Dust Lifting Through Surface Albedo Changes at Jezero Crater, Mars

1. In oduc ion
The Ma ian a mosphe e in e ac s wi h he su ace, edis ibu ing dus and sand pa icles (Kah e e al.,2017).
Small pa icles a e li ed by con ec i e o ices and by s ong wind gus s, and a e subsequen ly anspo ed be o e
se ling again (Basu e al.,2004; Kah e e al.,2006; Newman e al.,2002a,2002b; Vicen e-Re o illo e al.,2018).
The edis ibu ion o small pa icles modi ies he su ace albedo (Reiss e al.,2010; Szwas e al.,2006; Wells
e al.,1984).
Abs ac We iden i y empo al a ia ions in su ace albedo a Jeze o c a e using i s -o - hei -kind
high-cadence in-si u measu emen s o e lec ed sho wa e adia ion du ing he i s 350 sols o he Ma s 2020
mission. Simul aneous Ma s En i onmen al Dynamics Analyze (MEDA) measu emen s o p essu e, adia i e
luxes, winds, and sky b igh ness indica e ha hese albedo changes a e caused by dus de ils unde ypical
condi ions and by a dus s o m a Ls∼155°. The 17% dec ease in albedo caused by he dus s o m is one o de
o magni ude la ge han he mos appa en changes caused du ing quiescen pe iods by dus de ils. Spec al
e lec ance measu emen s om Mas cam-Z images be o e and a e he s o m indica e ha he dec ease in
albedo is mainly caused by dus emo al. The occu ence o albedo changes is a ec ed by he in ensi y and
p oximi y o he con ec i e o ex, and he a ailabili y and mobili y o small pa icles a he su ace. The
p obabili y o obse ing an albedo change inc eases wi h he magni ude o he p essu e d op (ΔP): changes
we e de ec ed in 3.5%, 43%, and 100% o he dus de ils wi h ΔP<2.5Pa, ΔP>2.5Pa and ΔP>4.5Pa,
espec i ely. Albedo changes we e associa ed wi h peak wind speeds abo e 15m·s
−1. We discuss dus emo al
es ima es, he obse ed su ace empe a u e changes coinciden wi h albedo changes, and implica ions o
sola -powe ed missions. These esul s show syne gies be ween mul iple ins umen s (MEDA, Mas cam-Z,
Na cam, and he Supe cam mic ophone) ha imp o e ou unde s anding o aeolian p ocesses on Ma s.
Plain Language Summa y Small pa icles a he su ace o Ma s a e li ed and anspo ed h ough
in e ac ions wi h he a mosphe e, modi ying he ac ion o sola adia ion e lec ed by he su ace (albedo). We
analyzed he i s albedo measu emen s acqui ed a 1Hz and o he en i onmen al a iables measu ed a Jeze o
c a e , concluding ha albedo changes a e caused by dus de ils unde ypical condi ions and by a dus s o m.
The da kening o he su ace induced by he s o m is a ound 10 imes la ge han ha caused in he absence o
a s o m by dus de ils. Su ace images indica e ha his da kening is caused by dus emo al. Only a ac ion
o he dus de ils cause an albedo change, depending on hei in ensi y, size and ajec o y, and on he ea u es
o he small pa icles a he su ace. The combined analysis o en i onmen al a iables, images and mic ophone
eco dings acqui ed by he Ma s 2020 mission imp o e ou unde s anding o he p ocesses in ol ed in he
li ing and anspo o small pa icles.
VICENTE-RETORTILLO ETAL.
© 2023. The Au ho s.
This is an open access a icle unde
he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i s
License, which pe mi s use and
dis ibu ion in any medium, p o ided he
o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed, he use is
non-comme cial and no modi ica ions o
adap a ions a e made.
Dus Li ing Th ough Su ace Albedo Changes a Jeze o
C a e , Ma s
A. Vicen e-Re o illo1,2 , G. M. Ma ínez2,3 , M. T. Lemmon4 , R. Hueso5 , J. R. Johnson6 ,
R. Sulli an7 , C. E. Newman8 , E. Sebas ián1, D. Toledo9 , V. Apés igue9 , I. A uego9 ,
A. Mungui a5 , A. Sánchez-La ega5 , N. Mu doch10 , M. Gillie 10, A. S o 10 ,
L. Mo a-So omayo 1 , T. Be and11 , L. K. Tamppa i12 , M. de la To e Juá ez12 , and
J.-A. Rod íguez-Man edi1
1Cen o de As obiología (INTA-CSIC), Mad id, Spain, 2Uni e si y o Michigan, Ann A bo , MI, USA, 3Luna and Plane a y
Ins i u e, USRA, Hous on, TX, USA, 4Space Science Ins i u e, Boulde , CO, USA, 5Física Aplicada, Escuela de Ingenie ía,
Uni e sidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain, 6Johns Hopkins Uni e si y Applied Physics Labo a o y, Lau el, MD,
USA, 7CCAPS, Co nell Uni e si y, I haca, NY, USA, 8Aeolis Resea ch, Chandle , AZ, USA, 9Ins i u o Nacional de Técnica
Ae oespacial (INTA), Mad id, Spain, 10Ins i u Supé ieu de l'Aé onau ique e de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Uni e si é de
Toulouse, Toulouse, F ance, 11LESIA, Pa is Obse a o y, Meudon, F ance, 12Je P opulsion Labo a o y, Cali o nia Ins i u e o
Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Key Poin s:
• We iden i y su ace albedo changes
using Ma s 2020 i s -o - hei -kind
high-cadence in si u measu emen s o
e lec ed sola adia ion
• The mos ema kable albedo changes
obse ed wi hin seconds ou side dus
s o m condi ions we e caused by dus
de ils
• A mul i-ins umen analysis showed
ha he dus s o m educed su ace
albedo by mo e han 15%, p ima ily
caused by dus emo al
Suppo ing In o ma ion:
Suppo ing In o ma ion may be ound in
he online e sion o his a icle.
