highe he co e age a ea, as i can be seen in he igu e 4.12, bu a he cos o
inc easing he delay and he ene gy consump ion o he de ices.
Figu e 4.12.: Pe cen age o nodes in di!e en ne wo k ie s wi h di!e en scena io adiuses
[NB22].
Scalabili y
In he esea ch done by Roman Ko alchuko [Ko +22], demons a ed ha DECT NR can
achie e delay pe o mance compa able o cu en echnologies, despi e suppo ing signi i-
can ly highe node densi ies. This inding is c ucial o unde s anding he scalabili y and
e”ciency o DECT NR in eal-wo ld applica ions.
I mus be no ed ha he inal submissions om ETSI DECT Fo um o ITU-R lacks
de ailed speci ica ions ega ding he usage o mesh opology which was necessa y o e alua e
he suppo ed connec ion densi y.
The mesh ne wo k allows an ex ensi e co e age o he a ea as he simula ion esul s in
[Dha+20] show, bu his c ea es a delay in he packe deli e y.
58
Ene gy consump ion
The esea ch pape by Nih ilae and Be g (2022) called “Ene gy Consump ion o DECT-2020
NR Mesh Ne wo ks” [NB22] in es iga es he ene gy consump ion o DECT-2020 NR ne -
wo ks, especially conce ning IoT applica ions whe e de ices ha e limi ed ba e y capaci ies.
I no es ha ou ing esponsibili ies inc ease ene gy consump ion among nodes. To coun-
e ac his, he pape discusses ad anced physical laye echnologies like CP-OFDM, u bo
coding, and HARQ wi h inc emen al edundancy, aiming o educe ansmission imes and
boos ene gy e”ciency. Howe e , compa ing hese echnologies o pas s udies is challenging
due o echnological ad ancemen s.
The s udy ocuses on how a ying he RACH pe iod a!ec s ene gy consump ion. No ably,
i excludes calcula ing he powe consump ion o sinks since hey’ e ypically connec ed o he
powe g id. Adjus men s o du y cycles signi ican ly impac ou e ba e y li e, highligh ing
hem as he p ima y ene gy consume s in DECT-2020 ne wo ks.
Reliabili y
The eliabili y o DECT-2020 NR has been analyzed in a ious s udies, including hose e e -
enced in “Assessmen o Candida e Technology ETSI: DECT-2020 New Radio” (Dhanwani,
Vishakha and Kuma , Na in and Bachkaniwala, Akhil Kalpesh and Rawal, Di yang and
Kuma , Sendil, 2020) [Dha+20] and “Pe o mance o DECT-2020 NR in an indus ial en-
i onmen o a ying RF bands” (Wassmann, Ma es and Poe s, Alexande and Peissig,
Jue gen and Pilz, Jens, 2024)[Was+24]. These analyses ocus on he geome ic Signal-
o-In e e ence-plus-Noise Ra io (SINR) dis ibu ion and he pe o mance equi emen s o
eliabili y. Fo ins ance, [Dha+20] highligh s ha due o poo geome ic SINR dis ibu ion,
he pe o mance equi emen o eliabili y o DECT-2020 NR was ound o be ma ginally
lowe han he minimum equi emen s o IMT-2020. This sugges s ha DECT-2020 NR
may s uggle wi h single- equency euse deploymen s, indica ing a eas o imp o emen in
u u e i e a ions o he echnology.
Mo eo e , [Was+24] p o ides insigh s in o he eliabili y o DECT NR+ echnology h ough
measu emen s conduc ed wi h ha dwa e ha implemen s he echnology. These measu e-
men s e eal packe e o a es below ce ain h esholds ac oss di!e en equencies and nu-
me ologies, o!e ing aluable da a on he eliabili y o DECT NR+ unde a ious condi ions.
Howe e , i ’s impo an o no e ha hese measu emen s we e limi ed by he capabili ies o
he es ing ha dwa e, as i didn’ implemen he p e iously men ioned me hods o ensu ing
high eliabili y.