Co espondence o:
A. Vicen e-Re o illo,
[email p o ec ed]
Ci a ion:
Vicen e-Re o illo, A., Ma ínez, G. M.,
Lemmon, M. T., Hueso, R., Johnson, J.
R., Sulli an, R., e al. (2023). Dus li ing
h ough su ace albedo changes a Jeze o
C a e , Ma s. Jou nal o Geophysical
Resea ch: Plane s, 128, e2022JE007672.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1029/2022JE007672
Recei ed 14 NOV 2022
Accep ed 12 MAR 2023
10.1029/2022JE007672
Special Sec ion:
The Ma s Pe se e ance Ro e
Jeze o C a e Floo Campaign
RESEARCH ARTICLE
1 o 18
Jou nal o Geophysical Resea ch: Plane s
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2 o 18
Since Feb ua y 2021, he en i onmen al condi ions a Jeze o c a e (18.44°N, 77.45°E) ha e been moni o ed
by he Ma s En i onmen al Dynamics Analyze (MEDA), he sui e o me eo ological senso s onboa d he Ma s
2020 Pe se e ance o e (Fa ley e al.,2020; Rod iguez-Man edi e al.,2021). Simul aneous measu emen s om
he The mal and In a ed Senso (TIRS), he Radia ion and Dus Senso (RDS), he P essu e Senso and he Wind
Senso allow he s udy o dus li ing a he Ma ian su ace by analyzing an unp eceden ed da a se , including
high equency measu emen s (1–2Hz) o su ace b oadband albedo and empe a u e, wind speed and di ec ion,
downwelling adia ion, sky adiance, and p essu e. In addi ion, Mas cam-Z (Bell e al.,2021) and Na cam (Maki
e al.,2020) images allow quan i a i e es ima ions o he spec al e lec ance o he su ace and p o ide addi ional
isual con ex o he o e su oundings. Finally, eco dings o he Supe cam mic ophone (Mau ice e al.,2021)
p o ide addi ional in o ma ion on winds du ing some pe iods o which MEDA winds a e no a ailable.
Su ace albedo changes ha e ypically been analyzed using sa elli e measu emen s (Can o e al.,2006; Fen on
e al.,2016; Geissle e al.,2016; Reiss e al.,2016; Szwas e al.,2006; Welling on & Bell,2020; Whelley &
G eeley,2008). These s udies p o ide ele an in o ma ion abou he empo al and spa ial a iabili y o dus
li ing p ocesses. Howe e , sa elli e obse a ions gene ally lack con empo aneous nea -su ace en i onmen al
measu emen s and ha e a low empo al co e age a a gi en loca ion. Albedo has also been s udied using images
acqui ed by landed missions (Bake e al.,2021; Bell e al.,2008; Cha alambous e al.,2021; G eeley e al.,2005;
Rice e al.,2018). Such images p o ide a good con ex ual iew o he e ain bu would equi e as amoun s
o powe and da a s o age i aken e e y second. Hence, albedo s udies om imaging ypically ocus on spa ial
a ia ions ( o e s) o empo al a ia ions wi hin a ious sols (lande s).
The combina ion o he i s ime o high- equency and simul aneous albedo and en i onmen al MEDA meas-
u emen s allows o unambiguous a ibu ion o he a mosphe ic e en s inducing he albedo changes; in addi ion,
en i onmen al a iables coincide empo ally and spa ially wi h hese e en s, p o iding he p essu e and wind
condi ions du ing he albedo change, which a e use ul o se ing h esholds in nume ical models; mo eo e ,
ou mul i-ins umen app oach includes an analysis o empo al a ia ions in su ace spec al e lec ance om
Mas cam-Z images, allowing o assess whe he he albedo change is caused by dus emo al o by edis ibu ion
o coa se g ain sand.
Jeze o c a e was a ec ed by a la ge egional dus s o m be ween sols 313 and 318 o he mission (Ls∼155°; 5–10
Janua y 2022; Malin & Can o ,2022), which caused a signi ican change in en i onmen al condi ions. The o e
emained a he same loca ion be ween sols 287 and 328, p o iding a unique oppo uni y o s udy he su ace
albedo and empe a u e be o e, du ing, and a e he s o m.
Sec ion2 desc ibes he Ma s 2020 ins umen s ha p o ided he measu emen s o his wo k and he me hod-
ology o analyze he albedo changes. Sec ions3 and4 a e de o ed o he su ace albedo changes unde ypical
condi ions and du ing a dus s o m, espec i ely. In Sec ion5, we p o ide an o e all discussion co e ing dus
li ing h esholds, dus emo al es ima ions, simul aneous su ace empe a u e a ia ions and implica ions o
sola -powe ed missions. Sec ion6 summa izes he main esul s.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Ma s 2020 Ins umen s Used in This Wo k
We used ou MEDA senso s in his s udy, as desc ibed abo e. TIRS (Sebas ián e al.,2020,2021) comp ises i e
channels which measu e downwa d (IR1) and upwa d (IR4) longwa e (6.5–30μm) adia i e luxes, a mosphe e
empe a u e (IR2), e lec ed sho wa e (0.3–3μm) adia ion (IR3), and su ace empe a u e (IR5). Channels IR3,
IR4, and IR5 co e a su ace a ea o abou 3m
2 loca ed less han 4m om he RTG o a oid he mal con am-
ina ion (Pé ez-Izquie do e al.,2018; Rod íguez-Man edi e al.,2021). These channels ha e a ield o iew
(FOV) o ±20° in he ho izon al and ±10° in he e ical, wi h a poin ing ele a ion o ±35°. Figu eS1 illus a es
he TIRS FOV. The RDS has wo se s o eigh pho odiodes. The TOP pho odiodes poin owa d he zeni h and
include a de ec o (TOP7) wi h a hemisphe ic FOV ha measu es downwelling sho wa e adia ion be ween 190
and 1,100nm (Apés igue e al.,2022; Rod íguez-Man edi e al.,2021). The second se o pho odiodes (LAT)
poin a an ele a ion o 20° (o 35° o LAT8), poin ing a azimu h angles sepa a ed 45° (no e ha LAT1 is blind
and is used o cha ac e ize he deg ada ion due o he adia ion en i onmen ); app oxima ely, LAT1, LAT 3,
LAT5, and LAT7 poin owa d he on , le , ea and igh o he o e , espec i ely; he poin ing di ec ions o
he la e al channels a e illus a ed in Apés igue e al.(2022), Newman e al.(2022), and Toledo e al.(2023). The
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wind senso consis s o wo booms a abou 1.5m abo e he g ound, sepa a ed by 120° in azimu h o mi iga e
he e ec s o ha dwa e in e e ing wi h he low (Rod íguez-Man edi e al.,2021). These a iables a e comple-
men ed by measu emen s wi h he p essu e senso (Ha i e al.,2014).
MEDA albedo measu emen s we e complemen ed by images acqui ed by he Mas cam-Z and Na cam came as.
Mas cam-Z is a s e eo imaging sys em ha uses a pai o CCD came as wi h supe imposed ed, g een, and blue
il e ed mic olenses a anged in a Baye pa e n (Bell e al.,2021). The wo Na cams (na iga ion came as)
acqui e colo s e eo images o he su ace wi h a 96°×73° FOV (Maki e al.,2020). The Supe cam mic ophone
eco ds ai p essu e luc ua ions wi h a sampling a e up o 100,000Hz a a heigh o ∼2.1m abo e he Ma ian
su ace (Mau ice e al.,2021). The mic ophone can be conside ed as a high equency wind speed senso because
he in ensi y o he mic ophone signal in he 20Hz o 1kHz bandwid h is s ongly co ela ed wi h he wind speed
(Chide e al.,2021; Mau ice e al.,2021).
2.2. De ec ion o Albedo Changes and Dus De il Encoun e s
We use he a io be ween TIRS IR3 and RDS TOP7 measu emen s as a p oxy o su ace albedo (no e ha he
alues do no co espond o he ac ual albedo because TIRS and RDS measu e in di e en spec al bands, bu i is
alid o ou pu pose o analyzing ela i e empo al a ia ions; ac ual albedo alues accoun ing o he di e ence
in bands a e shown in Ma ínez e al.,2023). We ha e applied wo di e en me hods o de ec albedo changes.
The i s elies on sol- o-sol compa isons o albedo alues a di e en local imes cen e ed a noon. The main
ad an age o his me hod is ha i allows he de ec ion o albedo changes e en i he albedo change ook place
while he albedo was no being measu ed (du ing nigh ime o when MEDA is powe ed o ).
When he o e d i es a e equen , sol- o-sol compa isons a a gi en loca ion a e sca ce, no allowing he de ec-
ion o su ace albedo empo al changes. MEDA measu emen s show he passage o nume ous con ec i e o i-
ces close o he o e , which a e de ec ed as p essu e d ops (Hueso e al.,2023; Newman e al.,2022). Some
o hese d ops a e accompanied by a dec ease in downwa d sho wa e adia ion and changes in sky b igh ness,
indica ing ha he con ec i e o ex con ains signi ican dus , which mus ha e been li ed p e iously om he
su ace, and is he e o e a dus de il. The second me hod o de ec albedo changes elies on he analysis o simul-
aneous measu emen s o p essu e, adia ion, sky b igh ness, and wind o iden i y he dus de ils ha a e mo e
likely o ha e a ec ed he closes su oundings o he o e and compa e he albedo in he su ace po ion co e ed
by TIRS be o e and a e he passage o each o hese dus de ils.