In summa y, enhancing he eliabili y o DECT-2020 NR in ol es add essing challenges
ela ed o SINR dis ibu ion and le e aging ad anced e o co ec ion and e ansmission
echniques. While cu en implemen a ions show p omise, ongoing esea ch and de elop-
men a e essen ial o u he imp o e eliabili y and ensu e ha DECT-2020 NR mee s he
59
s ingen equi emen s o nex -gene a ion wi eless ne wo ks.
Figu e 4.13.: Bi and packe e o e o a es [Was+24].
4.7. Summa y
The e alua ion o DECT NR+ echnology conduc ed in his hesis p o ides a aluable insigh
in o i s pe o mance, capabili ies, and cu en limi a ions. As one o he i s empi ical s ud-
ies using ha dwa e implemen a ions, i o!e s a p ac ical pe spec i e beyond he heo e ical
and simula ed expec a ions p e iously a ailable in he li e a u e.
The es ing con i med ha he DECT NR+ modem e!ec i ely suppo s poin - o-poin
and poin - o-mul ipoin communica ion. These implemen a ions demons a ed s able unc-
ionali y, alida ing he ounda ional aspec s o he echnology. Howe e , he absence o
uppe p o ocol laye s, pa icula ly o mesh ne wo king, emains a no able limi a ion. This
sho coming highligh s he need o u he ha dwa e and i mwa e de elopmen o unlock
he ull po en ial o he DECT NR+ s anda d.
Radio equency (RF) e alua ions a” med compliance wi h key speci ica ions, including
slo iming, bandwid h u iliza ion, and powe ou pu . Despi e hese successes, he de ice’s
es ic ed ansmission bandwid h (1.728 MHz s. a heo e ical 6.912 MHz) and educed ou -
pu powe (19 dBm s. 23 dBm) cons ained pe o mance, pa icula ly in he ange es ing
whe e a ange o app oxima ely 200 me e s has been ob ained. Such indings unde sco e he
de elopmen al s age o he ha dwa e and he necessi y o mo e ad anced implemen a ions
o mee he echnology’s heo e ical benchma ks.
Pe o mance me ics, such as da a a es and la ency, e ealed p omising esul s wi hin
he es ed scena ios, showing he modem’s abili y o handle eliable communica ion. La-
ency alues, while accep able o non- eal- ime applica ions, equi e u he op imiza ion
o mee ul a- eliable low-la ency communica ion (URLLC) s anda ds. Co-exis ence es ing
demons a ed he e!ec i eness o DECT NR+’s Lis en-Be o e-Talk (LBT) mechanism in
minimizing in e e ence, ensu ing compa ibili y wi h o he echnologies ope a ing in sha ed
60
Table 5.4.: Sma ligh ing con igu a ion pa ame e s.
Pa ame e Value Reason
MCS 0
Ope a es a lowe signal- o-noise a ios and ansmi
wi h less powe . Mo e obus in poo channel
condi ions due o i s la ge cons ella ion spacing
HARQ On O!e s high eliabili y mechanisms
LBT On Access con ol. I allows o a oid collisions and
in e e ence wi h o he de ices
Consecu i e slo s 2Allows o a high densi y o de ices wi hin he
ne wo k as i doesn’ sa u a e he adio channel
ecei e ID il e ing om he la es a ailable modem o he de elopmen ki [4.2.1], ensu ing
only he in ended de ice p ocesses he ansmi ed da a while o he s igno e i . The cen al-
ized con ol mechanism enables he sink o e”cien ly manage he ligh s, op imizing ne wo k
ope a ions. The solu ion’s unc ionali y is illus a ed in Figu e 5.
Fo deploymen and es ing, a simple scena io was designed using h ee DECT NR+
de ices: one sink (De 1) and wo nodes (De 2 and De 3). Du ing es ing, he de ices
we e spaced 30 me e s apa om he sink. This space be ween de ices has been selec ed
o ensu e URLLC equi emen s can be mee be o e deployinsg hanks o he esul s o he
simula ions conduc ed in he sec ion 3.2 and also wi h he ac ha he a e age dis ance
be ween lamppos s can be said ha is a ound his alue [Na 06]. The sink was ac i a ed
i s o ensu e i could ecei e b oadcas messages om he nodes as hey powe ed on.