In o de o es ima e he albedo change wi h his second me hod, we pe o m he ollowing s eps. Fi s , we selec
he measu emen session co esponding o each o hese dus de ils. Then, we calcula e wo 2nd-deg ee polyno-
mial i s, one o he measu emen s a he beginning o he session and 1minu e be o e he p essu e d op induced
by he dus de il, and ano he one o he measu emen s be ween 1minu e a e he p essu e d op and he end o
he session. The selec ion o a 2nd-deg ee polynomial allows a good i o he albedo obse a ions, which show a
ma ked pa abolical diu nal e olu ion (Ma ínez e al.,2023). Then, we assess he occu ence o an albedo change
by calcula ing wo alues: The di e ence be ween he measu emen s acqui ed be ween 1 and 5min be o e and
a e he p essu e d op and he polynomial i s ob ained om he measu emen s a e and be o e he p essu e
d op, espec i ely. Then, we isually inspec he measu emen s and he i s and de e mine he mos eliable alue
(when he numbe o measu emen s be ween he p essu e d op and any o he ex emes o he session is small,
he polynomial ob ained wi h hose measu emen s may no i well he emaining o he session; his also applies
when he e is o e mo ion du ing he session). I bo h alues a e eliable, we ollow a conse a i e app oach
and selec he one showing a smalle albedo change. Since we a e analyzing ela i e a ia ions wi hin minu es,
he unce ain y o he albedo change is es ima ed om he s anda d de ia ion o he di e ences be ween he
measu emen s and he i s, which is 0.10%–0.15%. In some cases when he dus de il passage occu ed close o
he ex emes o he session o o o e mo ion o unde condi ions o high a iabili y in adia ion measu emen s,
he assessmen o he albedo change was no conclusi e (N.C.).
Finally, we lis he unambiguous albedo changes, de ined as hose exceeding 0.5%. This h eshold has been
selec ed o maximize he con idence in he de ec ed changes, since i is abo e h ee imes la ge han he es ima ed
unce ain y in he albedo change, and he e o e he dis ibu ions o he indi idual (1Hz) measu emen s be o e
and a e he albedo change a e unambiguously dis inguishable; a lowe h eshold could lead o he inclusion o
alse posi i es, and a highe h eshold could lead o he lack o iden i ica ion o sub le ac ual albedo changes.
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2.3. Analysis o Su ace Albedo F om Mas cam-Z Obse a ions
MEDA measu emen s a e ex emely use ul o he s udy o he en i onmen al condi ions ha can cause a su ace
albedo change. Howe e , hey do no p o ide in o ma ion on whe he he albedo change was caused by dus emo al
o by edis ibu ion o coa se sands. In o de o add ess his ques ion, we use Mas cam-Z obse a ions. These
obse a ions allow he iden i ica ion o albedo changes by compa ing images o he same a ge acqui ed unde
e y simila condi ions. In addi ion, hey p o ide in o ma ion on he spec al e lec ance using he blue, g een and
ed Baye il e s, cha ac e ized by e ec i e wa eleng hs o 480, 544, and 630nm ( espec i ely) and hal -wid h a
hal -maximum alues be ween 41 and 46nm (Bell e al.,2021; Me usi e al.,2022). F om hese h ee e lec ance
alues i is possible o calcula e he g een Baye il e band dep h in a way analogous o Jacob e al.(2020):
BD
𝑔𝑔=1−
(
𝑅𝑅
∗
544
∕
(
0.573 ⋅𝑅𝑅
∗
480
+0.427 ⋅𝑅𝑅
∗
630))
(1)
R* is he ela i e e lec ance, which is he adiance ac o ( he a io be ween he scene adiance and he o al sola
i adiance) di ided by he sola incidence angle (Reid e al.,1999; Rice e al.,2022). This spec al pa ame e is
ela ed o a e ic i on abso p ion band which is ypically p esen in dus y su aces (e.g., Fa and e al.,2006;
Johnson, G undy, e al.,2006; Mo is e al.,2000; Rice e al.,2022). Hence, empo al changes in dus co e a
he su ace can be moni o ed using a combina ion o a ia ions in he g een Baye il e band dep h images and
o e all isible changes in su ace spec al and spa ial p ope ies.
3. Su ace Albedo Changes in he Absence o Dus S o ms
In his sec ion, we s udy he su ace albedo changes de ec ed du ing he i s 350 sols o he Ma s 2020 mission,
excluding sols 313 o 318, when he o e was a ec ed by a dus s o m (Sec ion4). Du ing he pe iod ou side he
dus s o m, sol- o-sol compa isons o albedo alues ha e allowed he de ec ion o se e al unambiguous su ace
albedo changes. Mos o he changes in he TIRS IR3 o RDS TOP7 a io we e caused by a change in he o e
posi ion o by he mo ion o he obo ic a m o he emo e sensing mas . Howe e , some o hese changes we e
no explained by hese ac o s, indica ing ac ual albedo changes in he egion obse ed by TIRS.