Howe e , he design accommoda es nodes being ac i a ed be o e he sink, as he b oadcas
messages do no equi e con i ma ion. Once he i s node was u ned on, he sink de ec ed
i s b oadcas message and mapped one o i s bu ons o he node’s LED. The same p ocess
was epea ed o he second node. To e i y unc ionali y, he use p essed each bu on on
he sink, which success ully igge ed he co esponding LED on he espec i e node. The
es was conduc ed du ing →5 mins, p essing a di!e en bu on in he sink de ice e e y
→10 seconds.
The esul s demons a ed high eliabili y, wi h no loss o connec ion du ing he es s, and
low la ency, a e aging jus o jus a ound 25 ms. These ou comes unde sco e he e!ec i eness
o DECT NR+ echnology in ensu ing seamless communica ion and p omp esponse. This
implemen a ion highligh s he po en ial o DECT NR+ o p ac ical IoT solu ions, o!e ing
a scalable and obus amewo k o sma ligh ing and simila applica ions.
67

Un-cen alized con ol
Fo his second implemen a ion, a scena io whe e any de ice o he ne wo k can con ol he
ligh s o all he de ices in he ne wo k has been designed and de eloped. In his case, when
a use p esses a bu on in a node ha node b oadcas s a signal in o ming o he bo om
o he de ice ha has been p essed, igge ing each de ice o illumina e he speci ic ligh
co esponding o he p essed bu on. This solu ion enables he ligh s o all de ices wi hin
he ne wo k o be con olled simul aneously, enhancing he use expe ience and ope a ional
e”ciency. The unc ionali y o he solu ion can be seen in he igu e 6. All he de ice in he
ne wo k un he s c/ligh con ol b oadcas .c p og am [Jau].
Fo he es ing, he same scena io as o he cen alized con ol was used, wi h he same
de ices and he same dis ance be ween hem (30 me e s). The es was conduc ed du ing
→10 mins, p essing a di!e en bu on o a di!e en de ice e e y →25 seconds. The esul s
o he es ing ha e shown high eliabili y, whe e he connec ion wasn’ los and all he
commands we e sen co ec ly. Mo eo e , low la ency (a e age o 25 ms) was also achie ed
hanks o he co ec con igu a ion designed p e iously done o he de ices.
5.5. Summa y
The simula ions and de ailed pe o mance analysis conduc ed in his hesis ha e p o ided
aluable insigh s in o he capabili ies and limi a ions o he i s gene a ion o DECT NR+
de ices. While hese de ices do no ye ully suppo he s ingen equi emen s o URLLC
and mMTC use cases— he p ima y a ge s o he echnology— hey ha e demons a ed
su”cien eliabili y and low la ency o less demanding applica ions. This is exempli ied by
he sma ligh ing use case o sma ci ies de eloped in his hesis, which highligh s he
echnology’s po en ial o deli e p ac ical solu ions e en in i s cu en o m.
Despi e he cu en ha dwa e limi a ions, DECT NR+ in oduces inno a i e ea u es and
a lexible a chi ec u e, posi ioning i as a s ong con ende o u u e IoT applica ions. As
he echnology ma u es and mo e ad anced de ices become a ailable, i s abili y o mee
he ull spec um o 5G mMTC and URLLC equi emen s is expec ed o imp o e, enabling
inc easingly complex and scalable solu ions. Fu he mo e, he implemen a ion o highe
laye s o he DECT NR+ a chi ec u e na i ely wi hin de ice modems — h ough u u e
upda es— will unlock ad anced ea u es such as mesh ne wo king and IP suppo , as ou lined
in he s anda d, acili a ing e en mo e sophis ica ed IoT applica ions.