Analysis o albedo measu emen s e ealed ha su ace changes occu ed suddenly (wi hin a ew seconds) and we e
pe sis en . Figu e1 shows an example o an albedo change on sol 57 (o he albedo changes a e lis ed in Table1). The
op le panel shows he albedo measu emen s on sol 57 ( ed); he compa ison wi h nea by sols (55 and 59) shows
an unambiguous dec ease in albedo. The panel on he igh shows he en i onmen al a iables o he 2minu es
su ounding he p essu e minimum o he dus de il ha caused he change in albedo: he dus de il, cha ac e ized
by a p essu e d op abo e 2.5Pa (a), induced a educ ion in su ace b igh ness a ibu ed o dus emo al ha is indi-
ca ed by he ela i e di e ences be ween he downwa d (blue) and e lec ed (g een) sho wa e luxes (b) a e he
dus de il encoun e ; he p essu e d op is coinciden wi h simul aneous changes in sky b igh ness de ec ed by a i-
ous la e al channels (c), which p ima ily indica e inc eased sca e ing om a b ie ly dus y egion o a mosphe e, and
wi h a peak in wind speed (d), indica ing ha he dus de il su ounded he o e ; (e) shows he dec ease in su ace
empe a u e and he inc ease in downwelling longwa e adia ion, a ibu ed o he lo ing o small pa icles by he
con ec i e o ex. The bo om le panel co esponds o a Na cam image showing he TIRS FOV a ha loca ion.
We no e ha all o a sudden and pe sis en albedo changes showed simila simul aneous p essu e d ops, indica -
ing ha hey we e caused by dus de ils. This sugges s ha albedo changes caused by wind gus s a e less equen
du ing he pe iod co e ing he i s 350 sols o he mission ou side he dus s o m. Al hough none o he unam-
biguous albedo changes in he su ace obse ed by TIRS occu ed in he absence o a dus de il, a dis an gus
li ing e en was obse ed a Jeze o on sol 117 (Newman e al.,2022).
We ha e de ec ed mo e han 80 dus de ils (some o hem co esponding o he dus s o m pe iod) o which
en i onmen al a iables sugges ha hey su ounded he o e o a leas passed a a dis ance small enough o
be de ec ed simul aneously in p essu e and a ious LAT channels (like in Figu es1a and1c). We analyzed he
su ace albedo a ound hese e en s, concluding ha 12 o hem showed unambiguous (>0.5%) albedo changes.
Table1 summa izes he ea u es o he selec ed dus de ils ha could induce changes in su ace albedo based
on hei p oximi y o he o e ; e ain p ope ies a e also included (Ma ínez e al.,2023). The change o each
a iable is calcula ed as he maximum di e ence wi hin 30s o he p essu e minimum be ween obse a ions and
a i ob ained using a mo ing median wi h a empo al window o 2minu es. The magni ude o he changes and o
he p ocessed maximum wind speeds could be in e p e ed as a lowe bound. In he case o wind speed, p ocessed
da a (a chi ed in he NASA Plane a y Da a Sys em as DER_WS iles) a any momen a e ob ained om he
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boom ha mos closely poin s in o he incoming winds ( he one less a ec ed by he o e ) and a e he emo al
o wind speed a ia ions abo e 5m/s wi hin one second (Newman e al.,2022). The selec ion o 5m/s can be
jus i ied by analyzing he measu ed wind speed changes wi hin 1s om bo h booms (measu emen s om bo h
booms a e a chi ed as CAL_WS iles), ob aining a h ee-sigma alue o 4m/s om a dis ibu ion o a ound 10
million measu emen s. The emo al o hese s ong a ia ions in wind speed causes some gaps in he da a se ; we
ha e ep esen ed he wind measu emen s o each dus de il, and we ha e speci ied he cases o which gaps a e
con iguous o he maximum wind speed. Wind speed measu emen s a e included un il he dus s o m, when sand
g ain impac s du ing his pe iod o inc eased aeolian ac i i y damaged he MEDA wind senso .
As shown in Table1, he albedo changes induced by dus de ils a e be ween 0.5% and 2.1%. All o he unam-
biguous changes co espond o a dec ease in albedo; he implica ions o his beha io a e u he discussed in
Sec ions4 and5. A common ea u e o he dus de ils ha caused an albedo change is hei in ensi y, indica ed
by p essu e d ops and wind speeds abo e a e age. The majo i y o he dus de ils causing albedo changes showed
p essu e d ops g ea e han 2.5Pa (indica ing ha hese we e s ong e en s; Newman e al.,2022) and peak wind
speeds abo e 15m/s. In addi ion, mos o hese dus de ils li ed la ge amoun s o dus , leading o dec eases in
downwelling sola adia ion o ypically a ound 10% bu up o 25%. Howe e , he e a e a ious dus de ils wi h
simila ea u es ha ha e no caused a clea change in albedo. This will be discussed u he in Sec ion5.
4. Su ace Albedo Changes Du ing he Dus S o m
Du ing he i s week o 2022, a la ge egional dus s o m mo ed no h om sou he n mid-la i udes, c ossed
he equa o and a ec ed he Jeze o c a e (Malin & Can o ,2022). Du ing his s o m, dus opaci ies a 880nm
Figu e 1. ( op le ) Su ace albedo be ween 10:45 and 11:15 LTST on sols 55 (g ay), 57 ( ed), and 59 (black) o he Ma s 2020 mission. The e is a sudden albedo
change on sol 57, which is caused by a dus de il. (Bo om le ) Na cam image showing he The mal and In a ed Senso (TIRS) ield o iew (FOV) and i s
su oundings a he o e 's loca ion be ween sols 52 and 65 (see Figu eS1 o addi ional de ails on he TIRS FOV a selec ed loca ions). De ails in Table2. ( igh )
En i onmen al a iables measu ed by Ma s En i onmen al Dynamics Analyze du ing he passage o he dus de il ha caused he albedo change: (a) p essu e; (b)
sho wa e downwa d (blue) and e lec ed (g een) adia ion; (c) no malized measu emen s o he RDS la e al channels 2, 3, 7, and 8; he o e was heading owa d he
Sou h, implying ha he channels a e app oxima ely poin ing owa d he Sou heas , Eas , Wes and Sou hwes , espec i ely; (d) wind speed; (e) downwa d longwa e
adia ion (blue) and su ace empe a u e (g een). The eade is e e ed o he ex o he in e p e a ion o hese panels.
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Table 1
Fea u es o he Selec ed Dus De ils Tha Could Induce Changes in Su ace Albedo Based on Thei P oximi y o he Ro e
Sol LTST ΔAlbedo (%) ΔP (Pa) ΔDSW (%) ΔT (K) WS (m/s) Albedo a noon TI ( iu)
32 13.85 <|−0.5| −0.7 −0.1 −0.6 – – –
34 12.5 <|−0.5| −2.0 −0.9 <|−0.2| – – –
37 14.23 <|−0.5| −1.2 −1.0 −0.3 >18.3 0.12 310
37 14.47 <|−0.5| −0.6 −0.2 <|−0.2| 14.2 0.12 310
45 11.56 <|−0.5| −0.4 −1.0 <|−0.2| – 0.12 310
45 12.98 <|−0.5| −0.4 −4.9 −0.3 >15.8 0.12 310
48 13.74 <|−0.5| −0.4 −0.6 <|−0.2| 8.6 – –
57 10.98 −1.5 −2.8 −13.9 −1.1 15.9 0.12 350
57 12.65 <|−0.5| −3.4 −13.1 −0.3 >18.0 0.12 350
61 12.66 <|−0.5| −1.5 −0.4 <|−0.2| 11.8 0.12 350
71 12.96 <|−0.5| −0.7 −1.3 <|−0.2| 13.6 – –
81 12.94 <|−0.5| −1.3 −2.2 <|−0.2| 11.0 0.12 315
82 12.08 −2.1 −5.6 −12.7 −1.8 19.0 0.12 320
84 10.78 <|−0.5| −3.4 −2.4 −0.7 18.4 – –
85 15.58 <|−0.5| −2.2 −1.2 <|−0.2| 15.3 0.12 365
89 14.97 N.C. −2.8 −2.9 −0.3 – 0.13 700
99 15.27 <|−0.5| −2.3 −1.7 <|−0.2| – – –
106 13.01 N.C. −2.1 −2.8 −0.3 18.9 0.13 180
106 13.03 N.C. −0.6 −2.7 <|−0.2| 9.8 0.13 180
110 14.54 <|−0.5| −3.1 −1.6 <|−0.2| >13.4 – –
111 13.63 <|−0.5| −0.6 −0.7 <|−0.2| 15.9 0.13 290
112 12.45 −0.7 −1.4 −1.5 −0.6 17.2 0.13 290
113 13.97 N.C. −1.1 −0.9 <|−0.2| 13.6 – –
114 11.05 <|−0.5| −0.4 −2.3 <|−0.2| 11.2 0.12 265
117 12.73 <|−0.5| −0.4 −0.4 <|−0.2| 16.0 0.14 325
119 11.71 <|−0.5| −3.6 −3.1 −0.6 16.0 0.14 330
125 13.11 <|−0.5| −1.5 −0.7 <|−0.2| - 0.16 605
128 12.36 −0.5 −3.5 −7.2 −0.5 22.4 – –
160 10.99 <|−0.5| −1.0 −0.4 <|−0.2| 9.1 0.12 380
161 13.96 −0.8 −3.9 −6.5 −0.3 >16.8 0.12 365
166 13.09 −0.6 −5.0 −12.9 −1.2 22.4 – –