68
6. Conclusions
This hesis p o ides a comp ehensi e analysis o DECT NR+ echnology, ocusing on i s
scalabili y and pe o mance po en ial in eal-wo ld IoT applica ions.
The esea ch conduc ed o his hesis demons a es ha DECT NR+ inco po a es ad-
anced speci ica ions and echniques (e.g., HARQ, LBT, CP-OFDMA) designed o heo e -
ically mee he equi emen s o he new use cases o which he nex gene a ion o wi eless
mobile ne wo ks was de eloped o . Compa a i e analysis wi h o he LP-WAN echnologies
e eals ha DECT NR+ is designed o achie e high da a a es and long- ange co e age,
le e aging i s mesh ne wo king capabili ies and e”cien use o he equency spec um.
Simula ions and modeling conduc ed du ing he hesis p o ided aluable insigh s in o
DECT NR+’s scalabili y and adio planning capabili ies, gene a ing c ucial da a o po en-
ial deploymen scena ios. Speci ically, he impac o de ice dis ance and mesh ne wo k size
on communica ion la ency was simula ed and analyzed, iden i ying ne wo k speci ica ions
ha enable Ul a-Reliable Low-La ency Communica ion (URLLC) use cases.
Real-wo ld es s conduc ed o e alua e he pe o mance o he ini ial ba ch o DECT
NR+ de ices e ealed speci ic limi a ions, pa icula ly in suppo ing URLLC and massi e
Machine-Type Communica ions (mMTC) use cases. These limi a ions we e p ima ily due
o cons ain s in mesh ne wo king unc ionali ies, la ency, and bandwid h speci ica ions.
Ne e heless, he de ices demons a ed su”cien capabili ies o inno a i e applica ions,
such as he sma ligh ing solu ion de eloped in his hesis.
Al hough he ini ial de ices exhibi limi a ions, he indings indica e ha DECT NR+
holds signi ican p omise wi hin he e ol ing landscape o communica ion echnologies. En-
hanced de ices wi h imp o ed capabili ies could o e come hese ini ial cons ain s, unlocking
he ull po en ial o DECT NR+ and o!e ing ad anced mesh ne wo king capabili ies, such
as sel -healing, decen aliza ion, and au onomy— ea u es no suppo ed by he de ices used
o e alua ion.
In conclusion, his wo k p o ides a ounda ional unde s anding o DECT NR+ echnology
and highligh s he need o ongoing esea ch. As ad ancemen s con inue and mo e capable
modems a e de eloped, he wo k p esen ed in his hesis can se e as a base o u u e
esea ch, wi h he so wa e p og ams c ea ed du ing his s udy being epu posed o u he
in es iga ions. This will be essen ial o ully explo ing he oppo uni ies p esen ed by DECT
NR+, ensu ing i s iabili y in add essing he complex demands o mode n communica ion
ne wo ks.
69
1. Appendices
A. Collec ed da a om he es ing
In he ollowing ables he collec ed da a om he es ing is shown. The da a is di ided in o
di!e en ables depending on he ype o da a ha was collec ed.
Table 1.: Da a a e (kbi /s) es ing compa ison be ween di!e en MCS alues wi h de aul
alues (2 consecu i e slo s)
MCS
Da a a e MCS no HARQ MCS wi h HARQ
Min A e age Max Min A e age Max
0240,52 240,632 240,80 57,29 57,297 57,36
1482,29 494,674 496,05 118,02 118,02 118,02
2642,57 737,208 756,11 179,89 179,89 179,89
3609,44 966,83 1006,54 239,47 239,47 239,47
41497,78 1497,78 1497,78 356,34 356,34 356,34
Table 2.: Max ob ained da a a e (kbi /s) es ing compa ison be ween di!e en MCS alues
MCS/Slo s
Da a a e MCS no HARQ MCS wi h HARQ
Min A e age Max Min A e age Max
0/8 479,18 480,741 481,07 202,08 202,08 202,08
1/8 956,34 956,34 956,34 401,72 401,72 401,72
2/7 1379,71 1380,892 1381,25 476,85 476,85 476,85
3/5 1642,1 1642,1 1642,1 458,81 475,01 485,81
4/4 2185,12 2228,688 2250,08 717,42 718,357 718,67
70
Table 3.: Bandwid h e”ciency o each ob ained max da a a e
MCS / Slo s MCS no HARQ MCS wi h HARQ
A g da a a e BW e!ciency A g da a a e BW e!ciency
0 / 8 480,741 0,031 202,08 0,013
1 / 8 956,34 0,062 401,72 0,026
2 / 7 1380,892 0,09 476,85 0,031
3 / 5 1642,1 0,107 475,01 0,031
4 / 4 2228,688 0,145 718,357 0,047
71
Table 4.: RSSI alues es ing compa ison be ween di!e en dis ance anges.