169 11.79 <|−0.5| −0.4 −1.4 −0.3 13.1 – –
173 15.64 −0.6 −0.6 −1.6 −0.5 21.0 – –
174 10.92 <|−0.5| −2.2 −2.8 −0.3 >15.8 0.12 275
177 11.64 <|−0.5| −2.0 −4.1 <|−0.2| 10.9 – –
179 10.85 <|−0.5| −0.4 −2.7 <|−0.2| 13.9 – –
184 12.88 <|−0.5| −2.1 −4.0 −0.7 18.3 – –
187 12.12 <|−0.5| −0.6 −1.2 <|−0.2| 12.2 0.12 230
188 13.1 <|−0.5| −2.8 −4.6 −0.8 20.8 0.12 230
197 15.45 <|−0.5| −1.1 −0.8 <|−0.2| 16.6 0.12 225
198 11 <|−0.5| −1.5 −1.6 −0.3 >17.0 0.12 230
208 12.6 <|−0.5| −4.3 −1.4 −0.5 >18.3 – –
211 12 <|−0.5| −2.6 −3.3 −0.6 >16.1 0.14 425
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Table 1
Con inued
Sol LTST ΔAlbedo (%) ΔP (Pa) ΔDSW (%) ΔT (K) WS (m/s) Albedo a noon TI ( iu)
213 12.24 N.C. −2.3 −21.0 −0.8 24.6 – –
213 12.34 <|−0.5| −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 >23.6 – –
215 10.31 <|−0.5| −0.3 −4.9 −0.2 12.2 0.14 410
215 11.04 <|−0.5| −1.9 −0.7 <|−0.2| 10.7 0.14 410
237 11.61 <|−0.5| −1.7 −8.5 <|−0.2| >8.2 0.14 425
242 13.49 −0.5 −2.6 −1.3 −0.2 17.8 0.12 700
265 11.95 <|−0.5| −0.5 −2.8 <|−0.2| 14.7 0.13 375
265 12.01 <|−0.5| −1.0 −0.9 <|−0.2| 18.5 0.13 375
266 11.18 <|−0.5| −0.4 −0.5 <|−0.2| 15.77 0.14 370
271 11.76 <|−0.5| −0.5 −1.7 <|−0.2| 9.3 0.13 375
280 11.42 <|−0.5| −1.9 −0.6 <|−0.2| 13.5 – –
280 13.5 <|−0.5| −3.0 −5.8 −0.5 15.7 – –
284 10.62 −0.8 −4.8 −10.0 −3.0 >14.5 – –
284 13.19 <|−0.5| −1.9 −12.1 −1.4 >15.0 – –
305 13.64 <|−0.5| −4.3 −6.9 −1.2 >12.7 0.11 295
306 11.12 <|−0.5| −3.8 - −0.9 >18.5 0.11 300
309 14.42 <|−0.5| −2.9 −0.9 <|−0.2| 14.7 0.11 290
310 14.94 <|−0.5| −1.1 −0.5 <|−0.2| 10.3 0.11 305
311 12.29 −1.3 −4.6 −24.9 −1.8 >14.3 0.11 290
313 10.38 <|−0.5| −0.4 −2.4 −0.9 24.7 0.11 310
314 10.99 N.C. −2.1 −7.5 −0.9 – 0.11 320
315 10.01 <|−0.5| −1.0 −2.7 −0.4 – 0.11 315
315 10.58 <|−0.5| −1.5 −4.7 −0.3 – 0.11 315
315 12.41 <|−0.5| −0.9 −1.9 <|−0.2| – 0.11 315
316 13.57 <|−0.5| −0.4 −3.2 <|−0.2| – 0.10 330
316 14.63 <|−0.5| −0.6 −2.5 <|−0.2| – 0.10 330
320 13.49 <|−0.5| −0.4 −0.4 −0.2 – 0.09 315
320 13.97 <|−0.5| −0.7 −0.5 <|−0.2| – 0.09 315
321 15.02 <|−0.5| −2.4 −1.1 <|−0.2| – 0.09 315
321 15.14 <|−0.5| −2.3 −2.3 −0.4 – 0.09 315
323 11.93 <|−0.5| −1.5 −2.0 −0.4 – 0.09 315
323 15.83 <|−0.5| −2.2 −0.9 <|−0.2| – 0.09 315
324 15.22 <|−0.5| −1.9 −2.8 <|−0.2| – 0.09 325
325 13.4 <|−0.5| −1.3 −3.8 <|−0.2| – 0.09 320
325 13.48 <|−0.5| −1.6 −0.6 −0.2 – 0.09 320
327 13.03 −1.3 −6.1 −20.8 −1.3 –0.09 315
333 12.34 <|−0.5| −0.4 −1.7 <|−0.2| – – –
337 15.9 <|−0.5| −1.0 −1.6 <|−0.2| – 0.12 365
344 10.82 <|−0.5| −3.1 −1.6 −0.3 – 0.10 350
346 10.94 <|−0.5| −1.0 −1.1 −0.4 – 0.10 350
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measu ed by Mas cam-Z a ound noon inc eased om less han 0.4 on sol 312 o almos 1.4 on sol 316, dec eas-
ing again o 0.4 on sol 319 (Figu e2a). Pe se e ance emained a he same loca ion be ween sols 287 and 328,
p o iding a unique oppo uni y o ack su ace albedo be o e, du ing, and a e he s o m.