Dis ance
(m)
RSSI E o
coun 1
Min A g Max
20,00 -55,0 -51,05 -48,5 0
26,38 -65,5 -61,2 -57,5 0
30,00 -69,5 -65,05 -63 0
30,15 -72,5 -68,75 -65,5 0
52,63 -65,0 -64,15 -63 0
78,36 -69,0 -65,45 -61,5 0
81,54 -64,5 -63,45 -63 0
107,01 -66,0 -65,15 -64 0
128,31 -74,0 -70,71 -69,5 3
131,27 -72,0 -71 -70 5
135,29 -65,5 -64,55 -63,5 0
151,03 -75,0 -74,1 -73,5 5
155,66 0 0 0 10
160,87 0 0 0 10
161,23 0 0 0 10
162,61 -73,5 -73,08 -73 4
166,79 0 0 0 10
179,76 0 0 0 10
184,15 -73 -71,18 -69,5 2
192,15 -72 -71,75 -71,5 6
195,32 -73 -73 -73 1
200,15 -73 -71,72 -70,5 1
201,26 0 0 0 10
72

Table 5.: RSSI 2 alues es ing compa ison be ween di!e en dis ance anges.
Dis ance (m) RSSI 2
Min A g Max
20 -110 -104,75 -97
26,38 -131 -118,47 -111
30 -140 -134,2 -126
52,63 -130 -127,57 -126
81,54 -127 -126,27 -125
128,31 -150 -142,92 -139
162,61 -153 -148,4 -145
195,32 -146 -145,7 -145
192,15 -150 -145,88 -143
30,151 -155 -142,22 -131
78,36 -138 -90,51 -17
107,01 -132 -130,25 -128
151,03 -152 -149,29 -147
184,15 -151 -144,17 -138
131,27 -151 -145,40 -140
155,66 -157 -154,48 -152
160,87 -157 -153,46 -150
135,29 -131 -128,45 -127
161,23 -158 -155,1 -152
166,79 -152 -149,44 -147
179,76 -158 -151,87 -144
200,15 -158 -154,5 -151
201,26 -158 -154,5 -151
1E o coun ou 10 measu emen s
73
Table 6.: E he onics P822601 Elec ical Speci ica ions [E h].
F equency (MHz) 698-960 1710-2200 2500-2700
Peak Gain 2.6 dBi 4.4dBi 3.4dBi
A e age E!ciency 68% 76% 52%
VSWR Ma ch <2.5:1
Pola iza ion Linea
Powe Handling 2 Wa CW
Feed Poin Impedance 50 #unbalanced
Figu e 1.: Ampli ude s Time isualiza ion o wo DECT NR+ ames wi h 2 consequen
slo s and 2 slo gaps.
Figu e 2.: Ampli ude s Time isualiza ion o wo DECT NR+ ames wi h 8 consequen
slo s and 2 slo gaps.
74
Figu e 3.: Ampli ude s Time isualiza ion o a single DECT NR+ ame slo wi h 8 conse-
quen slo s and 2 slo gaps.
75
B. Flow cha s o he code de eloped o hesis
Figu e 4.: Flow cha o he bidi ec ional ids.c code.
76