Figu e2a shows he empo al e olu ion o he su ace albedo be ween sols 287 and 328 a 13 LMSTs (a simila
beha io is obse ed a o he local imes). The mos ema kable ea u e shown in his panel is he s ong da ken-
ing o he su ace induced by he dus s o m: he e was a 17% dec ease in su ace albedo be ween sols 315 and
319; he la ges sol- o-sol a ia ion occu ed be ween sols 315 and 316, when he albedo dec eased o 11%. In
con as , he albedo emained s able bo h be o e and a e he s o m. Figu es2b and2c p o ide addi ional con ex
showing he su ace FOV obse ed by TIRS. In pa icula , e idence o aeolian p ocesses was mani es ed by he
subdued appea ance o he wheel acks a e he s o m. This will be u he discussed below.
In o de o quan i a i ely assess he changes induced by he dus s o m, we used Mas cam-Z pai s o images o
po ions o he su ace obse ed by TIRS (Figu e3). Bo h images o each pai we e acqui ed unde simila imes
o sol (Table2), adiome ically calib a ed o ela i e e lec ance (c . Bell e al.,2021; Hayes e al.,2021), and
pai ed images we e s e ched iden ically (Table2). This enables di e ences in each pai o images o be in e -
p e ed as changes in albedo, which could be a ibu ed o emo al o dus ( eddish, ine-g ained ai all ma e ials)
o by anspo o coa se -g ained sands.
In Figu es3a and3b, he o e wheel acks appea ed mo phologically ain e ollowing he dus s o m, sugges -
ing ha small pa icles making up he molded acks we e mobilized. Howe e , he e is also an o e all ela i e
da kening and loss o eddish appea ance in he images acqui ed a e he s o m. This is suppo ed by he quan-
i a i e analysis shown in Figu e3e, whe e he ela i e e lec ance o he wheel ack ( ed box in Figu e3a)
Table 1
Con inued
Sol LTST ΔAlbedo (%) ΔP (Pa) ΔDSW (%) ΔT (K) WS (m/s) Albedo a noon TI ( iu)
349 12.17 −1.1 −2.5 −7.3 −0.6 –0.10 350
350 10.88 <|−0.5| −3.9 −4.4 −0.4 – – –
No e. Columns indica e sol numbe , local ime, magni ude o he albedo change (N.C. indica es ha he analysis is
inconclusi e), ansien d ops in p essu e (P), downwelling sho wa e adia ion (DSW) and su ace empe a u e (T), peak
wind speed, albedo a noon and he mal ine ia. Bold highligh s dus de ils wi h su ace albedo changes.
Figu e 2. (a) Change in su ace albedo a 13:00 LMST (da k o ange) and dus opaci y a ound noon (g ay) be ween sols 287 and 328. (b, c) Compa ison o po ions o
Mas cam-Z e ical p ojec ion mosaics co esponding o he The mal and In a ed Senso ield o iew be o e (b) and a e (c) he dus s o m.
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Figu e 3. (a, b) Mas cam-Z Baye il e image o he wheel acks in he The mal and In a ed Senso (TIRS) ield o iew (FOV) be o e (a) and a e (b) he s o m; (c,
d) G een Baye il e band dep h images co esponding o (a, b) images, espec i ely; (e) Compa ison o Baye - il e (3-band) ela i e e lec ance spec a o o e ack
( ed box in (a)) om be o e and a e he s o m; ( , g) Mas cam-Z baye il e image o egion wi hin he TIRS FOV be o e ( ) and a e (g) he s o m; (h) Compa ison
o Baye - il e ela i e e lec ance spec a o egoli h (g een box in ( )) om be o e and a e dus s o m. De ails on images a e p o ided in Table2.
Table 2
Summa y o he Acquisi ion Time, Image ID and P ocessing De ails o he Images Shown in Figu es1–3
Fig. Acq. ime Image ID P ocessing de ails
1,b.l. Sol 64 13:54 LMST NLF_0064_0672627159_178CWS_N0032046NCAM00201_0A0195J01
2b Mul iple sols 286-312 Po ion o Mas cam-Z e ical
p ojec ion mosaics
2c Mul iple sol 320 As in 2b
3a Sol 308 11:53 LMST ZL0_0308_0694280717_269IOF_N0090000ZCAM08334_0340LMA03 Calib a ed o ela i e e lec ance
and s e ched ed=0.00–0.27;
g een=0.00–0.17; blue=0.00–0.11
3b Sol 320 12:20 LMST ZL0_0320_0695347646_895IOF_N0090000ZCAM08341_0340LMA01 As in 3a
3c As in 3a As in 3a S e ched 0.00–0.20
3d As in 3b As in 3b As in 3c
3 Sol 298 12:54 LMST ZL0_0298_0693396692_898IOF_N0090000ZCAM08323_0340LMA02 Calib a ed o ela i e e lec ance
and s e ched ed=0.00–0.32;
g een=0.00–0.20; blue=0.00–0.14
3g Sol 320 12:19 LMST ZL0_0320_0695347593_895IOF_N0090000ZCAM08341_0340LMA01 As in 3
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